Not Urban
1
A sincere thank you to friends, family, and the CED community for the support and guidance in arriving to this culminating point.
2
JesĂşs A. Camacho Master of Architecture Thesis
Creating greater capacity and flexibility in the suburban built environment to allow housing strategies to respond to shifting needs and changing suburban demographics.
Faculty Advisors: Andrew Atwood Renee Chow
Fall 2014 - Spring 2015 College of Environmental Design University of California Berkeley
3
4
Table of Contents
Abstract 7
Context
Current Housing in San Francisco Historical Suburban Housing Development
8-12 13-15
Proposal
Process 16-49 Photo Manipulation Plan Manipulation Existing Elevation Elevation Manipulation Form Finding / Massing Studies Precedents 50-71 Approach Housing Proposal 72-129 Co-Housing Design Principle Site Guiding Site Plan Collage Plan of Area of Focus Zones Phasing Strategy Light, Ventilation, Access, Privacy Section Through Area of Focus Additional Images - Physical Models Sources Bibliography 130-131 Image Sources 132-135
5
“There are few places as desolate and lonely as a suburban street on a hot afternoon.� Kenneth Jackson
6
Abstract As San Francisco’s appeal continues to rise, there will be more demand for housing, and a greater diversity of it. This demand is reflected in the rampant rental prices of housing in the city, which at the current rate are unsustainable and unaffordable. What happens to the longtime residents whose income is unable to overcome rising costs? What alternatives do they have as majority of neighborhoods in the city are following a similar trend? One solution has been to move to the urban periphery into the suburbs where rent and mortgage costs are lower. The shift from the city to the suburb comes at a cost due to the inability of the suburban context to adequately provide for the needs of new populations that have found comfort and community in the density and services found in city centers. Some of these services are essential and provide the livelihood and safety blanket for many who find themselves at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder. As an alternative to the pervasiveness of the isolated single detached house found in the suburban fabric, communal housing presents a new way of living that re-contextualizes current and future suburban realities. It merges and provides some of the services and amenities that make urban neighborhoods desirable but that are currently lacking in suburban communities, while increasing much needed housing density and diversity. Most importantly, communal housing provides an open, familiar, supportive, interdependent community in what is otherwise a collection of fully independent and inward looking homes. As a method of studying the suburban potential, photo manipulation explores “the potentialities of three-dimensional space in a two-dimensional medium.”1 This Photoshop-heavy process typically lies in the usage of controls and filters that create compelling images solely for representation, but it is rarely used as a means of exploration. The ubiquitous Google Earth plan image provides a site-rich context that is graphically embedded within the image. The typical utilization of the image is that of a substitute for understanding an actual physical site or simply a way to identify a place within a given context. Seldom is the image explored on its own graphic merit. A set of productive operations extract the latent potential embedded within the image suggesting possible interventions and interpretations. These operations range from pixelation, which abstracts formal and spatial relationships while implying scale, to copy-and-paste, a process similar to collaging that allows for new modes of connectivity and circulation to emerge while disrupting existing ones, creating disjunction, gaps, overlaps and non-sequiturs. Ultimately, these operations offer unexpected programmatic adjacencies. An operation even more important conceptually as well as technically is blurring, which is also a result of the previous techniques mentioned. Through pixelation, copy-and-paste, shifting, and overlapping, existing suburban divisions and boundaries are obscured while naturally presenting new ones. This blurring allows for preconceived notions of suburban demarcation to be interrogated, including ownership, privacy, materiality, and programmatic adjacencies among others. These operations and techniques ultimately allow the designer to break free of existing and assumed notions about domesticity and suburban lifestyle in order to propose new radical forms, relationships, and ways of living—proposals that are presently at odds with existing expectations and ideals of our domestic suburban life. 7
1. Hayward Suburban Home 8
Context
9
2
3
10
2. Ross Racine - Beachview Bluffs 3. Ross Racine - New Foxtown and Westhaven Villas
Current Housing in San Francisco
San Francisco and the Bay Area, just like Los Angeles, D.C., New York and many other cities and metropolitan regions, is facing a lack of housing, particularly one that is affordable for the average resident. “Affordable” housing exists when a household pays less than 30 percent of their income for housing; any higher percentage would impact its ability to afford other necessities such as food, clothing, transportation and medical care.2 But in California, specifically in cities like San Francisco, San Jose, and Los Angeles, more households are becoming burdened by the cost to afford shelter, either for rent or mortgage. In 2013, it took 39% of a household’s income to afford the mortgage payment of a median home in San Francisco, while 36 % in San Jose and 40% in Los Angeles. 3 In San Francisco, due to the high demand for housing, rent costs and property values have sky rocketed, making working class neighborhoods like the Mission District unaffordable for those who have resided there for decades. The average rent for a one-bedroom apartment rose from $1,900 in 2011 to $3,250 in 2014, which is a 74% 3-year increase.4 With an average yearly household income of $72,000 for that neighborhood, a monthly rent of $3,250 is unsustainable and unaffordable. Only those that work in the tech industry, whose average salary is twice that of the average San Franciscan, would be able to afford the continually increasing costs.5 Not only is it the cost of housing limiting the diversity of the new residents in the city, it also directly affects longterm San Francisco residents, many of which have lived in the city for decades. Due to the popular housing market, evictions are on the rise. From 2012 to 2013, the Eviction Defense Collaborative (“EDC”) and the San Francisco Tenants Union saw a 70% increase in Ellis Act (no-fault) evictions.6 Often, the tenants that are most directly affected and are being priced out of the city are those that are the most vulnerable. Of the eviction cases processed by EDC, approximately 45 percent of the tenants are below the federal poverty line; 20% of households had at least one child under 18 years, 24% of which were single parent households. Additionally, 16% of households had at least one person 60 years or older and 52% of the households contained at least one person with a disability.7 As similar trends are occurring throughout the diverse San Francisco neighborhoods and as the residents are unable to overcome rising costs, they are directly and indirectly being forced to relocate. What options do they have? One solution has been to move to the urban periphery into the less walking friendly, less desirable suburbs where rent and mortgage costs are lower. Many of these neighborhoods have few to no transportation alternatives, which only extends the commuting time to work. What happens to single family households in an environment that does not foster community participation and involvement? The suburbs are not yet able to adequately provide for the needs of new populations that find comfort and community in the density and services found in the city centers. Not only are these services essential, they also provide the livelihood and safety blanket for many who find themselves at the bottom of the socio-economic ladder, as in the case of the immigrant single
11
parent households. How can neighborhoods and cities once designed to serve a specific demographic, in this case a traditional nuclear family, transform to accommodate a more diverse makeup with diversity in housing type, cost, and way of living? While baby boomers sought the safety of the suburban experience, more recent generations, including some baby boomers themselves, are being drawn towards city life. This trend is evident in most American cities, where younger “adults are becoming more drawn to denser, more compact urban environments that offer a number of amenities within walking distance of where they live.”8 Such an urban fabric is difficult to come by in traditional suburban neighborhoods. On the other hand, an analysis by the Urban Institute and the US Census states that the urban periphery has been gaining larger percentages of population in comparison to denser urban centers and the nation as a whole.9 “Between 2000 and 2010, the U.S. population grew from about 281 million people to 309 million people, or about a 10% increase. During the same period, the exurban population grew from about 16 million to almost 26 million people, an over 60% increase.”10 More specifically for the San Francisco – Oakland – Fremont metropolitan area, there was a 4.4% increase in suburban growth from 2007 to 2010, while its metropolitan urban area only saw a 0.9% increase. For the period between 2000 and 2010, its suburban growth was that of 3.9% while its urban growth was 0.5%.11 Generally in the region, suburban areas continued to grow even during the recession, while most metropolitan areas grew at a much slower pace. Even though the demand and desire for city living is quite complex, one ultimate result of this trend is the exile of a substantial amount of residents into suburban neighborhoods far away from services and job opportunities. As new people move to the suburbs, how will the existing housing market accommodate their needs? Will existing housing stock suffice or will new development be necessary? If so, how can the new development respond to current demand but also plan for and provide a flexible future? These are some of the questions presented, some of which should have been firmly asked of and answered by the National Housing Agency when they were in charge of providing five million new housing units needed immediately after World War II had ended.12 The housing stock produced to house war veterans and their families was able to meet immediate housing demand, but was shortsighted and unable provide adequate housing for variety of populations across generations and time frames.
