Diplomatic: Letter from the Architectural Enclave by Jie Zhang B.A. Architecture & Economics Yale University, 2010 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FEBRUARY 2015 Š 2015 Jie Zhang. All rights reserved. The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created.
Signature of Author: Department of Architecture January 15, 2015
Certified by: Arindam Dutta Associate Professor of the History of Architecture Thesis Advisor
Accepted by: Terry Knight, Professor of Design and Computation Chair of the Department Committee on Graduate Students
Thesis Committee
Arindam Dutta, PhD Associate Professor of the History of Architecture Massachusetts Institute of Technology Miho Mazereeuw, MArch, MLA Ford International Career Development Assistant Professor of Architecture and Urbanism Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ant贸n Garc铆a-Abril, PhD Professor of Architecture Massachusetts Institute of Technology Gediminas Urbonas, MFA (On leave) Associate Professor of Art, Culture and Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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Diplomatic: Letter from the Architectural Enclave by Jie Zhang
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on January 15, 2015 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture
Abstract
Seeing Architecture as a political art, this thesis concerns itself with boundaries: those of regimes, of culture, of law, and of social strata. In a silent crisis where sustained inscription of physical and social boundaries evacuates urban space into archipelagos of enclaves, Architecture with only ambiguous claims of public space is rendered both an accomplice and a victim, impotent against forces of capital and concerns of security. Exposing the absurdities in urban geopolitics and persistent spatial logics of exclusivity is as important as proposing to hack into them. Critical of the innocence of so-called public space and the underlying architectural impasse, the thesis offers an investigative commentary on the state of urban enclaves, while speculating on alternative strategies by designing an embassy, a bounded pseudo-extraterritory and the epitome of an enclave.
Through absurd couplings and blatant image-making, a seemingly open US embassy is proposed for Beijing as an imploded fragment of a boundary, its incompleteness buttressed by other territories of privilege and its disparate barriers articulated as a mechanism of filtration. Away from popular strategies of conceptual and spatial blurring, the thesis defines an architectural porosity to orchestrate spaces of varying openness, as a nuanced response to both the embassy’s double identities and schizophrenic agendas of city-building. With an architecture that is diplomatic by function and diplomatic by disposition, one experiments with an agency beyond the single pursuit of public-ness and an escape from the ideological enclave of positivism. Ultimately, the goal is to suggest and develop a methodology of designing with oppositions, irony and latency.
Thesis Supervisor: Arindam Dutta, PhD
Associate Professor of the History of Architecture 3
thank yous
Acknowledgement
I would like to offer my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Arindam Dutta, for his rigorous intellectual pursuit, sophisticated imagination and blunt criticism in shaping this thesis into an extremely rich exploration, as well as a great learning experience where my own notion of architecture and design methods were challenged and forever broadened. I am also heavily indebted to Prof. Miho Mazereeuw, for her acute and encouraging feedback on architectural design without whom the amount of final production would not have been possible; to Prof. Anton Garcia Abril, whose enthusiasm propelled me to think and design beyond the status quo; and to Prof. Gediminas Urbonas, who, despite being on sabbatical, generously offered time and energy in critiquing this thesis, whose witty comments kept me excited and inspired even in the most confused moments.
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My special thanks also go to Nicole Ashurian, Kenny Chan, Christina Chen, Jonathan Fidalgo, Sergio Garcia, Yi Hou, Shaoliang Hua, Li Huang, Olivia Huang, Zain Karsan, Jessica Lee, Dan Li, Rungu Lin, Liang Liu, Tengjia Liu, Zhao Ma, Kun Qian, Alaa Quraishi, Meng Sun, Qiuying Sun, Chenxue Wang, Qinqin Wu, Difei Xu and Xu Zhang, for your generous help during the last days of production To my friends from other schools of Architecture, Zigeng Wang for all the encouragement and thoughtful feedback along the way, and Yong He and Jun Wang for great conversations. To friends and faculty in the department, for inspiration and comaraderie; to Cron, for your patience and technical support. And lastly but most importantly, to my family, for lovingly and unconditionally standing by me in all my endeavors.
note on the format
Foreword
As its title alludes, the thesis straddles between architectural commentary, if not criticism, and design, for which the reliance on imagery and on language is of parallel importance. By operating on the front line of politics and security, it offers an equally investigative and speculative report of what happens within an embassy / enclave, whose mechanism of exclusivity is rarely revealed. The format of this book resembles that of a contemporary journal of critical socio-cultural discourse, caught between aloof cynicism and world-changing earnest. The book is organized into chapters of main articles interrupted by side notes and advertisements. To echo an architectural diplomacy, a language of subtlety and metaphor is employed. The book also intends to present, beyond the straightforwardness of a design project, the many digressions and dead ends during the research and design process, for future rumination.
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6
Table of Content 4 5
1
2
3
4
Acknowledgement Foreword
advertisement
Positions 10
The Abandoned City
observation
12
Present Day Insights into Diplomacy
research
22
Border Crossing
interpretation
30
Architectural Diplomacy
argument advertisement
Urbanism 36
Jardin Anglo-Chinois par Excellence
site
44
Open 7 Days a Week
announcement
46
A Vast Proxy Network
planning advertisement
Architecture 56
Porosity
concept
64
Ghost in the Machine
technique
80
Shifting Border, Lasting Tie
forecast advertisement
Further Reading 84
Final Presentation
103
Thesisito Presentation
109
Process Archive
127
Thesis Preparation
148
Bibliography
7
IT IS OK TO WALK ON OUR GRASS The American Embassy Park welcomes everyone!
free admission open all year around 8
1 Positions
9
A survey of enclaves that take on different identities and exist at various scales as a wall, architecture, neighborhood, landscape and infrastructure First row (from left to right): Berlin Wall, Berlin, Germany; Place des Vosges, Paris, France Second row: World Financial Center, New York, USA; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA Third row: Levittown, PA, USA; Bryant Park, New York USA; Fourth row: Neighborhood Escalators, Medellin, Columbia; 9 de Julio Avenue, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
10
observation
The Abandoned City
H
architecture unknowingly becomes both an accomplice and a victim.
A city under forces of capital and concerns of security could be sacked without destruction. In the age of enclaves that abandon the urban fabric, a silent crisis takes place through the accumulative inscription of physical and social barriers. Despite efforts in designing and constructing public spaces, the proliferation of enclaves continues unabatedly through sudden acquisition and gradual gentrification, where
Will contemporary events of global terrorism and environmental hazards further erase the relevance of the city, or demand a new boundary condition between the private and the public? The architectural boundary, traditionally understood as a line on paper, has not only transformed in composition as a combined construction, but is more importantly in dire need of reconsideration as a last realm of architectural agency capable of addressing contemporary urban challenges.
istorically, the role of Architecture has been to demarcate environments and territories. Despite modernist pursuit of openness and transparency that dissolved the building envelope, atmospheric and security concerns have replaced the pursuit of free circulation and flow to structure contemporary material practices. Gated communities, enclosed corporate atria and self-sufficient megastructures prevail today, their insular hierarchy exacerbating the evacuation of urban space into an archipelago of enclaves.
Concerned with the state of spatial enclaves and their social persistence, and the state of architectural effort in making public space, the thesis focuses its attention at the scale of the urban enclave, enclosed by boundaries of perimeter walls, building skins, landscape and auras of exclusivity, as a simultaneously contained and containing space.
11
Two dispositions, architecturally contextualized and urbanistically segregated, simultaneously exist in embassy architecture Top: US Embassy in Beijing, 2008, original photo courtesy of SOM Bottom: US Embassy in London, under construction, original photo courtesy of KieranTimerlake
12
research
Present Day Insights into Diplomacy
em·bas·sy noun
1: The official residence or offices of an ambassador 1.1: The staff working in an embassy 1.2: The position or function of an ambassador 2: chiefly HISTORICAL A deputation or mission sent by one ruler or state to another (Merriam-Webster.com, s.v. “embassy”.)
T
he embassy is the epitome of an enclave, removed from its legal, social and spatial context. While remaining on foreign land and under the jurisdiction of the host country, an embassy enjoys some forms of extraterritoriality. According to Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, diplomats retain full immunity from local laws. In most cases, the premise of an embassy stays inviolable towards representatives from the host country, which are thus often used as a refuge or sanctuary in honoring a different code of conduct, ranging from daily comfort level to political ideologies. The embassy also projects beyond its walls. On a larger scale of the city, the embassy is a masterpiece, in not only delineating a spatial boundary, but also catalysing and cultivating a sense of privilege. Embassies themselves distribute offsite cultural centers, and spur gentrification in its own surroundings into lush, upscale diplomatic districts. “The aura of influence” surrounding
an embassy that is a long-established landmark appeals to businesses and visitors, thus contributing a certain persuasiveness. More concretely, the day-to-day activities at an embassy include facilitating dialogues, publicity, travels, immigrations and import/exports, tying a political entity with a network of commercial, cultural and educational establishments, explicitly through trade negotiations and implicitly through diplomatic impact on public opinion. The aura of influence is realized through an aura of difference, and the display of superiority relies on binary distinctions, this vs. that, domestic vs. imported, us vs. them, previously established in the name of cultural exchange and increasingly necessitated by profit-driven competitions. The desire to simultaneously appeal to a large audience and to pamper elitism produces a spatial schizophrenia, what most precisely characterises today’s public spaces as exclusively benefiting a certain portion of the public.
