National Mosque of Malaysia
CONTENTS 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION : Background History
Ooi Jun Yang Peh Ellyn
4
2.0 SITE CONTEXT : Building Accessibility Surrounding Buildings and Similarities Response to Climate
Poh Jia Yen
14
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT : Building Analysis
Peh Ellyn Ow Chen Lun
21
4.0 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE : Design Approach Islamic Architecture Modern Architecture
Ow Xun Cong
33
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION : Building Structure Building Material Comparison with Other Buildings
Phua Vey Suanne
41
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT : Significant Components
46
7.0 CONCLUSION
48
8.0 REFERENCES
National Mosque Malaysia Constructed in 1965 as a symbol of independence and to depict the country’s newly progressive culture by a 3-person team from the Public Works Department: UK architect Howard Ashley, and Malaysians Hisham Albakri and Baharuddin Kassim.
It is located serenely at central Kuala Lumpur Lake Gardens, harmoniously surrounded by pools, gardens, birds and nature and within walking distance of the KL Sentral Train Station, allowing the pious from all over the nation to perform religious visits to one of the largest and most unique mosque in Southeast Asia. Combining state-of-the-art
modernist
design
and
Islamist
symbolism, the most prominent feature of the mosque would be the bright blue fold-plated umbrella dome which is inspired by Malaysia’s royal parasol. Fig. 1.0
1
Background Name : National Mosque of Malaysia Location : Jalan Perdana, Tasik Perdana, 50480 Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur Construction duration : 1963-1965 Architects : Dato Baharuddin Abu Kassim, Howard Ashley, and Hisham Albakri Architectural style : Modern Islamic Architecture Design concept : Bold and modern approach in reinforced concrete as symbolic of the aspirations of a then newly independent Malaysia. Description : The National Mosque has a capacity for 15,000 people and is situated among 13 acres (53,000 m2) of beautiful gardens. Key Feature : A 73-metre-high minaret, a 16-pointed star concrete main roof and also the water features which are reflecting pools and fountains spread throughout the compound. Purpose : To serve as a place where Muslims can come together for prayers. Also, to serve as a tourist attraction because of the symbolism of our newly independent country, Malaysia.
Fig. 1.1
5
History
30 July 1957
The meeting of the Federal Executive Council an idea to build a national mosque as a symbol of the country’s independence was mooted.
5 March 1958
Chief Ministers of the eleven states in the Federation of Malaya, a proposal was made to name the mosque Masjid Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, in recognition of Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman's efforts in guiding the country to gaining independence.
1965
The mosque was built on the site of a church, the Venning Road Brethren Gospel Hall, which had stood there since 1922 but was appropriated by the Malaysian government.
27 August 1965
The mosque was declared open by the third Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the late Tuanku Syed Putra Ibni Al-Marhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail of Perlis.
1987
The mosque underwent major renovation - the once pink concrete roof is now clad in green and blue tiles.
27 August 2015
Masjid Negara celebrated its Golden Jubilee.
3
2.0 SITE CONTEXT :
ACCESSIBILITY
4
Access Points Specific
Entrances
There are several access points to the National Mosque. Most of the access points act as both entrances and exits into the premise. However, entrances and exits into the vicinity of the national mosque will be categorized separately. They are categorized into entrances and exits for Muslims and non-Muslims. Diag. 2.0, Access to building
Fig. 2.0
Entrances
Diag. 2.1, Access to compound
Fig. 2.1
for
non-Muslims
The only access point into the mosque is located at the main entrance which requires tourists to wear robes into the holy premise. Tourists from other countries are required to register their name before entering the premise as a safety precaution. They are handed a robe to cover their hair and area below the knees .
Entrances
for
Muslims
Entrances for Muslims are located in various parts of the mosque. Such entrances are designated for Muslims only as they swarm in and pray in the premise. Thus, these entrances are prohibited from non-Muslims and tourists. Despite having to allow visitors and non-Muslims to visit the building, Islamic buildings as such highly prioritizes Muslims as it is a place of worship.
5
Access for Muslims and Non-Muslims Legend: Access for Muslims
Access for non-Muslims
Diagram 2.2
There are 6 total access points in total for National Mosque. A huge part of the mosque is currently undergoing construction, thus leaving only 6 entries and exits. There is only an entrance accessible to non-Muslims. Non-Muslims who do not meet the clothing requirements of the premise are provided robes. The National Mosque opens up only 1 entrance for visitors to control the flow and the clothing etiquette of the visitors easier. The main entrance of the mosque will be closed at certain times, allowing access to only Muslims to carry out their prayers. Visiting hours of the mosque is limited to non-Muslims only. If tourists were to use the other entrances, it would be considered as trespassing.
6
Accessibility Issues One of the problems addressed is the confusion for first-time visitors to locate the entrance that they should be entering from, specifically the main entrance for non-Muslims. Visitors are often brought into the vicinity by buses at the main entrance, it is however different for visitors who visit the mosque individually. If they were to enter the mosque from a different
entrance,
they
will
be
considered
trespassing. The lack of signs is the main cause of the situation. Fig. 2.2
Another issue to address is the lack of ramps for the wheelchair bound. A lack of consideration for the elderly and wheelchair bound is clearly shown with the construction of long flights of stairs. The issue also affected the elderly as they have to tread through long stairs in order to reach the next floor. It is highly inconvenient and slows down the entire circulation flow . If there is a high density of devotees, especially during Friday, the use of long stairs actually slows down the circulation, thus
Fig. 2.3
leading to a congestion in human flow.
