Holbeck Spa Urban Design Strategy
james lewis ewis
Urban U ba an Studio Stud S tud o
Holbeck Spa Urban Design Strategy
james lewis
Urban Studio
2
Contents Introduction
4
1 The History
6
2 Analysis
20
3 Holbeck Spa?
44
4 Strategic Vision
64
5 Masterplan Evolution
86
6 Sustainability
130
7 Concepts
142
8 Appendix
164
3
Introduction
I 4
This document sets out a set of design principles for the regeneration of Holbeck, a district 15 minutes from Leeds City Centre. The masterplan takes inspiration from and makes reference to its surroundings, seeking to transform Holbeck, physically, socially, economically and environmentally into a sustainable and viable community. While the world changes at an ever more rapid pace, the people within it need something familiar to hang on to if they are to accept new place making on a large scale. They want to be able to recognise it and feel a degree of ownership, just as they did a century ago, prior to it becoming a dirty ravaged place. This vision capitalises on
its location, rich history and unique character; utilising the Hol beck water in particular, celebrating the natural watercourse and re branding the district as a symbol for healing and revitalisation.
which many people consider to be isolated and not part of Holbeck. Building forms are arrived at in the hope of engaging the people Holbeck and the Urban Village with the aspiration of bridging the two.
Based on this strategic vision, a more detailed masterplan is designed based on this wider thinking. The masterplan is developed and articulated using both virtual and physical model and through an urban design process to ensure the designs are truly integrated into the masterplan and is not just a generic masterplan in which each plot is isolated and disregards the wider picture.
The Spa itself will be a new model with the idea that it belongs to all the people of Holbeck, not just the rich and wealthy. The Spa will become a hub bringing everyone together.......
James Lewis
The challenge of the project was not only the lack of connection to the city centre but also to the privately owned Holbeck Urban Village 5
The History
1 6
Holbeck
‘‘Cradle of the Industrial Revolution’’
7
Legacy
TOW
B AT H R O A D Holbeck to Leeds: historic footpath
School
Hol-beck
Marshall’s Mill
M
S AR
HA
LL
ST
RE
OR
2 ITALIANATE TOWERS LEEDS LIVERPOOL CANAL
San Gimignano
R Round Foundry
U
ND
FO
STRE DAV I D
NT
1 FUNCTIONAL TRADITION
AN ER L
ST
E
W K RO
FRO
Y
W AT
BAC
UNDR
Canal Office
ET
GRAN AR
ROA D
ROW
Giotto
Verona
MANOR
Leeds and Liverpool Canal Warehouse
Y
FRONT
W
Disused railway viaduct
ET
W
AS RO AD
AR
H
Grove Inn V I C TO
8
ER
Potential links
3 TOWNSCAPE C
4 EGYPTIAN REVIVAL
The Commercial mmercial
S T BA RNAB
G LO B E R O A D
P
RKS
KS
LE
WO
RO
During this time Holbeck’s foundries and mills manufactured machinery, steam engines, cloth and equipment for companies across the world. The area was home to three of the greatest innovators of the time: Colonel Thomas Harding, John Marshall and Mathew Murray. These men left behind a rich architectural legacy, including Italianate towers and an Egyptian temple, alongside mills, foundries and some of the greatest feats of engineering still
M
of the curve who bequeathed a legacy of fascinating buildings and legends.
There are 33 listed buildings in the area, including one Grade I, and two Grade II* buildings, and now there is the opportunity to revitalise this rich history and put Holbeck back on the map............
TE
entrepreneurs ahead
However, from the late 1800’s, Holbeck’s world importance in manufacturing and engineering steadily declined leaving behind landmark buildings that today form an impressive monument to a
SWEET S TREET W EST
home to trend-setting
bygone age.
STREET
of the industrial revolution in Leeds,
dominating the city’s skyline.
SWEET
Holbeck in the 18th and 19th centuries was the cradle
F
1815
1:5000@A3
1854
1:10000@A3
1932
1:10000@A3
2010
1:10000@A3
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History - 1815 • Village name from ‘Hol
Beck’ (Hol is archaic word for low). The Beck is a natural watercourse that drains via a culvert into the River Aire. • Holbeck has medieval
origins but none of these buildings remain in the conservation area. • Holbeck was originally
known for its Spa Water, resembling that of Harrogate and Bath. The supply diminished when numerous wells were sunk to supply the mills. • Water lane is one of the
oldest highways in Leeds linking Holbeck directly into the City Centre. • Map shows the navigation
of the River Aire with a
10
Ford and Wear to assist in relieving the flooding problem. • Rapid expansion due to the
rise of steam power led to Marshall Mills being built in 1792. • Holbeck Lodge (Steam
Hall) built in 1804, was the first house in the area to be centrally heated. • The Round Foundry (Textile
Mill) built in 1802 was also used to build steam engines utilising the nearby Hol Beck.