13
Desire 2015
Embassy as Territory
Embassy as Opacity
Jun 3, 2014 23 British embassies around the world start to offer same-sex marriage ceremonies to British nationals and their partners
Nov, 2013 Indonesian foreign ministry summons Australian ambassador Greg Moriarty to answer allegations that Australia used its Jakarta embassy as a base for political, diplomatic and economic intelligence gathering.
Australia, Azerbaijan, Bolivia, Cambodia, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Japan, Kosovo, Mongolia, Montenegro, Nicaragua, Peru, Philippins, San Marino, Serbia, and Vietnam
Embassy as Proxy
Dec, 2013 US Embassy in VManila issues first visa to same sex couple
Oct, 2013 Archive from Edward Snowden lead to the conclusion that the US Embassy in Berlin monitors a large part of cellphone communication in the government center with a shielded special unit of the CIA and NSA.
Jun, 2013 Israel opens a twitter account as a virtual embassy to communicate with Iranians and Syrians in the Gulf
Embassy as Object
Jul 23, 2013 US Virtual Embassy Syria opens and is operated from State Department headquarters in Washington by Arabic-speaking diplomats
September 11th, 2012 US Embassy in Libya was attacked. The ambassador and three other Americans were killed
Embassy as Passage Feb 7, 2012
2010
Dec 6 , 2011 Online opening of the Virtual US Embassy Tehran as a website providing information and the US and its policies and about consular issues like visas, operated from the US Consulate in Dubai by a Persian-speaking US diplomat
Wang Lijun, former police chief of Chongqing, sought refugee in American consulte in Chengdu, “left of his own volition” and taken by central government authorities, sparking the Bo Xilai scandal Apr.27, 2012 Chen Guangcheng, blind civil rights activist, escaped from house arrest and negotiated move to the US with his family Jun 19, 2012 Julian Assange, editor-in-chief of Wikileaks, on-going political asylum in the Ecuadorian Embassy, London
2007 American embassy attacked in Athens, Greece.
2002 Nine people killed by bomb blast near US embassy in Lima - seen as attempt to disrupt forthcoming visit by President George W. Bush.
2000
August 7th, 1998 US embassy bombings: U.S. Kenya Embassy blown up, 214 killed (including 12 Americans); U.S. Tanzania Embassy blown up, 11 killed.
April 14th, 1988 At 8 p.m., a car bomb exploded in front of the USO Club in Naples, Italy. Five people died and fifteen were injured, including four U.S. servicemen who were injured and US Navy Petty Officer Angela Santos, 21, was killed. Junzo Okudaira, a Japanese Red Army (JRA) member, was indicted in the United States on April 9, 1993 for the Naples bombing. Okudaira is also a suspect in the June 1987 car bombing and mortar attack against the U.S. Embassy in Rome
1990
Jun 4, 1989 Fang lizhi, dissident in the Tian’anmen Square protests of 1989, negotiated flight to the US in the American Embassy in Beijing
1987 A car bomb exploded outside the back gate of the U.S. Embassy in Rome and mortars were fired at the compound from across the street. One passerby was injured in the attacks. 1984 1984 - Twenty-two people were killed (two of April 18, 1983 them American) and seventy were wounded when a van loaded with four hundred pounds The bombing at US Embassy in of explosives exploded in front of the U.S. Em- Beirut. 63 people, including 17 bassy annex in Awkar, Lebanon. Islamic Jihad Americans, are killed (code name of Hezbollah) claimed responsibility for the bombing in a call to the media. 1979
1980
1979 As Iranian students take over the US embassy, many documents found in the embassy suggested intelligence operations and lead to the folk name of the embassy “den of espionage”
storming of the countries embassy in Tehran by mob mistakenly blaming the US for radical Islamic faction hostage crisis in Mecca 1970
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961 1960
1960 US ambassador charges Soviet Union of planting listening devices in the US Embassy in Moscow Caracas Convention on Diplomatic Asylum 1954
Apr, 1954 A dramatic Cold War spy incident in Australia in April 1954, concerning Vladimir Petrov, Third Secretary of the Soviet embassy in Canberra.
1950
Harvard Research Draft Convention on Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities 1932
Havana Convention on Diplomatic Officers 1928 1940
League of Nations, 1920s
1930
1920
1906 Act Preserving the Privileges of Ambassadors 1910
1900
Congress of Vienna 1815 1800
British Diplomatic Privileges Act 1708 1700 16th C
Doctrine originated by French jurist Pierre Ayraut 1600
1500
Proxenos - Classical Greece Antiquity
Agency
Many characterizations of the embassy through historical events, as a territory, an object, a proxy, a passage, and a realm of opacity, and a chronology of its transition from an entity of agency to one of desire
14
April 14th, 1988 At 8 p.m., a car bomb exploded in front of the USO Club in Naples, Italy. Five people died and fifteen were injured, including four U.S. servicemen who were injured and US Navy Petty Officer Angela Santos, 21, was killed. Junzo Okudaira, a Japanese Red Army (JRA) member, was indicted in the United States on April 9, 1993 for the Naples bombing. Okudaira is also a suspect in the June 1987 car bombing and mortar attack against the U.S. Embassy in Rome
1990
Jun 4, 1989 Fang lizhi, dissident in the Tian’anmen Square protests of 1989, negotiated flight to the US in the American Embassy in Beijing
1987 A car bomb exploded outside the back gate of the U.S. Embassy in Rome and mortars were fired at the compound from across the street. One passerby was injured in the attacks. 1984 1984 - Twenty-two people were killed (two of April 18, 1983 them American) and seventy were wounded when a van loaded with four hundred pounds The bombing at US Embassy in of explosives exploded in front of the U.S. Em- Beirut. 63 people, including 17 bassy annex in Awkar, Lebanon. Islamic Jihad Americans, are killed (code name of Hezbollah) claimed responsibility for the bombing in a call to the media. 1979
1980
1979 As Iranian students take over the US embassy, many documents found in the embassy suggested intelligence operations and lead to the folk name of the embassy “den of espionage”
storming of the countries embassy in Tehran by mob mistakenly blaming the US for radical Islamic faction hostage crisis in Mecca 1970
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961 1960
1960 US ambassador charges Soviet Union of planting listening devices in the US Embassy in Moscow Caracas Convention on Diplomatic Asylum 1954
Apr, 1954 A dramatic Cold War spy incident in Australia in April 1954, concerning Vladimir Petrov, Third Secretary of the Soviet embassy in Canberra.
1950
Harvard Research Draft Convention on Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities 1932
Havana Convention on Diplomatic Officers 1928 1940
League of Nations, 1920s
1930
1920
1906 Act Preserving the Privileges of Ambassadors 1910
1900
Congress of Vienna 1815 1800
British Diplomatic Privileges Act 1708 1700 16th C
Doctrine originated by French jurist Pierre Ayraut 1600
1500
Proxenos - Classical Greece Antiquity
Agency 15
Desire 2015
Embassy as Territory
Embassy as Opacity
Jun 3, 2014 23 British embassies around the world start to offer same-sex marriage ceremonies to British nationals and their partners
Nov, 2013 Indonesian foreign ministry summons Australian ambassador Greg Moriarty to answer allegations that Australia used its Jakarta embassy as a base for political, diplomatic and economic intelligence gathering.
Australia, Azerbaijan, Bolivia, Cambodia, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Japan, Kosovo, Mongolia, Montenegro, Nicaragua, Peru, Philippins, San Marino, Serbia, and Vietnam
Embassy as Proxy
Dec, 2013 US Embassy in VManila issues first visa to same sex couple
Oct, 2013 Archive from Edward Snowden lead to the conclusion that the US Embassy in Berlin monitors a large part of cellphone communication in the government center with a shielded special unit of the CIA and NSA.
Jun, 2013 Israel opens a twitter account as a virtual embassy to communicate with Iranians and Syrians in the Gulf
Embassy as Object
Jul 23, 2013 US Virtual Embassy Syria opens and is operated from State Department headquarters in Washington by Arabic-speaking diplomats
September 11th, 2012 US Embassy in Libya was attacked. The ambassador and three other Americans were killed
Embassy as Passage Feb 7, 2012
2010
Dec 6 , 2011 Online opening of the Virtual US Embassy Tehran as a website providing information and the US and its policies and about consular issues like visas, operated from the US Consulate in Dubai by a Persian-speaking US diplomat
Wang Lijun, former police chief of Chongqing, sought refugee in American consulte in Chengdu, “left of his own volition” and taken by central government authorities, sparking the Bo Xilai scandal Apr.27, 2012 Chen Guangcheng, blind civil rights activist, escaped from house arrest and negotiated move to the US with his family Jun 19, 2012 Julian Assange, editor-in-chief of Wikileaks, on-going political asylum in the Ecuadorian Embassy, London
2007 American embassy attacked in Athens, Greece.
2002 Nine people killed by bomb blast near US embassy in Lima - seen as attempt to disrupt forthcoming visit by President George W. Bush.
2000
August 7th, 1998 US embassy bombings: U.S. Kenya Embassy blown up, 214 killed (including 12 Americans); U.S. Tanzania Embassy blown up, 11 killed.