Serious congestion is further worsened as the entrances act as exits. The collision of human flow from both sides slows down the circulation , and puts the elderly and children at risk if there are pushing and pulling on the stairs.
7 Fig. 2.4
2.0 SITE CONTEXT :
SURROUNDINGS
8
Fig. 2.5
Similarities of the surrounding site Masjid Negara is located in the city surrounded with many attractions. The attractions can be shortlisted into 5, which is highlighted on the site plan above. One of the similarities that the buildings around the national mosques shares is that they are all islamic buildings or Indo-Saracenic buildings.
9
Fig. 2.6
Fig. 2.7
10 Fig. 2.8
Fig. 2.9
Fig. 2.10
11
2.0 SITE CONTEXT :
RESPONSE TO CLIMATE
12
Climate Responsive Design The Umbrella Dome is a climate responsive design in Malaysia. The design purpose of the umbrella dome is to accommodate the constant humid and rainy weather in Malaysia. The folded structure of the umbrella dome allows rain to flow down the flaps, avoiding rain water deposition on the roof. The triangular openings between the folds of the roof is used to capture wind. The dome is located high off the ground. The high ceiling induces a feeling of great space as third dimensions of height is increased drastically. The high ceilings too provide more ventilation of light comparatively. Hot air rises and escapes from ventilators in the dome, making an automatic efficient cooling ventilation building system, allowing light to project into the dome for programmes at the same time. The Umbrella Dome is installed for both the praying hall and the mausoleum.
Diagram 2.3, Mausoleum
Diagram 2.4, Umbrella dome
Diagram 2.5, Plan view of dome
Fig. 2.10, Elevation of National Mosque
13
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT
14
SITE PLAN
Fig. 3.0
(NTS)
KEY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. A. B. C. D.
FIRST FLOOR PLAN (NTS)
Fig. 3.1
NORTH-EAST ELEVATION
Fig. 3.2
(NTS)
Prayer Hall Courtyard Warrior Mausoleum Verandah Gallery Office Office Meeting hall Waiting area & Anjung Khas entry Royal robing room South-West entrance Royal entrance North-East entrance Main staircase
15
Plan to Elevation Analysis Inverse
Fig. 3.3, Exterior view of Masjid Negara.
An inverse relationship can be derived by analyzing the plan and elevation of Masjid Negara. It specifically involves the size of a selected portion within the mosque juxtaposed against another.
For instance, the main building of the mosque which is larger in size correlates to a smaller representation in its elevation. Instead, the minaret is shown as a dominant feature in the elevation, but appears significantly reduced when expressed in plan.
Fig. 3.4
Main building Minaret
The inverse relationship within Masjid Negara occurs twice, in which the former displays a less significant portion in its elevation compared to when it is represented in plan, and the latter, shows more dominance in elevation than in plan. Fig. 3.5
16
Circulation to Use-space Primary circulation Secondary circulation
Diag. 3.0 Fig. 3.6, Verandah leading to the Prayer Hall.
The interior circulation of the mosque is predominantly horizontal due to the allocation of most spaces on the first floor. There is a total of five points of accessibility, which are the five staircases leading to the upper level. With the aid of the repeating parallel columns, the circulation flow can be easily determined as the vertical structures help define a clear circulation path in the interior. Fig. 3.7, Verandah leading to the Warrior Mausoleum. Primary circulation Secondary circulation
Diag. 3.1
The circulation can be further categorized into primary and secondary circulations, represented by channels of movement
Fig. 3.8, Verandah outside the Prayer Hall.
within the building. The 3 southern staircases, i.e. Royal Entrance (B), Anjung Khas Entry (9) and the South-West Entrance (A), constitute the start of the primary circulation which then leads towards the spaces which holds the concentration of activity, i.e. the Warrior Mausoleum (3), Minaret and Prayer Hall (1). For secondary circulation, the channels lead towards the spaces such as the Prayer Hall, courtyard (2) and the offices (6,7).
Fig. 3.9, Verandah next to the courtyard. 17
Organization Analysis Symmetry and Balance
Symmetry axes
Fig. 3.10, Exterior of the Prayer Hall. Diag. 3.2
Formal architectural language such as symmetry or axis is evident, however, subtle in the architecture of the mosque. The various entrances makes it exceptionally accessible to all, reflecting the notion of liberating the nation of any ethnic preference.
Symmetry and balance are seen in both the plan as
Fig. 3.11, Interior of the Prayer Hall.
well as the elevations of the building. Biaxial symmetry is established through the interior space, giving equal compositions on each side of the two axis lines. The intersection point of the two axes is situated at the center of the Prayer Hall (1). Balance and harmony demonstrated in the architecture adds aesthetic value to the mosque.
