Unintended Habitat Urbanism Densification by addition and expansion
Exploring an alternative urbanity by using a responsive geometry as the basis of a new urban grid
Jett Demol
2019-2020 Architecture and Urban Space Design
Table of Contents 1. Abstract
5
2. Discourse Diagram
6
3. Reference Projects
7
3.1. Modular Coexistence
7
3.2. Counter Project
9
4. System
10
4.1. Keywords
10
4.2. System Definition
11
4.3. Personal area of Interest
12
5. Carthography
13
5.1. Conflicted Spaces
14
5.2. Porosity of the Landscape
16
5.3. Overlays
18
5.4. Crystals
20
5.5. Extensive Carthography
22
6. Geometry
25
6.1. Grid
26
6.2. HexaGrid
27
6.3. Wind Influence
28
6.4. Prototyping
29
6.5. Responsive HexaGrid
32
7. System Density
35
7.1. Vertical Dimension
36
7.2. 3D Exploration
38
8. Connectivity
43
8.1. Zoning
43
8.1.1. Map
43
8.1.2. Matrix
44
46
8.1.3. Zone Perception
51
9. Test
9.1. Test Area
52
9.2. Zoning
54
9.3. Spatial Articulation
56
10. HexaGrid Timeline
60
11. Study (Thought Process)
63
12. Reflection
73
13. Bibliography
75 3
1. Abstract (Co)Existence of people in areas that were initially not designed or planned for daily human life This notion of co-existence lies at the foundation of the whole project. And is deeply rooted in each step of the process as the research-project rethinks how a city could look like. This rethinking takes place in areas that where previously undeveloped or are potentially due for a change in function. Before such areas can be altered, a better understanding of the land/soil is required and this led into researching and mapping of the chosen Frihamnen area. The mapping is a compilation of historical layers portraying the evolution of porosity in the landscape. This porosity is defined by the degree of development and the density of settlement in a specific area. Meaning a high-intensity area will be more compacted by this activity and thus a low porosity results. Overlaying these ‘porosity-layers’ from different periods together resulted in clusters and nodes. Having amassed this large quantity of data, the next step of the process was to envolve software to start the responsive design. As the data is assembled, it is plugged into scripts (Rhino + Grasshopper) resulting in a geometry defined by both the designer and the data. After the choice was made to work with a hexagonal grid the data took over the parameters and shaped the grid. The grid allows for certain modularity and order within the complexity of urban planning. During the experimentation with the grid, the possibilities seemed endless and the data itself kept growing. In this stage, it became quite clear that this project would not end up being a concrete proposal outlining how the design WILL function and look like. But the project became a more open-ended exploration with no clear endpoint. The project shapes and rethinks the notions of density, movement, adaptability, (infra) structure and many more. The sole purpose of the project is thus to start conversations, to think about how things COULD function differently, to ask questions and to explore new ways*... All along the process, different aspects became obsolete while others gained in importance. For example, the inclusion of wind in the early stages of mapping became obsolete due to a large amount of data collected from the porosity and memory of the land data. The use of crystals to make neighbourhoods in the grid proved to be too complex for the scope of this project. Meanwhile, digital fabrication and responsive design were an important aspect of the research. Also, the potential layering of cities and the fading of multiple boundaries (water/land, above-/underground) proved to be interesting topics to research. In the end, the whole process succeded in allowing the student to ask questions instead of answering them and to follow the research wherever it led. All while experimenting with new techniques, methods, levels of abstractions and spatialities. This booklet is not composed in a chronological order, but rather divided in the different aspects of the whole project to allow the readers to focus on one part at a time. *of shaping urbanities, of living, of thinking about cities, of layering activities
5
2. Discourse Diagram
Spatiality
dri n ve
Ex pe rim
ta
en ti
ng
Da
RESPONSIVE DESIGN
Sp
y
it ros
Po
ac
op
ity
tiv ec
nn
LAYERING
ity
nt
Co
6
e
nc
la Ba
me
ers
vel
DENSITY
Div
Time De
Volumes
MEMORY
ing
Adaptabilty
3. Reference Projects 3.1. Modular Coexistence
MODULAR EXPANSION of the urban fabric Urban Rigger, Bjarke Ingels Group, Copenhagen (1 unit)
The Urban Rigger is a response to the evergrowing need for housing (and student housing) in cities. The concept mainly applies to cities with harbour areas such as Copenhagen or Gothenburg.