12
Historical Suburban Development
4
The suburbs were originally set in motion between 1947 and 1951 by the Levittown development as a planned community whose development was “biased towards the development of the single family detached houses outside city centers.”13 Development occurred outside city centers, where most land was available. The government, through development of transportation infrastructure, ensured that the new communities would be connected to job opportunities via the automobile. This development created a focus on the road as a formal expression, in which “homes [are] placed on subdivided tracts facing an array of street patterns,”14 which results in a typical trajectory from driveway, to garage, to interior of a home. The pedestrian connectivity was thereby compromised. The approach to design of the home was equally never intended to engage its adjacencies. Due to the rush and efficiency in production needed after 1945, “builders and developers focused on house designs whose forms were based on cost-efficient production that favor limiting articulation– eliminating dormers, valleys, verandas, and internal corners – as well as reducing housing size to the smallest volume possible.”15 Character and formal diversity were not design priorities and concerns as builders were attempting to construct the most cost efficient dwelling space. But what is most important is the lack of concern for establishing any form of connectivity and community among neighbors. “The interior functioning of the house was emphasized rather than the relationships of a household to its social and physical landscape . . . [and] the plans reveal that the connection of one household to others, to the landscape or even the backyard was neither considered nor valued.”16 This inward-centered approach to design privatizes the public realm that in an urban setting would often occur in the street, while reducing the feeling of concern and responsibility between neighbors.17
4. William Garnett - Framing, Lakewood CA1950 13
In comparison, today’s suburban development increased the square footage per dwelling from the 750 square feet established in Levittown, to an average of 2000 square feet.
5
Levittown was originally designed from the perspective of the minimum set of activities and spaces required for a nuclear family, including an eat-in kitchen, dining room, bathroom and two bedrooms.18 Even in the current development, where there is more square footage per house, the type of spaces and the way in which they are arranged are still in line with the approach Levittown presented. That is, a prototype dwelling that is designed in isolation of its context, with the internal coherence of the space as the predominantly guiding principle. It is that internal coherence and specificity that is often controversial in presenting and allowing existing and new suburban dwellers to reimagine a new way of living that is not subverted by the logic and efficiency of construction and production. Typically, “developers create basic house models by identifying markets, defining the lifestyles of those markets, and programming spaces for the targeted lifestyles. Normative assumptions about ways of living direct the design of spaces – their sizes, configurations, and adjacencies.”19 Given that suburbs are increasingly becoming more diverse, these normative assumptions about ways of living will not yield suitable prototypes that provide for the desires and needs of new suburban populations.
5. Bernard Hoffman - Bernard Levey Family in Front of Their 1949 Ranch Model, 1950 14
To be more specific about suburban diversity, “In the 50 largest US metropolitan areas, 44 percent of residents live in racially and ethnically diverse suburbs, defined as between 20 and 60 percent non-white.”20 There was also an increase in predominantly non-white suburbs from 5% in 2000 to 7% in 2010. Similarly, Diverse Suburbs increased from 15% in 2000 to 21% in 2010, representing the largest suburban segment, with 53 million people as of 2010.21 Predominantly white suburbs shrunk from 46% in 2000 to 38% in 2010 with an approximate population of 30 million. This racial diversity is a key component of making rich communities, although, it is only one approach to measuring diversity within these communities. The spatial implications are of significance, specially when race and socioeconomics are factored in simultaneously. The socioeconomic makeup of the suburbs is changing as well, ranging from affluent and middle class to impoverished disadvantaged groups. “Today, more poor people live in the suburbs (16.4 million of them) than in U.S. cities (13.4 million), despite the perception that poverty remains a uniquely urban problem.”22 But it may also seem that the suburban poor are even more disadvantaged than the urban poor as longer distances, inherent in the suburban plan, diminish access to services and transportation that could potentially facilitate resiliency. According to a report published by Confronting Suburban Poverty in America, the San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont metropolitan region saw an increase in the number of poor from 302,591 in 1970 to 513,843 in 2011. The suburbs within the same metropolitan region saw a much greater percent change in number of poor from 2000 to 2011 at 56.1% in comparison to the 18.4 percent in cities for the same period. Similarly, suburbs saw a 6.5% increase in population while cities only saw a 2.1% increase over the same time period potentially showing that much of the population coming into the suburbs are already experiencing hardships. Foreign-born residents in cities and suburbs increased similarly, with 33.8% in the suburbs, and 32.7% in the cities. In the suburbs, 96.6% of residents actually had access to transit, but only 35.3% of jobs were available within a 90-minute commute.23 While diversity is a strong asset to making the suburban environment the desirable, vibrant, diverse neighborhoods millennials now seek in city centers, the built environment must learn to thoughtfully address needs that can make these communities thrive socially and economically. Since the development of the American suburb in postwar housing, single-family construction has dominated the development of urban and suburban environments. As demographics in the country have shifted and continue to do so, and new cultural and social familial structures begin to emerge and dominate the suburban and urban lifestyle, a change in approach to how we understand the family unit and how that unit should be housed must be explored more extensively.
15
6. Hayward Site Photo Manipulation - Pixelation 16
Process
17
7
8
7-8. Screen shot of Photo Manipulation Iterations - Process 18
Photo Manipulation Photo processing and image manipulation are common place in our image heavy industry. The typical use of Photoshop filters is to render moods and specific qualities in an image, the most effective way to convey a message. Rarely is the process used as a method of exploration, one that is able to extract latent potential embedded in each image based primarily in resolution but also in its general attributes like tone and hues, contrasts grain, geometry, and operations like layering or masking among others. As a beginning strategy, the photo manipulation process allows me to extract relationships simply formal and compositional but that through multiple iterations allow for greater spatial implications. Ones that begin to question scale, thresholds, and other spatial juxtapositions. As it pertains to the site, this process allows for a productive abstraction that distances the design process from any direct relation to designing through our traditional/suburban notion of domesticity. It provides a freedom based in form, space, and composition presenting new relationships that can begin to question our notion of how domestic form and space arise and the possibilities of inhabitation. Following are photo manipulations studies of the site in plan and elevation, each implying varying spatial implications and future operations. The plans have been categorized more specifically according to the specificity of the operations as well as resulting organization. (Blurring, pixelation, and copying-pasting).
