ISLAMIC ART AL-ANDALUS
Mª Victoria Landa
• In the Islamic Art, ARCHITECTURE DECORATION will be very important.
and
• PAINTING and SCULPTURE will be less developed, because it is forbidden to show people (above all, Muhammad) in painting or sculpture.
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ARCHITECTURE: FEATURES • CHEAP MATERIALS (bricks, wood, adobe -or sun-dried bricks-, stones). • BUILDINGS ARE NOT VERY HIGH. • VERY ABUNDANT AND COMPLETE DECORATION (HORROR VACUI). Mosquée de Bib al-Mardum o Cristo de la Luz Toledo. Le Califat de Cordoue.
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THE ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS • Different types of arcs, above all, the horseshoe arch. • Use of domes. • Two types of supports: pillars and columns. • Mocárabes, tipos de bovedillas unidas de piedra o madera, que aparecen en arcos, dinteles, bóvedas, cúpulas.
Mª Victoria Landa
MÂŞ Victoria Landa
Types of arcs
•CIVIL ARCHITECTURE:
BUILDINGS
•RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE:
• PALACES
– LA MOSQUÉE.
• LA CASBAH (ALCAZABA OU FORTRESS).
– LA MADRASA.
• CARAVANSARES • PUBLIC BATHS («HAMMAN»). • MARKETS («ZOUK OU BAZAR»).
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PALACES
In a palace, we will be able to distinguish, at least, these parts:
The Harem: reserved place for women Diwan: it is a room for audiences, where the throne is placed.
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Mexuar: rooms used for public administration and justice.
THE MOSQUE A mosque is the place where muslims pray.
Rectangular plant
THE MOSQUE ELEMENTS IN A MOSQUE: • PRAYER ROOM: where Muslims pray ou Haram • ABLUTION FOUNTAIN: for washing and purification before praying • MINARET : tower used for the call to prayer, the muezzin or “almuédano” will call to prayer. • QIBLA a wall facing MECCA. • MINBAR: the pulpit where the imam delivers sermons. • MIHRAB: niche in the qibla wall to show the direction of Mecca. • MAQSURA : place, close to mihrab, where the caliph prays. There is not a maqsura in every mosque.
DECORATION Calligraphy
Ataurique •Vegetal decoration
Geometric
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DECORATION ELEMENTS
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DECORATION Moucharabiehs ou Mouqarnas
Calligraphie
Ataurique
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Ataurique
ISLAMIC ART EXAMPLES
•Art during the Umayyad period
– Dome de “la Roca”, in Jerusalem, 691 – Grand Mosque de Damascus 707
•Art during the Abbasidde period (s. VIII) –Samarra, Iraq. –Mosque de Ibn Tulun, Caire. (s. IX) Mª Victoria Landa
THE ISLAMIC ART IN AL-ANDALUS • Use of poor elements (plaster, cast, bricks) covered with stucco, mocárabes or tiles (azulejos). • Reach its peaks during the Emirat and Caliphate of Córdoba. • Córdoba, the court and administration centre, had a big mosque, a casbah (alcazaba) and the palace and residence of Medina AlAzhara (936), Abd al-Rahman III. • From XIIIth century, the artistic centre will be the Kingdom of Granada, with La Alhambra as its more important group of buildings. Mª Victoria Landa
FEATURES • Mixtures of other artistic style elements. •Bâtiments de bas hauteur. • Horseshoe arch (arco de herradura) • Poor materials. • Polychromy. • Plenty of decoration: atauriques, caligraphy and geometric. • Irregular plans.
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ISLAMIC ART IN AL-ANDALOUS EVOLUTION •1st.- CALIFALE PERIOD : from 756 to Xth century.
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•3rd.- AFRICAN DINASTIES:
•2nd.-KINGDOMS OF TAIFAS: XIth century.
– Almoravides. XIst et XIInd centuries. –Almohades XIInd et XIIIrd centuries. •4th.- THE KINGDOM NASSERID OF GRANADA. XIVth-XVth century.
LA PÉRIODE CALIFALE (aussi les émirats). SIÈCLE VIIIe - Xe (786-987) • Pendant le gouvernement de Abderrahman I, il y a un manque d'intérêt pour l'art islamique depuis la plus grande préoccupation était la consolidation des terres conquises. •Des l’émirat independent commence une période d’esplendeur de l’art, qui a son origin à Cordoue.