The hybrid structure is made out of shipping containers, which are being repurposed for housing in an area where they previously might have served an industrial function.
Urban Rigger. Composition of a single unit.
The modular nature of the project allows for different scales of use. From a single unit that might be of temporary use, to a whole new living area. The Urban Rigger allows for the creation of a human scale in otherwise empty areas.
Possible configuration. Large number of possible shapes, connections and orientations.
New flows. The modular units create new and human-scale flows.
7
MODULAR ADDITION to the urban fabric Makoko Floating School (MFS), NLĂŠ , Makoko (Nigeria)
The MFS was added to the Makoko area as a school for the children of the slum. The local building are almost all on stilts and as a floating structure, the MFS allows for great adaptabilty in terms of placement and program. The MFS was built with local wood, plastic barrels and corrugated metal sheets. All of the common materials for the existing structures in Makoko. The openness of the structure flows into the village and allows for easy passage of the local boats.
MFS. Composition of a single unit.
Modular addition. The units can be added onto the existing community.
8
Both projects represent human-scale structures that through their modularity plug right into their site. Both are further characterised by a local or context approprated material choice. Their scale allows for a human flow to emerge or to ressemble and continue the existing one. This flow is then needed for new people to coexist in areas that were initially never designed or planned for humans.
(Co)Existence of people in areas that were initially not designed or planned for daily human life
3.2. Counter Project Rogier Square, XDGA, Brussels
In contrary to the reference projects the structure on Rogier Square, which has a similar scale to both references, does not allow for a easygoing human flow. Although the circular shape allows for easy accessibility, the structure functions as a border between the mono-functional Northern Quarter of Brussels and its city center. This already incompatible situation between the two parts is being reinforced by the poor choice of putting such a structure on the square.
Rogier barrier. The rogier square as a ‘border checkpoint’ between the North quarter of Brussels and the city center.
Image adapted from Google Maps (2019)
9
4. System 4.1. Keywords Defining keywords for the further development of the concept
Gathered during first stages of the design studio, building blocks for the system
Connection Positioning
Human Flow
Conflicting Spaces
Addition
Place
Sustainable
Tradition*
Unintended habitat History* Space Expansion Modularity Human Scale Context* Evolution
10
* uncompatible with the space/place label (see 5.1)
4.2. System Definition
Diagram portraying the multiple aspects of the system and its overall complexity.
11
4.3. Personal area of Interest Area that has the characteristics needed for the development of the system. Location: Frihamnen, busstop: Frihamnsporten No additional data layers are being used at this stage of the research since the focus primarly lies on finding places between or outside the mapped layers. Starting from Frihamnsporten, an open space, that could be “an alternative Bältespännarparken”, gives acces to the whole area. An area that can be subdivided on its own into smaller project areas that each come with their own challenges. Elements of the site Jubileumsparken Brownfields Bananpiren Waterfront Riverfront Industry SVT
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5. Carthography
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5.1. Conflicted Spaces Jett Demol, Adam Dvorak, Julia Malm, Aleksandra Pucolowska, Yunbai Shi, Sean Wang and NingXin Xu
Working in a team with a focus on spaces and places, an intial mapping of different development types in the greater Lindholmen area was done. This resulted in observations of smaller units in which different conflicts, related to the space or place, are noticeable.
Worklow of the SPACE/PLACE group
1 5
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6 8
3
2
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0
400 m
GSEducationalVersion
Conflicted Spaces. Mapping of interest areas relating to different types of conflicts or contrasts. Redefined types:
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Infrastructure as barriers
Different functions
Scale clash
Example Unit
Kyrkbyn Island Surrounded by Industrial Sea.
