Spectrum Support Hub // by Chiew Jian Jin

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GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

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Thesis submitted to the school of Graduate Studies, University Putra Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Master of Architecture

By Chiew Jian Jin August 2021 All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia.

COPYRIGHT © Universiti Putra Malaysia

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

III

THESIS STATEMENT

Abstract Figure: Workplace Neurodiversity (Source: Kay Sargent, 2020) In 2020, 1 in 54 newborn are estimated to have Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) autistic globally. Being in the spectrum signifies an individual having unique proficiencies and talents, along with challenges in social skills, repetitive behaviours and communication.

This

developmental disability is often perceived as a degenerative disease. Yet, autistic individuals are society like us with different needs. Autistic groups are isolated from living their best condition by their sensory reactions towards the designated built environment.

Designing for autism user emphasizes relationship of human connection with spaces through sensation and perception, how humans gather and interpret environmental stimulation.

Each autistic individuals process and react diversely with various sensitivity in the spectrum. The architectural thesis aims to explore the extents of Sensory Design Rubrics in designing optimal vocational-supporting environment for neurodiverse (autism) community. In Malaysia, autistic childhood education are gradually developed and enhanced. However, autism employment rate that signifies their independence are below satisfactory. There is a need for a sensory architecture that enables autistic individuals into societal-inclusive programs for employment, empowerment and equality under immersive built environment.

Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Sensory Architecture, Neurodiversity

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

COPYRIGHT

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ABSTRACT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

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LIST OF FIGURES

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LIST OF TABLES

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CHAPTER 1

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IDEATION AND STUDY 1.1 Background 1.2 Thesis Statement & Objectives 1.3 Problem Statement 1.4 Studies on Relevant Topic 1.4.1 Autism Triad of Impairments 1.4.2 Autism and Architecture 1.4.3 Sensory Designs 1.4.4 Autism Design Guidelines: ASPECTSS 1.5 Conceptual Framework 1.6 NABC 1.7 Ideation Poster SITE AND CONTEXTUAL RESPONSE 2.1 Site Selection Criteria 2.2 Taman Aman Park, Taman Paramount 2.3 Site Information 2.4 Density 2.5 Accessibility 2.6 Site Contextual Poster CASE STUDIES 3.1 First Place, Arizona (RSP Architects) 3.2 Neurodiverse Workplace (HOK Architects) 3.3 Case Study Summary DESIGN GENERATOR 4.1 Senses and Sensory Stimuli from Physical Built Environment 4.2 Spatial Framework Simulation 4.3 Fragmentization of Spaces 4.4 Free Form Spaces 4.5 Volume of Spaces 4.6 Curvy Spaces 4.7 Sensory Spatial Rhizome 4.8 Programmatic Structure DESIGN PROPOSAL 5.1 Site Response 5.2 Massing Study 5.3 Building Proposal 5.4 Floor Plans 5.5 Design Posters

REFERENCES

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Architecture Thesis Studio

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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES

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1.1

Prevalence rate of autism from 1970 to 2016

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1.2

The triad of impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorder

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1.3

The functional levels of in Autism groups

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1.4

Sensory Quality Framework

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1.5

Compartmentalization and Spatial Sequencing Case Studies of

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Autism School 1.6

Conceptual Framework of this research

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1.7

NABC Summary of this research

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1.8

Poster of research ideation

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2.1

Site Massing within 500 meters and surrounding nodes

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2.2

Site Plan within 500 meters and surrounding views

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2.3

Images of nearby proximities around the site

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2.4

Site Plan within 500 meters and surrounding building heights

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2.5

Site Plan within 500 meters and surrounding accessibilities

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2.6

The Site Contextual Poster

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3.1

First Place, RSP Architects in Arizona States Phoenix Town

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3.2

Conceptualized workspaces for neurodiversity group by HOK

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Architects 4.1

Books published by Juhani Pallasmaa on relationship between

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sensory and physical built environment 4.2

Diagram illustrating the sensory stimuli processing of autism

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group 4.3

The spatial framework simulated from required programs and

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Magda’s principles of autism spaces 4.4

Similar texture, different toning from transition gallery towards

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fragmentized spaces for drive thru tasks.

