32 minute read
FDR, the Nazis, and the Jews of Morocco by Rafael Medoff
Jewish History FDR, the Nazis, and the Jews of Morocco: A Troubling Episode
By Rafael Medoff
Sultan Mohammed V of Morocco, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Prime Minister Winston Churchill during the Anfa conference in 1943
The normalization of relations between Israel and Morocco and the U.S. recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over the disputed Western Sahara have stirred interest in the history of Morocco’s Jews, including during the Holocaust years.
Unfortunately, some pundits, in their enthusiasm over these developments, have misleadingly portrayed the Allied liberation of North Africa in 1942 as the simultaneous liberation of the region’s Jews from their Nazi and Vichyite persecutors. That narrative papers over the harsh reality of what happened after the Allies’ victory. The full story of how President Franklin D. Roosevelt treated the Jews in Morocco and elsewhere in North Africa is a deeply troubling chapter in his administration’s history.
On November 8, 1942, American and British forces launched “Operation Torch,” the invasion of German-occupied Algeria and Morocco. In just eight days, the Allies defeated the Nazis and their Vichy French partners in the region. American Jews expected that the liberation of North Africa would also mean liberation for the 330,000 Jews there.
In 1870, the French colonial authorities in Algeria had issued the Cremieux Decree, which granted equal rights to that country’s Jews after centuries of mistreatment by Arab rulers (although it did not affect the Jews in neighboring Morocco). When the Vichyites took over North Africa in 1940, they abolished Cremieux and subjected all of the region’s Jews to a range of abuses, including restrictions on admission of Jews to many schools and professions, seizures of Jewish property and occasional pogroms by local Muslims that were tolerated by the government.
In 1941–1942, American Jewish newspapers carried disturbing reports that the Vichyites had built “huge concentration camps” in Morocco and Algeria to house thousands of Jewish slave laborers. The prisoners endured backbreaking work, random beatings by the guards, extreme overcrowding, poor sanitation, near-starvation, and little or no medical care. According to one report, 150 Jews scheduled to be taken to the camps were so fearful of the conditions there that they resisted arrest and were executed en masse.
With the Allied victory, North African Jews — and their American coreligionists —expected the prisoners to be released and the Cremieux Decree reinstated for Jews living throughout the region. The American Jewish Congress optimistically predicted that the repeal of the Vichy-era anti-Jewish laws would follow the Allied occupation of North Africa “as the day follows the night.”
But President Roosevelt had other plans. Torch,” the Allies captured Admiral François Darlan, a senior Vichyite leader. FDR decided to leave Darlan in charge of the Allied-occupied North African territories in exchange for Darlan ordering his forces in Algiers to cease fire.
Many prominent liberals in the United States were appalled by this decision. “[It] sticks in the craw of majorities of the British and French, and of democrats everywhere, [that] we are employing a French Quisling as our deputy in the government of the first territory to be reoccupied,” an editorial in The New Republic protested.
The war was supposed to bring enlightened democracy to areas that had been under the boot of fascism – not keep the old tyrants in power.
Not only was Darlan still in power, but he also retained nearly all of the original senior officials of the local Vichy regime. Darlan did dismiss one Vichyite of note, Yves Chatel, the governor of Algeria, but promptly re-
placed him with Maurice Peyrouton, the very Vichy official who had signed the anti-Jewish laws of 1940. Together, Darlin and Peyrouton deepsixed the Cremieux Decree and kept thousands of Jews in the slave labor camps.
Rumblings of concern began to surface in the American press. A December 17 editorial in The New York Times expressed doubt that Darlan really intended to bring about “the abrogation of anti-Jewish laws [and] release of prisoners and internees.” The editors of The New Republic asked on December 28, “Who controls French Africa, Darlan or the [Allies]? And if the latter, isn’t it high time we cleaned up the remnants of fascism that obviously still exist there?” An investigative report in the New York City newspaper PM on January 1 asserted that the Darlan regime was actively discriminating against Jews, and “thousands” remained “in concentration camps.”