Fig. 3.12, Ceiling of the Prayer Hall. 18
Hierarchy Secondary space Primary space
Diag. 3.3
The hierarchy in the mosque is determined by the
Fig. 3.13, Exterior of the Prayer Hall.
function of each space. The spatial arrangement of the mosque focuses on arranging the secondary spaces -courtyard (2), Warrior Mausoleum (3), verandah (4), gallery (5), offices (6,7) and meeting hall (8) -- around the Prayer Hall (1) which is the primary space which has the highest spatial order.
Hierarchy in size of spaces is also applied in the mosque. The Prayer Hall which is the largest space, is
Fig. 3.14, Entrance of the Prayer Hall.
positioned in the center of the main building, leaving all the other smaller spaces to be aligned around it.
In general, the hierarchy of the mosque exhibits a concentric configuration, i.e. the closer to the center, the more important the space.
Fig. 3.15, Interior of the Prayer Hall.
19
Geometry The main building of the mosque has a clean rectangular form and is connected with several other rectangular structures which act as the verandah (4), meeting hall (8), waiting area and entry (9), royal entrance (B), Southwest entrance (A) as well as North-East entrance (C). This creates minimalism
and
portrays
characteristics
of
modernist architecture, rejecting the need of a bombastic form.
Emphasis on vertical lines compared to horizontal lines
are
often
more
evident
in
Diag. 3.4 Main building Connecting rectangular structure Minaret
modern
architecture. In the case of the mosque, strong horizontal lines dominate the entire building form. This is to prevent the existence of the mosque from overwhelming
the
surrounding
nature
and Diag. 3.5
landscape.
The Minaret is the only distinct vertical cuboid structure within the mosque. Its height dominates the entire landscape of the area, which reminds prayers to commit themselves to their religious devotions.
20 Fig. 3.16, Minaret.
Architecture4.0 Style Analysis ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
21
Introduction Architecture style is important for a building as it is the character and features that make a building or other structure notable and historically identifiable. A style may include elements such as form, method of construction, building material, and regional character. Most architecture can be classified as a chronology of styles which changes over time reflecting changing fashions, beliefs and religions, or the emergence of new ideas, technology, or materials which make new styles possible. First and foremost, the national mosque is built to commemorate the newly gained independence of Malaysia. Modernism architecture style is used to promote modern thinking and moving forward, while Mosque and Islamic architecture style is almost implanted to fulfill the main function of the building. Fig. 4.0
22
Islamic Architecture Islamic architecture is a distinctive architectural style featuring regional variations in both Islamic and non-Islamic countries. One of the best example of an Islamic architecture is the Mosques, as most mosques implies the principles of an Islamic architecture such as distinctive arches, tile designs, towers, courtyards and interior gardens. One of the central concepts of Islamic architecture is that of privacy, and for this reason it is referred to as "architecture of the veil.“
Mosque Architecture Mosque architecture is the form familiar to many in the West. Early mosque design is called "hypostyle"
which means a courtyard being
surrounded by it is a quadrilateral shape. Domes and cupolas played an important part in Arab architecture long before the emergence of Islam and they continue to be the important features of a mosque design.
Most common mosque interior contains a niche in the wall called the mihrab. The niche faces Mecca, which is the direction where Muslims face to pray. Each external walls of the mosque contains a niche called an iwan. The minaret is also one of the main characteristic of mosque architecture. Minarets are towers where the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer. Mosque
interiors
are
often
exceptionally
decorated with screenings of geometric marquetry and colorful tiling. Fig. 4.1
26
Minaret Minaret is a Islamic religious architecture. Minaret is a tall tower that is often found connected with a mosque. Minarets are towers built as the landmarks of Islam and to imprint the site with Islamic features, thus it have to be visible from afar. The number of minaret in a mosque can vary from one to as many as six towers. The function of the tower is to call upon the devotees for prayers five times each day by a muezzin, or crier. Most traditional minaret have one or more balconies or open galleries, however the national mosque is different as it does not have balconies and is unaccessible with the verandah surrounding it. Minarets are constructed in a variety of forms and are often found attached to a square base which and is then raise in a series of steps and stages. However, unlike the traditional way of minaret, the national mosque has its minaret sitting in a reflective pool making it as if it is emerging from the water instead of the usual ground. The upper part of the minaret which is the roof is usually lavishly decorated with carvings. Just like other modern architectures, the top part of the minaret in the national mosque does not have much decorations instead it have a more distinct form which is like a folded parasol.
Fig. 4.2, Minaret.
Diag. 4.0 24
Geometric Pattern Islamic architecture tends to use geometric patterns instead of figurative images as decorations. The geometric designs in Islamic art are often built on combinations of repeated squares and circles, which overlaps to form intricate patterns and tessellations.
Islamic patterns can be seen as a lead for viewers to understand the underlying reality and also as decorations to transform a dull looking structure into something with lightness and pattern by creating rhythm, scale, form and texture.
The facade in the national mosque uses islamic geometric patterns as screenings allow sufficient lights to penetrate into the mosque and also allow better air ventilation to accommodate Malaysia’s hot climate. Fig. 4.3 Geometry screening
Fig 4.4
Fig 4.5
Fig 4.6
25
Reflective Pool A reflecting pool is a water feature consists of shallow pool of water that are still and static in order to have a reflective surface. Reflecting pools are often designed with a outer basin floor at the rim slightly deeper than the central area to suppress wave formation.