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• ARCS – Horseshoe arch: framed by an “alfiz” , and with keystones
(dovelas) in different colours. – Lobed arch (arco lobulado). – Crossed and superimposed Mª Victoria Landa
archs (arcos entrecruzados y superpuestos)
•COVER (cubierta) – Coffered ceiling (artesonado). – Caliphale dome (with crossed arch ribs nervios entrecruzados- and leaving a central polygon)
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DECORATION
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MAIN MONUMENTS Big Mosque of Córdoba
•Palace of Medina-Al-Zahara (936)
Mosque of Bib al-Mardum (Cristo de la Luz) Toledo
MEZQUITA DE CÓRDOBA
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MOSQUE OF CÓRDOBA
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MOSQUE OF CÓRDOBA • Started in 785 (the year 168 from la Hégira). • Build by Abd al-Rahman I.
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STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
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PILLARS MÉNSULAS O MODILLONES
HORSESHOE ARCH
COLUMNS
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SUPPORT ELEMENTS: COLUMNS AND ARCS
DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
• Vegetal, geometric and calligraphy decorative elements.
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HARAM
•La salle à prière.
•L’element fondamental sera la colonne. Il y a plus de 850 colonnes en la Mosquée de Cordoue. •La superposition des arcs donnera une plus grande hauteur. Mª Victoria Landa
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ABD al-RAHMAN I The superimposed archs give luminosity and brightness.
Columns have similar materials: marble or MÂŞgranite. Victoria Landa
AL-HAKAM II – Twelve sections are added to the eleven naves of Abd-alRahman I. – Columns have no base (basa).. – Three domes are built in front of mihrab.
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HARAM or PRAYER ROOM
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MAQSURA
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•Arcos lobulados entrecruzados
Maqsura in the Mosque of C贸rdoba.
Vegetal decoration with stucco
Columns
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Caliphale dome
Trompas
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Capilla de Villaviciosa o del Lucernario (962-965).
CALIPHALE DOME
CALIPHALE DOMES
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MIHRAB FAÇADE
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MIHRAB
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MIHRAB
EVOLUTION: ABD AL-RAHMAN I
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FIRST ENLARGEMENT ABD AL-RAHMAN II
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SECOND ENLARGEMENT ABD al-RAHMAN III ET AL-HAKAM II
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THIRD ENLARGEMENT HIXEM II (AL-MANSUR)
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FOURTH ENLARGEMENT
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Mosque enlargement 1)
Abd-al-Rahman I (785)
2)
Abd-al-Rahman II (833)
3) Abd-al-Rahman III (950) 4) Al-Hakam II (961) 5)Almanzor (987) 6) Cour des Orangers 7) Minaret. Siècle XVI. Carlos I (Carlos V) - Maître-autel de la cathédrale.
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EXTERIOR
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Battlement (almenas)
EXTERIOR DOORS Blind arcs gallery
Example of lateral door. MÂŞ Victoria Landa
San Esteban door. One of the original doors Muhammad II (855). MÂŞ Victoria Landa
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Built by Abd al-Rahman III, it was for his “favourite”, with rich materials and exuberant decoration: ataurique. More than a palace, it is a fortified town.
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MEDINA al-ZAHARA PALACE (palace-city s. X) •912-961 Abd al-Rahman III •961-976 Al-Hakam II
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MEDINA al-ZAHARA PALACE
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MEDINA al-ZAHARA PALACE (palais-ville de la fleur, s. X) MÂŞ Victoria Landa
2nd.-TAIFAS XIth CENTURY
PALAIS DE LA ALJAFERIA (SARAGOSSE)
Materials are poorer and lighter. ALCASSABES DE MÀLAGA, ALMERIA et GRANADA
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ALJAFERIA o “ALFARERÍA” PALACE (SARAGOSSE)
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ALJAFERIA o “ALFARERÍA” PALACE (ZARAGOZA)
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PALAIS DE LA ALJAFERIA o “ALFARERÍA” (SARAGOSSE)
CASBAH ALMERIA (ALCAZABA DE ALMERÍA)
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ALCAZABA DE MÀLAGA Y GRANADA
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BAINS ARABES DE PALMA
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Jardins de Can Fontirroig, carrer Can Serra, 7. C’est un des peu restes d’architecture musulmane dans l’isle de Mallorca. Une salle carrée avec 12 colonnes, qui supportent une coupole.
3rd.-AFRICAN DINASTIES
ALMORAVIDES, XIst et XIInd centuries. -Mirhab de la mezquita de Almería. -Muralla de Sevilla ALMOHADES, XIIIth century. - Giralda de Sevilla, antiguo minarete de la Mezquita de Sevilla - “Torre del Oro”, Sevilla
GIRALDA DE SEVILLA (s. XII) Squared plant with access to the superior plants with ramps. Exterior decoration in three vertical parts, the celtral one with windows and the laterals with “paños de Sebka”, a type of romboidal decoration (nidos de abejas). Blind arcs.