19
Plan Manipulations / Copy-Paste
20
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
9-16. Photo Manipulations Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Existing Site 21
Plan Manipulations / Pixelate
17
17. Studying three dimensional possibilities of two dimensional images produced. 22
18
19
20
21
18-21. Photo Manipulations with pixelation as a resultant image quality. 23
22
23
24
25
22-25. Photo Manipulations through pixelation. Using shadow to create depth and blending with existing site. 24
26
27
28
29
26-29. Photo Manipulation through pixelation resulting in varied forms and spatial suggestions. 25
Plan Manipulations / Blur
30
31
32
33
30-33. Photo Manipulations resulting in blurred organic forms. 26
34
35
36
37
34-37. Photo Manipulations that blur through gradients. 27
Existing Elevations
37
38
Img 37
37-38. East Facing Block Elevation 28
Img 38
39
40
Img 39
Img 40
39-40. North Facing Block Elevation 29
Elevation Manipulations
41
42
Img42
30
Img 41
43
44
Img 43
Img 44
31
45
46
Img 45
32
Img 46
47
48
Img 47
Img 48
33
49
50
Img 49
34
Img 50
51
52
Img 51
Img 52
35
53
54
Img 53
36
Img 54
55
56
Img 55
Img 56
37
57
58
Img 57
38
Img 58
59
60
Img 59
Img 60
39
61
62
Img 61
40
Img 62
63
64
Img 63
Img 64
41
Elevation Manipulations / Color Iterations
65
66
Img 65
42
Img 66
67
68
Img 67
Img 68
43
69
70
Img 69
44
Img 70
71
72
Img 71
Img 72
45
Massing Studies These massing studies are derived from the multiple elevation photo manipulation studies. They are extrusions of the implied and suggested geometries embedded within each image. Varying in volume size, some suggest more simplified massings with more complex roofscapes while others begin to suggest greater depth and exchange between massing edge and exterior space, allowing for enclosure and more complex exterior relationships.
75
46
76
47
77
48
78
49
79. Andrew Zago - Property with Properties 50
Precedents
51
Approach Property with Properties - Andrew Zago
80
81
82
80-82. Andrew Zago - Property with Properties Process 52
83
The site is a planned community, whose construction was stopped due to the economic downturn in 2008. Approximately 10 percent of the houses are built, while other lots remain flat and terraced. Instead of changing the development at its core, the team proposed to relax the boundaries , thereby “creating a richer mix of uses, housing types, living situations, and landscapes�26. The team used a printing process error as the metaphor of creating diversity in form, texture, and space within the proposed housing typologies, some of which include row houses and duplexes. They specifically were critical of the relationship of a suburb to its context, and were very interested in relaxing that boundary. The result is a rich and diverse landscape, one that questions boundaries and proposes new ones while providing a more diverse way of living, contrasting traditional suburban sameness.
83. Andrew Zago - Still from View of Life in the New Development 53
Studio Teddy Cruz - Casa Familiar
84
84. Estudio Teddy Cruz - Casa Familiar 54
85
Teddy Cruz is strongly interested and inspired by ground up development and the informal , finding inspiration from the San Diego-Tijuana Border. He is critical of current development trends and proposed ways in which one can begin to create healthier resilient communities by engaging the community, embracing existing conditions, and “seek[ing] reconciliation of patterns of spatial occupation and social interaction with often unsympathetic zoning and planning regulations.” 25 Cruz’s installation documents the dismantling and shipment of San Diego’s older suburbs—as it is recycled into new housing settlements in outskirts of Tijuana. At the same time, Cruz looks at the changes brought by new Latin American immigrants living and working in suburban San Diego and how “culturally-specific” practices are transforming neighborhoods. More specifically, he is looking at how suburban living is being transformed as more diverse residents are moving in and interested in how the housing typologies are being transformed or can be modified to respond to the culture and living experiences representative of their residents.
85. -Elements of Latino New Urbanism in San Ysidro, California. 55
Studio Gang Architecture- Recombinant House
86
86. Studio Gang Architects - Recombinant House Diagram 56
86
“The team, led by Jeanne Gang of Studio Gang Architects, focused on a former factory. Situated adjacent to housing, it inspired the designers to imagine how the existing fabric and new interventions might be connected.� 24 More specifically, by responding to changing demographics, the team questioned current zoning codes by proposing a housing typology adequate to the realities of Cicero now, but ones that are not prohibited under the current zoning code. This new typology proposes a live-work environment with mixing of spaces, families, and generations. Because these spaces are modular and incremental, it allows the resident to add space as is possible and when needed, reflecting the changing dynamics of a family. Additionally it presents a new way of ownership, in which the residents own their dwelling space, but not the land in which it sits. The land and shared amenities would be owned by a private trust.
87. Studio Gang Architects - Recombinant House Perspective 57
Ross Racine- Artwork
88
As stated by the artist: “The subjects of my work may be interpreted equally as models for planned communities or as aerial views of fictional suburbs, referring to the dual role of the computer as a tool for urban planning as well as image capture. At the intersection of two approaches, mapping and landscape art, my drawings use a perpendicular instead of an angled viewpoint to combine the abstract qualities inherent in maps with the descriptive powers of landscape art. Encouraging a reflective attitude by its distant viewpoint, the aerial view is used here to comment on society’s occupation and transformation of nature. In addition, these invented suburbs exaggerate existing situations and drive the subject matter into the investigative domain of science fiction. Examining the relation between design and actual lived experience, the works subvert the apparent rationality of urban design, exposing conflicts that lurk beneath the surface. Beyond the suburban example, these digital drawings are a way of thinking about design, the city and society as a whole.”27
88. Ross Racine - Prairieside Forks 58
Michael Jantzen - Deconstructing The Houses
89
90
91
92
As stated by the artist: “A series of photo collages that are part of a larger series of photos, which visually deconstruct parts of the real world that we normally think of as stable. Sections of the photos are simply rotated out of their normal positions relative to the whole image in order to create the illusion of fragmentation, and then reconstructed into a new hybrid image. This new hybrid image then begins to suggest the possibility of an alternative universe of subsets, capable of endless potential.�
89-92. Michael Jantzen - Deconstructing The Houses Collages 59
Housing House N - Sou Fujimoto / Oita Japan (2007-8)
93
94
60
93. Sectional Concept Diagram 94. Continuity of interior materiality and spaces to exterior areas and/or vice-versa.
Parkside House - Tsuyoshi Kawata / Shiga Prefecture
95
96
95. Blurring of interior and exterior spaces. Privacy mediated by inverting window-wall. 96. Site continuity through interior arrangement of spaces, suggested in material change and extrusion.