Islamic architecture uses water for several reasons. Firstly, the water in the pool is used to cool down the hot climate of Malaysia. Besides that, the reflective pool also helps mark the axis of the mosque. At the same time, the dark surface of the pool also reflects the surrounding environment of the mosque, and visually multiply the adjacent architecture and its decorative detailing. Last but not least, the reflective pool in the mosque is also used as a symbol to represent the life-giving, sustaining, and purifying aspects of water mentioned in the Qur’an. Fig 4.7 Reflection Poll
Fig 4.8, The location of reflective pool from plan.
26
Horseshoe Arch Horseshoe arches are the first conversion of arches design in Islamic Architecture. The horseshoe arch is a symbolic design that was procure from the spherical nature of the universe and also the emblematic dome of the mosques. The horseshoe arch is designed this way in order to allow more height than the classical semi-circular arch. At the same time, it also allow the penetration of light and better air ventilation. The arch was first used for structural and functional purposes but in the meantime it is also used as decoratives. It is to be believed that the horseshoe arch was inspired by the curve of the islamic geometric patterns as well as the palm tree. The horseshoe arch also seems to be bulge out as if the sails being blown by the wind, which compliments the function of the arch. Fig 4.9 Fig 4.10
30
7 Principles of Islamic Architecture Architecture as Tawhid: Unity & Uniquity of Allah An Islamic building focuses on strengthening the bond between muslims within the conformity of God's will, thus the mosque contains many doorways and have a large space that can accommodate up to 15 000 people. Fig 4.11 Main prayer hall
Architecture of Ihtiram: Respect Islamic building acts as an obedience and respectation to Allah through harmony and the purity of geometric shapes that are often found decorating the floor, walls, windows and screening of the mosque.
Fig 4.12 Floor tile pattern
Architecture with Ikhlas: Sincerity Sincerity and purity with simple and non-extravagant are often found as the concept design of an Islamic building where it is built within conformity to God’s will.
28 Fig 4.13 Verandah
Architecture as Pursuit of Ilm: Knowledge Islamic buildings often have calligraphy inscriptions to illustrate knowledge carved on the building itself. Besides that, Islamic architecture also manipulates the light source to illuminate the effects of the sun rays and moonlight in order to provide an individualism sensory experience
Fig 4.14 Islamic calligraphy wall art
Architecture for Iqtisad: Balance An Islamic building should have harmony between functional and spiritual elements Islamic architecture often consists a balance between functional and spiritual elements. Besides that, Islamic buildings are also mostly symmetrical both in plan and also the elevations. Diag. 4.1
Architecture of Haya’: Modesty Modesty is illustrated in this mosque through the usage of geometrical screenings. Besides serving as a common soldier screening, it also serves as an aesthetic feature film as well as an environmental feature
Architecture as Dikr: Remembrance Islamic architecture also acts as a remembrance of Allah through geometric adornments manifesting the mosque.
FIg 4.15 Mosque hallway with screening
29
Modern Architecture Modern architecture is a style that emerged in the first half of the 20th century response to large-scale changes in both technology and society. Modern architecture have its own characteristics and qualities, such as The rational and proper choices of materials used for the designs and the simplicity and clarity in design with no extra ornamentation and decorations. Modern architecture is also known for its openness to structure innovation with large glass window and walls that are non-load
bearing.
This
type
of
architectural style emphasizes more on horizontal and vertical elements and also having
asymmetrical
compositions
instead of the traditional symmetrical form. Last but not least, One of the most important
features
of
a
modern
architecture is that the functions and purposes of the buildings comes before form.
30 Fig 4.16
Umbrella dome : Rejection of Tradition
White walls : Simplicity and clarity in design
Diag. 4.2
Open spaces : Structure supported by columns
Boxy form : Focuses on horizontal elements
Fig 4.17 Mosque panorama
34
Umbrella-shaped Dome The roof of the mosque is the best example of modern architecture, as it rejects the traditional round dome and instead have an angular roof that appears to be a partially unfolded umbrella that represents the aspiration of an independent nation. The mosque was unable to have a normal round umbrella dome roof as concrete is chosen as the material for the roof. Thus resulted the design of an angular shaped dome using the radial fold system creating the well known umbrella roof of the national mosque. The roof was inspired by the sovereignty, which is always escorted with a parasol (payung kertas) for protection against the weather and spiritually harmful forces. The roof is also seen as if the worshippers of the mosque are being embraced and are under the protection of Allah(God) when being inside the mosque. FIg 4.18
On the other hand, the minaret roof is a “close-parasol� that points upwards. It signifies the strength and unity of the people.
Fig 4.19 Mosque roof plan The main dome consists a total of 18 points, where 13 of them constitute at the Malaysia’s 13 states and the remaining 5 is to represent the 5 pillars of Islam.
