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UK’S #1 MAGAZINE IN ARCHAEOLOGY

March 2014

Issue 288 | £4.30

archaeology current

Medieval Hospital Experiencing healthcare in the 12th century

Shipwrecks Exploring Britain’s underwater heritage

Time Team at Hastings Seeking the battlefield where William conquered

archaeology current

Features

issue 286

Letters When Britannica ruled the Waves

11 16

Exploring England’s shipwreck heritage Marking the 40th anniversary of the 1973 Protection of Wrecks Act, we explore relics ancient and modern of our long maritime history.

Vespasian’s Camp: The Cradle of Stonehenge

Current Digs Recreating St. Paul’s S.C. Archaeologists Race to Uncover Civil War Prison

New epicenter of artifacts?

PAS Progress

These thousands of tools include an impressive range of implements, from microliths, backed blades, and burins for working bone and antler, to notched tools.

Archaeology App

The Battle For Hastings

Earliest Human Footprints outside Africa found in Norfolk

Searching for the truth about 1066 The Norman victory at Hastings is one of those dates that every schoolchild knows - but where did the famous battle actually take place? Time Team consider the possibilities.

Your comments, complaints, and compliments

Staffordshire Hoard Reunited for The First Time

6 6 7 7 8 9

Remembering Mick Aston

Old Divinity School Excavating Cambridge’s Medieval hospital cemetery

24 32

Almost a decade of archeological work in Cambridge’s historic heart has uncovered the city’s lost hospital cemetery, and traces of a thriving urban population from the Roman period to the 19th century.

How to Build a Dolmen Exploring Neolithic construction at Garn Turne Dolmens are an iconic form of chambered tomb, but with capstones weighing over 100 tonnes, how were these monuments created 6,000 years ago?

Welwyn’s Roman Mystery A gateway to the underworld?

36 1 current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

In 1990 Tony Rook uncovered the first of nine peculiar early Roman inhumations, lying in a pit cut into the Hertforshire chalk. We ask: what do they mean?

January 2014 |

Regulars Conference

Current Archaeology Live! 2014 is approaching fast. This special section contains the latest details of the timetable, speakers, and Archaeology Awards nominations

Our Contributors This Month 42 Old Divinity School Craig Cessford

Reviews

Sherds

Odd Socs

Before Farming: The Roman Invasion of Britain; Medieval Life; Time’s Anvil Chris Catling’s irreverent take on heritage issues Historic Chapels Trust

Craig Cessford has worked in field archaeology for more than 20 years. He is currently employed as a Senior Officer with the Cambridge Archaeological Unit, specializing in Medieval and later urban archaeology.

How to Build a Dolmen Vicki Cummings Dr. Cummings is a Reader in Archaeology at the University of Central Lancheshire in Preston. Her research focuses on the Mesolithic and Neolithic of Britain and Ireland, particularly monuments and landscape.

Welwyn’s Roman Mystery Tony Rook Tony Rook began his career in the RAF, servicing radar in bombers. Tom has worked in building research, taught science, and introduced rescue technology to Hertfordshire.

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current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

Current Digs

S.C. Archeologists Race to Uncover Civil War Prison By Susanne M. Shafer

Recreating St. Paul’s Researchers from North Carolina State University have used computer technology to create a virtual model of the courtyard of St. Paul’s Cathedral, reconstructing it’s appearance before the site was destroyed during the Great Fire of London. Working with historic documents and images, as well as measurements taken during recent archaeological survey, the project focused on Paul’s Cross, part of the churchyard that once housed a freestanding pulpit. A 270° view of the high definition model can be seen at http:// vpcp.chass.ncsu.edu, and you can read more about St. Paul’s Cathedral before 1666 in CA 266.

