Jinghong Li_MSc3_Shared Heritage Lab_Design Research Report_Semarang by Jinghong Li

P1 REPORT

H&A_2019-2020 MSc 3_H&A Shared Heritage Lab Semarang

Jinghong Li 4908511 Heritage & Architecture : Lidy Meijers Cultural Value : Nicholas Clarke Building technology : Paddy Tomesen

HA HASHARED SHAREDLAB_SEMARANG_2019-2020 LAB_SEMARANG_2019-2020

CONTENT The Living Complex --Vernacular Heritage Settlement Renovation, Pecinan MAJOR RESEARCH

4. BUILDING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT (BT) 4

1. INTRODUCTION -- Research Questions and Methodology

-- Technology of the Historic Shop House Typology (incl. prefabrication of timber elements) -- Bt Analysis of the Two Buildings (Structural, Elemental and Material) -- Climatic Adaptation in Both Buildings

-- Research Aim

-- Building Damages in Both Buildings

-- Project Story 7

2. THE SUBJECT -- Semarang Historical, Natural and Urban Background

5. CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT (CV)

-- Pecinan

I. History and Development (+ Timeline)

Ii. Interviews with Inhabitants

-- BT Conclusions

--Chronomapping_the Development of the Buildings --CV Assessment --Drawings (plans & sections etc.)

-- Case Study

--CV Conclusion

-- Semarang & Pecinan Conclusion

3. ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT (AR) -- The Shop-house Typology -- Gang Baru and Gang Benteng as Representative Pecinan Streets (Urban)

6. FINAL CONCLUSION

7. LIST OF SOURCES

-- The Specific Two Shop Houses Selected:

I. Their History

APPENDIX

Ii. Current Use

Semarang Group Booklet

Iii. Changes Over Time

Iv. Spatial Qualities

V. Special Architectural Features

-- AR Conclusions

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Report Aim

Pecinan heritage design is a new challenge that I set for myself, as a further investigation in my her-

This report aims to find the heritage values of Pecinan building group. Later, based on the research

itage design. It is almost impossible to limit the design target into ‘the building’ since this heritage

results, the heritage design starting points will settle, combining with the designer’s project fascina-

architecture is not a ‘special’ or ‘unique’ building, but rather a well-developed, traditional and folk,

tion.

building type.

To define the heritage values, the understands and reflections from analyses are essential. The de-

The essence of this building type and group-effects the buildings have achieved are the most attrac-

tailed research aspects go as the followings:

tive parts for me in the pre-site visit research; while during the site visit, the needs of the occupants

Characters of current situation.

and vitality really touched me.

Historical sorted sources.

Building and street topology-- the essence of the buildings.

Following these motivations, I rose my research question, ‘ What is the position of heritage in

The detail relevant questions/expectations go as the followings:

improving liability in Pecinan?’.

What’s the position or chances of Pecinan in city level, district and street levels?

What the characters that define current Pecinan?

To answer this research question, the research mothodology will consist of the study and analyses,

What are the needs in Pecinan district?

of relevant archives and on-site investigation, presenting by diagramatical drawing and summary

What are the general features, or the essence of this types of building?

writing.

What has been gone through the building appearance and use, and why?

1. Site Investigation1 (Photos, Diagrams & Writing)-->Site Needs & Potentials

Why the district developed like this? What has been gone through the spatial appearance and

2.Theoretical Study2 (literatures, Diagrams & Photos)-->Heritage Strategies & Design Programs

use, and why? 7.

What the core values of this folk shop house type, and why?

What can be reused from both existing Pecinan and historical Pecinan, for the future?

INTRODUCTION

Research Question & Methodology

And how?

1. Site Investigation Includes: -Environments: Climate (nature & inside); Infrastructure; Function & Use (times. settlement & connection); Urban morphology; & building morphology. -Building: Determined site & Buildings choice; Value mapping; Building measurement; Detail material & technic & damage record -Others: Occupants Interview; Community activities & characters; Sensory & Mind writing -Background/ History: Community culture; Building typology; District evolution; Building evolution 2. Theoretical Study Includes: Research Paper & Design questions

-Human living behaviour -Modular Design -Building typology study and analyses.

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Non-monumental heritage architecture can always be in danger around the world, especially in

Among the three ethnic groups, the southern is China Town, Pecinan. I choose several blocks in Pecinan as my

developing countries. Indonesia, which is a typical example, faces the challenge of balancing culture

site, for its large potentials of heritage building group and current numberious local problems.

INTRODUCTION

Project Story

protection, economy, and environment. The project is about a group of folk heritage buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s redesign project. I hope it can consist a wonderful image, The targeted city, Semarang, is a mirror and test-place for finding a balanced development. It is

where occupants are willing to stay and love this historical places; the block can present and welcome the other

unique for its multi-cultures, colonial history, and mix-national heritages. But with the problems of

parts of Semarang and the oursiders...The key environmental and social challenges will be solved harmously

economic dilemma, cultural segregation, urban, heritage, and environmental throats (flood, rising

with respects to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s spirit and history, by heritage architectural and urban design.

sea-level, sinking land, and hygiene). Further,I hope the project in Pecinan can give a promising answer to heritage re-development not only for Semarang, but also as a non-monumental heritage group renovation example, for Indonesia, for Asia and even for the world.

