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general assembly 2012
GA Wrap-Up GA culminates with call for tikkun olam and trailblazing initiatives to engage the Jewish world Staff Report
last Sunday for the Jewish Federations of North America General Assembly. e event theme, “Where the Jewish community uploads/downloads/shares,” focused on just that — sharing information and best practices. e GA represented 155 Jewish federations across North America (400 network communities). Annually, the system raises more than $1 billion for social welfare projects, education and Jewish identity building. A basement-level marketplace hustled and bustled for three days in the spacious Baltimore Convention Center, the main hub of the GA. e booths represented many well-known organizations and causes — Birthright, Magen David Adom, Haaretz — but others were sometimes peculiar and oen surprising, offering services, products and do-gooder causes. Above ground, the GA was host to a number of famous personalities, including a special plenary session with Elie Wiesel and Natan Sharansky, considered two of the Jewish world’s greatest living heroes. ey came together to mark the 25th anniversary of the historic March on Washington for Soviet Jewry. Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu, via video, told the audience he has confidence in President Barack Obama and that the two leaders could or would work together to advance peace and security in the Middle East. Netanyahu reiterated the danger of Iranian nuclear proliferation and the need to forge a realistic path toward peace with the Palestinians. He said he looks forward to continued U.S.-Israeli partnership. “For over six decades, the partnership between the U.S. and Israel has helped make Israel the strong and vibrant democracy it is today,” Netanyahu said. e GA offered dozens of sessions ranging in topic from social issues to how to fund raise to how best to reach out to the unengaged. Sessions on Israel and other Jewish communities overseas also topped the agenda, with several sessions committed to how best to allocate federation money abroad. On the first evening, Nov. 11, the first-ever index on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender inclusion within 20
Baltimore Jewish Times November 16, 2012
Panelists discuss the problems of engagement during Monday’s “Connected or Disconnected: Who is the New Millennial Jew?”
Jewish organizations in North America was released. e report was presented at a special reception hosted by Keshet, the Charles and Lynn Schusterman Family Foundation, the Morningstar Foundation and Stuart Kurlander.
Engendering Engagement A hot topic was how to keep the next generation engaged. Speaking to a group from the University of Maryland on Sunday evening, Federation President and CEO Jerry Silverman was confronted by one student who said, “You’re asking the wrong question [about how to include young people], because we’re sitting in the audience and you’re talking about us like we’re not even there, and what we need to be is part of the solution. We need to be at the table.” Silverman told JNS.org the next day that he believes the more the federation system can do to create dialogue about engagement, involvement, sharing, educating and learning together, the quicker there will be a solution and the engagement question “will go away.” In Monday’s “Connected or Disconnected: Who is the New Millennial Jew?” a panel discussion focused on problems and solutions for engagement on campus. Speaker Evan Gildenblatt, who described himself as the first-ever “openly Jewish” student body president at Kent State University, explained that of the 23,000 undergrads at his Ohio university, only about 1,000 are Jewish and he doesn’t feel much of a Jewish presence. “I think a lot of them are in hiding because I never see them,” Gildenblatt said. “We have amazing facilities, but the interesting thing is we seem to have issues engaging the younger students and keeping them engaged.” Seated in the crowd, Sammie Marks empathized with Gildenblatt’s frustration.
Marks, a junior at Universsity of Iowa and co-president of the school’s Hillel, said that retaining interest from her fellow Jewish peers is a constant challenge. Of the approximately 600 U of I students who identified themselves as Jewish on their entrance applications, Marks estimates that only 100 to 200 have set foot in Hillel. “It’s not because they are not interested in us. It’s because they are just genuinely not interested in Hillel or Jewish life on campus,” she said. Marks explained that she and others at U of I have been forced to get “creative” with their recruitment methods. ey employ a “buddy system” where each board member has at least two students they routinely call to provide information about upcoming activities and events. Marks said they specifically focus on targeting freshmen and sophomores with hopes of building a core group of underclassmen to continue the effort in the future. In a session run by ELI Talks (ELI = engagement, literacy, identity), Sam Glassenberg, CEO of Funtactix, cited JDate as one of the most successful attempts at ensuring Jews stay engaged — and stay Jewish. He said the JDate model was successful because it wasn’t started to solve a problem but to fill a consumer need. He said, “I used to think that young Jews need free — free food, free trips. JDate flipped the model around.” So how can other Jewish problems be tackled using the JDate model? Glassenberg had a ready answer for how to get young Jews excited about Jewish education: video games. He even screened a sample video game featuring scenes from Jewish history.