3 current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

acing against time, South Carolina archeologists are digging to uncover the remnants of a Civil War-era prisoner-of-war camp before the site in downtown Columbia is cleared to make room for a mixed-use development. The researchers have been given four months to excavate a small portion of the 165-acre grounds of the former South Carolina State Hospital to find the remnants of what was once known as “Camp Asylum.” Conditions at the camp, which held 1,500 Union Army officers during the winter of 1864-65, were so dire that soldiers dug and lived in holes in the ground, which provided shelter against the cold. The site was sold to a developer for $15 million last summer, amid hopes it becomes an urban campus of shops and apartments and possibly a minor league baseball field. Chief archaeologist Chester DePratter said

researchers are digging through soil to locate the holes — the largest being 7 feet long, 6 feet wide and 3 feet deep — as well as whatever possessions the officers may have left behind. “Almost everybody lived in holes, although the Confederacy did try to procure tents along the way, as they could obtain them,” said DePratter, a research archaeologist with the University of South Carolina’s Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology. DePratter said he’s been able to track down about 40 diaries written by camp survivors, telling tales of suffering and survival, as well as dozens of letters written by the prisoners about their experiences. He said they came from states across the North, and from many different military units. ”It’s hard

January 2014 |

to imagine. They all talk about their clothing being threadbare, many of them had no shoes. They shared the blankets they had, three or four together spoon fashion and put a blanket over them” to stay warm, DePratter said. “They wrote about how every prisoner in the camp would walk about at night to keep from freezing to death.” Amazingly, only one officer died there. Officers were useful for prisoner exchanges, so they were shuttled from site to site as the war progressed. The enlisted men were sent to the notorious prison at Andersonville, Ga., where 12,000 Union soldiers died of illness and privation. The officers, however, were held in Richmond, Va., then Macon, Ga., before being sent to Savannah and Charleston, S.C. After a yellow fever outbreak in Charleston, they were brought to Columbia, where they were put in an open field dubbed “Camp Sorghum” on the western side of the Congaree River across from Columbia. But when hundreds started escaping into the surrounding countryside, they were shifted to the mental hospital’s grounds, which are surrounded by a 10-foot brick wall.

As the researchers dig and sift the reddish earth, they uncover buttons, combs, remnants of clothing and utensils presumably used by the prisoners. One hole contained crudely made bricks the prisoners fashioned by hand, which they stacked to offer protection from the wind and rain. The developer has given DePratter $25,000, which has been matched by the city, to start his dig. He’s been able to raise another $17,000. DePratter is hoping to raise additional funds to pay for ground-penetrating radar to avoid the utility pipes that crisscross the site. He has until the end of April to dig out as much as he can. Everything the crew finds is going to be held for preservation and study through the archaeology institute, he said.

PAS progress More findersare reporting discoveries of treasure to the Portable Antiquities Scheme than ever before, according to new figures produced by the British Museum on behalf of the DCMS. Some 998 treasure finds were reported in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland in 2012, the highest number since statistics were first released five years ago. This compares to 969 in 2011, and 860 in 2010. Visit www.finds. org.uk for more infomation on the Portable Antiquities Scheme, and on the Treasure Process.

Tours — set up through the Historic Columbia Foundation at $10 per person — are being conducted to help bring attention to the archaeology project. Eric Leonard, the director of education at the Andersonville National Historic Site in Georgia, which also houses a prisoner of war museum, said it is important to uncover the histories of prisoners even if it is an unpleasant topic. “Prisoners of war are an example of the

Archaeology app Owners of tablets and smartphones can now explore the whole of Wales’ rich archaeology, following the launch of Archwilio, a new app commissioned by the four Welsh Archaeological Trusts and designed by the University of South Wales. Free to download, Archwilio covers thousands of archaeological sites across Wales, allowing users to view them on a map and to access extensive Historic Enviornment Record entries. The app’s organisers also hope to use it to harness information from the public the programme is interactive, allowing users to update any records by uploading images or information about new finds. Visit www.archwilio.org.uk for more information.

