Science 14P Classroom Notes Topic A: Investigating Properties of Matter J. Garreck B.Ed.
Chapter 1
Chapter 1.1 Safety • We use chemicals in our house everyday. Some chemicals, if used improperly, can be dangerous. Examples are: • ammonia: found in household cleaners like Windex is toxic and can burn skin • benzene: found in gas, ink and paints can cause cancer • chlorine: found in household cleaners like bleach forms deadly gases when mixed with a base, burns skin/tissue etc • lye: found in drain and oven cleaners burns body tissues on contact, irritates lung tissue, slows down reflexes
Chapter 1.1 Safety • methane (natural gas): found in fuel for cars, cooking and heating is explosive and fumes can suffocate • toluene: found in nail polish and glue can cause lightheadedness or brain damage, is flammable
Chapter 1.1 Safety Chemical Storage • Look at the storage and disposal instructions on household products containing chemicals. • Hazardous materials are to be taken to a fire station. • Motor oil and car batteries can be taken to service stations for recycling. • Dumping these chemicals down the drain causes environmental damage.
Chapter 1.1 Safety Chemicals at Work and School • The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) provides information on handling, storing and disposing of chemicals as well as providing first aid information. • They have created symbols to let you know about the potential dangers of specific chemicals such as if it is explosive, corrosive, flammable etc.
Eight types of hazardous materials covered by WHMIS Class A
Class B
Class C
compressed gas
flammable and combustible material
oxidizing material
Eight types of hazardous materials covered by WHMIS Class D1
Class D2
poisonous and infectious material: materials causing immediate and serious toxic effects
poisonous and infectious material: material causing other toxic effects
Class D3
poisonous and infectious material: biohazardous infectious material
Eight types of hazardous materials covered by WHMIS Class E
corrosive material
Class F
dangerously reactive material
Chapter 1.1 Safety Chemicals at Work and School Information is given in three ways: 1. Labels: all chemicals have a WHMIS label which tells how to safely handle them 2. MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets): provides information about chemical properties, handling, first aid and disposing of the chemicals 3. Worker Education: employees must take WHMIS training when working with chemicals Note: This is a National System
Chapter 1.1 Safety Chemicals at Work and School
Chapter 1.1 Safety - WHMIS • All products with WHMIS labels have an accompanying Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). • Many household products are not WHMIS regulated but do have an MSDS. This applies, for example, to many lawn and garden products.
Chapter 1.1 Safety - WHMIS • All chemicals used in the workplace (including schools) are labeled with WHMIS symbols and have an associated MSDS. • If you are conducting labs, you should have WHMIS training and be able to find the MSDS for every substance you use. • You should also be able to find information on the MSDS.
Chapter 1.1 Safety - WHMIS • MSDS are available from the product’s manufacturer or distributor. • You may also be able to find them on the manufacturer’s web site or in an on-line data base for another workplace. • Use the name of the product, chemical name, and the term “MSDS” as keywords in a computerized search. • There is no standard format for MSDS.
Chapter 1.1 Safety Chemicals At Home • The Hazardous Household Product Symbols (HHPS) are symbols on the products you use in your home. • Again, the symbols let you know if the chemical is reactive or dangerous.
Chapter 1.1 Safety Symbols • HouseHold Product Symbols (HHPS) and Workplace Hazardous Material Information System (WHMIS) symbols look very similar. They are designed to be easily understood.
Chapter 1.1 Safety Symbols • WHMIS has a few additional symbols (e.g., oxidizing, dangerously reactive) that may not apply to consumer products. • HHPS uses shaped borders to communicate the level of danger • Danger, warning, and caution borders are based on the familiar shape of traffic signs. Danger
Warning
Caution
Chapter 1.1 Safety Symbols • Stoplight colours are sometimes used with these shapes. • The colour emphasizes the level of danger — red for most dangerous, yellow for caution. Caution Danger
Warning
Comparing Systems WHMIS
HHPS
Chapter 1.1 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms: 1.
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information WHMIS: _____________________________ System _____________________________
2.
Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS: ______________________________ ______________________________
3.