11
History - 1854 • Train Stations were built,
including Holbeck Junction. • Holbeck begins to expand
south towards Holbeck Moor. • More mills are built,
strategically positioned near the Beck and River Aire. • In 1834 Holbeck was
crowned most filthy/ unhealthy village in the country.
• Victoria Road is built as a
connector to Neville Street, the principle arterial route into the city centre. • There are clear connectors
into the city, including pedestrian access. • Temple Works was built
in 1840 inspired by an egyptian temple. It was an extension of Marshalls Mills and was the largest single room in the world at that time.
• Railway line begins to
divide growing Holbeck into Industrial & Residential areas. • Marshalls Street is built by
the mills to improve their transport.
12
• The Hol Beck was
canalised with setted floor and stone in the 1840’s.
13
History - 1932 • New Station was built in
1869 which also altered the River Aire as the existing weir was removed and a new one was built under the station.
• Similar to when the railway
lines were built, the viaduct has had the same effect separating the Industrial and Residential area. • More factories and mills
• Victoria Bridge becomes a
pinch point for the dirtiest river in Europe. • Holbeck Viaduct was
completed in 1882 (thought to be one of the engineering marvels of the Victorian Age) and Holbeck High & Low Stations have been built.
are built closer to the city centre next to the River Aire. The repositioning of the River Aire was to aid the servicing of Sovereign Street. • The lack of connection to
the City centre is becoming more apparent. • Mill Green Goit (a 50
• Tower Works was built in
1919. • Holbeck’s back to back
houses had been built predominately next to Holbeck Moor with the school and church in the centre. 14
yard tunnel that carried a watercourse from the beck) was built to power the nearby corn mill. • The Holbeck Brook had
been culverted by this point
15
History - 2010 • In 1967 Leeds City Station
was built following which the Central Station was demolished. • A part of the Hol Beck is
buried and built over in the 1970’s follow by another part in the 1980’s and now the only visible part of it is along Water lane.
1990s and is now used as office space. • Holbeck Urban Village
development commenced in 2004. The residents of Holbeck feel it is too commercialised and is not thought to be part of Holbeck. • Tower Works regeneration
• The M621 and A643 were
built in the 1970’s providing links to the M1, however this has cut off a large area of green space and has isolated Holbeck. • The A642 is now used as a
shortcut to the M1, making it difficult for the resident of Holbeck to cross to Holbeck Moor. • The historic Marshall’s Mill
was redeveloped in the late
16
project as a sustainable mixed use development has started.
17
Historic Temple Works John Marshall’s thirst for innovation did not stop at Marshall’s Mill, he went on to create the magnificent Temple Works as an extension to his previous accomplishments. Sitting adjacent to Marshall’s Mill, Temple Works is based on the Temple of Edfu at Horus, with a chimney designed in the style of an obelisk and its facade reflecting Marshall’s ardent interest in Egyptology. When the building was first created it was said to be the “largest single room in the world”. Alongside this feat of construction, Temple Works employed the latest technology including ducts beneath the floor providing air conditioning and housing the power supply for the machinery in the linen weaving sheds above. Sheep also
grazed on a roof covered in grass to retain humidity and prevent the linen thread from drying out and becoming unmanageable. Temple Works is the only Grade I listed building within the Holbeck Urban Village boundary. One of the sixty seven natural roof lights
Temple Works flax spinning mill
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View of east elevation
Aerial view of rooftop
19
Analysis
2 20
The poor living conditions that influences the residents of Holbeck’s health
21
Location within Leeds
City Centre
s
in
15
The Rim
22
m
City Centre
Holbeck Urban Village Holbeck
Beeston
23
Site photos
Industrial Holbeck aerial
Residential Holbeck aerial
Site photos
Viaduct
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25
Holbeck’s back to back houses
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27
Topography p
70
80
90
100
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90
Hol Beck
Waterways ay Hol Beck Appears to be a constructed watercourse and was canalised in 1840’s
Reservoirs Used for Marshall’s Steam Powered Mills
Little Holbeck Beck / Hol Beck Brook / Benyon Beck Appears to be the original line of the watercourse and was culverted between 1865 and 1890
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Transport Links
30
Pedestrian Links to City
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Land Use e Light Industrial / Offices Light Industrial Heritage
uct Viad d e l s enta Disu M / l sica ier Phy Barr
Residential Centre?
