El Refugio Ecologico Jessica Pack - Senior Project-Vieques Case Study - Professor Buitrago - UGA-CED - LAND 4900 - Spring 2013
Acknowledgments Professor Jose Buitrago: Thank you for your guidance, knowledge, and critiques
throughout the process of the completion of this project. Without them, this project would not have seen its full fruition.
CE+D: To the College of Environment + Design, thank you for the prospects you presented to me as a student and for the access to many opportune resources.
Family + Friends: Thank you all so much for the unlimited and constant support and love
throughout the duration of not only this semester but also my time as a student at the University of Georgia.
table of contents Introduction History.............................................................................................................................................................8-9 Sea grass Mapping........................................................................................................................................10 Endangered Species Mapping.....................................................................................................................11 Interesting Facts........................................................................................................................................12-13 Why are sea grass habitats so important?.............................................................................................14-15 Goals + Objectives Barriers, Prospects, Objectives......................................................................................................................18 Inventory + Analysis Aerial View.....................................................................................................................................................22 Roads..............................................................................................................................................................23 Streams...........................................................................................................................................................24 Soils..................................................................................................................................................................25 Vegetation Cover..........................................................................................................................................26 Wildlife Refuge...............................................................................................................................................27 Sea grass Cover.............................................................................................................................................28 Coral Cover....................................................................................................................................................29 Constraints......................................................................................................................................................30 Potentials........................................................................................................................................................31 Conceptual Design...............................................................................................................................................34-36 Final Product Master Plan...............................................................................................................................................40-41 Eco-Camp.................................................................................................................................................42-43 Sustainable Farm......................................................................................................................................44-45 Sea grass Farm..........................................................................................................................................46-47 Construction Documentation Grading Plan + Supporting Construction Documents..........................................................................50-53 Lighting Plan + Supporting Construction Documents...........................................................................54-55 Planting Plan + Supporting Construction Documents and Charts......................................................56-59 Bibliography.................................................................................................................................................................60 Image Sources............................................................................................................................................................61
Introduction
1930’s:
Sugar can industry declines possibly due to climate change and the fact that Vieques was becoming a drier island
Early 1800’s:
Coffee plantations later became an established sugar cane industry
1898:
Puerto Rico and Vieques become a territory of the United States after the Hispanic American War
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Second World War:
Research: History
US Military acquires 72% of land of Vieques for military use. A third of the population was relocated to St. Croix and rest of population centers on the Island. Sugar can industry completely declines.
2003:
Navy gives up eastern end which becomes a Fish and Wildife Reserve. R restricted areas remain closed to public due to clean up needs of possible unexploded ordinances
1978-79:
Environmental destructions becomes apparent to fishing areas
1980:
US Congress recommends Navy leave Vieques
9 *See sources in Bibliography
ma n
t
tle ur
grass ee at
grass
shoa lg
s ra
s
low sea grass density
medium sea grass density
high sea grass density
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Research: sea grass mapping
dwarf seahorse habitat
Floria m an t e e
Bahamas
manatee habitat
leatherback sea turtle habitat Cuba
Dominican Republic
Puerto Rico
w
ar
f seahors
leatherba
d
e
Haiti
ck
sea turtle
Research: endangered species mapping
11
*See sources in Bibliography
12
Research: Interesting Facts
logger he
Vieques General Information: - Island is a municipality of Puerto Rico - About 7 miles SE of the Puerto Rico mainland - 21 mile long, 4 miles wide - 33,000 sq. acres - Population: about 10,000 - 50% unemployment - Nearest hospital is 18 miles away by sea - Toxic chemicals pollute the richness of the valuable ecosystems
sea turtle d a
a green se
tle tur
leatherba
hawksbill
sea turtle
n
Historic significance and legacies of Taino culture and sugar can era
ck
ca
turtle
170 species of migratory and resident birds
w bro n pel i
a se
a m an t e e
Nearly 18,000 acres of the most ecologically diverse land in the Caribbean protecting 15+ endangered species
Cancer rate is 26.9% higher than the average of Puerto Rico
13 *See sources in Bibliography
Shore Birds
Sea grass Habitats
Dissolved Organic Matter
Increase Water Clarity
Food Source
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Food Source & Habitat
Habitat Roots Bind Sediments
Why are sea grass habitats so important?