Fostering Inclusiveness Improving accessibility and inclusivity for interfaith couples and families was also a key topic this GA, and
Justin Tsucalas
More than 3,000 Jewish leaders poured into Baltimore
Justin Tsucalas
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many presented it as among the most important ways of ensuring the future of the U.S. Jewish community. During a session entitled, “Engaging Interfaith Families: Strategies for Increased Community Involvement,” Rabbi Kerry M. Olitzky, executive director of the Jewish Outreach Institute, said he believes through increased participation and deeper Jewish engagement there can be a more vibrant and meaningful community. is, he added, should be done through casting the widest net possible through “big-tent Judaism.” “Some people look at the issue of interfaith marriage as a problem or a challenge. We see it as a one of missed opportunities,” Rabbi Olitzky said. “is is a Jewish community that allows for the positions of people I don’t agree with. It allows for a community in which everybody is welcomed and feels embraced no matter what your specific subgroup might be.” “We oen hear there is a fear of not belonging, a sense of exclusion those [interfaith families] feel,” said Eva Stern, director of training at the Jewish Outreach Institute. “So when we think not just about promoting our programs, but also communicating a sense of belonging in our Jewish community, it is essential we take into account those fears, assumptions and perceptions.” InterfaithFamily is one organization that is trying to take such an approach. Edmund Case, the chief executive officer of the Massachusetts-based group, said what is needed in a community to engage interfaith families with Judaism is a web platform, training for institutions and programs for interfaith families. Case added that for such an approach to be successful, it would be ideal for an independent organization to be devoted exclusively to this agenda. “Too oen there are examples of people hired to start programs in various communities at the JCCs and federations and they are not there anymore,” Case said. “ey are not there anymore because for some reason it doesn’t get priority or there are competing priorities or there are financial pressures.” As part of its approach, InterfaithFamily has begun to develop grassroots efforts in specific communities to engage interfaith families and to find ways of expanding the role of Judaism in their lives. is includes setting up offices in Chicago, Philadelphia and San Francisco. Said Rabbi Ari Moffic, director of InterfaithFamily/ Chicago: “I think your interest and passion for supporting interfaith couples and families is essential, and that when families get a taste of meaningful, relevant ... Judaism it adds meaning ... and order to their lives.”
Fighting An Existential Threat While GA attendees were in some rooms grappling with the threat of losing a generation, others were examining how to preserve the Jewish state in the here and now.
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Many sessions touched on the growing threat of Iranian nuclear proliferation. In his remarks at the opening plenary session, David Richmond Gergen, an American political commentator and former presidential adviser, said he expects the Iran issue to “explode” and that the chance for a military conflict is upward of 50 percent.” “e sanctions are getting tougher and tougher, and they [Iran] keep pushing forward,” Gergen said. He noted that if Netanyahu does come to the U.S. for a green light, there would be tremendous angst among those in the Obama administration; Israel wants to draw the line at the time that Iran develops nuclear capability while the U.S. wants to wait until Iran has a bomb. But, said Gergen, “Iran with a bomb could mean annihilation for Israel. is is one of the toughest problems we’ve ever seen.” e topic was again explored in a Monday aernoon session moderated by the Honorable Irwin Cotler, a member of the Parliament of Canada. During that panel, Ambassador Barukh Binah, deputy head of mission for the Embassy of Israel, Shoshana Bryen, senior director of the Jewish Policy Center, and Ambassador Stuart E. Eizenstat, a partner with Covington & Burling LLP, debated whether the best next steps were to attack. While Eizenstat argued that the best policy is to wait on the sanctions and trust in the sanctions, Bryen felt strongly the other way. She told the audience that sanctions have never worked and made it clear that the sanctions we have today are “punishment sanctions” and not meant to deter Iran. at already has not worked. Bryen said it was OK to be patient to a point, but she feels that if we wait too long, it will be too late. “Sanctions fall on the people, not the government,” she said. “Saddam [Hussein] never collapsed with sanctions.”