Primary School
Supermarket? Leisure
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Green Space
33
River Aire in Context
Newcastle
North Sea
Leeds Irish Sea Liverpool
Hull
Manchester
Sheffield
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Flooding Analysis (1:100 years) 50% Chance of flooding 20% Chance of flooding 10% Chance of flooding 4% Chance of flooding 1% Chance of flooding 0.5% Chance of flooding
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Journey along the Hol Beck
Tong Road Reservoir
Wort le
y Be ck
36
k ec lB Ho
37
HOLBECK
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RIVER AIRE
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Opportunities & Challenges Opportunities
Rich History
The Hol Beck
Railway Viaduct
Motorways
Challenges
40
High Quality Green Space
Allotments
Close to City Centre
Urban Village
Holbeck
Back to Backs
Disconnected
Isolated Urban Village
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Conclusion From my analysis, I have discovered many good and bad aspects of Holbeck. The regeneration of the area is challenged by various physical and other constraints. A complex network of railway structure, including the abandoned viaduct, the M621 and the A643, have disconnected Holbeck from the city centre and prevented it from developing into a thriving mixed use community. As a result, the area has become severely deprived and has lost the sense of community it once had.
much further north than it is today and the building of the viaduct has created not only a physical barrier but also a mental barrier. Now the majority of the industrial premises are north of the viaduct and the majority of the residential is south of the viaduct. There is no cohesion between the two.
History has shown that Holbeck was once a vibrant busy working place with innovative technology for its time. Now Holbeck is a rundown, unsafe, poor residential area. The centre of Holbeck was previously
Despite the surprising amount of green space in the area, almost all of it is isolated and under used and even the main green space (Holbeck Moor) is deserted and extremely difficult and dangerous to get to. However, with minimal
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Holbeck’s heritage although rich, with many listed buildings, it is cut off from the people of Holbeck because of the railway line, poorly looked after and under used.
effort, these green spaces could link together creating an almost unobstructed pedestrian green link to the city, breaking down people’s perceptions of Holbeck being far away from the city because really it is a stones throw away.
back housing and a very poor allotments area, there is no other supermarket in the area. In fact the closest supermarket is a small Tesco Express at Bridgewater Place with no vehicular access and is really tailored for the mixed use development there
The back to back housing which the council are now starting to pull down are part of Holbeck’s history, are in there own way an old fashioned sustainable house type and although thought to be a challenge and hindrance, should really be seen as a great opportunity. Holbeck to me is lacking higher density and I think this will come with time.
Besides the numerous challenges, my ‘Vision for Holbeck’ reveals the huge potential for sustainable regeneration. The isolated nature of the viaducts can be overcome, the green space can be better utilised and Holbeck can become engaged with it’s rich history. In doing so, Holbeck will vastly improve it’s economic, social and cultural values.
Most notably to me is despite the odd local corner shop on the ends of the back to
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Holbeck Spa? Hol Beck
k roo
b
B eck
Hol
Spa
3 44
The Hol Beck
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Population %
Health in Holbeck
Locations of Health Services
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Long term illnesses compared (Average %)
45% of the population of Holbeck are considered to be in poor health, and 26% of these people have a lifelong limiting illness. Over
It has a much higher percentage of illnesses compared to the City Centre (with 10% more long-term illnesses) and is considered to be in the worst 5% in the country.
13% of Holbeck residents are claiming Incapacity Benefits, broken down as shown on the right. The main factors influencing all these statistics are: • • • • • • • •
Housing Nutrition Lack of Exercise Alcohol abuse Lack of Employment Lack of Health Services Smoking Outdoor Air Quality
Mental & Behavioural Disorders Diseases of the Nervous System Respiratory & Circulatory Diseases Muscoskeletal Conditions Injury Other 47
Aquifers An Aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock from which groundwater can be usefully extracted using a water well. Spring water is where surface water has infiltrated the earth surface, becoming part of the groundwater. Confined aquifer can be the reason of why spring water has appear onto the floor surface. Spring water forces to the surface by elevated source are artesian wells.
Typical Aquifer Cross Section (above)
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Non-artesian springs may simply flow from a higher elevation through the earth to a lower elevation and exit in the form of a spring, using the ground like a drainage pipe.
The drawings to your left show the route of the Hol Beck and the Holbeck Brook (also known as Benyon Beck). It is likely that Little Holbeck Beck (which runs immediately to the south of Marshall’s Mill) was the original line of the watercourse, now culverted. The northern water course which on the plan is called Holbeck Brook runs along Water Lane and appears to be a constructed watercourse, possibly to serve the mill ponds on the Marshall’s Mill Site as well as the canal. There was supposedly a well at the top of every street.
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Geology marine fossils in the lower part, and more numerous and thicker coal seams in the upper part.
Bedrock Geology (aka ‘solid’ geology) Colour
Description PENNINE LOWER COAL MEASURES FORMATION - MUDSTONE, SILTSTONE AND SANDSTONE
Bedrock Geology is concealed beneath the Superficial Deposits.