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current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

extraordinary cost of war. It’s not an easy story to tell, and it’s not a happy story. But it delves into the consequences of war,” Leonard said. Leonard added that unearthing artifacts is also important to do, since it gives people today a broader picture of the human story that might not jump out of the printed page. Joe Long, the curator of education for the South Carolina Confederate Relic Room and Military Museum in Columbia, said the prisoners were educated officers, who were more hardened to the elements than people today. “These were intelligent, skilled men, and they produced some beautiful crafts,” Long said. His museum has purchased

a pipe carved by one of the prisoners from a hardened root ball of briarwood. Long added that the waning days of the Civil War have gotten little historical attention, and need to be academically documented. Long noted that in order to keep their spirits up, the prisoners formed a glee club, and sang for themselves and the local populace. Three days before Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman’s forces entered the city, the men were moved to Charlotte, and then to Wilmington, N.C. Shortly thereafter the war ended, and prisoners on both sides freed.

Staffordshire Hoard reunited for the first time

hen the cache was first discovered in a Hammerwich field in 2009, it was thought to contain some 3,500 fragments. This total has now been boosted to close to 4,000, thanks in part to the discovery of an additional 81 pieces in the same field in 2012 (CA 276), and to hundreds more tiny fragments emerging from clumps of soil during conservation. Comparable to the Sutton Hoo finds in their exquisite artistry, these items have been brought together to allow AngloSaxon specialist Chris Fern to examine them typologically. This has allowed him painstakingly to reunite objects that were broken into many pieces, and identify pairs and sets of sword fittings from the same weapon. Around 1,000 such links have been made so far. ‘These help to inform the bigger picture: the Staffordshire hoard is much more than the sum of its glittering parts,’ said Chris. ‘Beautiful though its components may be individually, together we can use them to build stylistic groups, and start exploring possible origins for the metalwork.’

5 current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

Over the last 18 months an intense programme of conservation, cataloguing, and detailed study, funded by English Heritage and the hoard’s joint owners, Birmingham Museums Trust, and the Potteries Museum and Art Gallery, Stoke on Trent, has revealed the presence of multiple regional styles within the hoard’s contents, and has shed vivid light on how many of the intricate items were put together. The quality of the materials used has also been thrown into sharp relief: some of the gold is of 80-90% purity, with the highest carat identified to date an impressive 22. David Symons, Curator of Antiquities and Numismatics at Birmingham Museum, suggests that the fragments contain about 11lb of gold, a vast sum for one individual to have access to. Chris Fern added: ‘This points to a significant personality in the region – whoever held this was a commander of pre-eminent status. Heroic poetry such as Beowulf alludes to this kind of magnificence, which is also hinted at by elite burials like Sutton Hoo, but

otherwise we previously had no material evidence for the extent of the warrior economy in Anglo-Saxon England, and the gold wealth that some powerful individuals controlled.’ January 2014 |

Current Earliest human footprints outside Africa found – in Norfolk

rchaeologists have found the earliest human footprints known outside Africa, at Happisburgh on the Norfolk coast. Dating back 800,000 years, the prints are thought to have been made by five individuals, including both adults and children. They were identified by a team of scientists led by the British Museum,

ancient human footprints, direct evidence of the earliest known humans in northern Europe. In some cases the prints were so clear that the heel, arch, and even toes could be identified.

the oldest found in the world to-date; only those at Laetoli in Tanzania (c.3.5 million years old) and at Koobi Fora in Tanzania (c.1.5 million years old) are earlier.

‘At first we weren’t sure what we were seeing, but as we sponged off the seawater, it was clear that the hollows resembled prints, perhaps human footprints, and that we needed to record the surface as quickly as possible before the sea eroded it away.’

Dr Isabella De Groote from Liverpool John Moores University studied the Norfolk examples in detail.