4.5

Figure 4.5: Boundaries undefined, transitions soften with free

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forms, biophilic features are implanted along the journey for an intimate anticipation with publics 4.6

Boundaries undefined, transitions soften with free forms, biophilic

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features are implanted along the journey for an intimate anticipation with publics 4.7

Curvy spaces of intimate scale adjacent to main spaces

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4.8

Spatial rhizome constructed from the sensory framework

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

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4.9

Principles and Concept of Rhizomatic Thinking

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4.10

The non-hierarchical architectural system pinpoints in a few

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programmatic context 5.1

The dualism of the site, Taman Aman Park in Taman Paramount

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5.2

Sketches illustrating site responses of massing

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5.3

Massing development with response to the surrounding site

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context 5.4

LRT, park and public users’ entrance elevated from park level

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5.5

Food alley after the ramp entrance

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5.6

Park view café at the end of food alley where sensory celebration

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of public is designed 5.7

Transition Gallery

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5.8

Farm Garden

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5.9

Perspective of Floors

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5.10

Section illustrating spatial relationship

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5.11

Hydrotherapy Pool

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Longitudinal section illustration spatial relationships

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5.13

Training Studio

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5.14

Sensory Room

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5.15

Site Plan

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5.16

Ground Floor Plan

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5.17

First Floor Plan

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5.18

Second Floor Plan

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5.19

Design poster of Sensory Spectrum Hub

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GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

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LIST OF FIGURES TABLES

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1.1

Seven Sensory Systems and their functions

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3.1

Case study summary table

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GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Ideation

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CHAPTER 1 IDEATION AND STUDY 1.1 BACKGROUND In Greek word, the term autism is derived from “autos”, implying “self” in history. It illustrates a situation when an individual is isolated from socialization. Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler first introduced the term in 1940s, indicating a group with symptoms of schizophrenia.

Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder where the capabilities of an individual to interact or communicate with others are impaired (Yates, 2016). The syndromes include restricted interests and repetitive behaviors which lead to notable cognitive impairment in socialization, occupational, or other functional areas. The impairments fall on a very broad spectrum, hence affecting each single individual distinctively on various degree (Issaa, 2017).

Figure 1.1: Prevalence rate of autism from 1970 to 2016 (Autism and Development Disabilities Monitoring Network, 2016)

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Ideation

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1 in 54 individuals are diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder in year 2020 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020). The statistics had increased drastically from 1 in 150 individuals in year 2000 (Autism and Development Disabilities Monitoring Network, 2016). The prevalence rate are 4 times more common among boys than girls. However, diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder are established from a standardized assessment of descriptions of behavior.

Therefore, it remains an argument whether the increase of prevalence rate reflects advancement in diagnosis methods or an actual result of subjects expanded. Nonetheless, the statistic estimating only 1 in 5 autistic young adults are able to live independently from their parents (Roux, 2015) have proven more attention are required to raise the awareness and taking vital measures in assisting autistic group living the best life with their conditions (Mostafa, 2015).

1.2 THESIS STATEMENT AND OBJECTIVES Thesis Statement: This thesis aims to explore the extents of Sensory Design Rubrics in designing optimal vocationalsupporting environment for neurodiverse (autism) community.

Thesis Objectives: 1. To cultivate mutual understanding and unitary integration of autism and mainstream society 2.

To support autistic growth on fundamentals needed to train skill sets for employment, empowerment and equality.

3. To investigate and formulate aspects of sensory environment that enables facilitation of above process.

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Ideation

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1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT With the sharp increase in autism rates, diagnosis, therapy and education for autism childhood has significantly improved. However, the attentions on autistic young adult’s social-inclusiveness are relatively less (McConkey, 2015). The basis of inclusion is supporting people’s divergence whenIdeation providing identical activities for everyone, so every individual are equally valued. This does not only benefit autistic groups, but also their neuro-typical peers. It encourages them to comprehend the unique strengths of each other, starting to care for people first, difference second, and easily interact with individuals with diverse abilities (Issa, 2017).

Employment is a basic measure of autistic young adult’s independence, but working opportunities have always been inadequate (Lorenz, 2016). Employment acts as a platform that offers personal dignity and proven to boost the living quality of autistic individual (D.GarciaVillamisar, 2002). Nonetheless, autistic individuals require distinct vocational needs. The provision of a satisfactory job is relatively challenging due to the wide spectrum of autistic needs (Lorenz, 2016). Encouraging special needs to be inclusive in mainstream society, and to learn from their peers who in return appreciating the different strengths they have to overcome the challenges that disabled them, will develop autistic individual’s functionality and better society integration (Autism Speaks Org., 2017). With appropriate employment, autistic person often establishes distinct strengths, for example extremely high attention towards details, great performance on tasks despised by others due to the repetitive or isolating nature.

Although the number of autism facilities for autistic child have increased, the design are usually confined and neglecting the engagement towards community. Present design methods focus on two design approaches: Sensory sensitive approach and Neuro-typical approach.