April 14th, 1988 At 8 p.m., a car bomb exploded in front of the USO Club in Naples, Italy. Five people died and fifteen were injured, including four U.S. servicemen who were injured and US Navy Petty Officer Angela Santos, 21, was killed. Junzo Okudaira, a Japanese Red Army (JRA) member, was indicted in the United States on April 9, 1993 for the Naples bombing. Okudaira is also a suspect in the June 1987 car bombing and mortar attack against the U.S. Embassy in Rome
1990
Jun 4, 1989 Fang lizhi, dissident in the Tian’anmen Square protests of 1989, negotiated flight to the US in the American Embassy in Beijing
1987 A car bomb exploded outside the back gate of the U.S. Embassy in Rome and mortars were fired at the compound from across the street. One passerby was injured in the attacks. 1984 1984 - Twenty-two people were killed (two of April 18, 1983 them American) and seventy were wounded when a van loaded with four hundred pounds The bombing at US Embassy in of explosives exploded in front of the U.S. Em- Beirut. 63 people, including 17 bassy annex in Awkar, Lebanon. Islamic Jihad Americans, are killed (code name of Hezbollah) claimed responsibility for the bombing in a call to the media. 1979
1980
1979 As Iranian students take over the US embassy, many documents found in the embassy suggested intelligence operations and lead to the folk name of the embassy “den of espionage”
storming of the countries embassy in Tehran by mob mistakenly blaming the US for radical Islamic faction hostage crisis in Mecca 1970
16 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961 1960
1960 US ambassador charges Soviet Union
1900 first US embassy in the legation quater 1949 Sino-Us diplomatic relations resumed; the mission moved to Jianwai embassy district 1999 Protest against NATO bombing of Chinese embassy in Yugoslavia 2008 Embassy in Beijing moved to new location in Third Diplomatic Area Feb 2012 Vice Mayor of Chongqing Wang Lijun sought refuge in the US Consulate in Chengdu and caused significant political repercussions
Apr 2012 Chinese civil rights activist Chen Guangcheng escaped house arrest and fleb to the US Embassy in Beijing Sept 2012 Crowd protested around the official car of US ambassador at the height of Japan’s claims over islands in East China Sea 2009 Embassy and consulates started publishing air quality index based on EPA formula 2012 the Embassy becomes a popular stage for general protests for press attention
The embassy, enjoying certain autonomy and serving an important role in Sino-US relationship
As functional diplomacy of secured phone lines and visas becomes gradually obsolete and replaced by digitally enabled long-distance negotiations and private industries, symbolic diplomacy, a competition for influence, increasingly relies on cultural and ideological infiltration. A re-enactment of cold war tactics, diplomatic activities today entertain a programmatic shift towards civic, cultural, public functions while chancery and consular duties are often outsourced to off-site third-party companies and digital technology. As the embassy performs through its peripheral civilian economy, eventually, the embassy could be where there is no embassy. 17
Embassy District US Embassy Distribution Major Embassy Distribution Off-site program Culture Centers Diplomatic Residential Compound
Common Management Service Cultural & Educational Services
5000m
Consulate
Guard structure
“Atrium” Offices
Chancery (main offices)
Economic Service Internal Security Service
Parking
Development Service Diplomatic Chancelry
0
Marine guard quaters
Defense Mission
Affiliated Diplomatic/Int’l Schools
CIA Station
Residential compound
Consular Service
International Investments
US S
Interpretation & Communication Legal Service
RU
Press Service Residences
FR
JP
DE GB
Scientific Services Treasury
Beijing American Center
Embassy District
Ambassador’s residence
US Embassy Distribution Major Embassy Distribution Off-site program Culture Centers Diplomatic Residential Compound
Service
Services
0
Embassy District
Consulate
US Embassy Distribution
stments
US S
ication
Service
RU
Service
idences
5000m
Guard structure
Service
“Atrium” Offices
Service
Chancery (main offices)
Service
ancelry
Marine guard quaters
Parking
Mission
Affiliated Diplomatic/Int’l Schools
CIA Station
Residential compound
Service
FR
Major Embassy Distribution JP
Off-site program
DE
Culture Centers
GB
Services
reasury
Diplomatic Residential Compound Beijing American Center
Affiliated Diplomatic/Int’l Schools
Ambassador’s residence
0
5000m
A distributed phenomenon
US S
distribution of main embassies in Beijing and their associated residences, schools and cultural centers, composing a diplomatic constellation of influence
RU
18
FR
DE GB
JP
Church Starbucks Apple Stores Walmart Golf Courses Bars & Clubs
0
5000m
Embassy District US Embassy Distribution Major Embassy Distribution Off-site program Culture Centers Diplomatic Residential Compound
Common Management Service Cultural & Educational Services
Church
Consulate
Starbucks
International Investments
US S
Interpretation & Communication Legal Service
RU
Press Service Residences
5000m
Guard structure
“Atrium” Offices
Chancery (main offices)
Economic Service Internal Security Service
Parking
Development Service Diplomatic Chancelry
0
Marine guard quaters
Defense Mission
Affiliated Diplomatic/Int’l Schools
CIA Station
Residential compound
Consular Service
FR
Apple Stores JP
Walmart
DE
Golf Courses
GB
Scientific Services
Bars & Clubs
Treasury
Beijing American Center
Ambassador’s residence
0
5000m
Diffusion of cultural influence distribution of spatial products and western cultural output in Beijing, such as golf courses, supermarkets, bars and clubs, apple stores, churches and so on, as a whole peripheral economy of the embassy
19
Different user groups with various social statuses and access level cohabiting the embassy
20
Investigation of embassy programs revealing undocumented project area
21
Stoa of Zeus, Athens
5,000 persons/day co
lo
nn
ad
e
Coloseum, Rome
nn
rs
lo
ai st
co
ad
e
y
rit
cu
se
e
nc
lla
ei
rv
su
r
or ct te de
rie ar
al et m
lb ra he rip pe
ld
or ct
e ag gg ba
te de
he nd ha
al et m
d ke ec ch
d
k or tw ar
er et
ea ar
rim pe
re cu se
om ro
n tio bi hi ex
g
or ct te
e ag gg ba
pe lo ve en
de
tin ke tic
al et m
d ke ec ch
g in ild bu
e u aq op
or do
or do
y
s as gl
n tio rti pa
er ri ar lb tro cn
rit cu se
d
the multiplicity and sequence of barriers at various public spaces
ow
or
The ritual of border crossing
cr
um tri
ct te de
d ar gu
ng
by
i en re sc
al et m
/a d ar ty ur co
d el -h nd ha
y ra x-
n io
n io
pe lo ve en
e ag gg ba
g in ild bu
t ec p ns ti en m
l al lw
t ec sp in
s m ite
t en
d te
m cu do
ra he rip pe
cu do
r ne an sc
i ib oh pr
22
bo
dy
55,000 persons/day
Louvre, Paris
15,000 persons/day
Tian’anmen Square, Beijing
1,500,000 persons/day
US Embassy, Beijing
15 persons/day
1,500 persons/day
interpretation
Border Crossing
Top: Eero Saarinen’s US Embassy (opened in 1960) in London’s Grosvenor Square, original photo courtesy of RIBA Library Photographs Collection Bottom: current security situation at US Embassy in London, original photo courtesy of Los Angeles Times
I
mbued with both protective and projective functions, the embassy performs as the maintaining and transgression of thresholds.
Essentially a walled city, the embassy illustrates an illusion, where a lot of attention is placed on the architecture, the buildings, as the symbolic and functional apparatus of diplomacy; but in actuality, the ensemble of security control is the de facto agent making possible the extraterritoriality of an embassy. In extreme situations of attack or asylum, the crossing of the successive perimeters of the embassy is the critical moment whether one is considered in one political realm or the other regardless of if one enters the building. In situations of peace, the grand staircase in the Saarinen designed London embassy is contradicted and weakened by layers of bollards, security guards, and the 100-feet setback that surround the building.