The Worst Scenario of Pecinan

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Fascination of Pecinan

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THE SUBJECT

Semarang_ Urban Background

Bandarharjo_ Kampung Melayu Kali Semarang (River) Kota Lama (Dutch Quarter)

Kanjengan & Masjid Besar (Arabic) Pecinan (China Twon)

Transport Infas

Semarang Kota (Old Twon)

Semarang City Boundary & Kota (Old Twon) 8

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Urban Mapping, Transformed from: Appendix , 8-9 9

Semarang_ Urban Linkage

Transpotation Mapping, Transformed from: Appendix, 52-53 10

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THE SUBJECT

Semarang_Urban & Natural Background

Semarang_Historical Background

Soil/Foundation Soil Type

Land Suitability

1719

1787

Subsidence

Seismicity 1824

1900

Water Rainfall

Groundwater 1917

1946

Urban Population Density & Transportation

Land Use

0 12

500

1000

2000 M

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Semarang RTRW Plan, 2019

Urban Morphology Evolution

2019

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Graphs Transformed from: Appendix, 69-73 13

First Settlement: Simongan & Pulau Tirang 1411 Small Hanafite Moslem Chinese communities set in Semarang. the built of Hanafite Chinese Mosque

1413 Voyage of Ming Dynasty in Semrang. Start of formal Chinese settlement.

1541-1546 Chinese shipyard set in Semarang, built ship for Demak Armada.

Secound Settlement

THE SUBJECT

Pecinan_History & Development _Settlement

Third Settlement

1628 VOC helped Mataram defeat the rebels of Chinese community. After the failture of rebellion, the Chinese in Simongan in were moved to settle in a new area1 near the VOC trading post.

1740-1742

1678 Semarang started developing from a small village , when the VOC trading core became a fortified town (where VOC held the control over Semarang and its surrounding area in 1678)

end of 15th. C--early 16th. C Chinese community grew around Sam Po Ting Temple, and the Mosque

Semarang, Early Chinese Settlement,14th-16th C.

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Semarang Old Town ,1719 (Source:Dinas PU Cipta Karya, 1993-1994)

Semarang, 1695 (Source: National Archives, The Hague)

Semarang, 1787 (Source: National Archives, The Hague)

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THE SUBJECT

Pecinan_History & Development _Morphology

-Open Camp ac 1628. -(presumable) roads made by encircling-constructed buildings. leaving a whole empty plot in the middle -There was no overall plan, but the built followed general circulation.

-Settled Pecinan Urban morphology. Street Pro-

-Kali River as the main transportation and back-

file and Tissue Type were fixed. These principles

supply.

had never been changed until 1967.

-The townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s front face had never been oriented

-An isolated town, bounded by fortifications and

-Social isolation:Chinese ethnicity.

towards the river.

Kali River.

-Pecinan had becomed the most important ur-

-Damaran market (outer north west corner)

-Set up the actual boundary of Pecinan, limiting

ban commercial center for all social groups.

-Road linked to Pecinan with Kota Lama.

its expansion until now.

-Construction of gate ways on the four entrance. Stablisation Grewth

17 th.1628

1740-1742

The Open Camp

The Isoloated Town

1825

1885 The Stabilized Urban Segment

The Expand Urban Segment

1924

Hand-drawn diagrams, Widodo, 1988. 16

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Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians (1960s-1998) -Political negative influences in various aspects -Business move out, and burned down in 1998. -Temples, festivals and Chinese schools were forbidden. -Building chinese characters sharply declined for occpantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; self-protection. -Chinese life safety & House defense -Kali River in Pecinan part was not navigable anymore.

THE SUBJECT

Pecinan_History & Development _Morphology

-Kali River normalisation leaded to the demolishments of houses along the river sides. Most

-Building function decline & messing

houses facing the riverfront in Pecinan were

-Reconstruction & plot changes.

pure commercial use.

-Street profile is kept., while tissue types and rel-

-One of the biggest Dajue Templeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s commercial

evant locations are changing.)

area was demolished at that time.

-Vacancy

-Main roads widen project: Gang. Warung &

-Generation cut-off.

Gang. Pinggir (+Jl. Beteng). Buildings were set

-Business turned better.

1-2 meters off the street, leading to building fa-

-Livability are decreasing.

cade and spacial changes.

Stablisation Inner Decline

1960s

1970s

Political Hit

Roads Normalization

1988 Political Hit

Present

Future

Culture & Business :ate Recovery

Burned down Chinese Companies, Jakarta,1998 Source:https://wikivisually.com/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians, assessed in 2019

Pecinan

Hand-drawn diagrams, Widodo, 1988. 18

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THE SUBJECT

Pecinan_History & Development _Building Facade

The governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s street widen project changed Pecinan major streets in 1970s. By cutting off the house facade and offsetting them 1-2 meters from the street, the streets were widen for more car and pedestrian use; However, the appearance of new facades in street-front-house were determined by individual houseowners, which resulted in unorginised 1970s-indonesian-fashion style.

Pecinan General Facade Evolution (1950s-Current), drawn by Mick Lo.