Image adapted from Google Maps (2019)
Nickname: Bermuda Triangle Site: A single-family housing area is surrounded by infrastructure and industrial functions (Volvo), which creates a feeling of isolation. The industrial area is reinforcing this feeling by turning it’s back towards the housing area. Between them, there is a row of trees which emphasize the passive coexistence of these two. There are only three points of entrance to the housing area, one of them is through parking of Volvo campus, two of them are straight away to the loud road. There is also a strong difference scale and atmosphere between the different functions. Structure: housing surrounded by infrastructure and industry Mechanism: juxtaposition, fragmentation Space form: enclave Program: residential, infrastructure, industry Typology: “infrastructure as border” / “difference of scale”
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5.2. Porosity of the Landscape As an agent the porosity of the landscape, or density of the landscape, is an important factor to gain understanding in how Frihamnen got its current shape. By looking at large scale changes in the morphology of the landscape throughout history, lost flows and boundaries can be rediscovered. To differentiate the levels of porosity, a classification based on water contents or the potential to hold water and other natural elements is made. Water (porosity = 1), developped or build upon land (porosity = 0). Intermediate zones are wetlands and nature/pasture.
Pre 1850
1850 - 1900
1900 - 1950
1950 - 1990
0
Water
1
Wetland
Nature/Pasture
Porosity of the landscape
Evolution of the landscape. Time periods chosen between large scale events.
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200
Developped land
0
600
1000 m
Frihamnen area
A
a A’
b c d
e
f
g
0 Water
200
Concrete/Roads
600 m
Buildings/Found.
Rough Greenery/Retaken nature
Current state Frihamnen
Current state
1950 - 1990
1900 - 1950
1850 - 1900
A’
A
a
b
Schematic evolution Frihamnen
c
d
e
f
Pre 1850
g
17
5.3. Overlays By superposition of time variable layers
1950 - 1990
1900 - 1950
1850 - 1900
Pre 1850
Water/Wetland evolution through time (top and bottom)
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Land evolution through time
Nature/Pasture evolution through time
Intensity of land-use through time
19
5.4. Crystals Plastic deformation of metals
The mutliple orientations in the grid are reminiscent of metal crystals that each have their own sliplines and directions while sharing boundaries.
Crystals could allow to subdivide the grid in smaller simbionic areas. Porosity Crystals identified using the layered model
Pre 1850
1850 - 1900
1900 - 1950
Post 1950
20
Porosity Crystals Overlay. Superposition of evolving settlements and industry clusters.
Crystals on Context for application of the Hexagrid
Image adapted from Google Maps (2019)
21
5.5. Extensive Carthography Combining multiple agents (gathered in 5.3.) and the design element (6.5) into one map.
0
100
400
800 m
Layer hierarchy
Intracellular Intercellular
50 years
Short period
100 years
Long period
200 years
Intensity of land-use 22
Water
Nature / Pasture
Land
Programmable Grid The intracellular classification allows to program the grid based upon the activity or densification of land through history. The different densities (sketch sections), are at the basis of a possible zoning (see 8.1).
Crystal Borders 0
Metabolism
Zones
Slow
“Untouchable� green/blue areas Public space or amenities Housing or a diverse program of activities High activity with need of open space
Fast
High activity with monolitic feeling
100
400
800 m
Boundaries Nature
Human presence
Human presence
Program diversity
Program diversity High Activity
High Activity
Identitylessness
23
Pre-Test Area The broader Frihamnen-Ramberget area provides a well-suited are to test the system. The area is both bordered and penetrated by large natural or infrastructal barriers. And has large open spaces allowing for a free and unhindered growth of the system. (See 9 for the final scope of the test area)
Highway
Ramberget
Bridge Train tracks
Waterfront
0
24
100
400
800 m
6. Geometry
25
6.1. Grid With a better understanding of the historic flows embedded in the landscape (agent: porosity 5.2) and the most important directions of the strong natural airflow (agent: wind 6.3), their effects on the design element can be discussed. Porosity: the locations of lost greenery or waterbodies may influence future green and blue infrastructure. Wind: air flow can dictate other flows like human flow and even the energy flow within buildings.
Historical Grid, 1901 planned grid for plots of land Possibility to use the historical ‘grid’ as an inspiration/basis for the new proposed grid, in terms of direction and dimension.
26 Clear difference in orientations of the grid, linked to the crystals in 5.4
6.2. HexaGrid Based on the shape of one of the reference projects (Urban rigger 3.1.) , the hexagonal grid allows for a tight pattern that can be altered in many flexible ways, other than just the dimensions of the grid:
Alternative spacings and shapes of the grid
Concept sketch. Hexagrids - HexaCrystals Combining 5.4, 6.1 and 6.2.