The embassy, never an end but a means to an end, remains a boundary for something else. On one hand, it produces a binary condition of either in or out; the three great escapes of various Chinese characters into American diplomatic facilities in China illustrate the protective function of embassies, where a stay ranging from several hours to more than a year results in negotiations and transfers that are otherwise impossible. On the other hand, to make possible this protection, security checks and barriers to channel regular visitors form a thickened, inhabitable realm, one that is however rarely inhabited. Unlike conventional binary borders, the embassy as a boundary exists as a multi-layering threshold that delimits locality against exception, going beyond the skin-deep facade to include the surrounding urbanscape as well as the interior zone of comfort. Two main barriers delineate a series of activities and experiences: the
23
Tranformation of the composition of the perimeter of an embassy according to events and policy changes in the past decades
24
6
385
1
Three important cases of political asylums at American diplomatic facilities in China by, from left to right, Lizhi Fang (1989), Guangchen Cheng (2012) and Lijun Wang (2012)
25
Perimeter
Har
London
Canberra
Paris
New Delhi
Acc
Rio
Cairo
Moscow
Istanbul
Hag
Beijing
Stoc
Islamabad
Nairobi
Jark
Baghdad
Lon
100
400m
Various sizes and density of US diplomatic compounds, enclosed by a contiguous security perimeter 26
Hardline
Accra
Rio
Copenhagen
Hague
Beijing
Stockholm
Manila
Jarkata
Santiago
London
Different methods of further controlling access and distinguishing between semi-public and private spaces at existing American embassies 27
Top: organization of more than 20 different offices at the US embassy in Beijing Bottom: access level of spaces according to function
outer perimeter keeping out uncontrolled public and street life, from which buildings are further setback 100 feet, guarded by local police; and more importantly, the inner hardline, guarded by US marines, further separating semi-public spaces accessible to screened public and locally employed staff, from limited-access core offices and information. Thanks to the opacity and contiguity of these barriers, repressed desires are released, drinks served in the Middle East, gay marriage preceded in Asia, energy sustained in war zones, political asylum entertained in totalitarian regimes. The sequence of boundaries imbues cultural specificity and rituals of border-crossing in the events of espionage, political asylum, defection, extraterritorial immigration, etc and is the most contested entity of the architecture where political, social and climatic differences collide. More importantly, today’s embassies sponsor a 28
collection of bounded territories through the means of imported businesses, goods and education. Symbolic diplomacy is delegated to and consequentially enhanced by a diffused network of commercial and cultural establishments that infiltrate the host city, in this case, golf courses, service apartments, international schools, Starbucks, Apple stores, foreign supermarkets and so on. Whether explicitly or implicitly, these territories through the thickness of their boundaries determine and stage differences, between citizens and non-citizens, protestors and visa seekers, the elite and the ordinary. The thesis seizes the exhilarating opportunity in exploring the architectural potential of this boundary condition, whose depth reflects a logic of filtration as a prevailing spatial mechanism, and whose breadth into the urban realm relate directly to the phenomenon of enclaves. With all strangeness and complexity, it sponsors a series of questions:
Core Embassy Staff Public
PERIMETER
Public
Public Access Screened Public Access Staff & Guest Access
HARDLINE
Limited Staff & Guest Access
VIP
Staff
Very Limited Staff Access
Public (Citizens)
Public
A walled city a hierarchy of layered barriers and differentiated access for the public, staff and VIPs at the embassy and its peripheral organizations, inferred from analysis on the previous page
Could we question the basic qualities of contiguity and inclusivity of a boundary? What is at birth with the implosion of the architectural boundary, if no longer seen as a weightless line but a space, or a gradated thickness? What would the fragmentation of a boundary and its restitching yield? Does the boundary always conform to or subvert the disparate worlds on either side, or could it assume an autonomous identity for transformative agency? The list goes on... 29
argument
Architectural Diplomacy dip·lo·mat noun 1: a person who represents his or her country’s government in a foreign country : someone whose work is diplomacy 2: a person who has skill in dealing with other people dip·lo·mat·ic adjective 1: involving the work of maintaining good relations between the governments of different countries : of or relating to diplomats or their work 2: not causing bad feelings : having or showing an ability to deal with people politely di·plo·ma·cy noun 1: the work of maintaining good relations between the governments of different countries 2: skill in dealing with others without causing bad feelings (Merriam-Webster.com, s.v. “diplomat”, “diplomatic”, “diplomacy”.)
T
he social-spatial persistence of urban enclaves reveals great architectural frustrations of contemporary times.
Manfredo Tafuri’s comments from the 1970s still holding validity, Architecture today is caught in between the acceptance and rejection of a function in the universe of capitalist development; between a nostalgia towards revolutionary expectations, and a pessimism about the prospect of an artistic Avant-Garde truly capable of withdrawing from the various processes and power relations which both determine and undermine its subversive intentions; and between a refusal of productivity, and a desire to extend the dimensions of architectural agency. If back then, according to Tafuri, Architecture will remain hostage of power when still subject to prevailing means of capitalist production, the monopoly of power and capital today voids most, if not all beliefs that Architecture can
30
single-handedly affect underlying capitalist and power relations to determine the urban structure. Without submitting to lofty aspirations that will quickly fall into naivete, this thesis is interested in a conceptual diplomacy. Here the word “diplomacy” runs on three registers: 1.the apparent exercise of designing an embassy, tracing the history of diplomacy from gun power to cultural infiltration; 2.the spatiality of porosity, the neither open or closed, the fulfilling of dual purposes as a nuanced solution; 3.the design approach of a latent refusal to engage with either a positivist claim for publicness, or an attempt of self-preservation from power regimes; of exposing the absurdities in urban geopolitics and inherent spatial politics in
“Here, there is no longer a desire to communicate; the architecture is dissolved into an unstructured system of ephemeral signals. Instead of communication, there is a flux of information; instead of an architecture as language, there is an attempt to reduce it to a mass-medium, without any ideological residue; instead of an anxious effort to restructure the urban system, there is a disenchanted acceptance of reality, becoming an excess of purest cynicism.”
‘[…] The “fall” of modern art is the final testimony of bourgeois ambiguity, torn between “positive” objectives and the pitiless self-exploration of its own objective commercialization. No “salvation” is any longer to be found within it: neither wandering restlessly in labyrinths of images so multivalent they end in muteness, nor enclosed in the stubborn silence of geometry content with its own perfection.’
-- Manfredo Tafuri, “L’Architecture dans le Boudoir: The language of criticism and the criticism of language”, 1974, 309
-- Manfredo Tafuri, Architecture & Utopia: Design and Capitalist Development, 1976, 181
seemingly benign programs and landscapes, and simultaneously suggesting an alternative spatial strategy Different from an escapist approach, the thesis embraces the notion of an architect, rather than as a producer bound to the logic of production, as a diplomat. A diplomat avoids either conflict or ambiguity; his dignity retains an element of unruled, independent criticality; his politeness keeps him as part of market endeavor and thus of relevance, his lack of commitment in honesty and consistency well suited to contemporary cultural turbulences.
cism could coexist with earnest, what commentary with speculation. And with enough nuance in the shrinking space of design, a latency of architectural intention upsets the normative condition without overthrowing it, looking for incremental change. Then we might have Architecture moving towards a projective criticality.
A diplomatic architecture is required to tell two stories and assume two identities - an ability to produce coupled with a refusal of production. With this in mind, the thesis takes on the role of being part investigation, part criticism, and part design. Given the multiple dimensions of architectural thought and representation, cyni-
31
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GRASS. BEIJING’S GOLF PROFILE AND HOW TO BEST LEVERAGE IT
PRE
China’s City Winners
The People’s Republic might seem an unlikely incubator for golf prodigies. Chairman Mao, after all, banned the game in 1949 as so much bourgeois frippery and had the handful of golf courses that predated the Communist revolution plowed under. The taboo lasted 35 years. China’s first golf course built since then is not yet three decades old — younger than Tiger Woods. Even today, the state ostensibly outlaws the construction of new courses in mainland China, lest they gobble up too much scarce land and water — an edict that, though flouted in places, still limits the growth of the game. Then there’s the paucity of role models: though the country churns out Olympic champions in sports from diving to table tennis, China has just four professional golfers — two men,
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two women — ranked in the world’s top 300.
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And yet Chinese wunderkinds are now beginning to infiltrate some of the highest levels of golf. First came 14-year-old Andy Zhang, who played in last year’s U.S. Open. Then, in April, Guan Tianlang, also 14, dazzled at the Masters. The boy in popsicle-colored pants — the youngest ever to tee off at the tournament — made the cut despite a rare slow-play penalty that angered his new fans (the rapper Lil Wayne tweeted: “Shame on the Masters”). With disarming maturity, the eighth-grader never scored worse than a bogey in four rounds and became the toast of the tournament. Gary Player said: “Mark my words: we are witnessing the most historic moment golf has experienced in my lifetime.”
W
And the prodigies keep getting younger. In May, Ye Wocheng — at 12 years old, not even a teenager — became the youngest golfer ever to compete in a European Tour event when he played in the China Open. (The record he broke was set the year before by none other than his Chinese rival, Guan.) Ye has been playing since he was 4 — two-thirds of his life — so he wasn’t kidding when he said, through his braces, “I’ve dreamed of this since I was a boy.”
Qinghe Bay Golf membership fee $62,000/year
Park free
At least 1.3 times value spillover plus new sales opportunities ¥38,223/m2
est Park, 5th Ring Road free admission, open all year around
¥32,070/m2 ¥38,371/m2
¥38,640/m2
¥26,007/m2
¥41,510/m2 ¥40,769/m2
2 ¥33,185/m2 ¥29,618/m
¥32,000/m2
figure 1. Real estate potential in restructuring golf courses, using Qinghe Bay Golf Course as an example
34
2 Urbanism
35
wall
earth
water
tree
Traditional Chinese garden as a spatial and social enclave Chinese traditional character “Yuan”, meaning “garden”, illustrating the concept of a garden as a world closed onto both the disciplinary and natural outside, only successively revealed through contrasting elements of walls, ponds, rock works, trees, winding paths and architecture, allowing completely different codes of conduct from the house, and thus acting as a reserved refuge for the upper class
36
site
Jardin Anglo-Chinois par Excellence
T
he golf course is an ideal partner in crime with a fortress architecture, as its conceptual double.
Much like classic Chinese gardens hidden in the depth of upper-class mansions as a retreat from the outside world, contemporary golf courses enjoy an exclusivity sometimes surpassing that of many other institutional or residential gated communities. Behind perimeter nettings up to 100 feet high and often surrounded by luxurious villas, the golf course on a larger scale fathoms entire urban districts with an 18-hole modular logic for further growth, and on the human scale masks an intricate network of water hazards and sand barriers with a romantic pretension of freedom. A key spatial product in globalized space, golf courses and their proliferation not only document the rise of middle and high class communities in the developing world, but also expose contradictory realities between governmental legal loopholes, real estate maneuvers, and shrinkage of agricultural land, environmental
hazards, etc. Especially in China, the irony of golf as a forbidden game given a 2004 ban on new golf courses only saw the triple growth of nationwide golf facilities, approved and developed under the name of sports training centers, tourist resorts, public parks and greenbelts. In the particular case of the thesis, the embassy meets the golf course, both relentless, self-generating mechanisms for safeguarding elitism. Under the cover of “contextualization” or “landscape”, their nature as iconic symbols of the enclave reveals the lack of innocence of such terms, which through decades of marketing became associated with a benign publicness. Their almost absurd pairing alludes to other tacit coincidence of power and privilege (golf diplomacy, business negotiations during golf, etc), while being rife with possibilities to conceal such mutual reinforcement.