61
Moriyama House - SANAA / Tokyo Japan (2005)
97
98
62
97. Small, semi-private, and narrow entryways into site. Massing clustered on site. 98. Exterior spaces utilized as interior spaces. Blurring of ownership but obvious materiality shifts.
Seijo Townhouses - SANAA / Tokyo Japan (2007)
99
100
99. Enclosure on both sides of living space, and continuity/porosity through building and from above. 100. Texture and complexity established by ground textures and their continuity into units.
63
Outside In House -Takeshi Hosaka / Yamanashi Japan (2011)
101
102
64
101. Parallel exterior walls establish privacy while continuity occurs through building and above to sky lights. 102. Textures and materiality determine program change across a more or less continuous open plan.
Kofunaki House - ALTS Design Office / Shiga Japan (2012)
103
104
103. Blurring of divisions through mixture of materials. 104. Flexible translucent partitions as ways to divide space, provide flexibility, and allow light to enter multiple rooms.
65
Nishinoyama House - Kazuyo Sejima & Associates / Kyoto Japan (2014)
105
106
66
105. Inverting inside and outside. 106. Equivalence of interior and exterior spaces.
Yokohoma Apartment - ON Design Partners/ Kanagawa Japan
107
108
107. Planes help to establish direction, privacy and form. 108. Communal aspects of the apartments are shared not only within the residents but with the community beyond.
67
Apartment in Kamitakada - Takeshi Yamagata / Tokyo Japan (2018)
109
110
68
109. Ground floor as field subdivided and shaped by planes and openings. 110. Unconventional exposure of private spaces with very or more public spaces.
Soshigaya House - BE-Fun Design / Tokyo Japan (2012)
111
111. Spatial hierarchy suggested by ground materials and textures. Sliding doors allow for shifting privacy.
69
M-Apartment- Sinichiro Iwata / Kyoto Japan (2013)
112
113
70
112. Massing continuity helps to blur ownership and division. 113. Suggested thresholds that again blur divisions and ownership.
Okurayama Apartment - / Kazuyo Sejima & Associates / Kanagawa Japan (2008)
114
115
114. Form as field through site. Spatial arrangement weaves in and out of the massing. 115. Small spaces allow for adjustment into unconventional forms. Continuity with exterior environments.
71
72
Proposal
116. Site Proposal - View of new single detached house in interior of the block/community./ Communal gardens/patio
73
117
74
117. Site Proposal - Sectional Oblique Drawing showing glimpse of a day in the life of.
75
118
76
119
118-119. Zoom into Oblique Sectional Drawing - Western Edge
77
120
78
121
120-121. Zoom into Oblique Sectional Drawing - Eastern Edge
79
122
80
122. Isabella de Maddalena - Rumlepotten Community, Arhus Denmark.
Collective Housing (Co-housing) as a Housing Strategy Throughout the world, collective housing happens in multiple ways, some more informal than others, but sharing similar attributes of community, support, and interdependence. As a formal housing strategy, this approach has been better received in Northern Europe, specifically Denmark and The Netherlands whom have hundredths of collective housing communities. This approach to living is relatively new to the United States but is increasingly gaining momentum as people look for flexibility and new ways of living in the built environment. Kathryn McCamant and Charles Durrett have done extensive research on the subject in Europe and is said that they have brought the concept of collective housing (Co-Housing) to North America. Their vast research is a tool for designers and developers to be able to understand key component and design strategies that make this type of community successful and thrive. In their book Creating Cohousing they lay out basic strategies and characteristics that have become the norm among collective housing designers and builders. Following are some of the strategies recommended in their research exactly as it appears on the book (Pg 248 - 259). 29
•
“The success of a co-housing community depends upon the “common realm”- the places where residents come together for socializing, creating, or just saying hello.”
•
“While co-housing tends to bring people toward the front of their homes, maintaining some privacy is also absolutely crucial.”
•
The size of the community is very important as too large a community feels institutional and too small and it will only resemble a household. * Small Development 8 to 15 Households *Medium Development 16 to 25 households * Large Development 26 to 35 Households ( It is important to note that “A large community allows for greater diversity of ages and family types, and common facilities can be more extensive and affordable through economies of scale.”)
81
82
•
Project Density: “Dense neighborhoods need not be overwhelming in scale, or feel tall and enclosed ... usually at least six to seven units per acre and often ten to fifteen.”
•
Household Diversity: “The right mix depends on the particular makeup of the interested group of residents ... three to five plans per project is more common and fits the various needs much better. In general consider houses for small families, couples (young and old), a few units for singles (young and old), and some flats on a singlefloor that will be helpful as the resident group matures and the need for handicap accessible unit arises.”
•
Site Plan: “At issue are the buildings as well as the space between them. These set of questions “will help create an environment that encourages a positive social atmosphere: What opportunities will there be for casual interaction? Will Children be able to play safely in proximity to private houses and within view of adults? Do open spaces allow for a variety of activities to accommodate different age groups and interests? Do pedestrian paths encourage engagement without sacrificing privacy within private homes? Does the relationship of the common house, private houses, and parking facility provide for an easy mobility without sacrificing safety or causing disruption?”
•
Community vs. Privacy: Soft edges or semi-private spaces, such as gardens, landscaping, and porches, help create an intermediary zone between private space and the public realm.”
•
Communal offers a different relationship than the traditional public private bifurcation.
•
Relationship to Surrounding Communities: “Cohousing communities are always viewed as a positive contribution to the fabric of an existing neighborhood, bringing new people to an area that can support existing services, community facilities, schools or shops ... Common facilities can become an attraction to outside neighbors who are invited in to participate ... View into the co-housing community, shared recreational areas, and benches or sidewalks that invite people in to circulate or gather nearby all help to weave the co-housing project into its context.”
•
Organizing Site Features: Pedestrian streets, courtyards, and combination of streets and courtyards.
123
•
Mixed-Use Design: “A site design that includes commercial space or that provides flexible work or office space to co-housing residents or nearby neighbors, contributes to a sustainable neighborhood because it provides easy access to nearby work areas and services.”
•
“25 to 40 feet is a good distance from front door to front door.”
•
“Cluster housing fosters a sense of commonality, shared responsibility, and mutual support.”
•
Pedestrian Street: “The pedestrian street in co-housing is a lively place, somewhere to walk but also to lunger. Buildings should be arranged with entrances onto the street to encourage activity, not just movement.”
•
Parking and Cars: “An environment free of cars is safer for children and free of noise and emissions. Pooled parking at the periphery and in limited number of pathways to and from the parking area offer additional locations for social interaction.”
•
Common Plaza: “Every co-housing community needs a central node or plaza that offer people opportunities for seeing or being seen ... [providing] a comfortable gathering space, rather than one that is so big that it creates a void in the community.”
123. Swan Market Courtyard
83
124
84
124. Marcel Musch - co-housing Hoogvliet Rotterdam Netherlands
•
Community Garden: “A community garden can serve many purposes. It can provide the community with good, healthy food, and it can be a place of learning, a place for experimenting, and a place for social activity.”
