JING ZHANG M.ARCH TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY CHAIR: MARCEL ERMINY CO-CHAIR: PETER T.LANG MEMBER: CAROL J.LAFAYETTE
TOUGH TO GET TO. TOUGHER TO EXPLAIN. BUT ONCE YOU GET HERE, YOU GET IT.
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COWBOY PANTHEON
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COWBOY PANTHEON
The cowboy has deep historic roots tracing back to S p a i n a n d t h e earliest European settlers o f t h e A m e r i c a s. O ve r the centuries, differences in terrain, climate and the influence of cattlehandling traditions from multiple cultures created several distinct styles of equipment, clothing and animal handling.
The California Gold Rush - The gold boom in California in the 1850s created a demand for beef and provided people with the cash to pay for it. Thus, though most cattle were obtained locally or from Mexico, very long drives were attempted.
1775-1783
COWBOY HISTORY
1598
1725 "Cowboy" appeared in the English language.
In 1598, Don Juan de Onate sent an expedition across the Rio Grande River into N e w M e x i c o, b r i n g i n g along 7000 head of cattle. From this begining, vaqueros of mestizo heritage drove cattle from New Mexico and later Texas to Mexico City. Mexican traditions spread both South and Nor th, influencing equestrian traditions from Argentina to Canada.
American Civil War - With the a r r i v a l o f r a i l ro a d s a n d a n increased demand for beef in the wake of the American Civil War, older traditions combined with the need to drive cattle from the ranches where they were raised to the nearest realheads, often hundreds of miles away.
T h e A m e r i c a n Revolutionary War - The first organized cattle drive in Texas was a result of the American Revolution.
1779 General Bernardo de GĂĄlvez was fighting the British along the Texas coast and needed supplies to feed his Army. So he s e n t Fr a n c i s c o G a r c i a with a message for Texas Governor Domingo Cabello authorizing a round up and cattle drive.
1848-1855
1849
1858
By 1849 "cowboy" had developed its modern sense as an adult cattle handler of the American Weset. Variations on the word "cowboy" appeared later. "Cowhand" appeared in 1852, and "cowpoke" in 1881, originally restricted to t h e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o prodded cattle with long poles to load them onto railroad cars for shipping. "Cowboy" is a term common throughout the west and par ticularly in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, "Buckaroo" is used primarily in the Great Basin and California, and "cowpuncher" mostly in Te x a s a n d s u r ro u n d i n g states.
In 1858, the firm of Russell, Majors and Waddell utilized about 40,000 oxen. Longhorns were trained by the thousands for work oxen. Herds of longhorns were driven to Chicago, and at least one herd was driven all the way to New York.
1861-1865
1866-1886
1863
1866
Texans drove cattle into the Confederacy for the use of the Confederate Army. In October, 1862 a Union naval patrol on the southern Mississippi River captured 1,500 head of Longhorns which had been destined for Confederate military posts in Louisiana. The per manent loss of the main cattle supply after 1863 was a serious blow to the Confederate Army.
PALO DURO CANYON HISTORY
1874
1875
The first European explorers to discover the canyon were members of the Coronado expedition, who visited the canyon in 1541. Apache Indians lived in Palo Duro at the time, but they were later displaced by Comanche and Kiowa tribes, who had the advantage of owning horses brought over by t h e S p a n i s h . Th e y h a d contact with traders in nearby New Mexico, called Comancheros.
The land remained under American Indian control until a militar y expedition led by Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie was sent in 1874 to remove the Indians to reservations in Oklahoma.
The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon. Many of the Indians fled leaving behind their possessions and headed for the open plains. Few warriors remained sniping at the soldiers but by nightfall, the canyon belonged to Mackenzie and the villages were destroyed.
The first large scale effort to drive cattle from Texas to the nearest railhead for shipment to Chicago. The other data showed that cowboys drove 260,000 head from Texas to Kansans, Missouri, and Iowa. By 1866, cattle could be sold to northern markets for as much as $40 per head, making it potentially profitable for cattle, particularly from Texas, to be herded long distances to market.
Beginning in the 1920s and continuing to the p re s e n t d a y, We s t e r n movies popularized the cowboy lifestyle but also for med persistent stereotypes, both positive a n d n e g a t i ve. I n s o m e cases, the cowboy and the violent gunslinger are often associated with one another.
1920-
1902 Cattle herd and cowboy, circa 1902.
1936-1940 At 10 years of age, H.P. Cook was truly a "cow-boy" when he took his first trail drive north from Texas to Kansas -- and it was as a working cowboy, at that. He told his story at age 76 to Charles R. Fuller as part of the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1940. The entire interview can be found at the Library of Congress.
1997 "Goodnight-Loving Trail" - a song by country artist Utah Phillips in 1997 Album "The Telling Takes M e H o m e ," o n P h i l o records.
"On the Goodnight Trail, on the Loving Trail, Our Old Woman's lonesome tonight. Your French harp blows like the low bawling calf. It's a wonder the wind don't tear off your skin. Get in there and blow out the light."
Philip Danfor th Armour opened a meat packing plant in Chicago known as Armour and Company, and with the expansion of the meat packing industry, the demand for beef increased significantly.
1541
Cattle drives were a major economic activity in the American west, par ticularly between 1866 and 1886, when 20 million cattle were herded from Texas to railheads in Kansas for shipments to stockyards in Chicago and points east. The long distances covered, the need for periodic rests b y r i d e r s a n d a n i m a l s, a n d t h e e s t a b l i s h m e nt of ra ilhea d s led to the development of "cow towns" across the American West. Because of extensive treatment of cattle drives in fic tion and film, the cowboy became the worldwide iconic image of the American. Cattle drives still occur in the American west and in Australia.
Red River is a 1948 Western film directed by Howard Hawks, giving a fictional account of the first cattle drive from Texas to Kansas along the Chisholm Trail. The movie starred John Wayne and Montgomery Clift. Like many such films, Red River tended to exaggerate the dangers and disasters of cattle driving.
Jesse Chisholm died of food poisoning in March 4th, 1868. Even though t h e C h i s h o l m Tr a i l i s known for its use during the cattle drive era, Jesse wasn’t a cattleman, but a frontier trader. He had a great knowledge of the southwest that was valuable in trailblazing.
1876
1930
Charles Goodnight established t h e J A R a n c h i n Pa l o D u ro Canyon. O ver the next half century, the canyon remained in private hands, but was an increasingly popular tourist spot for local residents.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) began to build roads, cabins and trails in Palo Duro Canyon.
1934 Park opened July 4,1934. The upper section of the canyon was purchased by the State of Texas and turned into the Palo Duro Canyon State Park.
COWBOY HISTORY & PALO DURO CANYON HISTORY TIMELINE
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COWBOY PANTHEON
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COWBOY PANTHEON
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COWBOY PANTHEON
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COWBOY PANTHEON