Ending With Optimism But even as the conference was wrought with discussions of challenges and how to maximize opportunities, former Jewish Federation of Greater Washington President Susie Gelman put the finishing touches on this year’s GA by extending an invitation to the 2013 event in Jerusalem; next year will mark the State of Israel’s 65th birthday. At that final session, the audience heard the words of Michael Oren, Israel’s ambassador to the U.S. Oren told the audience that he had the “best job in the world,” representing Israel. Even with the constant security conflict it faces, he said Israel is one of the world’s happiest, healthiest and best-educated nations. He made the audience laugh when he told them that last year when he spoke to the GA, Israel was exporting wine to France. is year, he said that his country was sending caviar and snow-making equipment to Russian ski resorts.
Heard At e GA “We fish where the fish are.” Reisha Goldman, Federation of Greater New York
“To be in this big place with so many Jews wanting to learn and discuss — it’s a good time.” Emily Shoyer, Charles E. Smith Jewish Day School
“We haven’t pushed the boundaries yet.” Bill Robinson, Jewish Education Project
“I think strategic planning needs to be thrown out.” Ellen Kagen Waghelstein, Rockville-based leadership consultant
“We are the ones who have the attitude, the walk and the ‘Yes we can!’” Jerry Silverman, Jewish Federations of North America
“I’m going to try to inoculate you: You are going to be a sucker in Israel.” Anat Hoffman, Women at the Wall
Oren said Jews in Israel and North America are living in a “golden age.” But he asked the audience if we were really “celebrating together” or were we a divided people? He talked of how, in a meeting, Israel’s First Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion made an agreement with Baltimore philanthropist Jacob Blaustein. BenGurion promised to reduce the aliyah demand on American Jews. Blaustein, a past president of the American Jewish Committee, promised to help the new nation build for the future. Oren warned the two communities to not speak “past each other” and to instead “talk with each other.” He asked that both communities clarify before they criticize. “We can be a transformative generation,” said Oren. “We can usher in a genuine golden age (of the IsraeliAmerican Jewish experience). is is our time and our test. e fate of our people is in our hands.” jewishtimes.com
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general assembly 2012
Perceptions and Realities David Stuck
GA session examines Israel’s democracy in the headlines
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Woman of Valor: Jacqueline K. Levine, a member of the executive committee of the Jewish Federation of MetroWest, N.J., says she’s a “fulfilled and fortunate woman.” She’s been to 48 consecutive General Assemblies, but she’s also been arrested and jailed — twice. Both times, she was standing up for what she believed in. “I have always fought against injustice,” she said.
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Safekeeping: While GA attendees sat in on seminars and networked throughout the marketplace, a separate group of men and women blended into the background. ICS Protective Services has safeguarded the GA since 2001. ICS brought in 75 trained and armed officers to this year’s event. “Historically, there have been a lot of threats against the Jewish community,” said Carl B. Williams, ICS CEO and director of field operations. “We always have a contingency plan if there’s something that takes place, whether it’s an imminent threat against someone or an active shooter that may be on the property.”
The Associated: Jewish Community Federation of Baltimore learned this week that Baltimore was one of six communities out of 175 across North America to be selected for PJ Library’s PJ Promise endowment campaign. The endowment will ensure the sustainability of Baltimore’s PJ Library program. “Baltimore’s program is among the oldest in North America," said PJ Library Director Marcie Grinspoon. “This community knows how to attract diverse audiences of the Jewish community through events like PJ on the Town [and with events at] the Jewish Museum of Maryland, synagogues, libraries and other community sites. It is a leading example of how to engage communities with young children."