Dating back 800,000 years” Natural History Museum, and Queen Mary University of London, after heavy seas removed beach sands to reveal a series of hollows in the silt at low tide. Analysis of digital images of these hollows confirmed that they were | Issue 286

Digs

He added: ‘This is an extraordinarily rare discovery. The Happisburgh site continues to re-write our understanding of the early human occupation of Britain, and indeed, of Europe.’ The Happisburgh footprints are among

‘In some cases we could accurately measure the length and width of the footprints and estimate the heigh of the individuals who made them,’ she said. ‘In most populations today and in the past, foot length is approximately 15% of height. We can therefore estimate that the heights varied from about 0.9m to over 1.7m – this height range suggests a mix of adults and children with the largest print possibly being a male.’ current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

For the past 13 years, excavations at Happisburgh have produced stone tools and butchered animal bones that represent the earliest evidence of human activity yet identified in Britain. The age of the site is based on examination of glacial deposits overlying the finds, which contain extinct animals and environmental evidence dating back more than 800,000 years. The footprints come from the same deposits. ‘Although we knew that the sediments were old, we had to be certain that the hollows were also ancient and hadn’t been created recently,’ said Dr Simon Lewis of Queen Mary University of London. ‘There are no known erosional processes that create that pattern. In addition, the sediments are too compacted for the hollows to have been made recently.’

in the science journal PLOS One, while the team’s work at Happisburgh also features in the Natural History Museum’s upcoming exhibition (opens 13 Feb), Britain: One Million Years of the Human Story.

Right: Bottle cap next to neolithic human footprints Below: Arial views of the full expanse of the preserved foot prints

Work at Happisburgh continues, with coastal erosion revealing new sites but the encroaching sea also threatening existing discoveries. The footprints have unfortunately already been washed out, but it is hoped that more will be revealed in the future. These findings were published today

Remembering Mick Aston It is with great sadness that we have learned that Mick Aston passed away on 24 June. Familiar to millions for his work on Time Team, Mick’s passion for archaeology and gentle good humour inspired countless viewers to follow in his footsteps. A longstanding friend of Current Archaeology, we were thrilled when he started writing a column for us and were looking forward to following his fieldwork exploits in Winscombe for many years to come. Alas, it was not to be. I was lucky enough to meet Mick Aston last year when I interviewed him for Current Archaeology. Kind, welcoming and modest, he gave freely of his time, taking the time to guide me through not only his own archaeological journey, but also around his local village. As we wandered down winding footpaths he

current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

explained what map regression had taught him about their origins, and also warned me of the dangers of attempting to age hedgerows based on the variety of flora within. For someone who had grown up watching Mick on television it was a magical experience. I had hoped that one day I would be able to visit again and benefit from his experience and advice once more. Mick will be sorely missed. Our thoughts are with his family and friends.

Above: Mick Aston

January 2014 |

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January 2014 |

When

Britannica

waves

ruled the

ngland’s rocky shores and sandy estuaries are littered with the remains of historic ships and boats. Shipwrecks, in fact, constitute the largest category of recorded monument, with some 37,000 shipwreck ‘events’ on record, ranging in date from the Bronze Age to the more recent ship and submarine casualties of two World Wars (not to mention dirigibles and aeroplanes lost on the seabed). To put that in perspective, there are 14,500 places of worship in England considered to be of sufficient architectural or historic interest to

be included in the National Heritage Register. And whereas the number of historic places of worship is relatively static, the number of known wreck sites is growing all the time; what we know now represents just a fraction of the actual number of historic shipwrecks on the seabed. Two new sites of great importance were discovered as recently as 2006, when archaeologists found two adjacent wreck sites prior to dredging works in the River Thames – those of the London, built at Chatham in 1656 (soon to have its own CA feature), and the King, a vessel thought

From sea shanties to the shipping forecast, boats and the sea are woven into the fabric of English life and culture, and yet we only began to take shipwrecks seriously as historical and archaeological monuments in the 1970s. Chris Catling looks at what we have gained in the 40 years since the passing of the landmark Protection of Wrecks Act in 1973. To mark the 40th anniversary of the Protection of Wrecks Act, English Heritage announced a special project to investigate 88 previously unrecorded pre1840 shipwreck sites around England. Here a diver examines the remains of HMS Invincible, in the Solent. | Issue 286

current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

to have foundered during the First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–1654).