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Fondations de pièrre Cimientos de piedra.
Twin windows, horseshoe archs.
Loggia de arcos ciegos entrecruzados. Geometric decoration (rombes): “draps de sebka�.
Original tower Polylobed arch
Simetric axis
Bronze, “Giraldillo�
Attached
Renaissance Finish
Arcos entrecruzados
TORRE DEL ORO Sevilla
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Towns had a double wall, with towers in the exterior part. La Torre del Oro ha a polygonal plant.
4th.-REINO NAZARÍ DE GRANADA •XIVth ET XVth century
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FEATURES • Poor materials. •Polycromy. •Horseshoe arch, •Lots of mocárabes in domes, capitels...
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• Columns have a cilindric shaft (fuste).
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• Examples of covers
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DECORATION •Walls are covered with tiles (in almost all the rooms).
• Inscriptions frame the rooms.
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Arc peraltaté
Celosías geométricas (lattice)
Marble columns Mª Victoria Landa
Arcs de mocárabe
Sebka calada Mª Victoria Landa
Decoration travaillé en stuc. Policromie, ataurique, mocárabe et calligraphie cúfique.
Calligraphie
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Calligraphie
Materiaux pauvres
LA ALHAMBRA: the red(1238-1492) • Palacio fortificado construido en piedra roja, en Granada. Es una palacio con estancias administrativas, militares…
•PARTE PÚBLICA: •Funciones militares: ALCAZABA •Funciones administrativas y burocraticas, además de , administración de justicia: MEXUAR. •Funtiones oficiales: la sala del trono IWÁN para la diplomacia •PARTE PRIVADA •Salas para la vida privada del rey: HAREM Mª Victoria Landa
•JARDINES
LA ALHAMBRA: the red(1238-1492)
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MATERIALS •Generally low quality materials
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JUSTICE DOOR
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• It is a set of independent rooms, around different courts.
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SUPPORTS
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COVERS
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DECORATIVE ELEMENTS
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COFFERED CEILING
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MOTIVOS GEOMÉTRICOS (ALICATADOS)
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MARBLE
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WATER • It’s very important in La Alhambra
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VEGETATION
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INSCRIPTIONS
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EVOLUTION
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XIIIth CENTURY It’s the beginning of the construction , with IBN AL-HAMAR
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SALA o “CUARTO” DE ORO (MEXUAR)
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SALA O “CUARTO” DE ORO (MEXUAR)
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XIVth 1334-1354: YUSUF I “TORRE DE COMARES” Palace de Comores. •Court – “PATIO DE LOS ARRAYANES O DE L’ALBERCA (estanque)”
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PALACE DE COMARES (DIWAN)
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PÓRTICOS
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TORRE DE COMARES
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SALA DEL TRONO
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Torre de Comares (interior)
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Sala de los Embajadores
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Sala de los Embajadores
PÓRTICO SUR •En esta zona habitaba el ´príncipe heredero
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LOS BAﾃ前S REALES
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•Casa de las cuatro esposas legítimas del rey.
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1354-1391. MOHAMED V. PALACIO O PATIO DE LOS LEONES
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PATIO DE LOS LEONES (HAREM)
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PATIO DES LIONS •La FUENTE DE LOS LEONES (doce leones en círculo) . Siglo XI.
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PATIO DE LOS LEONES (HAREM)
SALA DE LAS DOS HERMANAS (NORTE)
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CÚPULA DE LAS DOS HERMANAS
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MIRADOR DE DARAXA
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MIRADOR DE DARAXA
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SALA DE LOS MOCÁRABES (OESTE)
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LA ALHAMBRA (1238-1492)
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SALA DE “LOS
ABENCERRAJES”
(SUR)
•Para los banquetes en invierno.
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Cúpula de la Sala de los “Abencerrajes”
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SALA DE LOS REYES •
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Para las fiestas en verano.
SALA DE LOS REYES
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10 SULTANES DE LA DINASTÍA
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EL PARTAL
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COUR del Partal C’est le palais le plus antique, avec une tour annexé (la Tour des Dames) Mª Victoria Landa
•EL GENERALIFE
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1319 MOHAMED II E ISMAEL I
EL GENERALIFE •Residencia de verano
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PATIO DE LA ACEQUIA
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GENERALIFE
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•LE COUR DE LA SULTANA
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LA ALHAMBRA: the red (1238-1492)
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