Sensory sensitive approach create buildings that serve as sensory escapes and great reduction of sensory stimuli from environment. Neuro-typical approach prefers the opposite, sensory stimuli are not reduced, real-world settings are designated to train the integration into larger populations.

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Ideation

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Understanding the pros and cons from both approach, Magda Mostafa, an architect and pioneer researcher defined an evidence-based logical approach with a series of fundamental design principles and guidelines for autistic users, known as the ASPECTSS Index. The index provides a positive correlation between interventions in sensory environment and autistic behaviour. While the design principles are majorly executed in educational spaces, they serve similar potential in workplaces.

1.4 STUDIES ON RELEVANT TOPIC Studies are conducted in the process of ideation with related topics of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and sensory design: 1.4.1

AUTISM TRIAD OF IMPAIRMENTS

The Autism Triad of Impairments interpret three core dimensions of autistic impairments although the exact manifestation varies. These include impairments in social communication, social interactions and imagination. In order to be diagnosed as ASD, an individual must demonstrate minimum six syndromes across the triad (Cabibihan, 2016). However, there are no apparent causes to these impairments. Diagnosis of ASD are conducted with multi-disciplinary ractices using particular clinical interviews and techniques of observations (American Psychiatric Association).

Figure 1.2: The triad of impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorder (Cabibihan, 2016)

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Ideation

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Autism spectrum is incredibly wide, that the level of impairments vary between each individuals. Hence, the severity of disorder is defined by the level of supports required. In this thesis, the spatial exploration on designing enabling environment that supports the learning of vocational skills and socialization pinpoint on autism individuals within functional level 1 and 2, with minimal support needed, as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 1.3: The functional levels of in Autism groups (Diagnostic and Satistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition, 2013)

1.4.2

AUTISM AND ARCHITECTURE The discussion of accessibility codes and guidelines on built environment for autistic group

remain sparse (Mostafa, 2015). The definition of architecture varies between practices, but the fundamentals are art and science of designing physical environment built for catering various user’s needs and performance limitations. Since the users may be physically, cognitively or developmentally challenged, architecture for autism shall ensure the design enables autistic group into effective learning environment, where knowledge and skills are enhanced, societal attitude towards diversity as an equitable society are integrated (Issaa, 2017). The ultimate goal of such built environment shall assist autistic groups in achieving life independence.

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Ideation

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1.4.3

SENSORY DESIGNS Environment has immense impact on autistic individuals with sensory sensitivity taking

place along a wide variety, from hypersensitive to hyposensitive. Hypersensitive indicates overdeveloped sensory channel causing too much stimulations on brain; hyposensitive refers to the reverse circumstances where sensory channel is under-developed. This sensory processing disorder show complications of nervous system in autistic brain to process and integrate information input from senses (Ghazali, 2018). Therefore, in some events, autistic individuals may overreact to seek out of sensory information, such as putting hands over their ears to cut off traffic noise (Autism Research Institute, 2016). There are seven sensory systems within human brain (Henshall, 2008) as shown in Table 1.

Table 1.1: Seven Sensory Systems and their functions (Ghazali, 2018) So, architects shall design autistic spaces by thinking through as an experience in accordance to sensory quality, as not all autistic individuals are challenged at similar ways or range. This can be achieved by categorizing spaces into high and low stimulus zone, with transition spaces encouraging seamless shifting between zones in between. Besides, the settings shall include sensory areas or escape spaces consist of neutral environment or sensory box filled with tactile toys to relieve from sensory meltdowns or overstimulation (Ghazali, 2018).

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Ideation

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Figure 1.4: Sensory Quality Framework (Ghazali, 2018)

1.4.4

AUTISM Spaces Principles: THE ASPECTSS INDEX Magda Mostafa is a pioneer researcher and architect in autistic design. She began

developing an autistic design framework namely ASPECTSS index based on the effects of environment towards the sensory input of autistic individuals and their respective responses since 2002. The study was built based on a hypothesis of constructive alteration on physical built environment including orientation, texture, colors, acoustics, etc will improve the performance of autistic individuals (Issaa, 2017) Mostafa has proposed seven principles in ASPECTSS index as a tool for developing autistic design:

Acoustics: Prior feature of sensory environment influencing autistic performance. The attention spans and behavioral temperament are improved with noise level reduction internally and

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Ideation

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externally. This do not mean a total soundproofed environment, rather accommodating autistic individuals through different noise level, mitigating their reliance on identical settings.

Spatial Sequencing: Organization of spaces in best comprehensive order. A smooth circulation phasing from one to another without interruptions.

Escape Space: An easy-access modest space ranging from complete enclosed to subtly define.

It functions as minimal stimuli to completely neutral sensory haven for sensory dilutions during overstimulation with physical stimuli from environment.