27
6.3. Wind Influence In Gรถteborg, the strongest winds are those originating in the SW quadrant. As an open area, Frihamnen is vulnerable to all of these strong winds during the year. As an agent it may impact the direction and intensity of flows in the area.
Wind rose
Ramberget
Lindholmen
Gรถta ร lv - City Center 28
Obstacles/areas wind travels through or over before reaching Frihamnen
6.4. Prototyping
HexaGrid v1. Proximity and exposure to principal wind directions (6.3) affects the scale of the hexagons. Large exposure translates to larger barrier volumes.
High Exposure
Low Exposure
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HexaGrid v2. The evolution of the land’s porosity through time (5.2.) affects the scale of the hexagons in 3 dimensions. Low porosity and thus high compactness allows for a greater intensity and scale.
Water High Porosity
30
Land Low Porosity
Exploded view.
Zoomed in on a single crystal (6.2) to scale down the prototyping.
HexaGrid v1.
HexaGrid v2.
Context
31
6.5. Responsive Hexagrid
Grasshopper script that generates the Hexagrid. Many interations with different data-inputs (quantity and kind) were made. This particular version requires nodes and then a set number of those nodes as attractors to influence the grid.
Some help along the way from Kengo Skorick and Faban Sellberg.
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33
0
100
400
800 m
The final HexaGrid is generated based on the proximity of the cells/hexagons to a set number of circular nodes.
34
7. System Density
35
7.1. Vertical Dimension
36
Spatial exploration of different structural densities
Sketch Sections.
Test Area: Frihamnen - Ramberget
Top view. Sketch sections translated into 3D models at random locations to study the the different spatial qualities.
Front View
Right View 37
7.2. 3D Exploration Exploration that translates the zoning (8.1.) into spatial forms by integrating and further developping the spatial forms from 7.1.
Zone 7. High activity, working area. Companies, offices, open daytime spaces, common groundfloors, connections
Zone 6. Transition area with mutliple “urban layers�. MultiLayered volumes, transportation, co-working, small companies
Zone 4. Program diversity, combination zones 3 & 5. MultiProgram buildings or clusters
Zone 5. Housing. Apartments, co-living
Zone 3. Public spaces, functions and services. Markets, sports, shops, communal centers, religious spaces, education, student life, theaters
Zone 2. Small, human scaled, urban interventions. Kiosks, benches, bycicle parking
Zone 1. No strong interventions allowed. Human impact should be unnoticeable. Water, parks, greenery, historically valued land
38
Isometric view
Top view showing the diversity within the cells while still following the defined hexagonal geometry.
39
Back view
Right view
Front view
Left view
40
Building Blocks
As the system grows, the urban landscape could be filled in by more and more “blocks� similar to the ones shaded in blue as the more classical red shades become part of larger entities and are no longer existing on their own.
41
8. Connectivity 8.1. Zoning 8.1.1. Map The mapping from 5.5. allows for a zoning of the system. Zoning the system is necessary to assign different scales and densities (7.1.) to the cells/volumes. Using the shadings of the overlay and the infill of each cell, 9 different ‘zones’ were distinguished (5 Zones + 4 Boundaries).