Mulch
Decrease CO2 Release
Food Source & Habitat
Sea grass Facts: - Underwater flowering plants - Rated 3rd most valuable ecosystem globally - Damaged by boats, anchors, pollution, and dredging
Increase Biodiversity
15 *See sources in Bibliography
Goals + Objectives
Barriers - Toxicity of soil - Potential hazards from Navy’s influence - Necessity to preserve existing pristine landscape; avoid further degradation
Prospects - Potential for the establishment of a new Caribbean National Park - Tropical rain forest - Patch and corridor restoration of critical habitat - Clean up toxic soils - Optimal wildlife viewing
Objectives
- Ecological restoration for key endangered species - Manatee Research Facility - Create an ecological garden of sorts - Small sustainable Eco-Camp - Sustainable Farm - Sea grass Research facility, habitat connection, with farming potential - Renewable on-site energy - Nature activities
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19
inventory + analysis
This is an aerial view of the site. The point at the tip of the island is the place where the Caribbean Ocean and Atlantic Ocean converge. The two larger brown masses are the inter-tidal zones. Here is where the seagrass farm is proposed to be nestled between. The main road that cuts straight through the site will be restored to natural land. This road is not being utilized for The Ecological Refuge. A smaller access road will need to be constructed; however, this will provide a greater sense of arrival to the destination and allow for optimal views. The site selection boundary is close enough to mountainous terrain so hiking will be accessible. There will be boardwalks to the ocean; however, for those who may not be able to walk well, solar powered golf carts will be available for rental so everyone has the ability to access the nearby beaches. Only a few beaches will be accessible by both visitors and locals. This will protect sensitive habitats for many species both endangered and not endangered.
Site Selection Boundary
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Not to Scale
aerial view
Existing Roads
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Site Selection Boundary PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
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It was important to designate the existing infrastructure on site. This would minimize development and ensure a less environmentally degrading design by utilizing existing conditions.
Not to Scale
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Roads
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*See sources in Bibliography
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The streams seen here are not permanent. They merely reappear during wet seasons. However, designating stream locations is always important when designing permanent structures because flood scenarios could prove problematic during flooding occurrences. Existing Streams
Site Selection Boundary
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streams
Mollisols PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
Inceptisols
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Site Selection Boundary
The darker soils are unsuitable to build on because they are submerged in water for the most part. It further reinforces where to avoid building.
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soils
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*See sources in Bibliography
Understanding the vegetation cover makes designing more comprehensive. It also allows an understanding on what the landscape may look like without being able to visit the site. The healthy mangroves definitely should be preserved; however, boardwalks though the mangroves that lead to the ocean would be a wonderful design feature.
Inland Saltwater
Mangrove and shrub-land
Grassland
Site Selection Boundary
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Dry Forest
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vegetation cover
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Wildlife Refuge Area
Puerto Rico Conservation Trust PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
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Restricted Area
Site Selection Boundary
The Wildlife Refuge is a key feature of The Ecological Refuge. It was important to designate that the majority of the development site was not entirely in the Wildlife Refuge. The development site is about half in the Refuge half in an use able area. The primary development withing the Wildlife Refuge is the sea grass farm which would be less of a harmful impact on the environment than more destructive development.
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wildlife refuge
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*See sources in Bibliography
Analyzing sea grass cover was really important because it helps delineate proper placement for the sea grass farm.
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Mangrove: 10% - <50%
Mangrove: 50% - <90%
Sea grass Cover: 10% - <50%
Sea grass Cover: 50% - <90%
Sea grass Cover: 90% - 100%
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No Cover
Not to Scale
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sea grass cover
Coral Cover 0 - <10% PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
Coral Cover 10% - <50%
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Site Selection Boundary
It was also important to note coral cover because it reinforces where sea grass is most dominate. Plus it would have allowed for coral restoration possibilities if pertinent information emerged.
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coral cover
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*See sources in Bibliography
After overlaying all the analysis, the three main constraints were the mollisols, inter-tidal areas, and restricted area. The majority of the restricted area is in the inter-tidal zone so development would not be ideal there regardless. A small portion of the site selection boundary is among the constraints; however, this is the location of the sea grass farm. This location is ideal for this entity because it is already submerged in water which is ideal for sea grass growth.