In the following years, the occupants of other areas of Pecinan also self-changing their houses facades (see hand-drawing in up-right). The facade in Pecinan now is more like a flexiable cloth that keep its evolution following different timesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs and fashion. While it is doubtful if this situation has neg-

Gg. Pinggir Street View, from Kota Lama to Pecinan, 1600 (Source: Library of University of Leiden, asssessed in 2019)

Gg. Baru Eastern Street Facade (part) , 2019

Gg. Pinggir Street View, from Kota Lama to Pecinan, 2019

Jl. Beteng Eastern Street Facade (part) , 2019

ative influence on inner climate and spatial quality.

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Bao-Rong Deng -Zhang Shop House’s owner -Operates a restaurant and lives in Gang. Baru.

THE SUBJECT

Pecinan_ Interviews with Inhabitants Social Network ‘We stay because our friends are all here.’

‘I wish more people stay and come here, especially young generation; but the living quality here decreases increasingly... Young people don’t want to stay because they feel doing business is tired, and here is an old poor-quality space.’

‘I enjoy the busy market, it brings people and live.’ ‘My life is more happy and meaningful after I opened the restaurant, I have been maling friends all the time.’

Ming-Fu Wang -Paper shop’s owner -Lives in Pecinan since he was born. ‘I still live here, but my wife and daughter live in northern Semarang, I stay here for keeping this business from my ancestor...many people have moved out from Pecinan for better living condition, but streets did not changed too much...I have no idea for future expectation.’

Friend Met in a Shop’s Courtyard during Moring Market

‘My biggest wish is more people stay here.’

‘Only people stay can solve the urgent problem in Pecinan.’ ‘I felt afraid and longly since there is seldom occupants

Mick Lo -Architect -Lives in Pecinan since he was born. ‘I want to bring all the old building back; the government and new occupants are hurting our buildings.’

here, I miss the busy days with my neighbours in the old time.’ Friend Met in a Shophouse’s Living Room

Mr. MA -Owner of HYPHYA MENEER (found in 1919) -Lived in Pecinan in childhood; left and then return here ten years ago ‘I use my family old house as a good advertising place and explore lab for my Gramu Drinking business...the building is protected by the government for its preserved quality and nice reuse.’

Organisation & Founders ‘We think the China Town in Semarang has great potentials since it preserve many traditional building and street profile...there is a good history and memory for me in food, shopping and festival...we are approaching our aims by talking with the occupants, letting them realise the values they can achieve with their houses...new business and cultural programmes are launched gradually’ ‘but there are various difficulties...everything goes very slow...’ 22

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The District Manage System in Pecinan, Written by Widya Wijayanti

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SITE 1 Zhang Shophouse_Gang Baru

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Site Plot: 1080 m^2 (5 house-slide) Floor Area: 2300 m^2

There are two case studies selected in Pecinan. Case 1 is a Shophouse. It was selected with following criteria: 1. Building Typology. It is the most typical and representative building type of Pecinan. 2. (Historical) Function. Business-oriented. 3. Near Context/Location. Connects Pecinan bounder street (Gg. Beteng) with the only pedenstry street (Gg. Baru), which has at least 80 years history of morning market; the surrounding buildings’similarity, which could realise ‘group-design’. 4. Well-preserved Architectural Quality.

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THE SUBJECT

Case Study

SITE 2

Site Plot: 240 m^2

Blue House_Gang Besen

Floor Area: 465 m^2 (exclude Mezzine)

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Case 2 is a wide-profile house, called Bluse House. It was selected with following criteria: 1. Building Typology. The represetation of non-shophouse building profile in Pecinan; Spatially and decorationally, it highly combined Chinese and Indonesian essence. 2. Near Context/Location.In resident-oriented area. 3. Architectural Quality. Well-preserved details; high quality historical building material.

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THE SUBJECT

Case Study

THE SUBJECT

Conclusion Pecinan is also called China Town. Most long-term occupants are Chinese-rooted Indonesian peo-

Pecinan’s Urban Challenges

ple, who are the third to seventh generations of Chinese immigrations of Indonesia.

Naturally, Pecinan does not have much throats, (such as land sinking or flooding), this may owe to its inland location with low underground water level.

Pecinan as a Unique Place

But in current urban aspect, the traffic and urban construction are overlooked and needed to en-

From an urban perspective, Pecinan is a significant place for Semarang. Historically, Pecinan is a

hanced in the future. Though the population density in Pecinan is medium, but the site experience

part of the old city center in Semarang, with a long history of Chinese settlement and significant

of Pecinan indicates it is quite dense. Maybe the comparsion of business density and living densi-

involvement in trading and mixed culture. As for the current situation, it locates in a strategic

ty should considered in the following design. For Urban functions, its dwelling connects Pecinan

junction of transportations and different ethnic groups, with considerable business, buildings, and

closely only to its surroundings; while, the business function connects this district tidly to the whole

population density. Compared with other ethnic quarters, Pecinan has more considerable influenc-

city. This two functions worth attention and adaptation in design stage.

es to its surrounding and the whole Semarang, which also indicate it has significant advantages to being as this project’s site due to its influential and representative urban characters.

The urban linkage is interesting, as the History, Urban Fabric and Current uses show. Using the

Pecinan’s street morphologies show a fascinating district planning history. After two-times rushing

current traffic network to connect Pecinan with other areas of old town and to encourage people in

moves, its district profile was still built up, in a short time, with very orgnised spatial arrangement.