Seabed Survey Systematic surveys funded by English Heritage are taking place around England’s coast to try to pin down exactly what has survived. The Modern Wrecks Project, for instance, has so far added 500 new records to the wreck database of ships lost since 1945. This has revealed new patterns in the type of vessel lost: for example, the large number of fishing trawlers that sank in the 1970s and 1980s, especially those from former Soviet Eastern Europe. Another recording programme called the National Hulks Assemblage Project is looking not at ships wrecked as a result of storms like the one that lashed England and the near Continent on St Jude’s Day, 28 October 2013, but vessels deliberately abandoned. These include boats and ships that have simply outlived their usefulness and been left to rot because they are no longer economical to repair, as well as boats deliberately beached to help stabilise eroding riverbanks or beaches, such as the Purton Hulks (CA 237). This hauntingly atmospheric ships’ graveyard lies on the banks of

current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

There are some 37,000 shipwrecks on record, ranging from the Bronze Age to the ship and submarine casualities of two World Wars. the River Severn, where the river and the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal run parallel, with only a narrow bank separating the two. One stormy night in 1909, part of the bank slipped into the river, leaving it vulnerable to further erosion. With the threat that it might give way, draining the canal, the call went to local boat owners for old vessels to be brought to the vulnerable riverbank and sunk to provide a barrier against further erosion. Some 80 redundant vessels were run aground over the next 60 or so years.

These are the remains of the Harriett, one of the numerous atmospheric ghostly boat wrecks that form the Purton Hulks found along a half mile long stretch that once formed the oddest of makeshift tidal erosion barriers on the River Severn.

As mud, silt and sand settled into their hulls, the once narrow bank has become a broad expanse of grassland from which the skeletal prows and ribs of historic barges and schooners stand up like the bones of ancient sea creatures. On the surface, the Purton Hulks look like a lost cause – nothing but a few January 2014 |

This is one of the great ironies of wrecked boats and ships: those that were ‘lost’ are the ones that have, in fact, survived. A diver explores the remains of an anti-aircraft turret from the HMS Invincible which was sunk during the Battle of Jutland when a German 305 mm shell penatrated a similar turret and detonated the magazines inside, blowing the ship in half. The HMS Invincible sank within 90 seconds from being bombarded with German Artillery.

mossy and eroded timbers and rusting nails. Until the Friends of Purton started putting up plaques to inform people of the historic importance of the wrecks ten years ago, the amount of visible timber was fast disappearing as local people saw the Hulks as a source of free firewood or made barbecues on the beach. Fortunately, recent excavation has shown that, below the ground, the waterlogged silt has preserved a huge amount of valuable information about the form and structure of these working boats that were once so commonplace nobody bothered to record them. This is one of the great ironies of wrecked boats and ships: those that were ‘lost’ are the ones that have, in fact, survived. They have immense importance as the only material evidence we have for the vessels that

| Issue 286

were essential to England’s economic prosperity, communications, and defence for thousands of years until the post-1945 rise of air freight. The further back in time you go, the less documentary evidence we have: works of art, depicting sea battles or seascapes, are often our best source of information. The fate of the ships themselves at the end of their useful lives was to be broken up for scrap, just like the Battle of Trafalgar warship in Turner’s evocative painting (1838) of the ‘Fighting’ Temeraire being towed to its final berth, a breaker’s yard in Rotherhithe, by a steam-powered tug.

Wreckers Galore What happened to the material salvaged from such ships is worthy of a study in itself: it is part of England’s maritime folklore that many a timber framed building incorporates ship’s timbers, and occasionally we have documentary evidence to substantiate the myth: timbers from the early 19thcentury ‘man o’ war’ HMS Impregnable, sold for breaking up in 1906, ended

current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

up being used to build the cloister of St Conan’s Kirk, located by the shores of Loch Awe, in Argyll and Bute, and to construct the façades of Messrs Liberty & Co, in London’s Marlborough Street, built in Tudoresque Arts and Crafts style in 1922–1924. Wrecks could, of course, suffer the same fate, if they ended up in shallow water or beached. As Serena Cant explains in her new English Heritage book England’s Shipwreck Heritage, the reason we have so many documented wrecks is because of the numbers of people and organisations that had an interest in salvaging what they could from any wreck. Much folklore surrounds the question of salvage, including the notorious practice of deliberately wrecking ships by luring them ashore using misleading lights. While acknowledging that wreckers would have a strong motive for keeping their activities secret, nevertheless, says Serena, the primary sources ‘refuse to yield any evidence of such activity’. The earliest usage she has been able to find of the word ‘wrecker’ being used to describe someone deliberately luring a ship to its fate on the rocky shores of Devon and Cornwall dates from 1882,