President Roosevelt publicly claimed that he had already “asked for the abrogation of all laws and decrees inspired by Nazi governments or Nazi ideologists.” But he hadn’t. When reporters questioned him at a January 1, 1943 press conference, FDR replied, “I think most of the political prisoners are – have been released.” But they hadn’t.
No Rights for Jews
The official transcript of FDR’s meeting with Major-General Charles Nogues, a leader of the post-Vichy regime, in Casablanca on January 17, 1943, provides some insight into the president’s thinking.
Nogues asked President Roosevelt about demands by North African Jews for voting rights. According to the stenographer, Roosevelt replied, “The answer to that was very simple, namely, that there just weren’t going to be any elections, so the Jews need not worry about the privilege of voting.”
The transcript continues, “The President stated that he felt the whole Jewish problem should be studied very carefully and that progress should be definitely planned. In other words, the number of Jews should be definitely limited to the percentage that the Jewish population in North Africa bears to the whole of the North African population.”
FDR explained that he wanted to make sure the Jews would not “overcrowd the professions.” He pointed to what he called “the specific and understandable complaints which the Germans bore towards the Jews in Germany, namely, that while they represented a small part of the population, over fifty percent of the lawyers, doctors, school teachers, college professors, etc. in Germany were Jews.”
In reality, Jews comprised about 16% of the lawyers, 11% of the doctors, 3% of the college professors, and less than 1% of the schoolteachers in Germany.
American Jewish leaders were strongly supportive of President Roosevelt – and some 90% of Jews voted for him repeatedly – but his perpetuation of the persecution of North African Jews was just too much. On February 14, 1943, the American Jewish Congress and World Jewish Congress took the unprecedented step of publicly denouncing the president’s North Africa policy.
In a joint public statement, the two groups charged that “the anti-Jewish legacy of the Nazis remains intact in North Africa.” Despite three months having passed since the Allied liberation, only a few “grudging concessions have been made” to aid the Jews, while no changes “of an im-
It’s striking that the president of the United States was so quick to believe the wildly exaggerated numbers – and to conclude that German hatred of Jews therefore was justified.
American Jews Speak Out
As the weeks turned into months and as the fascists remained in power in North Africa, public criticism of the Roosevelt administration intensified.
Near-daily reports by I. F. Stone in PM featured headlines such as “U.S. Policy in North Africa: Why State Dept. Holds Up Repeal of Nuremberg Laws,” and “Hull Admits Anti-Fascist Prisoners Still Being Held in North Africa.”
Reports in the New York Times and the Jewish Telegraphic Agency’s Daily News Bulletin began citing, by name, the camps where North African Jews and political refugees were being enslaved – including one that was just five miles from where “American troops, dedicated to end government by concentration camp, live.” portant character have been made in the[ir] political and economic situation.”
The statement reminded the president that he had pledged “action to insure [sic] that the four freedoms shall without further delay be declared as valid for all the peoples in North Africa, which means the total abrogation of all anti-Semitic laws and decrees and … the release of those of whatever race or nationality who are being detained because of their support of democracy and opposition to Nazi ideology.”
The remarkable statement from those two mainstream Jewish organizations was only slightly milder than the charge by Benzion Netanyahu, executive director of the militant U.S. Revisionist Zionists (and father of the current prime minister of Israel), that “the spirit of the Swastika hovers over the Stars and Stripes” in the administration of North Africa.
Rabbi Stephen S. Wise, the founder and longtime leader of the American Jewish Congress, then led a delegation to Washington to personally make their case directly to U.S. officials, and Wise’s co-chair, Dr. Nahum Goldmann, organized a group of prominent French exiles in the United States to present the State Department with a petition of their own. The Union of American Hebrew Congregations (Reform) also called on the administration to intervene against the Vichyites.