32
Fig 4.20
5.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
33
Fig 5.1
Building Construction Before Construction Kuala Lumpur’s Township Arrangement decided to organize an international design competition to choose a design for the future national monument, but their proposal was rejected. Then they opted to organize the competition nationally but this proposal was turned too on grounds of being to costly and complex. To resolve this, they assigned the job to the Public Works Department, led by 3-man team, that Howard Ashley, and Malaysians Hisham Albakri and Baharuddin Kassim. The Public Works Department’s architects collected, analyzed and compared the famous mosques’ designs from all around the world. Receiving numerous influences from mosques in Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Spain, Arab and India while also taking inspiration from architecture styles like Modernistic Expressionism and merging them with local vernacular style. Their design was then accepted by the mosque committee in June 1960. 34
During Construction The first step of the project was locating a site for the new building, but all prospective sites in central Kuala Lumpur fitting for the National Mosque which is of national icon status was occupied. Thus, they decided to build on the existing site of a small church, which was re-allocated to another site by the government. The first step involved demolishing the existing structure. Then, levelling of the ground, piling works and construction of water systems were carried out. The preparation of the site was carried out by local contractor, Messers K.C. Boon and Cheah within two years. On 29th September 1961, a ceremony to set the Qibla’ direction was officially done by the Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al- Haj.
After the site was ready and the Qibla’ was determined, the next stage was the construction of building. The building was constructed primarily on in-situ concrete as precast concrete methods in Malaysia were still generally uncommon in the period of construction. Formworks are used extensively to support the building structure. While the only precasted components were the mosaics, which a factory was specifically set-up on orders of the architect to produce the mosaics on timber moulds into desired patterns fitting for the mosque based on techniques from Spain and Turkey as importing costs would be prohibitive.
35 Fig 5.2
Building Structure In the National Mosque, the entire structure is generally a combination of post and beam reinforced concrete structure (Figure 5.3). By using reinforced concrete, where the steel is embedded in such that the two materials internal forces oppose each other, results in stronger strength when compared with normal concrete. Such a decision was made to resist bad weather conditions due to reinforced concrete having more strength when compared with normal concrete. Fig. 5.3 Post and beam structure
The roof structure was reinforced concrete folded plate roof in the form of an umbrella (Figure 5.4). The technology carries loads without the need of supporting beams along mutual edges. The intention of replacing the onion or top-shaped domes commonly found on mosques with the umbrella form reduces sound-wave reverberations which causes user discomfort under conventional domes and encourages cross ventilation to reduce accumulated heat on the interior of the building. In addition to that, The roofing along the verandas around the mosque was constructed in waffle slabs (Figure 5.5) which allow for a more open floor plan externally as it can carry more loads, leading to supporting walls being replaced with vertical columns. The roof structures are cantilevered (Figure 5.6), which extends horizontally over the veranda and corridor walkways. Nine sliding doors made of big aluminium (Figure 5.7) lined the walls on three main facades of the main prayer hall.
Fig. 5.7 Aluminium doors
Fig. 5.4 Umbrella folded roof
Fig. 5.5 Waffle slab
Fig. 5.6 Cantilevered roof 36
Fig. 5.8
Building Materials Built in the Modernist style, the National Mosque uses extensively modern materials such as concrete, steel and glass where the strength of the materials allows for more open floor plans which enhances interaction between site and building. The materials used at site are like other Modernist buildings, used in exposed applications to create a clean aesthetic while receiving minimal alterations on materials and ornaments to remind the user of the national status of the mosque.
Fig. 5.9 National Mosque exterior
EXTERIOR At the exterior of building, the spans of its facade are screened with concrete formed geometrical grilled patterns (Figure 5.10) where it is a frequent representation of Islamic aesthetics which tends to avoid symbolism of any form. The screens provides a sense of enclosed-ness and privacy while still granting vital vision from the interior, and most importantly allowing cross ventilation to reduce building thermal loads. Fig. 5.10 Geometrical patterned screens
PAVILION The 48 white concrete columns of the pavilion built at the east side of the main prayer hall are furnished with unglazed white tile mosaic which provides a sense of continuity in design from overhead roof to the flooring in the pavilion. These columns are used to withstand the parasol roof structure of the National Mosque.
Fig. 5.11 Pavilion front view
Fig. 5.12 Pavilion perspective view
Diag. 5.0 Pavilion location
Fig. 5.13 Parasol roof
VERANDAH The verandah features terazzo flooring furnished with glazed black mosaic tiles with reflective properties that imbues a perception of depth and relates to the reflective pool on the side which elevates the user experience when walking down the walkway. The verandah is lined with 154 concrete columns built to support the expansive concrete roof over the top. These columns are ornamented with caps of gold plated aluminium at the top and base provides a sense of subtle beauty which goes in harmony with the overall look of the verandah.
Diag. 5.1 Verandah location
41 Fig. 5.14 Verandah front view
Fig. 5.15 Verandah views on side
INTERIOR MAIN PRAYER HALL Marbles of plain cream colour are installed over the north, south and east walls with the exception of the mithrab wall creates a sense of clean simplicity which reflects an adherence to modern architecture. Decorative elements are limited to the main prayer hall of the National Mosque. A line of Quranic verses written in gold strikes across walls which acts as decorative elements while providing a sense of austerity.