Semarang approach Pecinan. The N-S main road is the historical eye of Kota Lama to Pecinan; and

(Unfortunately, there is no found archives or interview relevant to the street plan). For historical

the two main cross roads are the continued linkage of Pecinan to the outside, with high desity of

needs, the planning achieves high density of street and building plots to contain intensive trading

house and business. For nerigbourhood scale of design, this historical and practical roads could be

and living. Moreover, this morphology had highly defined the district’s characters. However,

highlights as the main bone for urban strategies.

there are more non-found treasures embodied in Pecinan are hidden, which urgently needs us to discover and preserve. Pecinan’s unique district morphology not only makes itself important for Semarang Mix-culture Heritage Area. It also states its preciousness nation-wide, since most China Towns in South-East Asia have already lost this street and building-plot morphology. Moreover, Pecinan’s buildings mostly kept original building typology (from roof and plot), though their facades had been dramatically changed.

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Three Tissues_1988

ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT

The Shop-house Typology Five Cases Ordinary Dwelling In Gang Balakang, Gang Gambiran, Gang Tengah, Gang Besen, Gang Pasar Baru & Gang Cilik. The ordinary dwelling tissue had already filled the previous empty field, which encircled by the old loop in 1628.

Big Family Parcels & Garden Located on the periphery along the southern curvature of Kali Semarang. Current:largely demolished and reconstructed into other building types.

Warehouse Irregular sprawl tissue.

â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Where building lots were restrictive and space was at a premium, Chinese builders traditionally adjusted the dimensions and shapes of their structures. In urban areas, narrow residences adjacent to each other along a street were constructed as long structures with small skywells punctuating the corridor-like receding building. Where it was possible to construct a more extensive residence, either narrow or broad parallel structures were constructed alongside a wider central unit. Over time, if wealth and family circumstances allowed, additional side-to-side wing units were added. Examples of this modularity and replication of enclosed and open spaces can still be seen throughout Fujian and Guangdong, indeed throughout China. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC; --Ronald G. Knapp, 2010, Chinese Houses of Southeast Asia, 17

Between the western corner of Pecinan and Kali river turning. Text Paraphrase, Widodo, 1988.

In Pecinan: Most buildings are like Chaoshan narrow skywell buildings, these buildings are mainly in business dense streets and partly residential area; some better-quality buildings, assumed by their appearances, serviced for wealth family, are in Fujian typical folk building type. They locate separately in residential area and southern edges of Pecinan.

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Location

Form

Plan

Section

Material & Component

ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT

The Shop-house Typology Remark

Evolution of plot infill and street outline forming. Similarity in spacial sequence and building polt repeatity. Difference in height & roof form.

High building similarity and repeatity in both side of this treet. More commercial, more repeatity?? efficience? roof seperated, but same family

shared roof, different family understand this type of sky opening

Summary Central 32

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Privacy & Linear Sequence

1. type follows plot 2. collective construction: shared roof & wall, skywell position. 3. Material: brick & wood HA SHARED LAB_SEMARANG_2019-2020

Hand-drawn diagrams, Widodo, 1988. 33

ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT

Gg. Baru & Gg. Benteng as Representative Pecinan Streets (Urban)

Temples

Road Hirerachy

Zooning (business-oriented & residential-oriented)

Built Evolution Assumption

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Section; Mind Mapping

ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT

Function

Street Profile in Section Proposed visiter routine & existing streetsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; connection.

Gg. Warung

Gg. Besen

Gg. Pinggir

Gg. Gambiran Ji. Inspeksi & Gg. Pinggir

Gg. Cilik

Gg. Baru

Gg. Baru 36

Function Color Diagram, Transformed from: Corten & Van Dun, 2006 HA SHARED LAB_SEMARANG_2019-2020

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20M

ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT

Time Activities_Gang Baru

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ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT

Time Activities_Gang Beteng

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0.60

Three Generation’s Memory Zhang ( 80-years-old) got this house from his family. The house was bought by his grandparents.

ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT

Zhang Shophouse_Current Use

Zhang Shophouse_ History & Changes

80+25+5?=110 years of Shophouse in min. 1900s-1930s

1930s-1960s

1960s-2000s

2007-2019

12.00

6.50

Zhang’s Grandparents bought Zhang’s father. Zhang had his own family in P1 opened a small restaurant this two houses and moved P1 was used only for living and this house. & P2 was rented to Zhang’s son into Pecinan. P2 was for trading . P1 and P2 all for living. for office & storage. P1 was used only for living and Only Zhang and his wife curP2 was for trading (beans). rently stay in this Shophouse. So the house is largely vacant.

Business Mix Dwelling

Zhang Shophouse_ Spatial Qualities Open & Closeness

Shop(living behind) Public_Semi-Private

10m

Living Gg. Beteng

Gg. Baru

Private

Linear Sequence

Skywell Centralisation

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ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT

Blue House_ History & Changes 1988

?-1949-1988 Front: business (bike-renting) Rearside & Upper Floor: House owners’ dwelling

1988- Current Bought by Wang. Full Storage (cloth)

Business Mix Dwelling

Blue House_ Spatial Qualities

Blue House_ Special Architectural Features Structure & Decoration

1. Skywell

2. Continous original pitch roof

3.Nice Quality’s Timber Junctions & structure & hand frame, with the pattern and color in indonesian-chinese-style.