Hazardous Household Product Symbols HHPS: ______________________________ ______________________________
Chapter 1.2 Describing Matter • Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. • Scientists have developed the particle theory of matter to explain atoms and how they create matter. The Particle Theory of Matter • all matter is made up of small particles • all particles in a pure substance are the same • there are spaces between particles • particles are always moving; as they gain energy, they move faster • particles in a substance are attracted to each other
States of Matter There are three main STATES of matter: • SOLIDS • LIQUIDS • GASES
Chapter 1.2 States of Matter Solid: • Particles are tightly packed • Hard and holds its’ shape • The particles inside of a solid are not allowed to move around much. • They just kind of jiggle in place.
Chapter 1.2 States of Matter Liquid: • Particles are farther apart then a solid. • The particles move around. • They just kind of jiggle in place. • It fills the shape of any container
Chapter 1.2 States of Matter Gas: • Particles are loosely packed. • The particles move freely. • It can fill a container of any size or shape.
Chapter 1.2 States of Matter Properties of Matter • We classify matter according to its’ physical and chemical properties. • Physical properties are properties you would use to describe the chemical (i.e. shape, color, freezing/boiling point, texture, hardness, smells, magnetic tendencies, flexibility, density and if it is a liquid, gas or solid). • This is similar to how you might describe a person.
Chapter 1.2 States of Matter
Pool Ball
Chapter 1.2 States of Matter Properties of Matter • Chemical properties tell you how a substance will react with another substance (i.e. how easily it burns, how it reacts with other substances, if there is a change in smell, color or temperature, whether it produces new substances).
Chapter 1.2 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms: Anything that has mass and takes up space 1. Matter: ______________________________ ________________________________________ An explanation of something that has been 2. Theory: _____________________________ supported by repeated experimental results ________________________________________ The explanation of the nature 3. Particle Theory of Matter: _______________ Of matter that considers atoms to be like tiny particles and describes their behavior ________________________________________ The three common forms in which 4. States of Matter: ______________________ Matter exists: Solid, Liquid and Gas ________________________________________ state of matter in which particles are packed 5. Solid: The _______________________________ Tightly together and cannot move very much ________________________________________
Chapter 1.2 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms: The state of matter in which particles are touching 6. Liquid: ______________________________ ,________________________________________ but can move past each other. The state of matter in which particles are far apart 7. Gas: _______________________________ And moving quickly ________________________________________ 8. Physical Property: _____________________ A characteristic of a substance that ________________________________________ Can change without a new substance being formed The characteristic of a substance 9. Chemical Property: ____________________ That describes how it will react with other substances ________________________________________
Chapter 1.3 CLASSIFYING MATTER • Matter can be classified as a pure substance or a mixture. • A pure substance is made up of only one type of particle such as baking soda, sugar and distilled water. This is like a pure bred dog.
Chapter 1.3 CLASSIFYING MATTER • When you see distilled water, it's a pure substance which means that there are just water molecules in the liquid.
Chapter 1.3 CLASSIFYING MATTER • A mixture contains more than one type of particle such as gold, milk, perfume, toothpaste. This is like a mixed breed dog.
Chapter 1.3 CLASSIFYING MATTER • A mixture would be a glass of water with other things dissolved inside, maybe salt. • Each of the substances in that glass of water keeps the original chemical properties. • So if you have some dissolved substances, you can boil off the water and still have those dissolved substances left over.
Chapter 1.3 Differences Between Mixtures and Pure Substances
• We distinguish between two substances by examining their properties (smell, texture, density, boiling/freezing points). • Mixtures boil and freeze at different temperatures than pure substances. • This is the theory behind using salt on roads/sidewalks and using antifreeze in your car.
Chapter 1.3 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms: 1.
Pure Substance: ______________________ _____________________________
2.
Mixture: ____________________________ ______________________________
Chapter 2: Pure Substances: Elements and Compounds
2.1: What are Elements? • Elements are the building blocks of all matter. • As far as we know there are only so many basic elements. • Up to this point in time we have discovered/created over 100. • While there may be more out there to discover, the basic elements remain the same. • Iron atoms found on Earth are identical to Iron atoms found on meteorites. • The Iron atoms on Mars that make the soil red are the same too.