Compartmentalization: Division of spaces into various smaller compartments with consequent regulation of both sensory and social input to consecutive activities.

Transition Spaces: This feature is aligned with spatial sequencing and sensory zoning.

Facilitating space shifting from ascending level of stimulus with maximum seamlessness.

Sensory Zoning: Neuro-typical spaces in common buildings are aligned in accordance to functional zones. Meanwhile sensory level and qualities shall be the main order in aligning spaces for autism. The phasing between these spaces shall be designated with transition spaces.

Safety: Safety is a general characteristics of all autistic spaces due to their challenged sense of proprioception and depth perceptions. Building systems, material and texture choices, protective barriers, height of fixtures, etc shall be improvised to avoid potential damages or self-injury.

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Ideation

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Figure 1.5: Compartmentalization and Spatial Sequencing Case Studies of Autism School (Mostafa, 2015)

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Ideation

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1.5 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The thesis aims to investigate the sensory design rubrics to design physical environment that improves the facilitation of vocational training and socialization of autistic group to eventually cultivate their independence in society. To achieve such, the architectural approaches are focusing on achieving a physical built environment that features immersive environment, enabling built environment and sensory design that reflects the diverse needs of autistic group in physical spaces that accommodate common programs equitable to neuro-typical society.

Figure 1.6: Conceptual Framework of this research (Source: Author)

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

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1.6 NABC

Figure 1.7: NABC Summary of this research (Source: Author)

Needs: Inclusivity of Autism group in mainstream society. The raising prevalence rate of autistic has raise awareness on nourishing inclusivity to ensure the equality of society for future developments.

Approach: The thesis is focusing on the extents of Sensory Design Rubrics in designing optimal vocational-supporting environment for neurodiverse (autism) community.

Benefit: The benefit of this research is also the end goal of the study, to cultivate autism’s independence, achieving society empowerment that is capable to accommodate diversity among people Challenges: To proceed with the study, there must be thorough research on existing autism facilities to make sure a concrete gap of previous studies are identified.

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Ideation

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1.7 IDEATION POSTER

Figure 1.8: Poster of research ideation (Source: Author)

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Contextual Response

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CHAPTER 2 SITE AND CONTEXTUAL RESPONSE

2.1 SITE SELECTION CRITERIAS After the ideation process, site selection criteria are further identified to seek for a context that best fit to accommodate the idea of facilitating integration of society and effective learning for autistic young adults: I.

Community 1. Has the strength towards community engagement, abundance of residential area to provide support 2. Has schools to engage awareness of mainstream society to encourage inclusiveness since childhood education.

3. Residential+Commercial mix community, however slow-paced livelihood, to enable environment for autism’s life-readiness training 4. A potential of supporting low income families, where ASD individuals will be able to generate income and support back the family

II.

Environment

1. Has quiet environment to cope with the sensory sensitivity of ASD Individuals, to dilute over sensory stimulated environment from traffic 2. A sense of safety/calmness in the environment, with open,wide fields/greeneries, to cater the sudden sensory stimulated ASD individuals

III.

Traffic 1. Close proximity to public transportation, serves a potential in attracting participations of nearby communities 2. Minor traffic congestions only during peak hours, ensuring the safety and sensory affordance of Autisms

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Contextual Response

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2.2 TAMAN AMAN PARK, TAMAN PARAMOUNT

Figure 2.1: Site Massing within 500 meters and surrounding nodes (Source: Author) Taman Paramount, neighboring Section 21 (Sea Park), Section 14 and Section 22 is an established residential hub in Petaling Jaya. It is usually relatable to the Taman Paramount LRT Station along Kelana Jaya Line. It is a low density residential zone, majorly terrace houses at western and northern segments and bungalows at the eastern part.

One can simply find lots of good Chinese restaurants, hipster café, and hawker stalls at Taman Paramount. Commercial development is situated at the centre of Taman Paramount, whereby shop houses with various businesses can be found here. There are plenty of banks here and nearby Taman Sea. A pasar malam is held in this commercial area every Sunday evening.

As for academic institutions, there are Maz International School, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sri Aman, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Taman Sea and Stamford College within the vicinity. Besides LRT Taman Paramount as a convenient public transport around the area,

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Contextual Response

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the accessibility also include a network of highways which include Federal Highway, LDP Highway, and Lebuhraya Baru Lembah Klang.

Taman Paramount is rated 36th in top 40 coolest neighborhood in the world (Source: timeout.com, October 2020). It is an ideal place for staying, as it is a quiet residential zone supported with various commercial shops and facilities, nearby Taman Sea and located at the heart of Petaling Jaya.