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ARCHITECTURAL ASSESSMENT

Conclusion There are three Building Tissues in Pecinan: Ordinary Dwelling, Big Family Parcels, and Ware-

As for the building sites, Zhang Shophouse and its adjacent four houses are Site 1 in Gang Baru,

house. The architectural assessment focuses on Ordinary buildings due to its large amount and

while, Site 2 consists of Blue House and its Northern adjoining building, in Gang. Besen. Zhang

current-in-use. Pecinan’s buildings are in similar typology, which is a well-developed vernacular

Shophouse included two buildings: one faces Gang. Baru (part1), and another meets Jl. Beteng

heritage. The type is initially invented in two Chinese sea-shore provinces: Guangdong Province

(Part 2). Site 1 architecturally has many possibilities: 1. This composition offers the chance to

and Fujian Province. Because the majority of first-generation’s Chinese immigrations were all

enhance the spatial connection of two streets to solve the problem of too long continuous street’s

from these two provinces, the same building origins were brought to Semarang. Although through

inconvenience; 2. Gg. Baru is the only pedestrian road in Pecinan and one of the most popular

the following years, this type has been changed to adapted local climate and combined with local

food-market places in Semarang. 3. Zhang Shophouse historically does not have dramatic chang-

aesthetic preference. The linkage of Semarang old buildings with Guangdong origins is visually

es; its interior spatial arrangement and structure are well-kept. And its surrounded buildings are

recognizable.

very similar, highly fitting the typical typology of Pecinan Building Typology: ‘sky well-centralized’

Like the Shophouse Typology Chart shows, Shophouses in Pecinan have many familiar archi-

linear profile. Compared to Zhang Shophouse, Blue House is in excellent built quality and wide

tectural characters: 2-3 floor-heights, long and narrow building plot, slope roof, sky well, private

space, and it is the combination of Chinese-Indonesian style (show by sky wells’ position, painted

spatial sequence, and building materials (brick and wood). Moreover, during the use process,

color, and decoration pattern). It is not typical as Shophouse but represents the time of the wealthy

the Shophouse shows high spatial flexibility and collectiveness with its neighbors; also, the single

families’ life and dwelling-oriented houses’ situation.

building has its readable spatial language: sky well is the center, and linear routine defines the pri-

From general building typology, selected streets, and the target site, they all have high architectural

vacy degree. It is these common points that make a visual and spatial definition of Pecinan houses,

values, which is more embodied in a type or a group but not individual buildings. The characters

and the author will consider them high cultural value in the following session.

represented in two locations give positive potentials to achieve an influence renovation starting point to the whole Pecinan.

Based on the overall vision of Pecinan’s building façade, urban linkage, historical development, and district zoning, the designer selected two roads as analysis and design target: Gang. Baru and Gang Besen. They can be analyzed for finding a district applicable architectural solution Of Pecinan since their presentative of various time-delated activities, business-oriented area, and residential-oriented area.

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1.Timber Junction Detail

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Technology of the Historic Shophouse Typology 4. Material & Form

2. Roof Ridge

3. Typical Load-bearing System & Foundation

5. Prefabrication Of Timber Elements +_ 5m 5/10/15m

Hand-drawn diagrams, Johannes Widodo, 1988. 48

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BUILDING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

BT Analysis of Zhang Shophouse Structural Part 2

Part 1

GF_Zhang Shop House_GF

GF_Zhang Shop House_1F

Zhang Shophouse consists two different structured house. P2 has a collective roof with its south neigbour. According to column position and structure grid of P2, the author think P2’s southern wall is only for seperating the space but not for load-bearing. This neigbour’s structure was many later-added supportings. This could indicate that initially the whole house was not built for storage; or, building damages leaded original loadbearing’s capacity decay. 50

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Structure 1. Part 1_Brick load-bearing wall; 2. Part 2_Brick load-bearing wall + wooden grid .

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

BT Analysis of Bluehouse Structural

Structure Brick load-bearing wall + wooden grid

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BT Analysis of Bluehouse

Elemental & Material

Elements

2. Continous Original Pitch Roof

3.Door Frame With Indonesian-Chinese-Style Decoration

1. Skywell

2. Continous original pitch roof

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 1. Skywell

BT Analysis of Zhang Shophouse

3.Nice Qualityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Timber Junctions & structure & hand frame, with the pattern and color in indonesian-chinese-style.

Material

1. Brick (supporting wall)

2. Plaster

4. Tile (Flooring, roof)

5. Steel ( rennovated floor) HA SHARED LAB_SEMARANG_2019-2020

Material

3. Timber (ceiling & roof)

4. Metal Decoration

3. Timber (all except wall, floor and late-added structure)

1. Brick (supporting wall)

2. Plaster

4. Tile (Flooring, roof)

5. Steel ( rennovated floor)

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Building Damages in Both Buildings Humidity 1. Humidity is a severe problem for both buildings, especially in Shophouse. The house owner repaint walls annually to stop the damages visually. 2. Structural crack and other structure relevant problems are also considerable in conservation. The collective wall supports the majority of Pecinan buildings. So any house’s changing loadings are influential to a row of buildings. 1. Plaster

2. Later-addition (Concrete & Steel)

-Layering & Moulds High Plants

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Climatic Adaptation in Both Buildings