2.1: Periodic Table • The periodic table is organized like a big grid. • The ELEMENTS are placed in specific places because of the way they react, atomic mass and atomic number. • If you have ever looked at a grid, you know that there are ROWS (left to right) and COLUMNS (up and down). • The periodic table has rows and columns too and they each mean something different.
2.1: Periodic Table • When you look at the picture below you can see that the rows are different colors. • Even though they skip some squares in between, all of the rows go left to right. • When you look at a periodic table, each of the rows are considered to be different PERIODS (Get it? Like PERIODic table!).
2.1: Periodic Table - Columns • The periodic table has a special name for its columns too - it's called a GROUP.
2.1: Periodic Table - Square Each square in the periodic table contains identifying information about one element. Element Name
Hydrogen
Element Number
1
Symbol
H
Mass
1.008
g
State of matter at room temperature
2.1: Metals • Towards the right side of the periodic table, there’s a staircase that divides metals from non-metals. • Metals are on the left and non-metals on the right.
2.1: Metals • Almost 75% of all elements are classified as metals. • They are all not like silver (Ag), gold (Au), or platinum (Pt). Those are the very cool and shiny ones. • There are some other ones like potassium (K) that you might not think about right away.
Gold - Au
2.1: Characteristics of Metals • Good conductors of heat and electricity. • Metals are solids at room temperature. • Shiny when polished • Malleable – bend easily • One exception is mercury which is liquid at room temperature.
2.1: Characteristics of NonMetals • Poor conductors of heat and electricity. • Dull – lack luster • Most are gases or brittle solids (break easily) at room temperature. • One exception is bromine which is liquid at room temperature.
bromine
2.1: Metalloids • The squares between the metals and non-metals are called metalloids. • They have properties of metals and nonmetals.
2.1: Alloys • Metals are easily combined. • ALLOYS are basically a mixture of two or more metals.
2.1: Alloys • Alloys are better at something than any of the metals would be alone. • Metallurgists (people who work with metals) sometimes add chromium (Cr) and/or nickel (Ni) to steel. • While steel is already an alloy that is a very strong metal, the addition of small amounts of the other metals help steel resist rusting. • Stainless Steel or Galvanized Steel are examples.
2.1: Alloys • Another good example of an alloy is when metallurgists add carbon (C) to steel. • Tiny amount of carbon (a nonmetallic element) make steel stronger. • These special alloys are used in armor plating and weapons.
Chapter 2.1 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Element: _____________________________ ____________________________________ Periodic table: ________________________ ____________________________________ Atom: _______________________________ ____________________________________ Group: ______________________________ ____________________________________ Period: ______________________________ ____________________________________
Chapter 2.1 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms:
6. 7. 8.
Metal: _______________________________ ____________________________________ Non-metal: ___________________________ ____________________________________ Metalloids: ___________________________ ____________________________________
2.2: Compounds • A substance that is made up of two or more different elements is a compound. • For example, hydrogen is an element and oxygen is an element but if you combine them to create water - (H O), you have formed a compound.
2.2: Compounds • Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances but compounds can. • The process of breaking compounds apart into the simpler substances is called decomposition reaction. • One way of doing this is to use electricity (electrolysis) to separate a compound into it’s elements.
Chapter 2.2 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms:
1. 2.
Compound: __________________________ ____________________________________ Decomposition reaction : ________________ ____________________________________
2.3 Chemical Formulas • The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) devised international symbols and names for elements. • Element symbols are usually one or two letters (i.e. H stands for Hydrogen, Mg for Magnesium, Cl for chlorine). • We use different element symbols to represent each element on the periodic table.
C
Represents the element
Carbon
2.3 Chemical Formulas • We use a chemical formula to represent the compounds these elements form. • Chemical formulas are made up of letters and numbers. – Letters tell you which elements are in the substance – Subscript numbers tell you how many of these elements are in a substance – A subscript letter tells you the state of matter at room temperature
HO 2
(l)
2.3 Chemical Formulas Symbol for the element hydrogen
H O 2
The small subscript number means 2 atoms of hydrogen
Symbol for the element oxygen
No small number here means 1 atom of oxygen
(l) This small letter means that this is a liquid
Chapter 2.3 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms:
1. 2.