37
“For two centuries of westward(and Western) expansion, the grid served as a durable and generous device of speculation, planning and development. With the passing of modernism in the late 1960s, the grid lost its pervasive power, indicted as an emblem of inhumanity and homogeneity. Now, with the rise of golf space, the grid as a neutral tool of planning has been replaced by organic figures of development such as the sand trap and the water hazard...Golf space offers the perfect petri dish for business transaction, a self-reproducing site where tomorrow’s resorts are conceived and negotiated today. It grants people the power to venture ever inward manifest destiny in reverse.” -- R. E. Somol, Golf Space: Join the Club “Landscape has become junkspace, foliage as spoilage: trees are tortured, lawns cover human manipulations like thick pelts or even toupees, sprinklers water according to mathematical timetables...Seemingly at the opposite end of junkspace, the golf course is in fact its conceptual double; empty, serene, free of commercial debris. The relative evacuation of the golf course is achieved by the further charging of junkspace. The methods of their design and realization are similar: erasure, tabula rasa, reconfiguration. Junkspace turns into biojunk; ecology into ecospace. There is only a 31% difference between ecology and economy; in junkspace they have already merged, it is an ecolomy. The economy has become Faustian; hyperdevelopment depends on artificial underdevelopment; a huge global bureaucracy in the making to settle, in a colossal yin/yang, the balance between junkspace and golf, between the scraped and the spaced, trading the right to despoil for the obligation to create steroid rainforests in Costa Rica. Oxygen banks, Fort Knoxes of chlorophyll, ecoreserves as a blank cheque for further pollution. Junkspace is rewriting the apocalypse; we may die of oxygen poisoning.” -- Rem Koolhaas, Junkspace 38
Previous page: site aerial maps, courtesy of GoogleEarth; and news clippings, see bibliography Top, down: site photos, courtesy of SinaSports at http://sports.sina.com.cn/golf/2007-1219/15503369670.shtml Next page: the golf course as a deceivingly romantic landscape, original photo courtesy of The Château Élan Golf Club, GA, USA
“A hybrid of East and West, suburb and community, ancient and modern, casual living and corporate culture, the golf course is the iconic and consummate symbol of globalism, the contemporary jardin anglo-chinois.� -- Great Leap Forward, 396
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40°02’19.84” N 116°22’56.08” E elev 124ft eye alt 17499ft
2003/09/12
2006/04/26
2007/02/08
2007/02/16
Beijing Qinghe Bay Golf Country Club named “Best New Golf Course in Asia” in 2008 The club is located at the north 5th ring road in the core of Beijing’s Olympic area, with the Qinghe River winding its way on the south, and the 1,135 hectare National Olympic Park and13,000 mu National Forest Park further south. The two 18-hole international standard championship courses are designed respectively by Australian LCW Golf Design Company and American JMP Golf Design Company.
2009/06/19
Qinghe Bay Golf Country Club Fined 17 million CNY for Illegal Land Grab
2011/05/27 40
2012/09/14
The Ministry of Land and Resources (MLR) imposes a ban on golf course construction.
2004/01/10
2007/04/24
2005/04/13
2008/05/24
2008/07/`18
The Club is an exclusive membership club. Membership fee: 980,000 CNY / 157,000 USD
2010/10/26
The number of golf courses in China has tripled to more than 600, since the 2004 golf-course ban.
2013/01/10
2014/06/29
2014/06/29 41
Site
5th Ring Road
Olympic Forest Park
The embassy turns to Qinghe Bay Golf Country Club as an alternative site from a designated plot within a diplomatic district. Located at 155 Qinghe Road north of Beijing’s 5th ring road, the golf course was a 2008 development out of farmland acquisition and a blatant disregard of the 2004 ban on new golf courses. Currently, in spite of fines and national crackdowns on golf courses, Qinghe Bay Golf Country Club amidst industrial and agricultural plots continues to serve as a local catalyst for high-end leisure and residential developments. As ironic as a plastic landscape aligns itself along Beijing’ central axis with ancient gates, war monuments, Olympic stadia and national forest parks, all public facilities in principle, the golf course sends a sincere nod to the city’s latent, but otherwise increasingly restrictive civic and public realm.
Birds Nest & Water Cute
4th Ring Road
3rd Ring Road
2nd Ring Road
Forbidden City
Right: site map showing central axis of the city Next page: site aerial map, courtesy of maps.baidu.com
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Tian’anmen Square
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announcement
Open 7 Days a Week
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t the end of last year, a public competition was held by the US Department of State to study the possible design of a new embassy compound in Beijing, to be equipped for at least 50 years and to continually enhance Sino-US relations through contemporary diplomacy. Aware of a recent history of heavily securitized and standardized embassy architecture and responding to its many critics, the brief calls for a special attention to the embassy’s contribution to the civic and urban fabric of the host city, while stringent security requirements remain a paramount concern. The competition committee released final results in December after heated debates and several rounds of internal reviews involving senior officials. Two US-based firms emerged as winners of the second and third prizes. However, the first prize has not been awarded, reflecting high standards in crafting the next US symbol in the Chinese capital. Last week, we were able to catch partner and lead architect Mr. Z of Open Architecture LLC who garnered the second prize, for a brief interview about the competition. Mr. Z introduces the design task as having an obligation, beyond expanding capacity for an increasingly globally-minded Chinese community, 44
to embody present day insights into the future of diplomacy. As its everyday function is rendered obsolete by digitally enabled long-distance negotiations and the private industry of travel, symbolic diplomacy has been enhanced by US multinational corporations and institutions - a diffused network of commercial and cultural establishments that communicate American values to foreign territories. “Thinking forward for the next 50 years”, he says, “we propose a programmatic shift of the embassy to facilitating such cross-boundary activities and providing prime space for high-caliber events and programs of educational, cultural, scientific and technological significance.” What he calls an enhanced ECST program will include exhibition facilities, a library, a media store, a theater and auditoria - programs that will directly engage with and benefit Chinese citizens. “Our proposal suggests a new type of diplomatic facility that is no longer of secrecy and exclusion, but open and contextualized. Rather than joining with other new embassies at the planned 4th embassy district in the outskirts of Beijing, we chose a distressed property north of the Olympic Forest Park and proposed turning this illegally developed, very exclusive golf
course into a site of public use. The building, usually shielded by bollards, anti-climb walls and security checkpoints, will only occupy a segment of the southern portion of the site, serving as a gate to a rolling landscape dotted with open-air public amenities.” Learning from the harmonious relationship between building and landscape in classic Chinese Architecture, the proposed embassy preserves the picturesque topography of the golf course on which it is situated. While a winding waterway penetrates the main embassy building, affiliating volumes serving ECST programs bridge between the front plaza with the interior of the park.
On Tuesday, an anonymous member of the selection committee revealed to us that many of the submissions, certainly the finalists, provoke a systematic evolution in policy concerning diplomatic missions and their security requirements, which in themselves are not updated for the next 50 years. In a way, the Department of State needs to formally catch up with the designers in order to approve an executable design. We hope that Mr. Z has the patience to wait till then to submit his proposal again.
In commenting on the security risk of such architecture, Mr. Z points out the relative low risk of attack in China but adds that the proposed embassy will be as safe as a standardized compound using a set of advanced technologies. He declined to elaborate on them. While he seems delighted at the jury’s recognition of their proposal as “celebratory of the lasting tie between US and China and infused with American openness and hospitality by eradicating the diplomatic enclave”, he expresses a great amount of curiosity into the unattributed first prize.
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TECHNOLOGY
CULTURE SCIENCE
EC ON OM
ch
ry ce n a
IC
C
S ON
UL
AR
Thematic coupling between the embassy and civilian programs through official or unofficial sponsor-
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planning
A Vast Proxy Network
Master plan of a whole “diplomatic district� bounded by a thickened residential border
E
nclaves reject and absorb at the same time. The abolition of an enclave could undermine its integrity or project its influence further beyond. When a singular urban solid grows into a relational urbanism, the enclave persists. Often overlooked as a complication of post-occupancy reality, such turnaround of the enclave exacerbates not only a long-lasting failure in abolishing barriers, but more importantly, a widespread helplessness in designing public space. The thesis highlights such contemporary urban predicament as a design strategy. Just as the embassy delegates public diplomacy to a range of publicly-oriented non-political organizations, the embassy compound attracts spatial proxies by which it is protected. Here, the contiguous perimeter of the embassy is erased, made possible by a closely packed arrangement of civilian programs as off-site pre-screening.