These protests induced a number of other prominent individuals to speak up, among them Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter, the exiled French Jewish leader Baron Edouard de Rothschild, and leaders of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee.
Agonizing Delays
In March 1943 – more than four months after the Allies liberated Morocco and the rest of North Africa – the Roosevelt administration finally instructed the local authorities to repeal the anti-Jewish measures.
The implementation process, however, was agonizingly slow. In April, the forced labor camps in North Africa were officially shut down – yet, in reality, some of them continued operating well into the summer.
The Jewish quotas in schools and professions were only gradually phased out. It was not until October 20, 1943, that the Cremieux Decree was at last reinstated.
After ten long months of presidential stalling and stonewalling, this disturbing chapter in American foreign policy finally came to a close.
The increased public interest in the history of North African Jewry is a welcome byproduct of Israeli-Moroccan normalization. But discussions of that history should include its less pleasant side; that part, too, has important lessons to offer.
Dr. Medoff is director of The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, in Washington, D.C., and author of more than 20 books about the Holocaust and Jewish history. This essay is based in part on the research for his most recent book, “The Jews Should Keep Quiet: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Rabbi Stephen S. Wise, and the Holocaust.”
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Brick SH col. on great block in heart of Cedarhurst. 4BRs & 2bths on 2nd floor, walk up attic, extremely low taxes. Tamar 5BR, 3.5bath center hall col. on oversized prop. on very desirable Classic side hall col. w/ 4BR & 3 full baths. All brs on the 2ndfloor, fin. Classic side hall col. w/ 4BR & 3 full baths. All brs on the 2nd floor, fin. basement. Beautiful yard. Miri (646)515-8813 $799K Spacious colonial, huge eat-in kitchen, finished attic, finished basement, on a deep property. Malka( 516)967-1967 $679K Classic side hall col. w/ 4BR & 3 full baths. All brs on the 2ndfloor, fin. Classic side hall col. w/ 4BR & 3 full baths. All brs on the 2nd floor, fin. basement. Beautiful yard. Miri (646)515-8813 $799K Spacious colonial, huge eat-in kitchen, finished attic, finished basement, on a deep property. Malka( 516)967-1967 $679K Classic side hall col. w/ 4BR & 3 full baths. All brs on the 2ndfloor, fin. Classic side hall col. w/ 4BR & 3 full baths. All brs on the 2nd floor, fin. basement. Beautiful yard. Miri (646)515-8813 $799K Spacious colonial, huge eat-in kitchen, finished attic, finished basement, on a deep property. Malka( 516)967-1967 $679K Classic side hall col. w/ 4BR & 3 full baths. All brs on the 2ndfloor, fin. Classic side hall col. w/ 4BR & 3 full baths. All brs on the 2nd floor, fin. basement. Beautiful yard. Miri (646)515-8813 $799K Spacious colonial, huge eat-in kitchen, finished attic, finished basement, on a deep property. Malka( 516)967-1967 $679K Brick SH col. on great block in heart of Cedarhurst. 4BRs & 2bths on 2nd floor, walk up attic, extremely low taxes. Tamar 5BR, 3.5bath center hall col. on oversized prop. on very desirable Brick SH col. on great block in heart of Cedarhurst. 4BRs & 2bths on 2nd floor, walk up attic, extremely low taxes. Tamar 5BR, 3.5bath center hall col. on oversized prop. on very desirable Brick SH col. on great block in heart of Cedarhurst. 