•
Open Floor Plan: “In western terms, house spaces come in three types: functional, circulation, and access. In open plans, rooms often have all three characteristicsmaking them feel more gracious. An open floor plan saves space by creating areas that can have multiple uses, and helps keep the number of floor plans and house designs to a minimum. Movable objects to enclose or open spaces may be the best alternative to multiple room designs. Spaces for circulation may be use for gathering and activities may be expanded to other “rooms”. Outdoor spaces such as patios or porches, and windows between indoor and outdoor spaces, help small, interior rooms feel larger than they really are.”
85
86
Design Principle - Blurring
125
Typical suburban housing development bifurcates the environment into a black and white relationship. A white box sitting in a black landscape, outside and inside, across and behind, yours and mine, public and private, sidewalk and property line, bedroom and living room, kitchen and dining room. This way of designing allows for very little capacity and ambiguity, resulting in limited flexibility. The proposed process and housing strategies put to question our preconceived notions of a bifurcated, clearly separated domestic realm into ambiguous thresholds which allow for new kinds of spaces and relationships to emerge. Be it simply how color and texture are utilized within our spaces and how those textures begin to demarcate ownership and boundaries, but also how rooms become flexible spaces that shift ownership depending in living situations and changing demographics. Additionally, the proposed “collective housing” inherently blurs ownership and traditional divisions as what is typically private ownership is shifted to a more nuanced public realm. Ultimately the blurring is intended to create flexibility and greater capacity in the suburban environment so that as time passes, this environment is able to re-contextualize and maintain itself current to the social and demographic changes that cities and neighborhoods experience.
125. Bill Owen’s 1950’s Suburbia
87
Orchard Ave.
Thomas Ave.
Muir St. Evelyn Ln
126
88
126. Proposal Site
Site Hayward ,CA
Block located at the intersection of Thomas Ave, Orchard Ave, Evelyn Ln and Muir St. Existing housing stock in block predominantly contains single story homes. Total of 40 existing units with some in-law construction in a block approximately 292,600 sq ft. Parcel Data Population: 2,726 Households: 994 Family Household 56.4 Non-Family Household 48.4 Population by Race (%) Hispanic 50.4 White 13 Black 18.6 Asian 13.2 American Indian 1.2 Multi-race 3.3 Median Household Income $40,439 Median House Value $266,301 Median Condo Rent $1,064 Unemployment 4.1% Resident below poverty level 12.9% Median Resident Age 29.9 Population (%) Male 46 Female 54 Source: http://www.city-data.com/city/Hayward-California.html
89
Guiding Site Plan Collage The main approach to defining dwellings and domestic relationships in the site was derived from one of the photo manipulations applied to the site. The great potential and capacity for the resulting image is that it provided limited, fixed and grammatically ambiguous interventions while allowing for great flexibility in the spatial and programmatic relationships, varying in scale, adjacencies, and densities. At times, the produced geometry is the dimensions of a thick wall, other times it is the dimension of a small staircase, or a small bedroom, allowing for an unexpected, unconventional programmatic/spatial arrangements.
127
90
127.Photo Manipulation for site proposal.
Photo Manipulation - Iterations
128
128. Plan diagram iterations.
91
Guiding Site Plan Collage / Diagram - Field Condition
129
92
129. Overlay of diagram over existing context boundaries. Tone presents the duality of solid to void relationships, resulting in varied openness, density, and form.
Existing Context - Unit Configurations
130
130. Mapping of the existing context and its respective interior arrangements with a potential site approach at different scale than the previous diagram.
93
Site Proposal - Unit Configurations
140
94
140. Occupying the diagram.
Area of Focus
Site Proposal - Blurring
141
141.Integrating different diagram at different scale for floor textures and materiality. Blurring into interior spaces.
95
Plan of Area of Focus
142
96
142.Site Plan Proposal including thickened wall threshold zones.
97
Thickened Wall Threshold Zones
6 3
1
6
5 3
3
1
5
4
4
6
4
3
2
1
1
1
6
143
Existing Home 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
98
Bedroom Flexible bedroom Bathroom Living space (living-dining) Kitchen Continuity to outdoor spaces
New Single Detached
In-Law Addition
Thickened Wall Zone
Localized circulation Threshold Space
143. Sectional physical model of existing home with new in-law addition and new single detached home.
145
144 Zone on exterior. Potential to become planters, usable surfaces, and siting and lounging spaces.
Thickened zone flows from bathroom furniture to reading nook/closet space and elevated sleeping area.
147
146 Zone is registered by stairs providing storage space underneath as well as kitchen that can be enclosed.
Zone allows for more conventional spaces like sitting areas, storage and fireplaces.
Zones are present throughout the proposal, but it is important to point out the zone that reinforces the site’s grain and manages to create thresholds of privacy as residents move throughout the site. These sites are the colored zones that are represented in the previous site plan, and they are the same zones represented in the previous image. The grain of the site naturally happens from East to West, as primary roads move in that direction and the length of the largest lots on the block also occur in that direction. Similarly, in the photo manipulation operations the resultant grain was equally evident. I utilized the grain of the site as a natural way to create primary access routes into the site. Without any hierarchy this would leave a stripped block, with full connectivity in the direction of but no connectivity in the opposite direction. In order to take advantage of the grain but still provide a logical path through the proposal, I used the diagram’s proposed grain and utilized zones as blurred thresholds of increasing privacy as residents move inward, away from the primary access and most public areas. Given that solid walls are a clear language of division and separation, I aimed at utilizing the embedded form suggested in the photo manipulation images and applied it to the form of the now thickened walls to create occupiable spaces that act more like screens and mediate rather than solid walls that exclude. Often these zones are service spaces like bathroom sinks, toilets, kitchen cabinets, stairs, and storage, but other times they are spaces for lounging and entertainment like fireplaces, as well as sitting and sleeping areas. Often the kind of space is suggested by the type of form that arose from the image used for form finding. 144-147. Zoom-ins of the various types of functions found in thickened wall zones.
99
Phasing Strategy / Housing Typologies Phase 1- New Attached In-Law Additions
148
100
148. Proposed first phasing stage where new in-laws are introduced at the rear of each existing home.
149
149. Massing model of respective plan proposal. Textures are drawing from photo manipulations. The lightest texture (blue-gray tones) is suggestive of transparency/glazing.
101
0 1 2
2 Independent units with new in-law addition remaining fully independent. 2 Bedroom and 4 bedroom.
150
102
150. Relationships Diagrams
2 Independent units Existing addition is able to utilize garage as potential living space. New in-law connects with remaining area of the house. 5 bedroom and Studio.
1 Unit All separations open up between possible units. Potential extension it into adjacent dwelling. Potential 6 bedrooms.
4
8
16
3 Units New in-law, addition-garage connection and existing home become three independent units with only outdoor communal interaction.