3. Due to neighbor’s vacancy, high plants have grown in some houses courtyards, causing throats to foundation

Zhang Shophouse Easten Part

Others in Site 1

1. Structural Crack & Deformation Bluehouse

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2. Structural Bending (Potential according to P2’s neighbour)

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3. Timber -Peeling of paint & Mould 57

Pecinan Building Technological Characters & Design Reflection

Heritage Advantage in BT& Design Reflection

As for building technology, the site situation and overall Pecinan’s buildings’ situations are very

The existing building embodied smart vernacular design to adapt the local tropical weather;

similar. The Pecinan traditional houses consist of timber and brick. Tiles-made slope roof, collec-

however, due to facade change, floor addition, well’s decline, and skywell changes, this sustainable

tive wall, and decorative timber junctions are the visual ID for this heritage group. The foundation

design is not functioning properly. Further, this inner climate system may not enough for modern

is assumed to be a wooden pile foundation considering the sandy soil and ancient construction

use. So, reviving the vernacular system and add new climate services will be the main strategies in

skill limitation. Moreover, the repetition of the houses owns to their timbers were imported from

the Climate Design session.

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Conclusion

China, for the convenience of transportation, the wood is prefabricated with the same dimension; so, most houses’ width is 5 meters or in 5-meter-multiple.

The Urgent Problems & Design Reflection

In shophouses, the brick made up the collective load-bearing wall, while the timber is applied for

The majority of Pecinan are structural and moisture damages. Due to lacking maintenance, misuse

ceiling, flooring, and roof. But through the Zhang Shophouse case study, it is found that part 2 of

(use dwelling as full storage), and self-built extension ( due to the plot limitation of building’s

the house is half part of one building (since it is bought, the house already separated like this). This

width, the extension is in vertical growth). The collective walls have different degrees of structure

building is a wooden structure with brick wall separation in the middle. These studies indicant

damages, presenting by cracks and tilting, which is happening in Zhang Shophouse’s Part 1. In the

that although the shophouse’s street and plot are in logic arrangement, its interior spatial relation-

wooden structure system, Part 2 of Zhang Shophouse also has bent beams. While better construct-

ship with their adjacent houses is tricky. In other cases, like Blue House (in better-built quality’s

ed Blue House currently does have visible structural damage. However, moisture is a very urgent

building), the main load-bearing structure is high-quality’s timber, while brick wall functions

problem, results all wall have mould and layering paint. This situation is more extreme in dwelling

more for separating the neighbors. Blue house’s beautiful wooden work is a combination of art and

space. The current solution applied by occupants is repainting the wall annually. This throats also

structure.

has shown in a new-additional concrete structure and timber frame.

More practically, all pipe system is exposed since the structure does not leave the space for any

So, in future detail design, de-moisturisation, ventilation, and waterproof will be focused.

service, so it worth to figure out how can the service system apply in the site. Shortly, the linear separation is not only for the structure but mire for use and heritage spatial essence. In the following design, the author will strengthen the structure with new design elements, and take linear spatial sequence and flexible neighbors’’ connection as a spatial design strategy.

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CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT

Chronomapping_the Development of Zhang Shophouse Building Structure/Elements Original New Uncertain

Building Space Original New Uncertain

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CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT

Chronomapping_the Development of Bluehouse

Building Structure/Elements Original New Uncertain

Building Space new floor

Original New Uncertain

uncertain floor

new floor

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VALUES ASPECTS

TYPOLOGICAL HISTORICAL

AGE

ART

USE

ZHANG SHOUHOUSE (PART 2, JL.BETENG) HISTORICAL

AGE

ART

USE

HISTORICAL ZHANG SHOUHOUSE (PART 1, GG. BARU)

AGE

USE

ART

Well-developed system; repards the building material trade between China and Indonesia.

STRUCTURE

The typology has been imported to indonesia from china by first generation in 16 th century. The timber load-bearing system and collective wall are extremely old in China.

Record how ancient wisdom worked on built a nefficient model for living and working.

12.00 12.00

The skin stop building breathing

2.90

Character an ancientwell-developed venacular type.

10.20

4.00

6.50

2.70

0.60

The typology has been imported to indonesia from china by first generation in 16 th century.

Storage & Office 0.60

This house is more than 120 years.

SIKN (EXTERIOR)

SURFACES (INTERIOR)

Morning market, used to contain all food activities; only pedestrian lane.

The whole street can be called back to 1740, it is the

SITE

SPACE PLAN

Bounder of Pecinan since 1740.

Bounder of Pecinan; used to be main trading street.

6.50

Bounder of Pecinan; used to be main trading street.

0.60

SURROUNDINGS/SETTING

CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT

CV Assessment

Stable for several generation; also function as seperation with the neigbours.

10m

This house is more than 120 year old. Except street front’s part had 1-2 meters’ structure changes, other structures are all original.

There is potential throats referring to its neoghour’s bent wooden supports.

This house is more than 120 0 years old, without siginificant changes.

10m

Spatial mixuse: restaurant+ owner’s living+ friends’ meeting; still, there are many spaces left for this old couples.

An efficient model for living and working.

The owner repainted inner wall annually.

As a normal residential building, not much imterior value find in most cases. Economic and use efficiency.

Wittness an ancient vernacular system’s success: Sky well and water pool, naturally provide lighting, water and ventilation.