4BRs & 2bths on 2nd floor, walk up attic, extremely low taxes. Tamar 5BR, 3.5bath center hall col. on oversized prop. on very desirable Wide-line ch col. on quiet cul-de-sac in “front” Lawrence with 4BRs on the 2nd Exceptionally hi-end gut ren. S/H col. loc. on desirable block in SD14. Tamar Miller Donny Miller Tamar Miller (917)902-0613 $899Kblock near Cedarhurst Park. Moshe(516)455-5364 $1.19M Beautiful exp 5br 4bth high ranch w/ 3 lvls of living space, SH Tudor colonial with 4 brs & 2 baths on the 2nd floor, finished basement. Beautiful yard. Miri (646) 515-8813 $799K WOODMERECEDARHURST basement. Beautiful yard. Miri (646) 515-8813 $799K WOODMERECEDARHURST basement. Beautiful yard. Miri (646) 515-8813 $799K WOODMERECEDARHURST basement. Beautiful yard. Miri (646) 515-8813 $799K WOODMERECEDARHURST Beautiful exp 5br 4bth high ranch w/ 3 lvls of living space, SH Tudor colonial with 4 brs & 2 baths on the 2nd floor, finished (917)902-0613 $899Kblock near Cedarhurst Park. Moshe(516)455-5364 $1.19M(917)902-0613 $899Kblock near Cedarhurst Park. Moshe(516)455-5364 $1.19M Beautiful exp 5br 4bth high ranch w/ 3 lvls of living space, SH Tudor colonial with 4 brs & 2 baths on the 2nd floor, finished Beautiful exp 5br 4bth high ranch w/ 3 lvls of living space, SH Tudor colonial with 4 brs & 2 baths on the 2nd floor, finished (917)902-0613 $899Kblock near Cedarhurst Park. Moshe(516)455-5364 $1.19M floor & 1BR on 1st floor, partially fin bsmnt, low taxes, much more. Avigail (516)316-3452 $1.65M 5 large brs & 3 baths upstairs, beautiful bsmnt w/ playroom, A Must See! Bruria (718)490-7791 $1.85M many updates throughout. Sarah (347)524-9147 $999K basement, CAC, beautiful yard, award winning SD 14. $849K many updates throughout. Sarah (347)524-9147 $999K basement, CAC, beautiful yard, award winning SD 14. $849Kmany updates throughout. Sarah (347)524-9147 $999K basement, CAC, beautiful yard, award winning SD 14. $849Kmany updates throughout. Sarah (347)524-9147 $999K basement, CAC, beautiful yard, award winning SD 14. $849K
CEDARHURST
Classifieds
classifieds@fivetownsjewishhome.com • text 443-929-4003
APT FOR RENT
INWOOD Brand new bright and airy basement apartment near LIRR . Never used kosher kitchen , 2 bedrooms , LR/DR central air /heat ,full bathroom washer/dryer $2000 a month Call/text Yitzi (929) 225-3616
WOODMERE: BEST BUY Spacious 2BR Apartment, Washer/Dryer In Bldg, Elevator Bldg, Open Floor Plan, 1st Floor, Close To All...$199K Call Carol Braunstein (516) 295-3000
Heart of Far Rockaway 3 bedroom apt. Two sinks and dishwasher. Washer/dryer hookup. Please txt 917-860-5762
VACATION RENTALS
VACATION IN JERUSALEM: Beautiful Short-term rentals in Jerusalem (Sharei Chesed, Romema, Hanevi'im – City Center) Contact today for great service: Shisha Realty 718-408-8070 vacation@shisharealty.com
VACATION RENTALS
VACATION IN JERUSALEM: Beautiful 3 bedroom apartment with porch and view available for short term in the Kaduri – Jerusalem Heights project on the 8th floor. Shisha Realty 718-408-8070 vacation@shisharealty.com CONDO SALES
CONDO FOR SALE FLORIDA Deerfield Beach, Century Village. Fully-furn mod kosher 2BR/2BA w/ sunroom, 1st flr, closest bldg to shul, steps to pool & shopping. $149k. Call/text owner Pauline 718-986-0917
HELP WANTED
Looking to hire sales people to train as NY & NJ Public Adjusters. No experience necessary, flexible hours. Call 973-951-1534
SHEVACH HIGH SCHOOL is seeking a Global Studies teacher, Algebra teacher. Please email resume to Office@shevachhs.org
HELP WANTED
SHULAMITH EARLY CHILDHOOD is looking to hire a full time teacher assistant for the current school year. Please email resume to earlychildhood@shulamith.org
ASSISTANTS NEEDED FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, AFTERNOON SESSION. Email: fivetownseducators@gmail.com
BAIS YAAKOV IN FAR ROCKAWAY seeking permanent substitute for Preschool and Elementary school. Please call 718-868-3232 ext 211
Seeking full time OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST for Special Education school located in Brooklyn. Experienced preferred. Competitive salary. Room for growth. resumes@yadyisroelschool.org
5 TOWNS BOYS YESHIVA SEEKING ELEM GEN ED TEACHERS Excellent working environment and pay. Only lic/exp need apply. Email resume to yeshivalooking@gmail.com
HELP WANTED
CAHAL is seeking AM, PM or FT Assistant Teachers for special ed classes in yeshivas in 5-Towns/ Far Rock. Send your resume to Shira@cahal.org or call 516-295-3666 for more information.