Moist/ Wet Conditions/ Poor Development Area
Restricted Area
Site Selection Boundary
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Poor Soils
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constraints
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Best Development Location
Existing Roads to Utilize PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
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Existing Streams to Utilize as Habitat/ Sea grass Farm
Site Selection Boundary
Because the site boundary is not limited by too many constraints, the potentials are numerous. There is ample existing infrastructure to support development in the site selection boundary. The majority of the site is also located in the best development area. This location is neither disrupting the Wildlife Refuge and avoids the restricted area which is ideal for the safety of visitors and local people. Not to Scale
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potentials
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*See sources in Bibliography
Conceptual Design
A: Parking B: Plaza C: Education Center D: Eco-Camp E: Sustainable Farm F: Sea grass Farm G: Research Center G
C F B
D E
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A
A: Parking B: Wind Farm C: Education Center D: Eco-Camp E: Sustainable Farm F: Sea grass Farm G: Research Center
G F F
C B
A
D D E A
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A: Parking B: Wind Farm C: Education Center D: Eco-Camp E: Sustainable Farm F: Sea grass Farm G: Research Center H: Additional Buildings
G F
F
H
H A
B
D
H
E A H
Not to Scale
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C
H
H D
H
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Final Product
1/4 mile
1/2 mile
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Original Scale at 1â&#x20AC;?= 300â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
1 mile
master plan
The Ecological Refuge of Vieques is a rare gem indeed. Nestled among the Wildlife Refuge and Caribbean Ocean, The Ecological Refuge of Vieques becomes a travel destination like no other. This small Eco-resort transforms the Wildlife Refuge into one of the United States first true tropical National Parks. There is a sustainable farm that provides sustenance to both visitors and locals. There is ample lodging so plenty of visitors can enjoy their time on Vieques comfortably. Cars are left behind because the site is meant to be enjoyed by foot or bike so people can enjoy nature fully. However, if a half a mile walk to the beach is too much, there are solar powered golf carts available for rent. One of the most unique features is the sea grass farm located at the top of the site. This design was strategically placed first, then all other program developing stemmed off of this entity. The sea grass farm was the most important feature to design for. Seagrass needs shallow water so they can receive enough sunlight. The current location is placed among Lake Kiani and an inter-tidal zone. Sea grasses can flourish in both salt and fresh water so it is an ideal location to place a farm of this sort. Sea grass ecosystems are imperative habitats to have no only for many species but for the health of oceans as well. They provide significantly high biodiversity and capture carbon dioxide which can help alleviate the effects of climate change. They are also the food source for manatees which are endangered. This farm will provide research opportunities to study this important ecosystem and provide a safe main land habitat for manatees.
Illustrative View of Mangrove
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M N
L
H
K D C
G F
B E
I
A J B
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Original Scale at 1”= 60’
eco-camp
A: Manatee Fountain B: Parking C: Outdoor Plaza D: Cafeteria E: Shared Bathroom Facilities F: Resort Check-In G: Visitor Center H: Overlook and Viewing Tower I: Deluxe Lodges J: Small Camp K: Education Center L: Education Camp M: Restaurant with Overlook N: Manatee Research Facility
Sea Turtle Flower Berm
Manatee Fountain
Illustrative View of Wind farm and Boardwalk
Although this site is located among the Wildlife Refuge, part of the program development is to be able to enjoy nature without the necessity of a car. All vehicles are left behind at the parking lot and the view is buffered by native vegetation. One of the first buildings one comes across is the lodge check-in. Most of the lodging facilities are â&#x20AC;&#x153;glampsâ&#x20AC;? which are permanent tent structures with beds or cots inside. There is a shared bathroom facility. There are also as few deluxe lodges that may be rented out. These include 3 rooms, private bath, and kitchen. There is also an on-site dining facility for the travelers. The upper part of this site includes a research camp for students who wish to study abroad particularly in marine science fields. There is a small school and large research building for educational purposes. These can also be utilized to educate the public, both local and travelers. A visitor center is located next to the lodge check-in. Here people can learn all about the site, historical significance, and natural history. Locals are encouraged to visit this site. They may enjoy the restaurants that feature farm fresh foods as well as explore nature for the day.
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D C
K
E J
I
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H
G
sustainable farm
A: Camp Style Eco-Lodges B: Shared Bathroom Facilities C: Wind Farm D: Deluxe Lodges E: Sustainable Farm F: Farmers Market G: Restaurant H: Rentals I: Adventure Tours, Souvenir J: Golf Cart, Bike Pick Up K: Restaurant
A
B
F
Original Scale at 1â&#x20AC;?= 60â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Sketch of Lodges
The sustainable farm is designed to benefit both travelers and locals alike. The intentions behind placing a farm on site is to create a fairly sustainable landscape. Because a majority of the food would not need to travel far, transportation costs and effects will not impact the already sensitive environment on Vieques. Some of the crops will include: Mango, Grapefruit, Soursop, Avocado, Papaya, Banana, Pineapple, Jicama, Chayote Squash, and Yucca Root. All the restaurants on site will utilize the crops fir local cuisine. Visitors and locals may pick the fruits and vegetables as they please and then purchase them at the farmers market/ small grocery
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Sea grass Research
Sea grasses Habitat Corridor Sea grasses Sea grasses
Boardwalk to Beach
Habitat Corridor
Original Scale at 1â&#x20AC;?= 60â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
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sea grass farm
Habitat Corridor
Illustrative View of Mangrove Sea grasses
Habitat Corridor
Sea grasses
The sea grass farm is located between two habitat patches, Lake Kiani and an inter-tidal zone. The purpose of this was to create a corridor between these two patches for many different species. The main animal this development is suited for is manatee. Both manatees and sea grass habitats are endangered or threatened. This development is intended to provide critical habitat for manatees and provide research opportunities for this delicate ecosystem. Visitors will have ample wildlife viewing options as well as boardwalk access to the beach while enjoying this unique environment. Researches for both manatee and sea grass will be able to kayak this area; however, visitors will not be allowed to kayak or swim here because it is a sensitive and protected environment.