SERVICE

STUFF (FURNITURE)

Record visiters how Chinese immigrant settled down and adapted Indonesian context, environmentally and socially.

SPIRIT OF PLACE

First Settlement: Simongan & Pulau Tirang 1411 Small Hanafite Moslem Chinese communities set in Semarang. the built of Hanafite Chinese Mosque

1413 Voyage of Ming Dynasty in Semrang. Start of formal Chinese settlement.

1541-1546 Chinese shipyard set in Semarang, built ship for Demak Armada.

Secound Settlement 1628 VOC helped Mataram defeat the rebels of Chinese community. After the failture of rebellion, the Chinese in Simongan in were moved to settle in a new area1 near the VOC trading post.

Remind occupants the old good days of big familiy life with business-oriented living style.

An efficient model for living and working; large potential for heritage redevelopment.

Three Generation’s Memory Zhang ( 80-years-old) got this house from his family. The house was bought by his grandparents. 80+25+5?=110 years of Shophouse in min. 1900s-1930s

1930s-1960s

1960s-2000s

2007-2019

Third Settlement 1740-1742

1678 Semarang started developing from a small village , when the VOC trading core became a fortified town (where VOC held the control over Semarang and its surrounding area in 1678)

end of 15th. C--early 16th. C Chinese community grew around Sam Po Ting Temple, and the Mosque

Business Mix Dwelling

CV Assessment Method Describtion

1.interviews with inhabitants

High Value

2.the history etc. presented in Architectural Assessment, and

Netural Value

3. the historical and technological analysis

Low Value HA SHARED LAB_SEMARANG_2019-2020

Hand-drawn diagrams, Widodo, 1988. HA SHARED LAB_SEMARANG_2019-2020

ASPECTS

BLUE HOUSE IN GG. BESEN HISTORICAL

SURROUNDINGS/SETTING

The street is an old street of Pecinanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residential area. 10M

ART

Old profile of street and building plot; but the new facades decline origins.

SITE

STRUCTURE

SPACE PLAN

Many houses are vacant; the whole street lack ocuupants and it is over-commercialise.

In an old street of Pecinanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Supposed the Blue Hose is the residential area and near to the- orginal building of this stret. bone-street of Pecinan. 01

SIKN (EXTERIOR)

USE

Since 1988, it was fully changed for storage. Used from 8-17 during Monday to Saturday.

AGE

CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT

VALUES

10M

Presents; 1. Culture-mixed; 2. Wealthy Chinese peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s old living and social condition. 3. Building techonic and scrafts 4.Double roof system

10M

Old & New

Since 1988, it was fully changed for storage.The new arrangement distroy the Since 1988, it was fully spatial quality. changed for storage.

SURFACES (INTERIOR)

SERVICE

STUFF (FURNITURE)

SPIRIT OF PLACE

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CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT

Zhang Shophouse_GF Plan_Street Context

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CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT

CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT 70

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(L) GF_Zhang Shophouse_ Part 1

(L) GF_Zhang Shophouse_ Part 2

(R) 1F_Zhang Shophouse_ Part 1

(R) 1F_Zhang Shophouse_ Part 2

1:100

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1:100

10.20

2.90

4.00

12.00

6.50

2.70

0.60

CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT

CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT Zhang Shop House_Facade1:50_Gang. Baru

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Zhang Shop House_Facade1:50_Gang. Beteng

010m 1

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10m

CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT Zhang Shop House_Section 1:100

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CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT

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CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT

CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT 78

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CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT

Blue House_GF Plan_Street Context

01 80

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10M HA SHARED LAB_SEMARANG_2019-2020

CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT

CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT 82

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The Value Assessment includes architectural elements’ time-mapping and Cultural

The Cultural Value Assessment Matrix focuses on four aspects: historical value,

Value Assessment Chart, base on these two methods. Pecinan heritage group and

age value, art value, and use-value. The Pecinan vernacular building typology has

two specific sites were further understood, and the support of design gradually

high values overall, except spatial art and history. It suggests that there are the

grows.

advantages and highlights embodied in this a well-developed heritage typology

CULTURAL VALUE ASSESSMENT

CONCLUSION

and its group strength. Generally speaking, the houses in Pecinan could continuously change according

In cases’ assessment, some advantages need to preserve or enhance. Each area has

to each owner’s job, wealth and aesthetic preference. Except for human factors,

a unique street history, characters, profile, and activities; these are all valued high.

environmental factors also push the houses to adjust, such as the underground

And the well-preserved original structure, spatial sequence, and climate system

water can no longer be used, so the water well-closed, further lead to sky well ren-

are also highly valued. Moreover, the spirit of each site is high since the occupants

ovation and central spaces’ renovation. The most common situation is that main

and neighbors have a strong memory and various linkage with these buildings,

structures remain to be the original situation, but the indoor space and surface are

which is crucial to define ‘what is heritage in Pecinan.’

changed in different degrees. The chrono-mapping of two building cases illustrates this typical circumstance.

Apart from the positive points, more aspects need to be improved. Zhang Shop-

Moreover, in Zhang shophouse’s P1, the key areas such as sky well and terrace are

house has low values for its façade since its changes and low art-aesthetic; further,

kept and still in use, while part 2 facing Jl. Beteng has mostly changed both façade

the changed skin blocks the building’s breath. But from another point of view, this

and interior service. The junction of these two parts is confusing and messing

continuous adaptation to new times could be an appealing characteristic spirit to

(showing the typical situation in the gap of back-to-back houses of Pecinan).

learn. The technique building damages are harmful to all the cases and low the

According to the roof and structure site photos, the author assumed that junction

use-value.

is an old built area, and the strange construction may due to the prefabricated beams’ dimension and existing adjacent buildings’ influence.