The first proposed phase would be the addition of attached in-law units to existing homes. These additions would very much function like the informal in-laws already present on site but instead of being detached and physically independent, they would be attached to existing homes. The idea behind this relationship is that they would provide the most flexibility by connecting to the existing physical and social structure, allowing for the integration of the new unit into rest of the house, allowing some rooms to be used flexibly by both units and ultimately allowing for the possibility for the unit to become one with the existing home. The utilities of the house have to be designed in a way so that if the homes are integrated into one the new spaces are an actual compliment to the living experience instead of repetition from existing house.
103
Phasing Strategy / Housing Typologies Phase2 - New Communal “House” System
151
104
151. Proposed second phasing stage where the communal housing approach as it is typically done is introduced to the site, beginning with a communal “House” and attached smaller units.
152
152. Physical massing model, blurring ownership and expected boundaries through use of color, texture and form.
105
154
106
2 units Communal “Home� acts as the living space of the two adjoining units.
154. Relationships Diagrams
2 units Potential to limit participation and integration into co-housing home. Each with 3 bedrooms and an additional flexible space/room able to add sleeping space.
2 units Two units participatory in the communal system. One unit has a flexible room whose owndership fluctuates as occupants in each unit change.
2 Units Fully independent from co-housing home. Potential for adjacent dwellings to participate in communal system.
The second phase proposed the most change and largest move within the phasing strategies. This stage propose the integration of a communal “House” system, specifically the construction of a large communal living and amenity space shared by units building attached to this home. This new communal house can also be utilized by other adjacent units and residents. This new house is strategically located for to provide the most efficient access to residents. Typically there are 2 to 4 units directly attached to the home that utilize the spaces on a regular basis (with possibility of full independence). There are also other units like inlaws (1st phase) and single or duplex homes (3rd phase) that can also participate in the communal system even if they aren’t directly attached to the structure. This obviously allows for varying degrees of interaction and participation within the communal “House” system. Some of the amenities included in this homes are: living space, large kitchen, study areas, recreational spaces, laundry, rooftop gardens, outdoor patios, sitting and lounging areas, and storage among others.
107
Phasing Strategy / Housing Typologies Phase 3 - Single Detached or Duplexes
155
108
155. Last phasing stage where small single detached units fill in remaining space in relation to existing homes as well as now proposed communal “House� system.
156
156. Physical massing model of single detached home. Continuity of walls and roofscape allows for grain of site to be visible. Roofscapes allows for light to penetrate interior spaces given that enclosure happens fully at ground level.
109
0 1 2
157
110
Attachment to communal “House” system allows for exterior spaces to be a continuation of indoor living areas thereby creating the sense of a single dwelling unit with varying degrees of privacy and independence.
157. Relationships Diagrams
Two fully independent units(3 bedroom and studio). Both units are allowed to be part of the communal “Home” system, while retaining a higher level of independence.
Flexible room allows the units to be converted into 2 bedroom units, while retaining their relationship to communal “House”.
4
8
16
Lastly the 3rd phase for the phasing strategy for the site is intended to take up and utilize left over areas in the area being developed between the existing context, the new in-law additions and the new communal “House” development. Typically these type of units are smaller in square footage and tend to act more like the traditional in-law units already found in the suburban context. Due to the fact that they are often detached single units or at most duplexes, they are the most independent of the housing strategies. They can be independent homes or part of the communal “House” system, where spaces for entertainment and food preparation are used. Additionally other amenities include communal car, tools, storage, and recreational outdoor spaces. Because the home is actually separated from other adjacent units it has the option of acting as a fully independent unit, though it spatial implications make it so that even while being independent there is still a lot of connectivity to its adjacencies, be it a public garden or a neighbor. Additionally within this type of units there are possibilities of flexible rooms that allow for the addition or subtraction of bedrooms as living situations demand it.
111
Natural Light / Ventilation
158
Typical form and orientation of roofscapes, allowing for variety in interior ceiling heights and forms. Given that at ground floor north and south walls are typically solid to maintain privacy and directionality, clerestory windows, light wells, and sky lights take advantage of height and form to provide light (North & South) into interior spaces. Some light also penetrates living areas through almost transparent and at times translucent East-West glazing. Extended roof form provides shading to avoid deep entry into living areas during warmer periods.
112
158. Natural light diagram/approach.
Direction of Grain, Privacy and Access
159 Walls, sometimes as thickened threshold zones mediate privacy moving inward towards more private areas of a community where indoor spaces and materiality bleed into outdoor communal spaces.
Porosity of the site occurs in the direction of the grain, which runs West to East. Majority of access to ventilation occurs in this direction. All circulation and some light occur in this direction.
159. Circulation and creation of more intimate spaces.
Primary access follows grain of existing site.
113
Sectional Model - Zooming into In-Law Addition and Single Detached House
160
161
114
162
163
160-163. Sectional model showing interior arrangement and relationships.
115
Section Through Area of Focus
164 Threshold zone that acts as a mediator between the more public sidewalk and entry into the more private communities. Sitting space, parking spaces and landscape.
116
Porosity, circulation, light, ventilation occur from west to east as is evident by the glazing walls on either end of the unit. This approach allows for interior spaces to extend to patios and gardens varying in privacy, and also allows for exterior materiality to penetrate interiors.
This unit is typically a studio unit. The visible door connects to adjacent room. When room is part of this studio, this doors opens up to living space but when room is not integrated, this doors act as additional storage space.
Thickened wall as an occupiable zone. Form is derived from the suggested geometries embedded within the used image. Darker tone suggests that the room lies along the path of a zone( grain), which runs west to east along the entirety of the site.
Site Section 164. Zoom-in of site section
117
165 This zone is sitting/flexible space part of a communal “House”.
118
This bedroom lies within the “zone” of the site as reflected by its darker tone and unconventional built-in furniture. The space connects to an outdoor private yard following a similar zone strategy. It belongs to a more private unit that is connected to the communal “House”.
Typically, units that are directly connected to the “House” have small living spaces and appliances (kitchenette), thereby encouraging residents to utilize the common “House” for daily activities like cooking and lounging.
This room not only lies within the zone creating unusual occupiable spaces within the thickened wall, but also is a flexible room with entries into two independent units. This strategy allows for it to switch ownership as is needed by each household.
The bunk type bed takes advantage of the heights set by the roofscape and provides the potential of increasing density within each unit. The fact that only one door is utilized at a time, it leaves the other door as an enclosed space utilized for additional storage.
Site Section 165. Zoom-in of site section
119
166 The kind of spaces that this thickened wall zone suggests is sitting space, elevated storage accessible by built-in latter, as well as built in cabinets and other usable surfaces.
120
The white zone represents the entry into the communal “House� as well as the entry into a private unit respectively connected to the house. This space is flexible and occupiable as well. If fully open, it can provide direct access to exterior spaces to communal house and private unit.
This exterior space is a small courtyard utilized by those units that directly connect to it. It lies in one of the zones, suggesting thickened walls used as sitting space, bike storage and possibly a personal sauna room. This outdoor space connects directly into other interior spaces of surrounding units.
Above is a patio accessible only by the interior living space of the communal “House�. Those associated with the house, whether directly or through services have access to the roof space. The roof space can be utilized as a lounge or recreational space.