Diagram 1.3 Main prayer hall location
Stained glass with geometrical patterns
Quranic verses written in gold
Carpet for prayers and sound absorption
Fig. 5.16 Main prayer hall
STAINED GLASS The main prayer hall is embellished with stained glass of Quranic verses and geometric patterns designed with designed in different shades of brown, green and blue coloured glaze coupled with soft light penetrated from background. Although using softer colours, the brilliance still inspire a sense of divinity towards visitors beholding it. Brown in Islam symbolizes purity and peace. The usage of blue and green is a natural fit in Islam according to Christopher Beam, (2017), as it is associated with water and greenery which is very potent at bringing life, especially at deserts, where Islam originated. Fig. 5.17 Stained glass facade of main prayer hall
39
Fig. 5.18
Similarities with Western Modern Building Through analysation on construction of the National Mosque, we can observe similarities with the construction of one world reknown residences in the world, designed by modern master, Frank Lloyd Wright. The house is Falling Water, located in Bear Run, Pennsylvania. One of the similarities is that Fallingwater was built using reinforced concrete. Common used in the modern building, being a relatively new technology known to that period for its advantages of being lighter while still as strong compared with conventional stone and able to be casted into a plethora of shapes. Wright also designed the house on which an entire terrace cantilevers over the edge of a cliff supported by cantilevered beams. This coincides with National Mosque’s cantilevered roof design. Lastly, the third similarity was the use of waffle slabs. Wright used waffle slabs in the construction of Fallingwater as it is a lighter and stiffer slab which reduces the extent of foundations. This slab was made of a thin topping slab and narrow ribs spanning in both directions between column heads or band beams. The column heads or band beams are the same depth as the ribs.
Fig. 5.19 Cantilevered beam in Fallingwater.
40 Fig. 5.20 Waffle slabs over the roof.
6.0 ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT
41
Blue
Roof
(Dome)
One of the most prominent element would be the half-opened umbrella roof that represents the protection from god to all His followers. As Malaysia has just recently achieved independence in 1957, this mosque was built with unity and the importance of Islamic principles in mind. As a consequence, the dome has 18 folded points to represent the 13 states and the five pillars of Islam. The dome stands out among other islamic architecture around it through the unique external feature. Fig 6.1 Semi umbrella shaped roof
Courtyard
(Garden)
The 53,000m2 courtyard is designed to give a cooling effects to the prayer hall. The big open space giving off a sense of relaxing and peaceful environment for prayers and tourist. Within the courtyard it include a fountain, its waters both a welcome respite .
Fig 6.2 View of courtyard garden
42
The
Minaret
One of the most visible aspects of mosque architecture is the minaret that stands 73 meter tall attached to the grand prayer hall and rising from the reflecting pool. The closed umbrella spire at the top of the minaret fuse with the design of the roof of the mosque. The main function of the minaret is to announce the call to muslims prayer that its time to carry out their prayer everyday. Beside, it also serves as a powerful visual reminder of the presence of Islam.In Malaysia, minaret resembles to be an essential element to be built together with the mosque. Nowadays it only serves as a local landmark because of the height and unique design that attracts attention
Fig 6.3 - The Minaret
Verandah It is located at the front entrance of the main hall , act as a secondary prayer place when need arise like friday prayer. Verandah also serves as a shaded space to cool off before entering the mosque.The space is created by uniform arrangement of concrete pillars covered by geometric pattern masyrabiah to allow light penetrating .Besides , white tile and
Fig 6.4 Overall view of the verandah
mosaic flooring reflects natural light and create a sense of peace and purity. The spacial design separate between the public area (entrance) and the private area (praying hall) to avoid any interruption to the prayer.
43 Fig 6.5 ceiling of verandah
Qibla Wall & Mihrab (Niche) Qibla wall plays an important role in a prayer hall. It is to show the direction to prostrate upon entering the mosque. Muslims must facing Qibla when they pray at all times. The Qibla was directed towards Ka’aba in Mecca. Another essential element of a mosque’s architecture is a mihrab.A mihrab is an ornamental indentation in the wall of a mosque that marks the qiblah, the direction to which Muslims turn in prayer. It is normally a semicircular niche in the wall.
Fig 6.6 Qibla wall & mihrab in the main prayer room
Minbar A raised platform in the front area of a mosque, from which sermons or speeches are given. The minbar is located to the right of the mihrab, which marks the direction of the qiblah for prayer. The minbar includes a short staircase leading to the top platform, which is covered by a small dome. At the bottom of the staircase it provide a doorway.It function is to amplify the voice of the speaker. At this time, microphones are also used for this purpose. The traditional minbar is a common element of Islamic mosque architecture . Fig 6.7 Minbar of main prayer room
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Staircase Staircase was built wide and rather massive looking . It is used to convenience the huge flow of people in the space. These wide staircase are built at all the main entrances to make the user feels they are welcome.
Fig 6.8 Staircase
Screening In the National Mosque, geometric shape of trelliswork screen filters allow the light penetrating.Therefore , the shadow provide great symmetrical octagon pattern appears on the floor giving individuality and sensory experience of the space for the worshippers. The geometric patterns exemplify the Islamic interest in repetition,
balance,
symmetry
and
continuous
generation of pattern. Fig 6.9 trelliswork screen
Portal
(Entrance)
The entrance of this mosque is quite unique as the walls are tiled in marbles and can be accessed from 3 different direction through 9 glass doors, uniting the prayers into one space. It evoke a strong image for visitors on the activities happening inside. Once visitor enter to the building, natural light penetrate through the stained glass and fill up the space with positive and Fig 6.10 entrance of mosque
spiritual feels. 45
7.0 CONCLUSION
46
Conclusion It is an undeniable fact that National Mosque Malaysia represents the Islamic religion of Malaysia. This architecture is the symbol of how strong Islam roots are in this country. Despite its status as a mosque, National Mosque Malaysia is highly distinctive and remarkable among the other mosques without resembling any significant similarities to Middle Eastern architecture. This mosque is a new blend of local architecture and Islamic architecture. It exhibits architectural language that represents the sense of nationalism through modern architectural style. To put it laconically, it is a modern architecture that represents the new Islamic architecture, serving purpose as a mosque for Malaysians.