current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

and she is sure that such tales have been ‘romanticised and embellished for the nascent tourist industry’. Instead, the sources reveal that ‘wrecker’ is the term commonly used to refer to anyone plundering a wreck after the event, just like the crowds who gathered from all over Britain and the near Continent in January 2007 when the MSC Napoli was beached at Branscombe, taking items washed up from the wreck as various as dog food and BMW motorbikes. Many of those who turned up did so in the belief that wrecks and their cargo belong to nobody and that taking them is a form of legal windfall, much like the plot of Compton Mackenzie’s novel Whisky Galore (1947) and the 1949 Ealing comedy film based upon it. In the 20th century, the law has been clarified to make it clear that wrecks and their cargo remain the property of their original owners. Anyone who takes them is guilty of theft unless they inform the Receiver of Wreck, whose job is to attempt to establish who is the legal owner. Additional safeguards apply to historic wrecks, ships and aircraft that are the last resting place of the remains of members of the armed forces. In the

past, however, the Crown, monasteries, estates, and lords of the manor have all claimed rights over wrecks, and the real owners have often had to fight for their rights. The earliest recorded example dates from 1318,and concerns an Oportobased merchant, Martinde Bek, who doggedly pursued over 40 offenders through the courts over a period of 20 years for stealing cargo from the Navis de Jehsu Christi de Portu (‘Ship of Jesus Christ of Oporto’) when she ran aground during a storm at Brighstone, on the Isle of Wight. From this and similar court cases, we learn much about the sorts of cargo that were being imported to London at this time – wines and spices being among the most important, but also fresh fruit (especially figs and grapes),which suggests that these were premium products, worth the gamble on whether they would reach the market in good condition, before they began to deteriorate.

The wreck of the Santa Mayweather partially submerged off of the coast of Bridlington.

January 2014 |

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Vespasianâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Camp:

current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

January 2014 |

The Cradle of

Stonehenge Salisbury Plain is renowned for its spectacular Neolithic monuments, but decades of research have found few traces of earlier activity in the Stonehenge landscape. Now the discovery of the plainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s oldest residential site has uncovered evidence of 9,000 years of ritual and domestic activity, beginning three millennia before Stonehenge was built.

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current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

Vaspasianâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Camp is located a whole mile away from Stonehenge in the area around Amesbury Abbey

This newly discovered spring is a wonderful sight. Springs have been known to create excellent preservation conditions

200 worked flints through test-pitting and surveying, ranging from early Bronze Age-Beaker scrapers to Mesolithic tools

current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

January 2014 |

The Excavation is underway as more artifacts are sifted, discovered, processed, and packaged for cataloging and identification.

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current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

Mesolithic

Artifacts A basic flint tool used to light fire during mesolithic times.

Two scrappers used to tan animal hide. A tranchet adze made of dark flint.

An eroded spear tip found in a dried streambed.

A speartip made of granite.

A flake axe used for a variety of chores such as slicing meat.

A mesolithic polished tri -butted axe head found in a field east of Stonehenge.

current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

These thousands of tools include an impressive range of implements, from microliths, backed blades (used for making knives, arrows and other composite tools), and burins for working bone and antler, to notched tools (perhaps for cutting sinews or stripping bark to make baskets) and scrapers, as well as cores and knapping debitage representing all stages of the production process.

January 2014 |

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Did you know The Beatles used Kazoos when performing their hit song, “Lovely Rita”?

| Issue 286

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Music Facts #7

KA ZoO

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Did you know, Jimi Hendrix used a Kazoo in his song “Crosstown Traffic”?

current archaeology | www.archaeology.co.uk

January 2014 |

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January 2014 |