SPECIAL ED DIRECTOR Responsibility: Curriculum Designer Individual curriculum as needed Staff training Innovative, visionary Requirement: Masters Special Ed and Education Administration or SLP Backgroup Email Resume: specialedresume2018@gmail.com
HELP WANTED
5 TOWNS BOYS YESHIVA SEEKING ELEM GEN ED TEACHERS Excellent working environment and pay. Only lic/exp need apply. Email resume to yeshivalooking@gmail.com
CAHAL is seeking AM, PM or FT Assistant Teachers for special ed classes in yeshivas in 5-Towns/ Far Rock. Send your resume to Shira@cahal.org or call 516-295-3666 for more information.
SPECIAL ED DIRECTOR Responsibility: Curriculum Designer Individual curriculum as needed Staff training Innovative, visionary Requirement: Masters Special Ed and Education Administration or SLP Backgroup Email Resume: specialedresume2018@gmail.com
**Afternoon Playgroup Assistant** Looking for a heimish, warm and loving assistant Morah in a 2 year old Far Rockaway playgroup (starting now). Hours are Mon-Thu 12:00-3:10 and Fridays 9:00-12:05 For more information, please text your name and 2 references to 718-926-9336
HELP WANTED
CATAPULT LEARNING Teachers, Title I Boro Park, Williamsburg and Flatbush Schools *College/Yeshiva Degree *Teaching experience required *Strong desire to help children learn *Small group instruction *Excellent organization skills Competitive salary. Send resume to: Fax: (212) 480-3691 ~ Email: nyteachers@catapultlearning.com
“NEW FIVE TOWNS RESTAURANT IS LOOKING TO HIRE THE FOLLOWING POSITIONS: Experienced grill man Laffa maker, Dishwasher, Delivery guy Please email Ronazohar@hotmail.com
OFFICE POSITION available in busy legal support company. 5 Towns area (near train). Full Time M-F. Opp for growth. Must be friendly, motivated, organized, detail oriented & efficient. Cust service & communication skills are crucial. Will train. Please send resume hr@platinumfilings.com
Five Towns 516-374-0242 West Hempstead 516-565-4392
woodmere cedarhurst
bright and sunny 4 br, 4 fbth brick colonial 4 level split in cedar bay park. 5br, 2.5bth on an 82 x 120 prop. in woodmere’s sought - updated eik with rad. heat, fm rm, mstr ste after “tree streets” - xl eik, mstr w/ new w/ wic and 4 additional brs up, large gunite fbth, xl fdr, full, fin. base with ose. heated ig-pool w/ slide. $899,000 low taxes and flood ins. $929,000
Far rockaway
4 br spacious center hall colonial in the heart of far rockaway. lg lr w/fpl, eik, family room with access to deck and yard. xl full unfinished basement. private driveway. $925,000
www.sharonabeckrealty.com
w. hempstead 3 bedroom, 2 bath ranch in heart of the dogwood area w/ franklin square schools. xl lr w/fpl, hw floors, full finished basement, cac, 7,000+ sqft lot. $565,000
Info@sharonabeckrealty.com
TJH Classifieds Post your Real Estate, Help Wanted, Services, Miscellaneous Ads here.