From this report, it can be concluded that the National Mosque is a mosque of its own, a new
hybrid
of
modern
and
Islamic
architecture. The design took a huge leap from Islamic to modern architecture and that leap turned the mosque into a national jewel.
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8.0 REFERENCE
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Introduction (2017). Retrieved 10 November 2017, from http://www.travelsintranslation.com/2014/04/surprising-observations-visiting-mosque/ Hitt, J., & Swanepoel, A. (2017). Masjid Negara | Mosque | Religion And Belief. Scribd. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from https://www.scribd.com/document/318440664/Masjid-Negara Masjid Negara: 50 Years National Mosque Exhibition | IAMM. (2017). Iamm.org.my. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from https://www.iamm.org.my/masjid-negara-50-years-national-mosque-exhibition/ Mihrab. (2017). En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihrab National Mosque Malaysia Precedent Studies. (2017). Slideshare.net. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/tayjitying/national-mosque-malaysia-precedent-studies Qibla. (2017). En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibla The man behind Masjid Negara’s iconic ‘umbrella’ dome. (2017). Themalaymailonline.com. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from http://www.themalaymailonline.com/features/article/the-man-behind-masjid-negaras-iconic-umbrelladome#Z3pdYLjh6cOMJGyT.97 Visiting Kuala Lumpur's National Mosque. (2017). Traveling Thru History. Retrieved 12 November 2017, from http://www.travelingthruhistory.com/visiting-kuala-lumpurs-national-mosque/ Masjid Negara (National Mosque). (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2017, from http://www.itc.gov.my/mosque/masjid-negara-national-mosque/ Lim, Y. L., & Hussain, N. H. (2007). Masjid Negara = The National Mosque. Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia: Center of Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia.
Accessibility Diagram 2.0, 2.1 : The Influence of Islamic Political Ideology on the Design of State Mosques in West Malaysia (1957-2003). (2017). [ebook] Brisbane, Australia: Alice Sabrina Ismail, pp.168-175. Available at: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/19371/1/Alice_Ismail_Thesis.pdf [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]. Fig 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 : Taken by Ooi Jun Yang. Diagram 2.2 : drawn by Chevally Lo Zhao Shyen
Site Surroundings Fig 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9 : Taken by Peh Ellyn
Climate Responsive Design Diagrams 2.3, 2.4 : The Influence of Islamic Political Ideology on the Design of State Mosques in West Malaysia (1957-2003). (2017). [ebook] Brisbane, Australia: Alice Sabrina Ismail, pp.168-175. Available at: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/19371/1/Alice_Ismail_Thesis.pdf [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]. Diagram 2.5 : Done by Ooi Jun Yang 49
Architectural Layout Lim, Y. L., & Hussain, N. H. (2007). Masjid Negara = The National Mosque. Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia: Center of Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia. Clark R.H., Pause M. (2012). Precedents in Architecture (4th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Figure 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5: Clark R.H., Pause M. (2012). Precedents in Architecture (4th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Figure 3.3, 3.6 - 3.16: Taken by Poh Jia Yen Diagram 3.0 - 3.6: Compliments of Peh Ellyn; Edited by Poh Jia Yen.