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construction
’
9.8
’
6.5
.1’
.4’
13
16
LP: 6’
HP: 20.5’
LP: 6’
FFE: 8.15’
FFE: 11.45’
’
6.5
FFE: 15’
LP: 14’
’
LP: 18’
LP: 20’ HP: 21’
FFE: 18.5’ (All Structures) LP: 14’
9.8
HP: 20.5’
3 14
FFE: 18.5’ (All Structures)
LP: 8.1’
FFE: 18.5’ (All Structures)
LP: 14’
.1’
13
50
4 14
2 14
Grading Plan
FFE: 21.5’ HP: 21’ FFE: 21.5’
HP: 22’
HP: 21’ Not to Scale
2 14
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Grading Plan Details
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3 14
™
Not to Scale PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
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Grading Plan Details
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™
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4 14
Not to Scale
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8A 14
9 14
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lighting Plan
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8A 14
Not to Scale
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lighting Plan Details
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48 Persea americana (Avocado Tree) @ 30’ O.C.
31 Averrhoa carambola L. (Starfruit) @ 20’ O.C.
18 Annona muricata (Soursop Tree) @ 30’ O.C.
11A 14 16 Citrus paradisi (Grapefruit) @ 15’ O.C. 20 Manihot esculen(Yucca Root) @ 3’ O.C.
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11B 14 Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) @ 6’ O.C.
75 Musa acuminata (Banana) @ 20’ O.C.
Not to Scale
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planting Plan Planting PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
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38 Mangifera indica (Mango Tree) @ 30’ O.C. 60 Carica papaya (Papaya) @ 15’ O.C.
11A 14
Fruit Tree Planting Detail Not to Scale
planting Plan Details
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Botanical Name
Ananas comosus Annona muricata Averrhoa carambola
Carica papaya Citrullus lanatus Citrus paradisi
Ipomoea batatas Lycopersicon esculentum Mangifera indica Manihot esculenta
Musa acuminata
11B 14
1
PALM TREE PLANTING
Persea americana Not to Scale
Psidium guajava Sechium edule
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Fruit Tree Planting Detail + Chart
Sustainable Farm Planting Plan (all plants) Common Name
Size
Light Requirement
Soil
Plant Type
About 24”
Full Sun
Well-drained
Terrestrail Herb
25-30’
Full Sun
Rich, Semi-dry, Well-drained
Tree
Starfruit
20-30’
Full Sun
Tolerant, Well-drained
Tree
Papaya
20-30’
Full Sun
Well-drained
Large Herb
N/A
Full Sun
Loamy, Fertile, Well-drained
Vine-like Stems
15-20’
Full Sun
Tolerant
N/A
Full Sun, Partial Shade
Sandy, Loamy, Well-drained
Perennial
Full Sun
Sandy, Loamy, Well-drained
Annual
Full Sun
Well-drained
Tree
Pineapple Soursop
Watermelon Grapefruit Sweet Potato Tomato Mango Tree
1’-4” - 6’ 30-100’
Tree
Yucca Root
About 3’
Full Sun
Fairly Tolerant
Perennial Shrub
Banana
20-25’
Full Sun
Deep, Well-drained
Large Herb
Avocado
30-60’
Full Sun
Tolerant
Tree
Guava
33’
Full Sun
Tolerant, Well-drained
Tree
Full Sun, Part Shade
Tolerant
Perennial
Chayote Squash
Varies
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Facts, Figures, General Information Works Cited “A Brief History of Vieques.” Time for a vacation?. 20 January 2013. <http://casavioleta.zxq.net/text/historyVieques.htm>. Ansari, Azadeh. “Undersea Bombs Threaten Marine Life.” CNN Tech. 26 February 2009. Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. 19 January 2013. < http://articles. cnn.com/2009-02-26/tech/undersea.munitions.cleanup_1_vieques-island-vieques-for-six-decades-bombs?_s=PM:TECH>. Bermudes, Wanda. “History of Vieques Island, Puerto Rico.” Vieques Island. 1998. 20 January 2013. < http://www.vieques-island.com/history.shtml>. “Fact Sheet on Vieques, Puerto Rico.” International Action Center. 