2.3 SITE INFORMATION

Figure 2.2: Site Plan within 500 meters and surrounding views (Source: Author)

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Contextual Response

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Figure 2.3: Images of nearby proximities around the site (Source: Author)

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Contextual Response

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The site is located beside Taman Aman Park, a spacious green landscape beside the LRT Taman Paramount. It is sandwiched between a row of townhouse and park, serving a great opportunity to extend the green into the proposal as a sensory optimal zone for autistic group.

With potential design alterations, it will be a good extension with invincible transition that encourage the accessibility of park users, LRT users and surrounding neighborhood passing by spot. This is crucial to enhance the inclusion and acceptance of surrounding community that eventually grow into a lighthouse for the awareness of neurodiversity group equity in society.

In addition, it will benefit the physical trainings for autistic group that improve their motor skills, helping them to better cope with their contact with surrounding objects. Strategies need to be implied to void out noises interruption from commuter transmission.

2.4 DENSITY

Figure 2.4: Site Plan within 500 meters and surrounding building heights (Source: Author)

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Contextual Response

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The light grey area are buildings below 15meters; light red represents building within 15meters to 30 meters; while deep red indicated building exceeding 30 meters. Within the 500 meter radius of the site, only Sri Aman Apartment Flat stands tall with height over 30 meters, while massive structure only include LRT Taman Paramount and Kampung Tunku Mosque.

This is strategic as a site for sensory-sensitive and welcoming for socialization to happen for autistic groups. The low stimulant from surrounding physical environment enables them to afford a better acceptance for better learning and interaction with surrounding.

2.5 ACCESSIBILITY

Figure 2.5: Site Plan within 500 meters and surrounding accessibilities (Source: Author) The major vehicular accessibility to the site is from the front, which is initially an entrance for public car park of LRT Taman Paramount. However, taking the advantage of Aman Park, there

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Contextual Response

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are three entrances with pedestrian access to the site. Joining these entries will be a challenge and potential at the same time to the site. The nodes are all within 20minutes walking distance from the site, serving greater potential for inclusion events to occur.

2.6 SITE CONTEXTUAL POSTER

Figure 2.6: The Site Contextual Poster (Source: Author)

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Case Studies

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CHAPTER 3 CASE STUDIES 3.1 First Place, Arizona (RSP Architects) Arizone states Phoenix town is the world’s first recognized autistic town. First place serves as a light tower of the town identity to familiarize the concept of autism awareness.

Figure 3.1: First Place, RSP Architects in Arizona States Phoenix Town Autistic individuals are seen as people with diverse needs, hence, the facilities include autistic services and programmes such as: 1. Apartment - 56 studios, one, two and four-bedroom units for lease with independent living services and amenities.

2. Transition Academy - Autism Research & Resource Center, 32 students transitioning towards independent living, will experience paid internships and engage in volunteer activities each year.

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It serves as a great exposure for the occupants to different jobs to build skills and resumes.

3. First Place Leadership Institute - continued education and trainings.

3.2 Neurodiverse Workplace (HOK Architects) HOK Architects explore the potential of workplaces that accommodate neurodiverse workers which include autistic individuals. Embracing with the concept of SPECTRUM, six modalities of work: concentrate, commune, create, congregate, contemplate and convivial is evaluated across the spectrum of hypersensitivities and hyposensitivities to simulate the duality and interval spaces respectively. Hence, neurodiverse groups can fit themselves into different spaces without compromising their working efficiency.

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Case Studies

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Figure 3.2: Conceptualized workspaces for neurodiversity group by HOK Architects

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Case Studies

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3.3 CASE STUDY SUMMARY PROJECT

NEURODIVERSE OFFICE HOK STUDIO

FIRST PLACE RSP ARCHITECT

BACKGROUND Concerning the hypo and hyper sensitivities situation of neurodiverse groups, spaces are designed across the spectrum to accommodate 6 modalities of works.

First city in the world to declare as autistic town in Phoenix, US. The pioneer building to spread awareness

SPATIAL

Office Spaces -Working pod -General discussion work spaces

Apartment Education facilities Internship Facilities Research Facilities

WEAKNESS

Exploration limited on workspace design.