0
Metabolism
Zones
Slow
“Untouchable” green/blue areas Public space or amenities Housing or a diverse program of activities High activity with need of open space
Fast
High activity with monolithic feeling
100
400
800 m
Boundaries Nature
Human presence
Human presence
Program diversity
Program diversity High Activity
High Activity
Identitylessness
43
8.1.2. Matrix Untouchable Transition to planned environment Public space Divers program Housing Activation Connected activity with intense connections High activity connections Monoliths
Untouchable Transition to planned environment Public space Divers program Housing Activation Connected activity with intense connections High activity connections Monoliths 44
45
8.1.3. Zone Perception I. ‘UNTOUCHABLE’ Minimal Interventions Keeping the existing textures, elements in place Nature - Heritage - Open Space
a. Sketch Frihamnen-like environment
b. Vättlefjäll, Göteborg
c. Bois de Vincennes, Charenton-Le-Pont, Paris
II. Transition to planned environment Transition to daily human life Boundary More a moment than an actual space 46
d. Saluhallen, GĂśteborg
III. Public Space Pedestrians first, but can accomodate public transport Green and/or Urban Markets, stores, dining, theater, sports, kiosks
f. Woodpecker, Parc Royale, Brussels e. Halles Saint-GĂŠry, Brussels
IV. Divers Program Multi program buildings Proximity to public space is characteristic Both scale and density increase Integration of housing 47
g. Tours Nuages, Emile Aillaud, Nanterre (Paris) h. Tours Nuages
VI. Activation No more housing Activity level start picking up More vibrant metabolism
48
V. HOUSING Pedestrian oriented Playful, green, open -> BREATHABLE
i. Freie Universität Berlin, (Candilis, Josic, Woods, Schiedhelm)
k. SESC Pompeia
j. SESC Pompeia, Lina Do Bardi, Sao Paulo l. Carradale House, Eunรถ Goldfinger, East London
m. VUB Campus, Brussels
VII. Connected activity with intense Connections Connected volumes on different levels Similar scales of connected volumes Usable platforms resulting from the connections
49
n. The Plug-In City, Peter Cook/Archigram
VIII. High Activity Connections Connected bases Volumes start merging Creation of new Urban Layers o. Delirious New York, Rem Koolhaas
IX. MONOLITHS Almost no outdoor space Large scale Sci-fi vibe Multiple functions under same roof
50
p. Evening Star Building, Washington DC, Chris Ware
9. Test
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9.1. Test Area
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The grid (6.5) is used to fill in the area of Frihamnen, reaching under Ramberget overlapping briefly with the LindholmsallĂŠn and the train tracks.
A surprising mirror effect across the Gota älv occurs. The new grid seems to be a sort of mirroring of the old and dens city center area. 53
9.2. Zoning
3
3 3 3
7
4
1
3
5 3
1 4
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
1 3
3 3
Numerical Cell Classification
5 3 3
3 3 3
3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 5
3 3 3 2 1 1 5 5
3 2 1 1 1 2 5 5 5
1 1 1 5 5 6 5 3 3 3
2 6 2 3 5 5 6 3 3 3 3 3
5 4 6 6 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
3 4 5 3 6 4 1 6 6 7 3 4 7 2
5 4 3 4 6 6 7 7 6 3 6 7
3 4 3 3 4 7 7 6 6 3 7 6
3 3 3 3 3 7 6 2 6 7
3 3 3 3 5 7 2 6 7 1
3 3 5 6 7 6 1 1
7 2 1 1
1 1
2
1
From the general zoning map (8.1), the raw zoning data can be retrieved and used for further modelling.
54
1 1
Visual Cell Classification
Color coded classification of the cells, showing the geometry, scale relationships and already some design choices from 9.3.
55
9.3. Spatial Articulation
Top view
Showing the ‘playful’ and divers shapes possible within the strict and defined hexagonal geometry.
56
Context Fit, used to quickly show the basic relationship between the test system and its context.
Colored Context Fit, using the blue/gray, red and copper green from the city roofs allows for a quickl blending (only from this angle) between the system and the concept. In theory the strong geometry of the system can be overcome by using local/traditional colors/building materials.
57
Section throughout the test area. The section showcases the complexity and layered characteristic of the project. Aswell as the different scales of the city blocks and the connected bases or connective ‘bridges’ between blocks.
58
The starting point being this section of the actual test, many additions and layers were added in the spirit of continuous experimentation. This resulted in these underground volumes and spaces that remain connected throughout the different layers of the system. Pinpointing the fact that the system is not restricted by existing boundaries and can freely grow in all dimensions.
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10. HexaGrid Timeline
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0
100
400
800 m
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11. Study
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Thought process
References, literature, drawings and studies that make up the process and help place the many influences of the system. Some references may seem unrelated to each other, but all have played a part in the expolration of alternative urbanities. Together they make up the organised chaos of the system.
a. Functional zoning, Space/Place making group (5.1).
b. Physical model of water layering (5.3).
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c. Physical model of historical land-use (5.2). The model can be used as a tool (like in 5.4) by inserting new and custom layers.