15 November 1999. 20 January 2013. < http://www.iacenter.org/puertorico/vieques-fact//>. Kelman, Allison. “Vieques National Wildlife Refuge.” Puerto Rico Parks. 26 May 2011. Orbitz Away LLC. 16 January 2013. <http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/vieques-national-wildlife-refuge-outdoor-pp2-guide-cid358141.html>. Ruiz-Marrero, Carmelo. “ Vieques Residents Alarmed by Depleted Urnanium Reports.” Common Dreams. 30 January 2001. Copyright 2001 IPS. 10 January 2013. < http://www. commondreams.org/headlines.shtml?/headlines01/0130-03.htm>. “Sea grass Habitats”. Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce. 6 February 2013. <http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/seagrass_habitat.htm>. “Seaweed farms and grass”. Sea grass Watch. 6 February 2013. <http://www.seagrasswatch.org/Info_centre/Magazine/pdf/SW_Magazine_Issue39_low_pp12_24.pdf>. “Vieques National Wildlife Refuge.” U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 20 January 2013. <http://southeast.fws.gov/vieques>. http://www.naturefoundationsxm.org/education/seagrass/importance_of_seagrass.htm http://www.seagrasswatch.org/seagrass.html
Inventory and Analysis Works Cited Aerial View Image: http://maps.google.com Road Image Source: Google Maps Streams Source: GIS Soil Image Source: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htm Vegetation Cover Source Image: GIS Image Source for Wildlife Refuge: http://www.fws.gov/caribbean/Refuges/maps/Display/Vieques.jpg Image Source for Restricted Zone and PRCT: http://public.lantops-ir.org/sites/public/vieques/West/WestViequesMap_Small.jpg Source for Sea grass Cover: http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/explorer/biomapper/biomapper.html?id=Vieques Source for Coral Cover: http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/explorer/biomapper/biomapper.html?id=Vieques
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Bibliography
Manatee image: https://si0.twimg.com/profile_images/1154237641/BabyManatee.jpg Leatherback turtle image: http://cdn1.arkive.org/media/27/273BB325-6036-47B1-8AE7-310E8434D3A8/Presentation.Large/Male-leatherbackturtle-in-open-ocean.jpg Dwarf seahorse image: http://www.tnaqua.org/Libraries/Fish/Dwarf_Seahorse.sflb.ashx Green sea turtle image: http://www.seaturtles911.org/image/green-seaturtle-1.jpg Loggerhead sea turtle image: http://oceana.org/sites/default/files/blog/EUO_c_OCEANA_Carlos_Suarez_31606_loggerhead.JPG Brown pelican image: http://www.statesymbolsusa.org/IMAGES/Louisiana/brown-pelican-nps.jpg Hawksbill sea turtle image: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UhEA0Nz_oZM/TmNvXLUHeZI/AAAAAAAAAas/5FgtlfOnGeg/s1600/Hawksbill-Sea-Turtles-Wallpapers-2.jpg Turtle grass image: http://lh3.ggpht.com/orLdYYevhrbZOS54DacMtgkMY0D52owsv6ckwrdq6Lo9SQDGNWzNRjbGTV_wkJUpmM5fgdQXOUn6blfa7Plt=s580 Manatee grass image: http://lh3.ggpht.com/orLdYYevhrbZOS54DacMtgkMY0D52owsv6ckwrdq6Lo9SQDGNWzNRjbGTV_wkJUpmM5fgdQXOUn6blfa7Plt=s580 Shoal grass image: http://lh5.ggpht.com/Y9Kx3XA5I7O8FC1rnoIumeD6xKkfA-xfNlfJvTvKpF7S8XdFskt5y-KfvQkuc9xwa8R1FqeUKmBPpzRNKif3=s1200 Dwarf seahorse map info from image: http://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2011/04/bp-vs-dwarf-seahorse Leatherback turtle map info from image: http://www.widecast.org/What/Regional/Nesting.html Manatee map info from image: http://f9creations.com/creature_crib/endangered/habitat.html Seagrass map info from image: http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/marine_turtles/lac_marine_turtle_programme/projects/hawksbill_caribbean_english/maps/hawksbill_other_maps/ Fruit Tree Planting Image: http://www.treesofantiquity.com/images/large/tree_plant_LRG.gif Construction documents: Caddetails.com
image sources
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