Architectural Style Beholder, T., Beholder, T., & profile, V. (2017). Water in Islamic Architecture. Throughtheoculus.blogspot.my. Retrieved 3 November 2017, from http://throughtheoculus.blogspot.my/2009/03/water-in-islamic-architecture.html Islamic architecture. (2017). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 November 2017, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-architecture minaret | architecture. (2017). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 November 2017, from https://www.britannica.com/art/minaret-architecture National Mosque of Malaysia. (2017). En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved 3 November 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mosque_of_Malaysia The Arch That Never Sleeps | Muslim Heritage. (2017). Muslimheritage.com. Retrieved 11 November 2017, from http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/arch-never-sleeps The man behind Masjid Negara’s iconic ‘umbrella’ dome. (2017). Themalaymailonline.com. Retrieved 11 November 2017, from http://www.themalaymailonline.com/features/article/the-man-behind-masjid-negaras-iconic-umbrelladome#bOgLEEGG27rLc1AY.97 Behrens-Abouseif, D. (1999). Beauty in Arabic culture (pp. 7-8). Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener. Critchlow, K. Islamic patterns. Gardner, H., & Kleiner, F. Gardner's Art through the ages (10th ed., p. 325). Harcourt Brace College. Moustafa, N., & De Guise, L. (2009). Divine inspiration. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia Publications. Figure 3.1, 3.3, 3.4, 3.9, 3.10, 3.15, 3.17 : Taken by Peh Ellyn Figure 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14 : Taken by Ow Chen Lun Figure 3.8, 3.11, 3.18 : Taken by Phua Vey Suanne Figure 3.9 : Taken by Chevally Lo Zhao Shyen Figure 3.16 : Taken by Christal Wong Ching Ling Figure 3.19 : Retrieved from google map https://www.google.com/maps?q=masjid+negara&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi3sNXU6bz50 XAhUIK48KHXA5A_AQ_AUICygC
Building Construction Ma, K. (2015, September 04). The man behind Masjid Negara's iconic 'umbrella' dome. Retrieved November 13, 2017, from http://www.themalaymailonline.com/features/article/the-man-behind-masjid-negaras-iconic-umbrella-dom e#IhbqZRM1swEkoxsL.97 Wade, D. (2014, April 01). Pattern in Islamic Art. Retrieved November 13, 2017, from https://patterninislamicart.com/background-notes/personal-reflection/symbolic-meaning Beam, C. (2009, June 09). Why is the color green so important in the Muslim world? Retrieved November 13, 2017, from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2009/06/islamic_greenwashing.html Perez, A. (2010, May 13). AD Classics: Fallingwater House / Frank Lloyd Wright. Retrieved November 13, 2017, from https://www.archdaily.com/60022/ad-classics-fallingwater-frank-lloyd-wright History of Reinforced Concrete and Structural Design. (2012, November 08). Retrieved November 13, 2017, from https://engineersoutlook.wordpress.com/2011/10/11/structural-concrete-design/ Hafiz, Y. (2014, March 15). Nasir al-Mulk 'Pink Mosque' Of Iran Is Like Stepping Into A Kaleidoscope (PHOTOS). Retrieved November 13, 2017, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/03/15/nasir-al-mulk-pink-mosque_n_4959362.html Paul, A. (2016, August 11). Ribbed or Waffle Slab System - Advantages & Disadvantages | CivilDigital |. Retrieved November 13, 2017, from https://civildigital.com/ribbed-waffle-slab-system-advantages-disadvantages/ Lim, Y. L., & Hussain, N. H. (2007). Masjid Negara = The National Mosque. Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia: Center of Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia Fig. 5.1: Umbrella of faith [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 13, 2017, from https://assets.nst.com.my/images/articles/200915LTpg2n3_2.transformed.jpg Fig. 5.2: [Construction of national mosque]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2017, from https://www.bharian.com.my/node/77599 Fig. 5.3: Post and beam formwork [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2017, from http://www.aluminumconcreteforms.com/concrete_post_and_beam.htm Fig. 5.4: Waffle floor slab [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2017, from http://ww1.bryont.net/waffle-floor-slab/ Fig. 5.18: Fallingwater [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2017, from https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/industry/frank-lloyd-wright-tribute/ Fig. 5.19: Fallingwater cantilever [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2017, from http://www.waterhistory.org/artinfo/fallingwater/ Fig. 5.20: Picture Ribbed panel [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved November 14, 2017, from http://www.dictionaryofconstruction.com/definition/ribbed-panel.html
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Architectural Element En.wikipedia.org. (2017). National Mosque of Malaysia. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Mosque_of_Malaysia [Accessed 14 Sep. 2017]. Traveling Thru History. (2017). Visiting Kuala Lumpur's National Mosque. [online] Available at: http://www.travelingthruhistory.com/visiting-kuala-lumpurs-national-mosque/ [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]. Islamic Tourism Centre. (2017). Masjid Negara (National Mosque). [online] Available at: http://www.itc.gov.my/mosque/masjid-negara-national-mosque/ [Accessed 7 Nov. 2017]. profile, V. (2017). Malaysia Tourism: NATIONAL MOSQUE ( MASJID NEGARA ). [online] Mattaclass.blogspot.my. Available at: http://mattaclass.blogspot.my/2005/08/national-mosque-masjid-negara_23.html [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]. Thelongestwayhome.com. (2017). National Mosque of Malaysia: a comparison. [online] Available at: https://www.thelongestwayhome.com/blog/malaysia/national-mosque-of-malaysia-in-kuala-lumpur-pink-ro bes-and-comparisons/ [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]. Stampsofmalaysia.blogspot.my. (2017). The Opening of the National Mosque. [online] Available at: http://stampsofmalaysia.blogspot.my/2012/10/the-opening-of-national-mosque.html [Accessed 1 Nov. 2017]. realestates.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/.../CASE%20STUDY%20OF%20MOSQUES.docx https://worldconferences.net/proceedings/icasic2014/toc/papers_icasic2014/I%20088%20MEGAT%20ARIFF %20SHAH_TRANSFORMATION%20OF%20MOSQUE%20ARCHITECTURE.pdf Figure 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.10 : Taken by Phua Vey Suanne
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Edited by :
Site Context : Surroundings Architecture Style Analysis
Peh Ellyn 0326812 Architectural Layout
Poh Jia Yen 0331197 Architectural Element
Phua Vey Suanne 0327864 Site Context : Accessibility Site Context : Response to Climate
Ooi Jun Yang 0326501 Architectural Style Analysis
Ow Chen Lun 0326922 Building Construction
Ow Xun Cong 0321997