The embassy at an urban scale is a fragment of a boundary, a bracketed line. It is situated at the southern portion of the golf course, and by serving as a gate, claiming the intention of turning the golf course into a public park. And yet, seemingly contextual, the master plan of the embassy extends beyond its own premise, which equals the building footprint, to include gentrified residential communities surrounding the newly created park. Announcement of the arrival of the embassy will inevitably mobilize development of neighboring plots into properties that best exploit the implicit increase of land value. As an influx of capital gentrifies surrounding villages and industrial plants into high-end residential and commercial compounds, the abandoned boundary of the embassy finds its replacement in a combinatory border that consists of the many individual walls and security procedures of resident ID checks, parking permits, security cameras in lobbies and so on - information solicited in 47
0 100 200
500
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exchanged for first-row access to the grounds of the embassy. A vast, solid and depoliticized proxy network emerges, extending the normal security setback of the embassy from 100 feet to over 400 feet by exercising new and equally effective means of control through the filters of wealth or merit. 48
Master plan of both the embassy’s immediate surroundings (south of the golf course) and individual residential communities as security buffers and vanguard of the aura of privilege
POLITICAL LAYERING
SPATIAL LAYERING
EMBASSY enclaved
“PRIVATE” PROGRAMS
strengthen
“SEMI-PUBLIC” PROGRAMS “SEMI-PUBLIC” PROGRAMS “SEMI-PUBLIC” PROGRAMS traditionally embedded in city
NON-EMBASSY MEDIATORS traditionally embedded in city
engage
r
ble
Internal hardline by Marine Guards
sponsor
st Security Offset
Compound perimeter by local police
“UNCONTROLLED” PUBLIC & STEET
LOCAL PROXIES scattered in city
A translation from political hierarchy to spatial hierarchy
gradated
porous
segregated
permeable
grad
Beijing Organic Farming grocery
Qian’men No.23 Gallery fine art
LAN Club
entertainment
Oxygen Bar health
Aman Spa health
Oriental Custom Tailor
American International School
fashion
education
Apple Genius Bar technology
Harvard Beijing Center education
Beijing American Club entertainment
Johnnie Walker House food & beverage
Typology of club houses on the borders with the embassy and their programmatic makeup
49
To best take advantage of their proximity to the embassy and the “park�, these gated communities introduce landscape into their walls; club houses are situated on the border, housing businesses as exclusive amenities for western-minded residents and gesturing a passage into the embassy compound, which, of course, only comes after another unseen filter engulfed within. Typical gated communities
50
Embassy location and surroundings
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华合置业
3 Architecture
53
54
55
A stratified society the general public as the largest and yet a seperate entity from political, business and educated elites
56
concept
Porosity
openness, closure, permeability and porosity
N
ormally, porosity suggests the ratio between the volume devoted to flow and the total area. It is differentiated from openness or permeability by a sophisticated control of penetration, concerned with not only the consequence of permeability but also its appearance. For instance, one can have unconnected pores isolated by impermeable tissues, resulting in a high porosity but low permeability or connectivity. To employ POROSITY as an architectural and spatial concept means going beyond material property and surface treatment, and dedicating attention to fractures in space, urban-scale materials, changes towards new flows etc. With a machine-like relentlessness, a porous architecture registers provisional openness through space and time, subtly differentiating levels of access. Its deliberate orchestration of circulation and view goes hand in hand with the double task of the embassy in controlling access while
projecting an open, boundaryless image. The embassy IS a porous boundary. At the building scale, it collapses the distance between its core functions and sponsored peripheral economies. The 250-meter-long wall is punctured by large openings into the park, and by attaching programs that are seemingly public, in this case, a business convention center, a library, a theater, a restaurant as well as the consulate and a golf club. On the ground, programs are laid out almost democratically as scaleless strips along the length of the embassy, within the depth of which the security perimeter is realized as transverse walls and securitized entry points. Similarity in opening sizes on the ground elevation and the repetitive usage of hinge doors delay an easy understanding of the programmatic layout, and instead give an impression of consistent openness. The consulate as the only oblique volume extends toward the bordering
57
a
b
a’
b’
The building as a filtration machine Top: ground floor plan Bottom: third floor plan, lobby of the embassy
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0
10
20
50m
Exploring porosity through modeling using wax and ice
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The seduction of transparency frontal(SE) elevation
street, a welcoming gesture by its alignment with Beijing’s central axis. Vertical strips of curtainwall erode the monolithic mass that is 10 stories high, continuing from ground level to varying heights. While large public spaces are located on the ground floor, semi-public offices of American NGOs and agencies reside on the upper levels. Their activities through the transparency of glass are exhibited to surrounding urbanity as a stand-in for a fictively open embassy. What is unnoticable from without is an internal street, a 10-meter wide gap within the building, 60
separating semi-public volumes from embassy offices. It is a void that is almost formidable as it rises up 10 floors and sinks to unknown depth. At very few moments, a connection is allowed, where the selective act of becoming a citizen, the meeting with American companies, the attendance at press conferences or official negotiations are concretized by the breaching of the voided boundary through different types of bridging. As one finds balance on a hanging bridge or swiftly slide into a room straddling upon the gap, the nature of their crossing or non-crossing is fully performed and dramatized.
A formidable entity looking down the gap populated by moments of breaching
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62
63
Truth be told back (NW) elevation
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technique
Ghost in the Machine
I
ronically but often, the effort of constructing public space is but one that constructs the perception of public space. For the embassy, the border is engulfed, and unapologetically articulated, multiplied, distributed - the combination of which turns the architecture into a filtration mechanism that further segregates.
and inconvenient public space, interrupted by car ramps and the canopy of the consulate.
Masked by a transparent facade, the embassy spatializes relentless security control. Enclosed in glass, punctures on the facade scream for publicness. In actuality, they exercise their own means of control with body scanners in the depth of their interiors; wall thicknesses are carefully orchestrated to reduce calculated risks of attack; the front plaza steps down from street-level and is interrupted by gated VIP car ramps, on one hand to prevent vehicular ramming, and on the other hand to frame a distant view onto the upper part of the facade without revealing the filtering logic of the ground.
For embassy staff, a separate driveway leads all the way to the basement floor, across the gap, where an infrastructural wall conducts vertical circulation as well as shielding the embassy from behind; from the third floor lobby up, exclusivity increases, where analysts are housed on the lower floors, deputies on the 9th floor, and the ambassador on the 10th floor. Storage and empty rooms occupy the first two floors, acting as a vertical security buffer.
For the majority who visits the embassy, their access stops at ground level within the public spaces unless provided proof of entry. They occupy instead the front plaza as a compromised
For the very few business, cultural and political elites, through their VIP drop-offs and express entrances to meeting the embassy they experience the scale and reality of the gap, with a heightened sense of privilege.
Lastly, for the public in its widest definition, who don’t be able to visit the embassy as there is only one in the capital city of each country, their reliance on the image of the facade only confirms the embassy’s mastery in image-making.
65
8F offices/press auditorium
7F offices/press auditorium
10F ambassador’s office
6F offices
9F deputy offices/VVIP reception room
5F offices 8F offices/press auditorium
7F offices/press auditorium
4F offices
6F offices
5F offices
3F embassy lobby
4F offices
2F offices/storage 3F embassy lobby
2F offices/storage
G VIP dropoff/public entrances
offices, convention hall consulate, library/media store restaurant, theater golf club storage
G VIP dropoff/public entrances
offices, convention hall consulate, library/media store restaurant, theater golf club storage
Conventional Hall & Agency Offices for Commercial Activities Consulate Library & Admin Offices by locally employed staff
Conventional Hall & Agency Offices for Commercial Activities Consulate Library & Admin Offices by locally employed staff Theater & Agency Offices for Cultural Activities VVIP Reception Golf Club
Theater & Agency Offices for Cultural Activities VVIP Reception Golf Club
Food & Beverage Support Facilities Cores Embassy Offices Storage
Food & Beverage Support Facilities Cores Embassy Offices Storage
Composite drawing showing the embassy as a penetrated volume, its programmatic arrangement and bridge typologies
66
B1 embassy dropoff
B1 embassy dropoff
mmercial Activities
lly employed staff
ltural Activities
G VIP drop
offices, co consulate restauran golf club storage
B1 embassy
Conventional Hall & Agency Offices for Commercial Activities Consulate Library & Admin Offices by locally employed staff Theater & Agency Offices for Cultural Activities
10F ambassador’s office
VVIP Reception Golf Club
9F deputy offices/VVIP reception room
Food & Beverage Support Facilities Cores Embassy Offices
8F offices/press auditorium
Storage
7F offices/press auditorium
6F offices
5F offices
4F offices
3F embassy lobby
2F offices/storage
G VIP dropoff/public entrances
offices, convention hall consulate, library/media store restaurant, theater golf club storage
Programmatic arrangement of all floors
B1 embassy dropoff
67
The scale of wall and its short distance from the nearest access road make impossible any panorama but a flattened image, where the reduction of depth collapses and confuses views into the embassy and into semi-public functions. The embassy becomes a ghosted existence, literally as a bar building behind the depth of the facade, and metaphorically as a virtualized, unidentifiable headquarters in the grand mechanism of channeling influence.
68
Third floor plan zoom-in
overall circulation network
public access
connection between agency and staff offices
bypassing of the golf club
public access
access at the consulate
agency access staff access golfer access consulate access
connection between VVIPs and the ambassador’s office
VVIP access ambassador access
Circulation diagram
69
Surveilled publicness on front plaza looking down a canopy leading to the entrance of the consulate section, the only oblique volume penetrating the wall, on axis with ancient monuments of the city
70
Third floor plan zoom-in
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Ground floor plan zoom-in
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A
B
C
D
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+36.00m
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74
+36.00m
+32.00m
On the inside, the two attenuated office towers are constantly reminded of each other and their asymmetry; structurally, one is supported by transverse structural walls, the other by a row of columns and a monolithic wall; materially, one light and soft, and one heavy and hard. NS section aa’, showing the consulate entrance
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The gap in between is decidedly dark, receiving most daylight from punctured openings on the south. It is only from the golf course that the embassy reveals its nature as a fortress, and architecture as its mechanism of masking. NS section bb’, showing the library and ambassador’s reception room above the gap
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forecast
Shifting Border, Lasting Tie
‘As porous as this stone is the architecture. Building and action interpenetrate in the courtyards, arcades, and stairways. In everything they preserve the scope to become a theater of new, unforeseen constellations. The stamp of the definitive is avoided. No situation appears intended forever, no figure asserts its “thus and not otherwise.”’ - Walter Benjamin, Naples, 166
U
rban co-location ties two futures together into a real estate market equilibrium. The strategy of using residential plots as a security buffer comes with the assumption of continued real estate boom. In the same way how the two countries are politically and economically implicated by national debt, the integrity of the embassy perimeter relies on the health of the real estate industry. When it booms, signifying a continual rise of the Chinese middle class and economy, the embassy enjoys strengthened off-site pre-screening. When it busts and developments are left half-finished and squatted by the poor, the embassy, alerted by the social climate of its immediate surroundings, would be forced to install conventional means of security control. The architectural boundary, a voided border, is constantly reminded. Its verticality heightens a sense of division while the density of moments of connection opens up possibilities of the remaking of a border depending on political sit-
82
uations. As bridges are added or subtracted, the status of this void registers either the increasing erosion or persistent solidity of social barriers. By undoing the boundary instead of deconstructing them, the architecture escapes binary dichotomies and achieves a temporality that reflects the constant shifts in political relations as well as never-ending deterritorialization and reterritorialization of culture.