Site Section 166. Zoom-in of site section
121
167 Working space and storage as suggested uses for thickened zone wall. This unit demarcates the physical end of the communal “House”, although other units can still enter and participate in their collective system.
122
Narrow passages or walkways allow for necessary circulation, but their tightness allows for a certain privacy and connectivity between units. This potentially creates an exterior space that blends both units into one.
Closet and sitting space as suggested uses for thickened zone wall. This unit type is typically small and is representative of a single detached that can be integrated into the social structure of a communal “House”.
Open space, garden, and patios blur and blend interior spaces into exterior spaces. As we get close to the opposite end of the block there is a shift in housing placement so it is rare to encounter more thickened walls part of the site zones.
This roof is accessed through exterior stair case accessible to anyone in the vicinity. Rooftop gardens and patios can foster community involvement as the suggested vegetable garden proposes.
On the ground floor exterior sitting spaces and gardens present areas where neighbors can mingle. Similarly it is in those spaces that shared amenities can be found as in the case of tools, cars, barbecues among others.
Site Section 167. Zoom-in of site section
123
168 This unit is an attachment to an existing home. They are typically small and allow multiple ways of connectivity to existing house, from fully independent, to having a flexible room to being fully integrated into the house.
124
Here there are no zones passing through buildings, but given the height set by the form it allows for other ways to create flexibility and density into new houses.
This is a garage connected to an existing home. Given the increase in density it is likely that some of these spaces can be appropriated an reprogrammed to respond to the needs of the changing community.
In this case the space is a small convenience store that could be run by extended members of a family that are now housed in in-law units or other flexible rooms and spaces.
Similarly like the western side of the block, on the eastern side there is a threshold that blurs sidewalk and landscape into the front yards of homes. It is through these gardens and yards that people now access the interior units of the block.
Site Section 168. Zoom-in of site section
125
Additional Images Site Model with Massings
169
126
170
170. Physical model of the site viewed from existing homes on the eastern edge of the block.
127
Additional Images Physical Models
171
Single Detached
Communal House
Units attached to communal house
Amenity space Child care
172
Primary Access into Community
128
Amenity space Child care
Semi-private courtyard
Single Detached
171-174. Zoom-ins of site physical model delineating kind of units and their respective adjacent spaces.
173
Existing house
More intimate spaces
New In-Law Addition
Communal Gardens and patios
Circulation Potential continuity of living area
Single detached
174
Public Threshold Spaces
Entry into interior units and communal space
Existing house
New In-Law Addition
Single detached
129
End Notes / Bibliography 1. Shields, A. E. Jennifer. “Collage and Architecutre.” Routledge, 2014. Print. Pg 2 2. “Affordable Housing.” U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Portal.hud.gov n.p n.d 12 Nov. 2014. 3. Florida, Richard. “The Search for Affordable Housing Is Pushing the Middle Class to the Exurbs.” Citylab.com. 8 Apr. 2014. Web. 15 Oct. 2014. 4. “The San Francisco Rent Explosion: Part II.” Priceonomics.com 13 Aug. 2014. Web. 25 Oct. 2014. 5. Kloc, Joe. “Tech Boom Forces a Ruthless Gentrification in San Francisco.” Newsweek.com U.S. 15 Apr. 2014. Web. 15 Oct. 2014. 6. “2013 Eviction Report.” Eviction Defense Collaborative.org 2013. Web. 15 Oct. 2014. 7. “2013 Eviction Report.” Eviction Defense Collaborative.org 8. Berger, Joseph. “Suburbs Try to Prevent an Exodus as Young Adults Move to Cities and Stay.” NY Times Mag. 16 Apr. 2014. Web. 15 Oct, 2014. 9. “Exurban Population Growth.” Urban Insititue. Metrotrends.org 2013. Web. 30 Oct. 2014 10. “Exurban Population Growth.” Urban Institute 11. “Exurban Population Growth.” Urban Institute. 12. Chow Y., Renee. “Suburban Space.” University of California Press, 2002. Print. 13. Chow Y., Renee. “Suburban Space.” 14. Chow Y., Renee. “Suburban Space.” 15. Chow Y., Renee. “Suburban Space.” 16. Chow Y., Renee. “Suburban Space.” 17. Chow Y., Renee. “Suburban Space.” 18. Chow Y., Renee. “Suburban Space.” 19. Chow Y., Renee. “Suburban Space.” 20. Orfield, Myron, and Thomas Luce. “America’s Racially Diverse Suburbs: Opportunities and Challenges”. Institute on Metropolitan Opportunity. 20 Jul. 2012. Web. 12 Nov. 2014. 21. Orfield, Myron, and Thomas Luce. “America’s Racially Diverse Suburbs: Opportunities and Challenges”. 22. Badger, Emily. “The Suburbanization of Poverty.” Citylab.com. 20 May, 2013. Web. 30 Oct, 2014. 23. “Confronting Suburban Poverty in America.” Profiles and Data. Confronting Suburban Poverty.org n.p n.d 30 Oct, 2014. 24. “Property With Properties.” ZagoArchitecture.com. 2011 Web. 2 Oct. 2014. 25. “Estudio Teddy Cruz.” Artists. Design.walkerart.org n.p n.d Web. 2 Oct 2014. 26. “The Garden In The Machine.” Foreclosed: Rehousing The American Dream. MoMA.org. n.p n.d Web. 2 Oct. 2014. 27 Racine, Ross. “Artist’s Statement.” Rossracine.com Web. 1 June, 2015 28 Jantzen, Michael. “Deconstructing The Houses.” Michaeljantzen.com Web. 1 June, 2015. 29 McCamant, Kathryn, and Charles Durrett. 2011. Creating cohousing: building sustainable communities. ( 248 - 259) Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.
130
Additional Sources • • • • • • •
Florida, Richard, and Sara Johnson. “Class-Divided Cities: San Francisco Edition.” Citylab.com. April 1, 2013. Web. 15 Oct. 2014. Berg, Nate. “Urban vs. Suburban Growth in U.S. Metros. Citylab.com 29 Jun. 2012. Web. 10 Oct. 2014. Berg, Nate. “Exurbs, the Fastest Growing Areas in the U.S.” Citylab.com. 19 Jul. 2012. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. Sankin, Aaron. “Bay Area Poverty: Poor Pushed From San Francisco To Suburbs.” Huffington Post. San Francisco. 4 Sept. 2012. Web. 15 Oct, 2014. Zaleski, Andrew. ““The Great Inversion”: Cities Are the New Suburbs, Suburbs Are The New Cities.” Grist.org 30 May, 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2014. Frizell, Sam. “The New American Dream Is Living in A City, Not Owning A House In The Suburbs.” Housing. Time Mag. 25 Apr. 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. Williamson, June. Designing Suburban Futures New Models From Build a Better Burb. IslandPress, 2013. Print.