Element symbol : ______________________ ____________________________________ Chemical symbol : _____________________ ____________________________________
Chapter 3: Mixtures and their Usages
3.1: TWO KINDS OF MIXTURES Mechanical Mixtures • A mechanical mixture is a mixture where more than one type of particle is visible. • Orange juice with pulp and wet cement (concrete) are examples.
3.1: TWO KINDS OF MIXTURES Solutions • Solutions are made when two or more substances combine to form a mixture that only looks like one type of particle. • You can’t see the different particles when you mix them together. • Examples are shampoo, pop, dish soap, vinegar, and syrup.
3.1: TWO KINDS OF MIXTURES • A simple solution is basically two substances that are combined. • One of them is called the SOLUTE. A solute is the substance to be dissolved (sugar). • The other is a SOLVENT. The solvent is the one doing the dissolving (water). • As a rule of thumb there is usually more solvent than solute.
3.1: TWO KINDS OF MIXTURES • How can you tell is a mixture is a solution or mechanical mixture? Two ways: – in a solution, you can only see one substance – pour the solution through a filter, if anything is caught in the filter, it is a mechanical mixture
Matter
Pure Substance
Element
Compound
Mixture
Mechanical Mixture
Solution
Chapter 3.1 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Mechanical mixture: ____________________ ____________________________________ Solution : ____________________________ ____________________________________ Solute: ______________________________ ____________________________________ Solvent: _____________________________ ____________________________________
3.2 WHAT ARE SOLUBILITY AND CONCENTRATION • Concentration refers to the amount of solute in a solution. It is usually shown in the unit g/L. • For example, Roundup has 7.0g/L of glyphosphate in 1 L of the product. • Solubility refers to how easily a solute will dissolve in a solvent to form a solution.
3.2 WHAT ARE SOLUBILITY AND CONCENTRATION • When a substance will dissolve in a solvent, it is called soluble. • If the substance does not dissolve in the solvent, it is called insoluble. • For example, sugar is soluble in water. Oil is insoluble in water.
3.2 How Soap Works • Water alone can not dissolve grease/oil stains on your clothes. • Soap dissolves in water to form a cleaning solution. • Grease/oil are soluble in a soap cleaning solution. • The soap solution dissolves grease stains and they are rinsed away with the wash water. • Soap is referred to as an emulsifying agent.
Chapter 3.2 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Concentration: ________________________ ____________________________________ Solubility : ___________________________ ____________________________________ Soluble : _____________________________ ____________________________________ Insoluble : ___________________________ ____________________________________
3.3 SEPARATING MIXTURES Canadian water is safe to drink because: • dirty water is separated into clear water • other substances are added to remove dissolved chemicals • chemicals such as chlorine are added to kill harmful bacteria
3.3 SEPARATING MIXTURES • You can separate solutions by filtering them. • For example, separating clear water from dirty water can be done using a filter, which catches the dirt. • You can also separate them by applying heat. • For example, separating salt from a saltwater solution is done by heating the solution. • The water evaporates and salt crystals are left behind. This is known as crystallization.
3.3 Purifying Water • One way to purify water is to add alum particles to the water. • These particles attract bacteria, viruses and tiny dirt particles to them. • The alum and other particles become very heavy and sink to the bottom, making it easy to separate them from the water.
3.3 Purifying Water • Another way uses charcoal filters but after the water passes through these filters, it is still not safe to drink. • Water treatment plants add chlorine to kill bacteria in water. • Distillation cleans water as water is boiled and the steam is collected. • When the steam cools, it condenses to form pure water. All unwanted particles were left behind.
Chapter 3.3 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms:
1. 2.
Crystallization: ________________________ ____________________________________ Distillation : __________________________ ____________________________________
Chapter 4: Solutions and the Environment
4.1 USE CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS TO REDUCE GARBAGE
• Solutions can be concentrated which means they have a lot of solute per volume of solvent. • This is like the frozen orange juice cans. They are concentrated. • Solutions can be diluted which means they have less solute per amount of solution. • Dilute solutions have a high water content. • This is like a carton of ready-made orange juice.