Good attempt designed in an enclosed architecture where participation of community is not automated but invited

STRENGTH

Extruding the features of designing for neurodiversity groups into proposal

Spatial configurations and programs to be studied for equal provision of services and facilities for autism group

Table 3.1: Case study summary table (Source: Author)

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Design Generator

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CHAPTER 4 DESIGN GENERATOR 4.1

SENSES AND SENSORY STIMULI FROM PHYSICAL BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Figure 4.1: Books published by Juhani Pallasmaa on relationship between sensory and physical built environment (Source: Author) Juhani Pallasmaa is a Finnish architect and former professor of architecture and dean at the Helsinki University of Technology. Among Pallasmaa's many books on architectural theory, The Eyes of the Skin – Architecture and the Senses, has become a classic of architectural theory and is required reading on courses in many schools of architecture around the world Besides, The Thinking Hand, Mind in Architecture emphasizes the significance of architecture in making us experience ourselves as complete and spiritual beings. People experience architecture with visual engagement majorly, a significant architecture experience shall include touching the world, experience with tactile sense as an extension of vision.

He emphasized in engaging architecture with all senses, a Multi-Sensory Design approach.

Neuro-typical humans selectively process environmental stimuli around us to better orient ourselves to complete daily tasks. Alternatively, autistic individuals experience the world with different sensory stimuli processing capabilities, within broad range of hypo- to hypersensitivities (Figure 3.2) proposed by Delacato (1984). A sensory design framework of built environment will assist them to perform effectively, as themselves.

Design Generator

Figure 4.2: Diagram illustrating the sensory stimuli processing of autism group

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4.2 SPATIAL FRAMEWORK SIMULATION

Figure 4.3: The spatial framework simulated from required programs and Magda’s principles of autism spaces (Source: Author) Programs analysis that are done through case studies in Malaysia autism movement and existing autism facilities are evaluated across Magda Mostafa’s (2015) ASPECTSS Index of autism design principles. The programs embodied a contemplated system fitting the tasks that promotes autism strength in repetitive tasks that require particularity on details. These includes food or art & craft studios, food alley and Parkview café where food produced are sold, along with mini urban planting farms with garden setting to serve as an extension of Taman Aman Park, rest, rehab and start again in therapy, consultation, planning and rest floors which have hydrotherapy pool, sand pool, rehab rooms, research and planning offices and motor fitness space.

The evaluations are done by justifying the spatial quality, privacy, sensory input, and materiality envisioned for respective programs. Then, evaluations are simulated into four forms of spaces, the fragments, volumes, free forms and curvy spaces that constitute into a contemplated sensory spatial framework. The forms of spaces highlight spatial clarity with particular functionality or purpose. However, the context varies with slight shift on the furniture, materiality, volume, openings, colors or views in order to cater similar programs with different settings. To exemplify,

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private stalls and drive thru area are both fragmentized spaces, but privacy is regulated with the sense of enclosure.

4.3 FRAGMENTIZATION OF SPACES In the sensory design framework, fragmentized spaces are optimal volume spaces for semiprivate work tasking or resting. Autistic group may anticipate with limited head count of individuals.

This group of spaces are consist of drive thru, food stalls, rehab spaces. One caretaker or volunteer will be assisting autistic individual at a time to distribute and sell food, or conduct private therapy for muscle relax. The functionality is defined with various similar textures between each and from the transition spaces as well. Different toning is applied to feature the clarity of transition while preserving the spatial warmth. Figure 3.6 shown an example of transition from transition gallery to drive thru with similar timber texture but different timber toning.

Figure 4.4: Similar texture, different toning from transition gallery towards fragmentized spaces for drive thru tasks.

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

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4.4 FREE FORM SPACES Free form space’s area, volume and boundary are not bounded by walls or building components. Hence, it is utilized to facilitate transitions of public circulations into certain private core functions of the building. Biophilic features are designated throughout the spaces to establish a safe, comfortable, and invincible anticipation of various groups within the building, constructing a social-inclusive setup of spatial sequencing. Figure 3.7 illustrates spaces of similar quality which are the transition gallery towards farm garden.

Figure 4.5: Boundaries undefined, transitions soften with free forms, biophilic features are implanted along the journey for an intimate anticipation with publics

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Architecture Thesis Studio

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4.5 VOLUME OF SPACES The volumetric spaces are spaces for formal training and rehabilitation such as the hydrotherapy pool, sand pool and the training studios. The materiality of spaces on the wall, ceiling and floors are altered to emerge the furniture and other components of the interior that features the spatial functionality (Figure 3.8). Besides, escape spaces or sensory corners are designed to adhere to these main spaces to serve as a break away from the working routine.

Figure 4.6: Boundaries undefined, transitions soften with free forms, biophilic features are implanted along the journey for an intimate anticipation with publics

4.6 CURVY SPACES Curvy spaces signify escape spaces where volume are fitting intimate scale. Human ergonomics are given a detailed concern to adapt to a variety of unintended usage by autistic individuals. Being an adjacent space, curvy spaces are often designated beside volumetric and fragmented spaces to serve as a sensory break out room. Large openings are designated above

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Architecture Thesis Studio

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human height to introduce indirect sunlight into the curvy spaces, as well as open up visual linkage with surrounding greeneries extended from the Taman Aman Park.