131
Image Sources 2. Ross Racine -Beachview Bluffs http://www.rossracine.com/artwork/ 3. Ross Racine - New Foxtown and Westhaven Villas http://www.rossracine.com/artwork/ 4. William Garnett - Framing, Lakewood CA1950 http://blogs.getty.edu/pacificstandardtime/files/2011/12/gm_13693701_d.jpg 5. Bernard Hoffman - Bernard Levey Family in Front of Their 1949 Ranch Model, 1950 http://tigger.uic.edu/~pbhales/Levittown/building.html 79. Andrew Zago - Property with Properties http://la.curbed.com/archives/2012/03/architects_fix_halfbuilt_inland_empire_subdivision_for_ moma.php#4f677e6285216d45cf01bc25 80. Andrew Zago - Property with Properties https://regionalequityplanning.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/zago_7.jpg 81. Andrew Zago - Property with Properties https://regionalequityplanning.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/zago_7b.jpg 82. Andrew Zago - Property with Properties https://regionalequityplanning.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/zago_7c.jpg 83. Andrew Zago - Still from View of Life in the New Development http://archrecord.construction.com/news/2012/02/images/Foreclosed/Foreclosed-11.jpg 84. Estudio Teddy Cruz - Casa Familiar https://betweenlandandwater.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/casa.jpg 85. Esdtudio Teddy Cruz -Elements of Latino New Urbanism in San Ysidro, California. http://thecityfix.com/files/2011/01/san-ysidro.jpg 86. Studio Gang Architects - Recombinant House http://www.mascontext.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/13_cooperative_dream_03.jpg 87. Studio Gang Architects - The Garden in The Machine Proposal http://www.mascontext.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/13_cooperative_dream_cover.jpg 88. Ross Racine - Prairieside Forks http://www.rossracine.com/_Media/56-375-3.jpeg 89. Michael Jantzen - DTH2 http://www.michaeljantzen.com/Deconst-HOUSE_files/Media/DTH-2/thumb.jpg 90. Michael Jantzen - DTH10 http://www.michaeljantzen.com/Deconst-HOUSE_files/Media/DTH-10/thumb.jpg 91. Michael Jantzen - DTH5 http://www.michaeljantzen.com/Deconst-HOUSE_files/Media/DTH-5/thumb.jpg
132
92. Michael Jantzen - DTH9 http://www.michaeljantzen.com/Deconst-HOUSE_files/Media/DTH-9/thumb.jpg 93. Iwan Baan - House N http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/923421446_section-528x381.jpg 94. Iwan Baan - House N http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/989959072_house-n-fujimoto-4873.jpg 95. Tonoma - Parkside House http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/54f7b83ee58ece86bb000074_park-andhouse-tonoma_12img_0872.jpg 96. Tonoma - Parkside House http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/54f7b813e58ecee84d000201_park-andhouse-tonoma_08img_0831.jpg 97. Shinkenchiku-sha - Moriyama House https://www.japlusu.com/sites/default/files/news/Unusual%20Japanese%20Apartment%20Buildings%20Volume%201/Moriyama-House-by-Office-of-Ryue-Nishizawa01.jpg 98. Dean Kaufman - Moriyama House http://assets.dwell.com/sites/default/files/styles/article_photo/public/2012/11/02/moriyama-house-courtyard-portrait.jpg?itok=h1XzCFUi 99. Iwan Baan - Seijo Townhouses http://iwan.com/work/photography/Seijo_Apartment_Sejima_Tokyo/pix/Seijo-Apt-Seijima-7065.jpg 100. El Croquis - Seijo Townhouses http://41.media.tumblr.com/b04ba85ed82802563bb16fa941bd9fc6/tumblr_mn9p0kqoH61s8uwk1o1_r1_1280.jpg 101. Koji Fujii Nacasa&Partners Inc - Outside In House http://www.hosakatakeshi.com/IMG/outside%20in/700x460/kawaguchitei_008.jpg 102. Koji Fujii Nacasa&Partners Inc - Outside In House http://www.hosakatakeshi.com/IMG/outside%20in/700x460/kawaguchitei_034.jpg 103. Yuta Yamada/Fujishokai - Kofunaki House http://cdn.myfancyhouse.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Contemporary-Kofunaki-House-by-ALTS-Design-Office-1-800x530.jpg 104. Yuta Yamada/Fujishokai - Kofunaki House http://cdn.myfancyhouse.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Contemporary-Kofunaki-House-by-ALTS-Design-Office-3.jpg 105. Iwan Baan - Nishinoyama House http://archrecord.construction.com/projects/building_types_study/multi-family-housing/2014/images/Nishinoyama-House-Kazuyo-Sejima-Architect-6.jpg
133
106. Iwan Baan - Nishinoyama House http://cdn2.world-architects.com/images/CmsPageElementImage/91/07/71/5417845102fc4336a5e009450ab5c125/5417845102fc4336a5e009450ab5c125.1fae5bf7.jpg 107. Koichi Torimura - Yokohoma Apartment http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/50c0119eb3fc4b4f3b00004f_yokohama-apartment-on-design-partners_10-1000x683.jpg 108. Koichi Torimura - Yokohoma Apartment http://ad009cdnb.archdaily.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/50c00fa7b3fc4b4f3b000025_yokohama-apartment-on-design-partners_01-1000x667.jpg 109. Daici Ano & Shinkenchiku-sha - Apartment in Kamitakada http://www.t-yamagata.jp/works/img-kamitakada/works-kamitakada-05.jpg 110. Daici Ano & Shinkenchiku-sha - Apartment in Kamitakada http://www.t-yamagata.jp/works/img-kamitakada/works-kamitakada-01.jpg 112. Hiroyuki Hirai - Soshigaya House http://cdn2.world-architects.com/files/projects/40775/images/600:w/soshigaya_04.jpg 113. Ippei Shinzawa - Sinichiro Iwata http://www.detail.de/inspiration/sites/inspiration_detail_de/uploads/images/projects/20130612022105f76cfd5e5149b6c2d9becaa5799e258587b77d4f.jpg?560 114. Ippei Shinzawa - Sinichiro Iwata http://www.detail.de/inspiration/sites/inspiration_detail_de/uploads/images/projects/20130612022120b7bca6cfa8fc8c8898051a43829c7a625569a5a4.jpg?560 115. Shinkenchiku-sha - Okurayama Apartment https://www.japlusu.com/sites/default/files/news/Unusual%20Japanese%20Apartment%20Buildings%20Volume%201/Okurayama-Apartment-Kazuyo-Sejima-and-Associates01.jpg 116. -Okurayama Apartment http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Lnsgc6kMoa8/UZ_kn6WpdLI/AAAAAAAAFt8/3QVgXnh8B18/s1600/ delicias-kasuyo-sejima-apartamentos-okurayama-L-ZhaZfz.jpeg 122. Isabella de Maddalena - Community Living http://danishphotojournalism.com/thumbs2/2048x1536/fto/store/res_4308.jpg 123. Swan’s Market Co-housing http://www.swansway.com/slideshow/files/swans3.jpg 124. Marcel Musch - Communal Garden http://c1038.r38.cf3.rackcdn.com/group5/building41032/media/5047-10-5047-Nabuurschap-Photo2RESIZED.jpg 125. Bill Owens - Suburbia http://www.metalocus.es/content/en/system/files/file-images/ml_foto-billOwens-11_0.jpg
134
135