4.1 How are Concentrated Products Made? • Instant coffee, canned soups, dehydrated beans, and jello mixes are all examples of concentrated products. • They are dry or thick because the solvent (often water) is removed from them).
4.1 Waste Packaging • Each person in Canada throws out 2.2 kg of trash which fills 10 000 garbage trucks. • Most of this waste comes from plastic and yard waste. • Packages are helpful because they can protect food from spoiling, or protect fragile products, or give us important consumer information. • On the negative side, waste is filling up our landfill sights at a quick pace.
Chapter 4.1 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms:
1. 2.
Concentrated : ________________________ ____________________________________ Dilute: _______________________________ ____________________________________
4.2 ACIDS AND BASES • An acid is a corrosive, sour-tasting substance that turns blue litmus paper red. • A base is a slippery, bitter-tasting substance that turns red litmus paper blue. • Substances that aren’t acids or bases are neutral and do not change the color of red or blue litmus paper.
4.2 ACIDS AND BASES • Examples of acids are hydrochloric acid, stomach acid, vinegar, fruit juice and coke. • Examples of bases are ammonia, baking soda, sodium hydroxide and Tums.
acid
base
4.2 ACIDS AND BASES
acid
base
4.2 Identifying Acids and Bases • You can check to see if a substance is an acid or base by using an indicator. • An indicator is a natural substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or base. • Some flowers, lichens, cabbage juice, tea and grape juice are indicators.
4.2 Identifying Acids and Bases • Scientists use litmus paper which is made from lichens. • Litmus paper is an indicator strip that has been treated with a weak solution of litmus.
4.2 A Scale for Classifying Acids and Bases • The pH scales tells us how acidic or basic a substance is. • The pH scale goes from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very basic). • A scale rating of 7 means the substance is neutral.
Basic
Acidic
Chapter 4.2 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Acid: _______________________________ ____________________________________ Base: _______________________________ ____________________________________ Neutral: _____________________________ ____________________________________ Indicator: ____________________________ ____________________________________ Litmus paper: _________________________ ____________________________________
Chapter 4.2 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms:
6. 7.
pH : ________________________________ ____________________________________ pH scale : ____________________________ ____________________________________
4.3 ACIDS AND BASES IN ACTION Reactions of bases and acids are present in our home. Here are a few: 1. Baking: adding sour milk (acid) to a baking soda mix/biscuit (base) will cause an acid base reaction. When they react, carbon dioxide bubbles are formed. This makes pancakes, cookies, and cake dough rise. The bubbles that are formed are evident in the little holes in bread.
4.3 ACIDS AND BASES IN ACTION Reactions of bases and acids are present in our home. Here are a few: 2. Cooking: Vegetables cooked in an acidic mixture take longer to cook and do not soften. Veggies cooked in a basic mixture soften more easily.
4.3 ACIDS AND BASES IN ACTION Reactions of bases and acids are present in our home. Here are a few: 3. Health Care: people take antacids (Tums) when they have heartburn because it neutralizes the acids in their stomachs
4.3 ACIDS AND BASES IN ACTION Reactions of bases and acids are present in our home. Here are a few: 4. Deodorizing: baking soda (base) helps neutralize acidic smells. That’s why they are put in the refrigerator. • Be careful when combining acids and bases. Never add an acid to bleach because it forms a deadly gases.
4.3 Corrosion • •
•
Strong acids and strong bases are corrosive. This means that they can cause severe burns to the skin and tissue of your body. Some corrosives can eat through metal or rock.
4.3 Corrosion •
• • • •
Corrosion is the wearing away of materials by a chemical reaction and is sometimes known as rusting. You need oxygen for this type of corrosion to occur. Silver turns black when it corrodes. Cars get rusty when the metal is exposed to air (oxygen and moisture). When copper corrodes, it turns green.
Chapter 4.3 Vocabulary Write the definition for each of the following terms:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Neutralization: ________________________ ____________________________________ Corrosive: ___________________________ ____________________________________ Corrosion: ___________________________ ____________________________________ Acid rain : ____________________________ ____________________________________
Acknowledgements • Special thanks to Kim Steele B.Ed. For her contributions to these lessons.