Figure 4.7: Curvy spaces of intimate scale adjacent to main spaces

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

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4.7 SENSORY SPATIAL RHIZOME

Figure 4.8: Spatial rhizome constructed from the sensory framework

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

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Figure 4.9: Principles and Concept of Rhizomatic Thinking Developed by Deleuze and Guattari in 1980s’, Rhizomatic thinking illustrates our living realm as an anti-linear and non-hierarchical structure. There is no significance, and everything is an aggregate of multitudinous spaces through semiotic chains without specific basis and directions. The statement was an argument against post-modernism. Diversity and flexibility to transform is embraced with a thorough understanding of the production of a matter through the knowledge’s system.

The framework fits best in analyzing the complex spatial relations of autism spaces.

Fluidity and multiple functionalities through entities and connectivities are emphasized. In the sensory spatial rhizome, each spaces and programs are constructed from multiple entities (physical forms, programs, textures, materiality, and privacy level) that are similar and diverse at the same time. The circulations and relations of spaces do not affect each other singularly. It is about decentralized spaces of qualitative difference with no central automaton and defined solely by circulations and relationships. This thesis aims to facilitate sensory spaces on this basis, where the proposal is non-hierarchical, people-modelled and programmatically adaptive in internal, external and surrounding urban scale.

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

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4.8 PROGRAMMATIC STRUCTURE

Figure 4.10: The non-hierarchical architectural system pinpoints in a few programmatic context The relation of spaces are defined by rhizomatic theory, where it is non-hierarchical, fluid and consist of multiple functionalities. Hence, occupants experience are defined by the user purpose. The spatial relations and spatial sequence are redefined in various events. Semi-public spaces that served as a transition spine to the entire network offers sufficient fluidity to different functions. Daily events may occur as daily vocational training for autism, daily community participation or public daily user routines. The nodes linkage responding to these routines are without a fixed sequence, and solely depend on the preferred user experience.

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CHAPTER 5 DESIGN PROPOSAL 5.1 SITE RESPONSE

Figure 5.1: The dualism of the site, Taman Aman Park in Taman Paramount Similar to the sensory spectrum of autism, the site is sandwiched in a dualism context between the commercial zone of Taman Paramount and bungalow areas at the south side. Hence, the site is located as if a transition catalyst zone between the two. Hence, the spatial sequencing and sensory zoning could benefit from categorization of hyposensitive zone or hypersensitive zone responding to the site context.

Figure 5.2: Sketches illustrating site responses of massing

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

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5.2 MASSING STUDY

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

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Figure 5.3: Massing development with response to the surrounding site context To further develop sensory spatial rhizome into the proposed site, massing is developed with response to the site surrounding. Multiple potential entries are identified and elevated from

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the park with designated ramps that welcome the entry of public to participate in this neurodiversity movement and sensory architecture experience. The privacy and sensory comfort of autism occupants are channeled through controlled internal circulations. The first entry are guided to anticipate as a public consumer of autism productions within the food alley of the first level. Existing LRT stalls are relocated here along with Parkview café with unique sensory linkage with the views towards the park. Second level of anticipation involves semi-public participation within ground floor level, where visitors have a glance of how autism productions are done in training studio, transition gallery, and an farm garden extended from the existing park.

Figure 5.4: LRT, park and public users’ entrance elevated from park level

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

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Figure 5.5: Food alley after the ramp entrance

Figure 5.6: Park view café at the end of food alley where sensory celebration of public is designed

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Design Proposal

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Figure 5.7: Alternate entry of the entrance ramp will lead to the transition gallery, where mutual understanding between autism group and neuro-typical society is further enhanced with sensory experience

Figure 5.8: A farm garden with pleasant sensory experienced on farming process by occupants

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Design Proposal

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5.3 BUILDING PROPOSAL

Figure 5.9: The perspective features the relationship between floors, where therapy and rehab spaces are designed on the toppest floors for better privacy control and public and semi-public spaces are designed at lower floors with visual linkage by the park

Figure 5.10: The section illustrates the relation between spaces

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

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Figure 5.11: Hydrotherapy pool of porous glasses to enhance the privacy while ensuring the sensory pleasure with visual linkage to the nature in the rehab floors

Figure 5.12: Longitudinal section illustrating the relation of spaces from ramp entry towards different floors

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Design Proposal

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Figure 5.13: The design of training studio to fit various sensory spectrum needs of autism group to ensure the capabilities of autism to perform themselves