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d. Supersurface: An Alternate Model of Life on Earth, Superstudio
e. City Model Timelines, D.G. Shane
f. Programming the Urban Surface, Alex Wall
g. Computer City, Dennis Crompton/Archigram
66
h. Shuffle City, Houston, alloybuild
i. 3D print of Hexagrid V2 (6.4)
67
j. Vinaros Microcoasts, Guillart Architects
k. GEOLOGICS - Vicente Guallart
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l. Geological setting in central Gothenburg, Hulten 1997
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Topographic background: GSD-Terrängkartan ©Lantmäteriet
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© Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU)
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Grid in black shows coordinates in SWEREF 99 TM. Grid in brown indicates latitude and longitude in the reference system SWEREF99.
m. Depth to bedrock, SGU
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n. Sketch and diagrams of the relation/corridors between grid cells
o. 3D print of the spatial exploration of the different zones (7.2)
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12. Reflection For a first year masters student in Architecture, the methodology of the course offers a totally different way of tackling a project. The intensity of the first few weeks created a strong base for the project. While the overal freedom given the students allows for explorations reaching outside of classical academic architecture projects. By pulling the students out of their comfort zone, they are forced to research new ways of developping a project and to experiment with new drawing styles. The relationship between the data/mapping and the final project, seems to be a focal point of the course. This meant that new design steps often had to be backed by data, and that the project thus grew out of the created maps. Being outside of your comfort zone did also create some confusion and doubt for the students to overcome. As the projects have strong abstract aspects, the next steps to take weren’t always obvious and the students had to keep researching new iterations of the projects. Luckily, plenty of time is allocated for the students to do their own personal research to grow their projects. The encouragment to test dife ferent softwares and drawing styles added an extra dimension to the project as at times nothing about the whole process looked familiar to the previous years of architecture school. The theoretical research and looking into historic references and projects sometimes took the upperhand in the process, as their was a need for a deeper understanding of all the topics that came up along the way. Unfortunately the endless amount of possibilties means that not everything can be explored and that some choices have to be made. For the HexaGrid system, aspects like the inbetween spaces of the grid and the connection with the local context along the boundaries were some important topics that did not get researched. When looking at the overall picture, the project does provide enough food for thought and questions some of the (perceived) standard notions of urbanism. The variety of different maps, models, plans, and diagrams are all little pieces of the exploration of a different urbanity.
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13. Bibliography - Alexander, C., A city is not a tree, Magazine Design, London: Council of Industrial Design, n°206 (1966) - Allen, Smouth, ELEVEN vol.5, Bartlett (London): https://issuu.com/smoutallen/docs/u11_incubator_1516 (2016) - Allen, Smouth, ELEVEN vol.6, Bartlett (London): https://issuu.com/smoutallen/docs/eleven_volume_6 (2017) - Allen, Smouth., Points + lines: diagrams and projects for the city, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, cop. (1999) - Angélil, M., Klingmann, A., “Hybrid Morphologies - Infrastructure, Architecture, Landscape”, Daidalos, 73, pp.16-25 (oct 1999) http://www.architecturebrand.com/img/research/publications/articles/17/17.pdf - Bunschoten, R., Public Spaces: Prototypes, Black Dog Publishing, (2002) - Contin, A., Paolini, P., Rossella S., Innovative Technologies in Urban Mapping. Built Space and Mental Space, Springer, (2014). - Corner, J. ed. Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture, Princeton Architectural Press. (1999) - Guallart, V., Geologics: geography information architecture, Barcelona: Actar, (2008) - Jauslin, D., Infrastructure as Landscape as Architecture, Research in Urbanism series, vol3 TUDelft (2015) - Kelbaugh, D., Three Urbanisms and the Public Realm, Proceedings. 3rd International Space Syntax Symposium Atlanta (2001) - Lund, F., Frames, Levels: A Book on Basic Architectural Design, Gothenburg: Ejeby (1996) - Pinto de Freitas, R., Hybrid Architecture_Object, Landscape, Infrastructure, EFLA Regional Congress of Landscape Architecture. “Mind the Gap. Landscapes for a New Era”. Tallin: (2011)