Without a constitution or a bill of rights in a country in which residents come from 100 nations and speak 70 languages, Israel will continue to struggle as a democratic state. But the three speakers at the General Assembly’s 90-minute discussion “Israel’s Democracy in the Headlines: Perceptions and Realities” believe that through equal opportunities for education and employment, Israel will reach its potential as a democratic society while helping to bring about a reduction in its constant state of war. Israel is a country of almost eight million people, of which about three-quarters are Jewish. But that is changing, and the percent of non-Jews living in Israel will one day soon become the majority, said speaker Arye Carmon, president of the Israel Democracy Institute. Broken down further, Jews are divided into ultra-Orthodox, religious or secular, he said. These varying groups are educated in different schools, from ultra-Orthodox to state-religious to state-run. Add that to the Arab schools, and all the diversity and differing levels translate to tension, he said. The political fragmentation that results widens the social divide between Jews and Arabs, rich and poor, newcomers and veterans, religious and secular and those involved in the center of Israeli life and those living on the periphery, he said. The result, Carmon noted, is a government of multiparties, none having a majority, and a society that fights over where women can sit on a public bus and whether or not to require loyalty oaths of its citizens. “This threat to democracy comes from a divided and insecure society,” Carmon said. It should be for Israelis to decide their identity, not for others to discuss whether Israel is a democratic Jewish state or a Jewish state, he stressed. “We are building a democracy on sand. The challenges are there. The hopes, believe it or not, are there. But there are lots of challenges.” One large challenge is building a country with the Arabs who live there, the speakers said. For that to happen, Arab children need to be educated with the same high standards experienced by Israeli Jews, said speaker Dalia Fadila, provost at Al-Quasemi Academic College of Education. While she struggles to bring real education to her school, whose students are mostly young women, Fadila must deal with the reality that Arab
students continually score worse than students educated in third-world countries. “There are two systems of education. One is definitely first world, and the other is fourth world, not even third world,” she said. Only about 9 percent of Arabs living in Israel go to college. And of that number, only 30 percent are educated in Israeli-run universities. If Israel is not ready for a totally shared society, at least create a healthy society, where doors are open to all, Fadila said. Many of the Arabs who do go to college choose teaching as a profession, and there is a glut of teachers. Yet, the Israeli educational system is desperate for more teachers, she said. Arabs cannot compete for those jobs due to the poor education they receive, she said.
“We are building a democracy on sand.” — Arye Carmon, president of the Israel Democracy Institute
“There is a need on a practical level now to invest in our education in the State of Israel,” she stressed. “Education is the only way to a positive healthy society. For me, education is the key.” If Israel is not ready for a totally shared society, at least create a healthy society, where doors are open to all, Fadila said. “Arabs are still confused [as to] what they are, where they stand,” she said. “They choose to be blind. They choose not to decide. That way, no decisions are made.” While the Arabs make up about 20 percent of the population, they think of themselves as the majority. They count the people of Jordan and Saudi Arabia with them, she said. But while the Arabs cling to an “illusion of majority,” the Israelis struggle as a minority, concerned with threats and fears from throughout the entire region, Fadila said. The consequence is what she referred to as “mutual blindness.” Fellow speaker Rabbi Naali Rothenberg, senior research fellow at Van Leer Jerusalem Institute,
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agreed that the way things currently are in Israel, “we have a minority that can never identify totally with the state, with the flag.” These minority citizens need to know Israel is a democracy, where they are true participants. “I don’t like us to be Jewish, that this is the Jewish section and this is the Arab section. e language should be Jewish democratic,” he said, adding that “it never says in the Bible” that there will be no Jews on the land. “We didn’t go 40 years in the desert just to have our state by ourselves. It’s not a state for Jews only,” Rothenberg said. He envisions an Israel that during Super Sunday, a major fundraising campaign by the Jewish federations, money is collected and given out to all people living there. If Israelis truly felt like the majority in the country, then they would take responsibility for minority rights, he suggested. “There is no responsibility if you don’t feel you are the majority.” “I am a citizen of a sovereign state in which at least 20 percent of us are Arabs,” Rothenberg said. The speakers often pointed to how words can change things. Just the word Arab is problematic as there are Christian Arabs and Moslem Arabs. The word settlers also is too broad. Stereotypes create fear, anti-Semitism and conflict, the speakers agreed. “Fear is the biggest enemy of freedom,” Carmon said. When questioned how this balanced society will affect Israel’s security, Rothenberg said democratization will create the necessary balance. “There is no need for a balance. We need a total democratization of society,” he said, stressing that he was speaking as a rabbi, an educator and a former paratrooper who has watched his three sons and two daughters serve in the Israeli military. In an interview following her talk, Fadila admitted to “not getting a lot of support frankly” in her Arab community. “I am actually fighting for everything I do.” While she acknowledged having to constantly prove herself, Fadila isn’t stopping. “I feel like there is a fire inside of me that I can’t stop from burning.” Following his talk, Rothenberg described himself as realistic but not necessarily optimistic. “It’s a question of what you stand for. I don’t stay home.” — Suzanne Pollak
Justin Tsucalas
Elie Wiesel (left) and Natan Sharansky mourn a generation to whom the March on Washington is unknown.