The border undone looking from golf club into the gap
83
Beijing American International School
NEVER CLOSER expert in cross-cultural education
Beijing American International School (BAIS) is an English-language day school, offering an international curriculum for expatriate children in China. BAIS provides education from Pre K (age 3) through grade 12, in three divisions: Elementary School, Middle School, and High school. Each division has its own principal, assistant principal, and support services team. The school year runs from August to mid-June over two semesters. In 2002, BAIS moved into a new facility in Shunyi District, in northeast Beijing. At that time, the School ceased to be a diplomatic entity and became an independent school for expatriate children recognized by the Beijing Municipal Education Commission. In 2015, BAIS will relocate to a brand new campus in close proximity to the American Embassy at 150, Qinghe Road, north of Beijing’s best forest parks. Admission will be open to not only expatriate children but local Chinese children, through the same merit-based application process.
Fall 2015 Application Schedule:
6/8 Application Due 6/20 Parental Interview 7/1 Results Release
campus visit and information interview available by appointment 84
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Further Readings
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Final building model
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Thesis Final Review
Presented on Dec. 18th, 2014 at MIT Media Lab critiqued by Thesis Committee Arindam Dutta Miho Mazereeuw Anton Garcia-Abril (remote) Gediminas Urbonas (remote) Guest Reviewers Amale Andraos Dawn Finley Ed Eigen Mariana Ibanez MIT Reviewers Simon Frommenwiler Nader Tehrani
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Thesis presentation
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Thesis presentation
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Final building model
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Final building model
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Final site model
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Final section model
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Final section model
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Concept model
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Marketing brochures
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Marketing brochure for a residential complex in the district
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20cm away from extraordinary lifestyle 2016.10 move-in
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2016.10 m
一墙之隔
2015.6 presale
一墙
2015.2 invited registration
Community 社区
华合置业
Location 地理位置
华合置业
2015.2 invited registration
2015.6 presale
Villa ND has two flo bathrooms, as well flooring is laid thro plenty of covered p (just one step) for a heating throughou
华合置业
Villa ND has two floors, with four bedrooms (2 master suites and 2 guest rooms) and four bathrooms, as well as a 4000 square meter (43,000 sq. ft) garden. Exotic Ipé hardwood flooring is laid throughout the house. The Villa is set behind an automatic wide gate with plenty of covered parking spaces. From the parking area, the house can be easily accessed (just one step) for all types of guests. Villa ND is fully furnished with personalized A/C and heating throughout the entire house and bedrooms.
ELITE BEIJING SUBDIVISION Facility 䞃ྍ䇴᯳
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华合置业
This outstanding villa for sale in is located on a plot of 570 square metres, covering 370 square metres and 200 square metres of verandas, including the remarkable roof garden. Not only do most of the areas of the villa have stunning views, but its construction includes multiple glass walls and patio doors giving photographic images from inside. Moreover, the residents of this complex can enjoy a five-star lifestyle with a full concierge service, controlled entrance, security system, multiple use court, gym, relaxing spa, shared pools.
The luxury villa inc spotlights, built-in living area, a music alarm system, and splendor of this ho Villa Highlight 至尊别墅
The luxury villa includes a sizable and fully furnished living room with plaster boards and spotlights, built-in air conditioning, an utterly chic kitchen of German design with its own living area, a music surround system in all the areas, a surveillance system on the exteriors, an alarm system, and state-of-the-art technology which all together add to the luxury and splendor of this house for sale.
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Marketing brochure for a school in the district
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Beijing American International School (BAIS) is an English-language day school, offering an international curriculum for expatriate children in China. BAIS provides education from PreK (age 3) through grade 12, in three divisions: Elementary School, Middle School, and High school. Each division has its own principal, assistant principal, and support services team. The school year runs from August to mid-June over two semesters. In 2002, BAIS moved into a new facility in Shunyi District, in northeast Beijing. At that time, the School ceased to be a diplomatic entity and became an independent school for expatriate children recognized by the Beijing Municipal Education Commission.
Curriculum: The school closely follows North American content standards in major subject areas in the Elementary School; in the Middle School a comprehensive model is implemented from the US-based National Middle School Association; and in the High School students progress through the curriculum with credits-to-graduation toward the US-accredited diploma. Basic subject areas include English language arts, mathematics, science, social studies, performing arts, visual arts, physical education and health, information communications technology, and world languages in Chinese, French, and Spanish. As an International Baccalaureate (IB) World School, the IB Diploma Program is offered in grades 11 and 12. Advanced Placement courses are also offered in mathematics, US History, and Mandarin.
一墙之隔 20cm 与美利坚
2016.10 move-in
IT IS OK
2015.6 presale
2015.2 invited registration
Facilities: The School is located on a 32-acre campus close to popular residential compounds. Facilities include 2 libraries with over 82,000 volumes and over 160 magazine subscriptions, 12 science laboratories, auditorium/theater, pool, track, 4 gymnasiums and a separate weight room, 6 playing fields, tennis courts, baseball diamond, 2 cafeterias, and a 10,000 sq. meter outdoor learning environment. The School has 2,350 com华合置业 puters school wide, 1830 of which are accessible to students (400 desktops, 1430 laptops). The school has commenced a 1:1 laptop initiative, with all students receiving a school-issued laptop in the next two years. All classrooms are equipped with a digital projector, SmartBoard, and document viewer. Wireless network and Internet access are available throughout the school.
The
Beijing American International School
expert in cross-cultural education
6/8 Application Due 6/20 Parental Interview 7/1 Results Release
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1:5000
Organization: A 12-member Board of Trustees, elected by the School’s parents’ association, provides oversight and governance. All parents of ISB students are members of the Parents’ Association.
1:20000
Faculty: In school year 2011-2012, there are 200 full-time and 4 parttime faculty members. Enrollment: At the beginning of the 2011-2012 school year, enrollment was 1,900 (ES: 685, MS: 545, HS: 670).
Embassy
20 mins drive to city center
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Photo & Info Credits: http://www.cisb.com.cn/UploadFile/Illustration/file/Infant-Toddler%20Program.JPG http://www.goodinschool.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Harrow-International-School.jpg http://www.beijingrelocation.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/DSC_0414.jpg http://www.state.gov/m/a/os/1275.htm
Pecha Kucha Presentation
Presented at departmental thesis show-and-tell event “Thesisito� in a Pecha Kucha format (20 slides, each for 20 seconds) on Nov. 5th, 2014 and documented the latest design iterations as of that date
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1. This thesis concerns itself with boundaries. The boundary of regimes, of culture, of law, of social strata. At a time when enclaves proliferate and architectural claims to break open enclaves also proliferate with so-called, public space, the thesis begins by questioning, can boundaries be re-configured, if not erased? How can Architecture manifest and orchestrate boundaries that exist outside of its territory? And, what is the Architectural agency beyond the pursuit of publicness?
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2. To do so, this thesis engages with the program of an embassy.
3. The epitome of an enclave, the embassy is an extraterritorial space where diplomatic immunity protects its personnelles, and inviolability of the premise removes it from its legal, social and spatial context.
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4. A call for publicness in Embassy Architecture is almost a battle that canтАЩt be won. An attempt of embedding public programs, thus cultural centers in the fabric of the city becomes a catalyst for gentrification, turning districts into diplomatic enclaves.
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5. The embassy also illustrates an illusion, where a lot of attention is placed on the architecture, the buildings, as the symbolic and functional apparatus of diplomacy; but in actuality, the perimeter of a diplomatic mission as an ensemble of security control is the de facto agent making possible the extraterritoriality of an embassy.
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7. The embassy in essence is a boundary, rather than an object. Thanks to its opacity and contiguity, repressed desires are released , drinks served in the Middle East, gay marriage preceded in Asia, energy sustained in war zones, political asylum entertained in totalitarian regimes.
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8. More importantly, todayтАЩs embassies project beyond its compound. It sponsors a collection of bounded territories through means of importation. Symbolic diplomacy is delegated to and consequentially enhanced by a diffused network of commercial and cultural establishments that infiltrate the host city, in this case, golf courses, service apartments, international schools, starbucks, apple stores, foreign supermarkets and so on.
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9. Whether explicitly or implicitly, these territories through the thickness of their boundaries determine and stage differences, between citizens and non-citizens, protestors and visa seekers, the affluent and the poor, the elite and the ordinary.
10. Less interested in designing a better embassy, I look for an architecture that reveals the loss of innocence of these seemingly benign public programs. The idea is to propose a new US embassy in Beijing, as a fragment of the boundary, a thickened, and yet porous line.