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- Schoonderbeek, M., Border Conditions / druk 1, Architectura & Natura, (2010) - Shannon, K., Smets, M., The landscape of contemporary infrastructure, NAi Publishers (2010) - Smouth, M., Augmented landscapes, New York: Princeton Architectural Publishers, cop. (2007) - s.n., 2019, GOTEBORG IWEC Data, Ladybug: https://www.ladybug.tools/epwmap - s,n., (s.d.), Makoko Floating School, September 2019, Nlé Works: http://www.nleworks.com/case/makoko-floating-school/ - s.n., (04/03/2013), Makoko Floating School / NLé, September 2019, Arch Daily: https://www.archdaily. com/344047/makoko-floating-school-nle-architects - s,n., (25/09/2019), Nigeria’s Makoko Floating School, September 2019, Public Delivery: https://publicdelivery.org/makoko-floating-school/ - s.n., (s.d.), Take a tour on the URBAN RIGGER, September 2019, Urban Rigger: https://www.urbanrigger. com/view-urban-rigger/ - s.n. (2016), Urban Rigger, September 2019, BIG: https://big.dk/#projects-con - s.n., (04/10/2016), Urban Rigger / BIG, September 2019, ArchDaily: https://www.archdaily.com/796551/ urban-rigger-big - Stan, A., Morphological Patterns of Urban Sprawl Territories, Urbanism, Arhitectură. Construcţii, Vol. 4, n.4 (2013)
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Images Zone perception (8.1.3.) - a. Demol, J., Sketch of Frihamnen-like environment - b. Vättlefjäll, Gothenburg, Google Earth, 2019 - c. Charenton-Le-Pont, Paris, Google Earth, 2019 - d. Saluhallen, Gothenburg, Google Earth, 2019 - e. Halles Saint-Géry, Google Earth, 2019 - f. s.n., s.d., Woodpecker Royale, Brussels, BRUZZ: https://www.bruzz.be/culture/eat-drink/bruzz-summer-guide-woodpecker-royale-2018-06-01 - g. s.n.,s.d., Tours Nuages in Nanterre, architect Emile Aillaud, https://retrogeographie.tumblr.com/ post/148150632744/nanterre-les-tours-nuages-architecte-emile - h. s.n., s.d., Tours Nuages in Nanterre, architect Emile Aillaud - i. Candilis, Josic, Woods, Schiedhelm, 1963, Freie Universität Berlin, Stocks: http://socks-studio. com/2015/10/29/the-free-university-of-berlin-candilis-josic-woods-and-schiedhelm-1963/ - j. Nelson Kon, 1977, SESC Pompéia in Sao Paulo, architect Lina Bo Bardi, Vitruvius: https://www.vitruvius. com.br/revistas/read/arquitextos/06.068/387 - k. Manuel Sa, s.d., SESC Pompeia, manuelsa.com - l. s.n., s.d., Carradale House in London, architect Ernö Goldfinger - m. Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Google Earth, 2019 - n. Peter Cook (Archigram), 1963, The Plug-In City, ArchDaily: https://www.archdaily.com/399329/ad-classics-the-plug-in-city-peter-cook-archigram - o. Rem Koolhaas, 1978, Delirious New York, Cronoslab: http://www.cronoslab.com/manhattanismo-delirious-newyork-koolhaas/ - p. Chris Ware, 1922, The Evening Star Building, Washington DC, kottke.org: https://kottke.org/14/11/ this-building-is-a-organism-for-making-newspapers
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Study (11) - a., b., c., Demol, J. - d. s.n.,s.d., Supersurface: An Alternate Model of Life on Earth, 1972, Superstudio - e. Contin, A., Paolini, P., Rossella S., Innovative Technologies in Urban Mapping. Built Space and Mental Space, Springer, (2014), p. 62 - f. Corner, J. ed. Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Architecture, Princeton Architectural Press. (1999), p.233 - g. Dennis Crompton (Archigram), 1964, Computer City, Archigram: http://archigram.net/portfolio.html - h. Alloybuild, Shuffle City Houston, September 2019, alloybuild: http://alloybuild.com/portfolio/all/shuffle-city/ - i. Demol , J. - j. Vinaros Microasts, 2004, Guallart Architects, http://www.guallart.com/projects/vinaros-microcoasts - k. Guallart, V., Geologics: geography information architecture, Barcelona: Actar, (2008), p.274 - l. Hultén, A. M. (1997). Grundvatten i urban miljö: grundvattnets nivåvariationer i de övre marklagren i Göteborg: Chalmers Tekniska Högskola. - m. Depth to bedrock, Sveriges geologiska undersökning - n., o., Demol, J.
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