Weekly Classifed Ads
Up to 5 lines and/or 25 words 1 week....$20 2 weeks...$35 • 4 weeks...$60 Email ads to: classifieds@fivetownsjewishhome.com. Include valid credit card info and zip code
Deadline Monday 5:00pm
MISC
Gemach Zichron Yehuda In memory of R’ Yehuda Aryeh Leib ben R’ Yisroel Dov We have a library of books on the subjects of loss, aveilus, grief, & kaddish. We have sets of ArtScroll Mishnayos to assist with finishing Shisha Sidrei Mishna for Shloshim or yahrtzeit. Locations in Brooklyn, Far Rockaway, & Lakewood. Email: zichronyehuda@yahoo.com
MISC
ARE YOU IN NEED OF A LIVER TRANSPLANT? LIVER DONOR AVAILABLE! If you are blood type A or AB and in need of a liver transplant call Chaya Lipschutz, Kidney & Liver Shadchan (917) 627-8336, or email KidneyMitzvah@aol.com
Life C ach
Looking for a Change?
Rivki D. Rosenwald Esq., LMFT, CLC, SDS
Was that? Oh, yes, I think so. And it was something that was in very short supply last year.
A blanket of snow fell on New York last week. Of course, no one wants another inconvenience. Still, getting to see kids be kids – pure joy!
Don’t get me wrong. I’m happier with clear streets and warm weather. After all, taking walks and enjoying outdoor cafes are some of the highlights these days! But kids need a reason to smile, too! An igloo, a snowman, a sled ride…. It’s fun and entertainment that they certainly can use. And all for the right price too.
Now, having celebrated that, though, I’m more than happy to have an early spring. Very early! Like tomorrow wouldn’t be too soon!
I’m sure biking, playing outside, and going to the park could fill in nicely. Or maybe there could be like one neighborhood designated to get snow. That way, all those who want it could drive there. After all, so much is being mandated these days. Can’t we just insist on a five-mile area in each neighborhood as the snow zone? Then we can enjoy herd immunity for the rest of us. After all, we had our snowstorm already! We don’t need the icy conditions, or the cold, or any more reasons to be indoors.
After all, we traveled all the way to the moon. And then the moon reciprocated by sending some moon rock here. It’s only right! We’ve been dragging ourselves to Miami for forever, can’t Miami make the trek here, just this once, for us?
Listen, I’m not knocking snow or advocating for actual global warming. I’m just asking for a sharply curtailed winter this year. Like, if you blinked and missed last week, you could have missed winter already.
So, what do you say? Let’s advocate for it. Let’s rally for it. Let’s
Emotional Support for Unwanted Touching
MOUNT SINAI BETH ISRAEL
In fact, can’t we mandate some really warm weather? Beach weather, perhaps? People aren’t following the rules so perfectly anyway. Why should nature have to?
I’m dreaming of a green January. Apple trees in bloom. Sunshine every day. Wouldn’t this be a nice reality?!
Of course, some people have demonstrated the power to make this happen. Sure, it took a little maneuvering, like driving to the airport first. But, since we were able to figure out how to shlep ourselves to the weather, can’t we figure out how to shlep the weather to us? be vocal. Let’s get out there and do whatever it takes to shorten this winter weather. And best case, at least we will stay healthy. Because, we already learned months ago, that the health threat supposedly disappears when you go out for a good rally.
Winter, winter don’t stay here.
Come again another year!
Rivki Rosenwald is a certified relationship counselor, and career and life coach. She can be contacted at 917-7052004 or rivki@rosenwalds.com.