Moreover, the chart shows considerable conflicts of values. It could be summaried

As for Blue house, the main supporting, roof structure, sky well, and spatial se-

as ‘use-value’ could be a conflict to ‘historical value and age value,’ especially in

quences are original and clear readable. But the others are entirely new: a whole

Blue House and Part 2 of Zhang Shophouse. So, balancing houses’ space efficiency

additional floor, several rooms and various structures which were gradually made

with spatial spirit and origins is worthy to figure out in the following design.

for storage from 1988.

HA SHARED LAB_SEMARANG_2019-2020

1. What’s the position or chances of Pecinan in the city level, district, and street levels?

Function: Working (small business, food, and trade) with living.

For, the largest city of Central Java, Semarang, Pecinan should contribute as one of the main drives or examples in the

Material: Brick and wood.

FINAL CONLUSION

CONCLUSION

renovation of the Heritage Old Town. The aim is to show Semarang’s heritage beauty, history, and multi-culture not only to Semarang’s citizen but also to other cities.

What has been gone through the building’s appearance and use, and why?

In district levels, Pecinan also has many chances. It should continue and enhance various linkages to other old town

The houses in Pecinan could continuously change according to each owner’s job, wealth, and aesthetic preference.

areas. This includes historical traffic linkage, Kali Semarang’s heritage-settlements’ coherence, and Pecinan’s business

Except for human factors, environmental factors also push the houses to adjust, such as the underground water can no

attraction.

longer be used, so the water well-closed, further lead to sky well renovation and central spaces’ renovation. The most

As for the inner streets of Pecinan, they are the frames and the basement to show the essence of Pecinan and improve

common situation is that the main structures remain to be the original situation, but the indoor space and surface are

liveability for the occupants. The methods may include i. Continue the existing overall street profile to record the histo-

changed in different degrees.

ry. ii. Keep and enhance the diversity of streets’ functions, appearance, and activities. iii. New zoning design and street vision design in street levels are necessary for Pecinan district renovation.

Why did the district develop like this? What has been gone through spatial appearance and use, and why?

The overall district developed under Pecinan’s business needs and limitations from the Dutch Quarters. And it is the 2. What are the characters that define current Pecinan?

street first be built and determines the buildings’ boundary. In this limited area, people first formed and built houses

From the architectural aspect, there are street planning and profile, building plots, influential cultural identified build-

around the main roads to have trade-convenience. These main roads maintain and still functions as the critical business

ing groups, and the trend of continuous buildings’ adaptation.

streets in Pecinan. Over the years, increasing Chinese immigrants came. They filled up the other places of Pecinan;

For the occupants, it is the busy business, and dense living makes the Pecinan’s image to them. Old generation defines

thus, more streets are made, which were more residential-oriented compared to main roads. Additionally, from 1740,

Pecinan as their lovely home because there have their friends, own small business, childhood memory recalled by the

due to the Dutch group’s influence, the Chinese ethnic group was socially isolated from the Indonesian group, so Peci-

old streets and houses.

nan has a coherent living and social system. This settlement was well-kept until the 1960s, temples closed, house fences

For the visitor, Pecinan is a place for market, trade, and high-quality’s food.

were built, the main roads widen projects, and Kali Semarang’s normalization demolished many Pecinan’s buildings’ fronts, thus starts the trend of changing façades. After that, the occupants and liveability decline, the scenarios of build-

What are the needs in Pecinan district?

ings’ vacancy, and over-commercialization start.

Cultural and historical renovation, more occupants, better traffic conditions, public spaces, better natural environment, building conservation, and proper-heritage-notion’s architectural restoration.

What the core values of this folk shop house type, and why?

See the answer to Q 4. 4.

What are the general features or the essence of these types of building?

Space: Linear spatial sequence, defining privacy degree and zoning; sky well central; flexibility of expansion by connect-

ing the neighbors.

Referred by the answers to the questions above. How: District planning, suitable program and heritage strategies (pre-

Appearance: Pitch and continuous roof, wooden crafts.

serve and renovation)

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What can be reused from both existing Pecinan and historical Pecinan, for the future? And how?

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LIST

Source List 1. Dinas PU Cipta Karya, 1993-1994 2. Jean-Paul Corten & Peter van Dun, 2006, ‘A Tale Of Three Cultures Semarang Inner City Development’. 3. Johannes Widodo, 1988. ‘Chinese Settlement in a Changing City’. 4. Kuipers, Marieke. & De Jonge, Wessel. , 2017, Designing from Heritage: Strategies

for Conservation and Conversion. Delft: TU Delft - Heritage & Architecture. 5. Library of University of Leiden, Asssessed in 2019 6. Meurs, Paul., 2016. Heritage-based design. Delft: TU Delft - Heritage & Architecture. 7. National Archives, The Hague, Accessed in 2019 8. Ronald G. Knapp, 2010, Chinese Houses of Southeast Asia, 9. Semarang RTRW Plan, 2019

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