Historic Dialogue Remembers Periods of Darkness, Light GA hosts Elie Wiesel, Natan Sharansky “My first visit to the Soviet Union changed my life,” said Elie Wiesel, Jewish-American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Laureate and Holocaust survivor in a historic dialogue to commemorate the 1987 March on Washington for Soviet Jewry. Speaking about his trip as a Haaretz reporter in 1965, a trip that later yielded the landmark book, “The Jews of Silence,” Wiesel said, “I didn’t know that when I came back, I would consider myself their messenger.” On the stage on the second day of the Jewish Federations of North America’s General Assembly, Wiesel dialogued about the plight of Russian Jewry and the Jewish world’s response with Chairman of the Jewish Agency Natan Sharansky. Sharansky, who was a prisoner in the former Soviet Union, described the atmosphere in that country at that time. He said everyone suffered, but Jews suffered not only from persecution, but also because they were forced to relinquish their Jewish identity. In the early years, the American Jewish community was indifferent to the plight of Russian Jews, but that changed in the late 1960s and 1970s. More young Jews became interested in the cause. Wiesel said this was because they felt guilty. “There was a feeling that American Jews did not do enough during the period of darkness [of the Holocaust]. The young didn’t want to feel the guilt of their parents and grandparents,” Wiesel said. “Sons and daughters said, ‘We cannot be accused of not doing enough.’” Said Sharansky: “People told themselves, ‘Our
lives have meaning. Now we are part of the Jewish struggle.’” Both recalled that with the young people came housewives, too, going on clandestine missions to help Jews in need. Both reminisced about the March on Washington, a march that Sharansky attended just one year after his release from a Soviet prison. Some 200,000 Jews turned out to protest the visit of Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev to Washington and to demand the release of Soviet Jewry. Sharansky said with a chuckle that many believed the march could not be a success. He said some worried there was not enough committed American leadership. They worried about rain, about transportation. But the people came. “There was a sea of people,” said Sharansky. “It was so inspiring.” The leaders bemoaned the fact that the young people today do not remember the plight of the Soviet Jews or the triumph of the March on Washington. “People don’t know about it today,” said Sharansky, “and that is a tragedy.” “When you say March on Washington, what comes to mind for most is the black community. But for me, it is our march. That march gave you the feeling that you are not alone — that we are an entire people,” said Wiesel. Added Sharansky: “We [Jews] can have thousands of opinions and organizations, but when we feel like a family, we can change the world.” — Maayan Jaffe
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general assembly 2012
Women, Work and Tradition
NCSY youth participated in the GA this year.
Youth Movement Local students excited about GA experience Mackenzie Chyatte had to argue with her mother to have off from school Monday. The 17-year-old senior at Beth Tfiloh Dahan Community School said she didn’t want to miss out on what she called a “once-in-a-lifetime opportunity” to attend the Jewish Federations of North America General Assembly in Baltimore. Chyatte was one in a group of students from the Baltimore area to attend the GA. The students represented NCSY. “The Jewish community is much more than just our small cluster here,” Chyatte said. “There are Jews from all over the country here; it’s important to remember we’re all one community.” Rabbi Rocky Caine, assistant regional director of the Atlantic Seaboard NCSY, said he brought the students along because they are young leaders in their Jewish communities. He added he hopes the students will use the experience to meet with Jewish leaders of today, as they seek to become leaders of the future. “These are teens who step up to the plate in their clubs and their after-school programming,” Rabbi Caine said. “When an opportunity comes, they seize it. Getting kids to sign up for this was one of the easiest things I ever did. They want to have these experiences. They want to be part of the Jewish community, be active members of the Jewish community, and they don’t want to miss out on being at a place with 3,500 other Jewish leaders.” The students, who came from Owings Mills High School, Pikesville High School, McDonogh School and Beth Tfiloh, each had their own GA goals. For some, it was networking; for others, it was hearing famed author Elie Wiesel speak; some just wanted to expand their Jewish experience. “This experience is pretty cool as a Jewish youth,” said Ryan Simon, a senior at Owings Mills. “To see Jews from all over the country gather together is pretty impressive.” Sarah Miller, 17, a senior at Pikesville High School, said getting a chance to hear Wiesel, a Nobel Prizewinning author who described his life as a Holocaust survivor in his renowned book “Night,” made attending the GA an opportunity she couldn’t turn down. “I just love [Wiesel’s] work,” she said. “I had to jump at this opportunity when it was presented to me.” — David Snyder and Ron Snyder