11. Urbanistically, the new compound takes over the site of an illegally developed, exclusive golf course north of Beijing; The embassy building, usually shielded by bollards, anti-climb walls and security checkpoints, only occupies a front segment of the site, serving as a gate to a rolling landscape.
12. Here, the erasure of a coherent perimeter is made possible by a closely packed arrangement of civilian programs as off-site pre-screening.
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13. As an influx of capital gentrifies surrounding villages and industrial plants into high-end residential and commercial compounds, the abandoned perimeter finds its replacement in the mechanism of resident ID checks, parking permits, security cameras in lobbies and so on - information that is solicited in exchanged for first-row access to the grounds of the embassy. They become proxies of the embassy and extend the security setback from 100’ to over 400’.
15. Similar to the urban strategy, the embassy outsources security checks to its proxies by sponsoring a library, a theater, a business incubator, and an elite school. Each, according to its exclusiveness, is paired up with a corresponding embassy program.
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14. Architecturally, the embassy is a porous line. Here the concept of POROSITY is not employed as a surface condition or confused with permeability, but according to Walter Benjamin, seen as seepage, an orchestrated interpenetration between the inside and outside, where the level of access varies at different points.
16. Enclosed in glass, they scream for publicness, bridging the front plaza with a perceived interior park. In actuality, they exercise their own means of control through filters of wealth or merit, orchestrating access into the embassy, and subsequently, into the golf course.
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17. A winding waterway penetrates the building footprint, concentrating access points to a limited number of openings of the proxy programs while the embassy floats above.
18. Open only for a desired few, the golf course lives on with its picturesque topography, with added pathways that communicate between the embassy building and clubhouses in the residential compounds.
19. Territories remain without fences and walls. Roofing over parts the plaza, the embassy projects a panoptic gaze from above, staging protests and encouraging asylums. Maybe a contentious public is the real public.
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20. The boundary is deconstructed and yet reconstructed; the removal of one enclave is buttressed by the persistence of many others. But architecture, by engaging with such ironic reality, protects an image of safety and openness while exercising control. By &KRQJTLQJ &LW\ 3UR¿OH being diplomatic, Architecture absorbs the tension, and releases its own full potential.
animation “(more than) 100 Years of Diplomacy”
Process Archive
Gunboat Diplomacy / Big Stick Diplomacy diplomacy backed by the use or threat of military force Dollar Diplomacy diplomacy used by a country to promote its financial or commercial interests abroad by the use of financial resources Public Diplomacy the communication with foreign publics to establish a dialogue designed to inform and influence Ping-Pong Diplomacy the exchange of table tennis (ping-pong) players between the United States and People’s Republic of China in the early 1970s. that paved the way to the normalization of Sino-US relations Apple Diplomacy * global fetish and prevalence of iphones as a means of cultural output and indoctrination First Lady Diplomacy * activism and performance of a first lady that affect public opinion and policy as a highly choreographed and mediated practice *invented terms in response to contemporary events Completed as an assignment for 4.562 Advanced Visualisation taught by Professor Andrzej Zarzycki
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design iterations
Process Archive
Process renders of the front and back facades, focusing on their differentiation in scale, materiality, transparency and inhabitability
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Diagram showing the occupation of a border as a thickened, inhabitable space
115
4F
The US patent office consults rising Chinese entrepreneurs
3F
Immigrations officer review petitions
2F
Cultural exchange organization prepare for the next high school application workshop Breach 3: USCIS office conducts investment immigration interviews
G
Health organization hosts new biotech promotion meeting Breach 1: Members of the golf club ascend into the course, at fairway no.1 Breach 2: American tourist seek protection in local dispute
B1
The public surges down the slope to the consulate and amenities provides by the Embassy
B2
Embassy vehicles pull over at the foot of the building
Bn
Unknown
0
0
100m
Plan diagrams from the basement to 5th floor showing distribution of programs and special connections (breaches) for each user group
116
100m
9F
The ambassador and the latest political asylum seeker survey the beautiful Chinese landscape
8F
Deputies of different sectors phone their Chinese counterparts Breach 6: politicians rejoice at bilateral reception directly from ceremonious gate Breach 5: businessman meets Commercial AttachĂŠ
7F
DoS analyst fax daily China report to the White House Breach 4: Jounalists attend press conference by Public Affairs AttachĂŠ
6F
More matchmaking Breach 3: Locally employeed administrator reports head DoS officer
5F
The trade union introduces new business collaboration
4F
The US patent office consults rising Chinese entrepreneurs
3F
Immigrations officer review petitions
2F
Cultural exchange organization prepare for the next high school application workshop Breach 3: USCIS office conducts investment immigration interviews 0
100m
G
Health organization hosts new biotech promotion meeting Breach 1: Members of the golf club ascend into the course, at fairway no.1 Breach 2: American tourist seek protection in local dispute
Plan diagrams from 6th to 11th floor showing distribution of programs and special connections (breaches) for each user group B1
The public surges down the slope to the consulate and amenities provides by the Embassy
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Plan studies of precedents and their design of intersections between public and private realms by Paul Rudolph, Aldo Rossi, Robert Venturi & Dennis Scott Brown, and Rem Koolhaas
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Helsinki, Finland
Tel Aviv, Israel
Berln, Germany
London, UK
Havana, Cuba
Moscow, Russia
Ottawa, Canada
Oslo, Norway
Cairo, Egypt
Rome, Italy
Paris, France
Athens, Greece
Caracas, Venezuela
Nairobi, Kenya
Beijing, China
New Delhi, India
Canberra, Australia
Istanbul, Turkey
Islamabad, Pakistan
Baghdad, Iraq
150m
Pentagon
The Porous Embassy
300m
0
100
500m
Scale comparison between existing American embassies and the site, showing a distinction between building footprint and compound size
119
Collage exercise to explore characteristics of the embassy-enclave
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Process models: final design iteration
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Process models: wall iteration
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Process models: attachment iteration
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Process models: circulation
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Process models: view
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US Direct-hire LE Staff
1. Consular Affairs
Department of State 498 1038 1536 77.97%
Other 173 261 434 22.03%
US Direct Hire 94
LE Staff 173
2. Commercial, Economic, and Financial Affairs
DS - Economic Reporting* DOC - Bureau of Industry & Security DOC - Import Administration DOC - US Foreign and Commercial Service DOC - Market Access & Compliance DOC - US Patent & Trademark Office DOE DOT - IRS Consumer Products Safety Commission DOT - Federal Aviation Administration 3. Agricultural and Scientific Matters DS - Environment, Science, Tech & Health* DOA - Foreign Agricultural Service DOA - Agricultural Trade Office DOA - Animal Plant Health Inspection Servcie
16 2 3 100 4 5 4 2 1 3
105 6 6 3
30 11 30 3
National Science Foundation
1
2
National Cancer Institute
1
HHS - Nat' Inst. For Allergy & Infectious Diseases HHS - Office of Global Health Affairs HHS - Centers for Disease Control Detail HHS - Food & Drug Administration HHS - Center for Disease Control & Prevention
1 1 1 8 12
269
1 5 42
4. Political, Labor, and Defense Assistance Issues
136
62 31 4 6
16 7
Speculation on the organizational structure of Mission China based on publicly availble information from the US Department of State; none of the numbers, unless noted in official documents, is confirmed
126
267 245
62 2 2 23 3 2 4 2 1 4
DS - Political Reporting * Defense Inteligence Agency DofAir Force - Students Dofthe Army - Students
671 1299
Dofthe Navy - Scholars Peace Corps 5. Administrative Support & Security Functions DS - ICASS DS - Diplomatic Security DS - Bureau of Overseas Bulidings Operations DS - MSG Support DHS - US Secret Service DHS - Transportation Security DHS - US Coastal Guard 6. Public Affairs DS - Public Diplomacy Broadcasting Board of Governors Affiliates 7. Legal & Immigration Matters DOJ - Drug Enforcement Admin DOJ - Criminal Division DOJ - Federal Bureau of Investigation 8. Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services DHS - Citizen & Immigration Refugee Asylum DHS - Immigration & Customs Enforcement DHS - Customs & Border Protection International Affairs DHS - Customs & Border Protection Container Security 9. USAID
7 3 839 78 12 24 30 1 2 1
682
29 2
114 2
4 1 4
3
9 6
16 5
2
3
7 2 671
2 3 1299
2 3 3 1 147
12
50
5 1970
None of the numbers, unless noted in official documents, is confirmed
127
Makeup Consular CEF AS PLD AS PA LI I USAID
DS 267 245 269 136 839 147 12 50 5 1970
Disposition* 13.553% P 12.437% F 13.655% F 6.904% B 42.589% B 7.462% P 0.609% B 2.538% F 0.254% F 1
BJ 128.7563452 118.1472081 129.7208122 65.58375635 404.5939086 70.88832487 5.78680203 24.11167513 2.411167513 950
Approx 130 118 130 66 400 71 6 24 5 950
21.015%
interaction with Chinese public
F = Front end
28.883%
B = Back end
50.102%
interaction with selected citizens & Chinese non-gov counterparts interaction with Chinese gov & within mission
P= public
None of the numbers, unless noted in official documents, is confirmed
128
Thesis Preparation Documents
Completed as a research document for 4.189 Preparation for MArch Thesis taught by Professor Mark Goulthorpe, in Spring 2014 Despite a continuation of the overarching exloration of architectural porosity, many key concepts of this proposal have been altered during thesis semester, in Fall 2014
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135
136
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146
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