5-1
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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CHAPTER FIVE
Quality Specification and Inspection
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Š 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
5-3
The Transformation and Value-Added Chain
Customer
Supplier
Supplier
Converter
Customer
Converter
Customer
Supplier
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Converter
Š 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
5-4
Opportunity to Affect Value High
Opportunity to affect value Low 1. 2. Need Description recognition
3. Potential suppliers
4. Selection
5. Receipt
6. Payment
Acquisition Process Steps McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Š 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
5-5
Methods of Description • By brand • “Or Equal” • By specification – Physical or chemical characteristics – Material or method of manufacture – Performance
• By engineering drawing • By miscellaneous methods – Market grades – Sample
• By a combination of two or more methods McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
5-6
Standardization and Simplification • Standardization: Agreement on definite sizes, design, quality, or other aspects of the product or service. – A technical and engineering concept
• Simplification: A reduction in the number of sizes, designs or other aspects of the product or service. – It is a selective and commercial problem – It may be applied to articles already standardized or as a step preliminary to standarization McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
5-7
Total Quality Management • Quality must be integrated throughout the organization’s activities • There must be employee commitment to continuous improvement • The goal of customer satisfaction, and the systematic and continuous research process related to customer satisfaction, drives TQM • Suppliers are partners in the TQM process
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© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
5-8
The Current View of the Quality-Cost Trade-off
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Š 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
5-9
The Four Major Cost Categories for Quality • Prevention costs • Appraisal costs • Internal failure costs • External failure costs
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5-10
The Four Integrated Stages of Quality Functional Deployment • Product planning - to determine design requirements • Parts deployment - to determine parts characteristics • Process planning - to determine manufacturing requirements • Production planning - to determine production requirements McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
5-11
The Role of Suppliers in QFD • Product planning - Provide expertise in analyzing customer requirements and generating a list of new product ideas • Parts deployment - Provide alternative design concepts and estimate the manufacturing costs of various parts • Process planning - Suppliers can determine their existing processes’ constraints • Production planning - Help develop performance measurement criteria for production planning McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
5-12
Process Control • Process capability - The ability of the process to meet specifications consistently • Statistical process control (SPC) - A technique that involves testing a random sample of output from a process in order to detect if nonrandom changes in the process are occurring – common causes versus special or nonrandom causes McGraw-Hill/Irwin
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
5-13
Control Chart Control Chart 0.034 0.033 0.032
UCL
0.031
LCL Sample Average
0.03 0.029 0.028 0.027 1
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Sample Number McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Š 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.