Figure 5.14: Sensory room adjacent to the training studio, which serves as an escape for autism group to either work individually or rest in spaces designed with human ergonomics to allow unintended usage

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

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5.4 FLOOR PLANS

Figure 5.15: Site plan of the proposed building

Figure 5.16: Ground floor plan of the proposed building

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Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Design Proposal

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Figure 5.17: First floor plan of the proposed building

Figure 5.18: Second floor plan of the proposed building

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture

Design Proposal

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5.5 DESIGN POSTERS

Figure 5.19: The design poster of Sensory Spectrum Hub

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Architecture Thesis Studio

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REFERENCES Altenmüller-Lewis, U. (2017). Designing Schools for Students on the Spectrum. The Design Journal, 20(sup1), S2215–S2229.

Autism Speaks Org. (2017). Inclusion: Ensuring Access for Everyone, Leading the Way:Autism Friendly Youth Organizations, August 2018 Cook, K. A., & Willmerdinger, A. N. (2015). The History of Autism. The Furman University Scholar Exchange (Book 1). Furman University.

Ghazali, R., Md Sakip, S. R., & Samsuddin, I. (2018). A Review of Sensory Design Physical Learning Environment for Autism Centre. E-IPH, AicQoL2018PerhentianIsland, 3 (7), 7 pages.

Ghazali, R., Md Sakip, S. R., & Samsuddin, I. (2018). The Effects of Sensory Design on Autistic Children.

Asian Journal of Behavioural Studies (AjBeS), 3(14) Nov / Dec 2018 (p.68-83) Gopal, A., & Raghavan, J. (2018). Design interventions for Sensory comfort of Autistic children. Autism Open Access 8: 227.

H.Abd-El-Razak Barakat et al. (2019). Nature as a healer for autistic children. Alexandria Engineering Journal (2019) 58, 353–366 Integrityinc Org. (2019). What are the 5 Different Types of Autism?, available at: https://www.integrityinc.org/what-are-the-5-different-types-of-autism/ (Accessed: 16 January 2021)

Issa, S. M. (2017). Architecture and Students with Autism: Exploring Strategies for Their Inclusion in Society Mainstream, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences Vol:11, No:8, 2017 Kinnaer, M., Baumers, S., & Heylighen A. (2016). Autism-friendly architecture from the outside in and the inside out: An explorative study based on autobiographies of autistic people. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 31(2): 179-195, May 2016 Lim, J. M. (2015). Living with Autism in Malaysia. Policy IDEAS, pp. 1-11.

Lorenz, T., Frischling, C., Cuadros, R., & Heinitz, K. (2016) Autism and Overcoming Job Barriers: Comparing Job-Related Barriers and Possible Solutions in and outside of Autism-Specific Employment. PLoS ONE 11(1): e01470 Mostafa, M. (2018). Designing for Autism: An ASPECTSS Post-occupancy Evaluation for Learning Environments.

Mostafa, M. (2015). Architecture for Autism: Built Environment Performance in Accordance to the Autism ASPECTSS™ Design Index, Design Principles and Practices: An International Journal — Annual Review, Volume 8, July 2015 Mcconkey, R. (2015). Promoting the Social Inclusion of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Community Groups. Early Childhood Development and Care, January 2011.

Moxon, M., & Gates, D. (2001). Children with autism: Supporting the transition to adulthood, Educational and Child Psychology 18, 28–40.

Marchi, L. (2015). Enhancing the Built Environment for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs)

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Nazri, N. A., & Ismail, Z. (2016). Educational Building Facilities for Children with Autism in Malaysia.

Jurnal Teknologi.

Society, T. N. A. (2015). Autism Friendly Design. Your Autism Magazine, 49(2), 513600–513600.

Spence, C. (2020). Senses of Place: architectural design for the multisensory mind, Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, (2020), 5:46 The National Autistic Society. (2015). Autism-friendly Design. The National Autistic Society, 49(2).

Retrieved from http://www.autism.org.uk/professionals/others/architects/autism-friendlydesign.aspx Yates, M., Mclaren, B., & Proksch, G. (2016). Building Better Schools: A New Model For Autism Inclusion in Seattle.

Yeo, K. J., & Teng, K. Y. (2015). Social Skills Deficits in Autism: A Study Among Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Inclusive Classrooms. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 3(12), 1001–1007.

Zartaj, A., Malekjahan, F.A., & Salavatian, S. (2019). The strategies for designing desirable territory for improving social interactions at the behavioural setting of the children with autism disorders.

Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(5proc), S2349-S2363.

GS55964 Chiew Jian Jin

Architecture Thesis Studio

Master in Architecture