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Israel’s Haredi community today GA conference-goers who hadn’t read their programs might have been surprised when they arrived at Monday’s workshop, “Women, Work and Tradition: Israel’s Haredi Community Today,” to find Dr. Ruth Westheimer (yes, the sex therapist) as the main presenter. As it turns out, Dr. Westheimer has been active with the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee for the past 20 years and has been especially involved in efforts to help Haredi women gain the tools necessary to enter Israel’s work force. Dr. Westheimer was joined by Jane Eisner, editorin-chief of the Forward, and Amir Shaviv, assistant executive vice president for special operations of the JDC. e speakers shared their findings on the crisis of unemployment and non-employment in the Haredi community and provided information about a new initiative that is helping to improve the situation. Eisner opened by presenting the framework within which the crisis of unemployment (or more accurately, non-employment) exists. In Haredi culture, men are expected to spend all of their time studying the Torah. Since employment will interfere with that pursuit, traditionally, men who choose to work are less respected and even shunned in their communities. Large Haredi families subsist on government subsidies, and statistics show these subsidies are insufficient to support them. The problem of non-employment among Haredim is critical, not only for the families involved, but also for the Israeli government, which no longer can afford to support this growing population, Eisener explained. e Haredi population, which numbers from 650,000 to 800,000, is the fastest-growing population in Israel, making up 10 percent of the country’s Jewish population. Haredi children make up 20 percent of children in the public schools. Studies show that by 2059, one-third of Israel’s population will be Haredi. Currently, approximately 60 percent are non-employed or unemployed, and 55 percent live below the poverty line, said Eisner. Employment rates among Haredi men are almost identical to non-Haredi Israeli men who dropped out of school before the fifth grade. Haredi men who choose to work do not possess the necessary skills, because their formal education has not included any secular learning. Despite their significant childcare responsibilities — on average Haredi families have seven children — Haredi women are permitted to work outside of their homes. Unfortunately, they are trained to be
teachers, and there are not enough teaching positions available. ey possess no other work-related skills. But now, through programs such as JDC’s Tevet program, the subject of Dr. Westheimer’s new documentary, she believes there is hope. The program provides training in financial analysis, computers and interior decorating. Its main consumers are women, and the program, said Dr. Westheimer, works because it allows women to train and work in environments where their religious needs are met. For example, training for men and women are separate, and accommodations for kosher food preparation and prayer are available. Schedules are flexible enabling women to deal with childcare responsibilities. According to Dr. Westheimer, 90 percent of program graduates go on to work in secular companies, where they reportedly are highly valued employees. Being employed, stressed Dr. Westheimer, improves not only a family’s financial situation, but also ultimately its general well-being. — Simone Ellin
Secular Women Making Strides In Israel, there is another sect of women that is feeling the crunch — not so much economically, but socially. Led by Anat Hoffman, leader of Women of the Wall, a group that has been organizing monthly prayer services at the Kotel, some religious but non-Orthodox women are vying for equal rights in prayer. In a Tuesday session put on with the support of the Joseph and Harvey Meyerhoff Family Charitable Funds, Hoffman was met with a warm welcome. She came to speak about the need for greater religious pluralism in Israel. However, she didn’t do a lot of Haredi bashing. Instead, Hoffman told the audience there are “50 shades of black.” “Most ultra-Orthodox can tolerate a group of women praying once a month at the Kotel,” she said. Like Hoffman, Rabbi Uri Ayalon, CEO of the propluralism Hatnua Yerushalmit, believes the growing ultra-Orthodox population in Jerusalem is not forcing a liberal retreat from the city. His organization bought space for 140 outdoor ads depicting female activists to prove there would not be a backlash from ultra-Orthodox Jews for displaying pictures of women. “Only four were damaged,” he said. “What’s happening in Jerusalem is not being done by the ultraOrthodox, but by what we think they will say and do.” — David Holzel