THORNHILL ROCK – SANDSTONE
Superficial Deposits Colour
Description RIVER TERRACE DEPOSITS (UNDIFFERENTIATED) - SAND AND GRAVEL ALLUVIUM - CLAY, SILT, SAND AND GRAVEL GLACIAL DEPOSITS - CLAY, SILT AND SAND
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The prevailing Bedrock in the back to back housing area of Holbeck is the Pennine Lower Coal measures formation, which consists of inter-bedded grey mudstone, siltstone and pale grey sandstone, commonly mixed with mudstones containing
My site along with the majority of the city area is made up of Alluvium, which is loose, unconsolidated (not cemented together into a solid rock), soil or sediments, eroded, deposited, and reshaped by water in some form in a nonmarine setting. Alluvium is typically made up of a variety of materials, including fine particles of silt and clay and larger particles of sand and gravel. Aquifers of the river Aire in the Leeds and Holbeck area are located in the Middle and Lower coal measures. Both of these layers are within 2 and 3 of the yield group, providing up to 20,000 gph of water.
Geological Section Sherwood Sandstone (90m) Wind blown and water laid sandstone with mudstone partings
Roxby fm (10-48m) Calcareous mudstone with gypsum
Brotherton fm (3-41m) Dolomitic limestone
Edlington fm (3-48m) Calcareous mudstone with gypsum
Cadeby fm (35-82m) Dolomite
Yellow Sands (0-20m) Sandstone of wind blown sand
Middle Coal Measures (62m) Mudstone & siltstone with common thick sandstones & coal
Aquifer Both layers are in 2 or 3 of the yield group, providing up to 20,000 gph of water
Lower Coal Measures (450-490m) Mudstone & siltstone typically micaceous with numerous thick sandstones, coals & seatearths
Numerous named sandstones and marine bands (2755-2900m) Mudstone & siltstone micaceous with numerous thick course grained feldspathic sandstones
Pendle grit (127-225m) Sandstone, medium to course grained, massive interbedded with siltstone & mudstone
Upper bowland shale (125m) Mudstone
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Spa origins The term spa is associated with therapeutic water treatment which is also known as balneotherapy. Spa towns or spa resorts (including hot springs resorts) typically offer various health treatments. The belief in the curative powers of mineral waters goes back to prehistoric times. Such practices have been popular worldwide, but are especially widespread in Europe and Japan The English spa term derives from the name of the famous health resort Spa in Belgium. This town rich of mineral springs was founded in the 14th century and sources trace back the naming of Spa to the Germanic word for spouting. The Hammam or Turkish Bath, an ancient middle
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Eastern variation of the traditional steam bath, is making a major comeback at international spas. Similar to a sauna, the hammam offers much more from both a spiritual and holistic sense. The word hammam is derived from the Arabic word meaning heat, and in Arabic is sometimes generally applied to any bathroom. Originating in Arabia, the Turkish bath quickly spread to Western Europe by the Ottomans. Roman Bathhouses were not simply built as a single purpose structure,show up
take a bath and leave, but more of a cultural gathering among people. They played a vital role from their urban setting to how they facilitated water and circulation throughout. The Romans raised bathing to a high art as they socialized in these communal baths. Courtship was conducted, as well as sealing business deals, as they built lavish baths on natural hot springs.
Holbeck Spa Water The canned water was known as ‘Holbeck Spa’ costing one half penny per can. The water was bought as a beverage as well as for culinary purposes. It’s high quantity of sulphur gave it a unique taste as well as enhancing the flavour of the tea and the softness of soap. This brand has the potential to be a new local source (unique selling point) for local beer, tea, soap, medicines, etc. This would vastly boost the local economy selling to the city as well as the Holbeck community providing many jobs.
The water could be locally bottled and packed with the potential to use the viaduct for transport. There are various ways to make the sulphur water taste good: • • • •
Sulphur springs (natures beauty mineral) has positive therapeutic effects on: Skin disease Rheumatism Shoulder/ neck/ wrist pains Arthritis
Add Fruit Juice Make Tea Add Seltzer (Bubbles) Filter
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Holbeck Baths: 1898 - 1979
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Holbeck Baths: 1898 - 1979
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Site Plan 1963
View of Baths in background
Internal Views
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Harrogate Royal Baths the Royal Pump Room. The village flourished during the 17th and 18th century and became the dominant spa town of the north To keep up with alternate spa towns the town held a competition to design a Royal Bath House inspired by the bath houses of Europe in 1887
Harrogate Spa is a wealthy spa town in North Yorkshire, England (situated some 15 miles north of Holbeck). The town is a tourist destination and its visitor attractions include its spa waters. Harrogate spa water contains iron, sulphur and common salt. The town became known as ‘The English Spa’ in the Georgian Era, after its waters were first discovered in the
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16th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries especially, these ‘chalybeate’ waters (i.e. containing iron) were a popular health treatment, and the influx of wealthy but sickly visitors contributed significantly to the wealth of the town.
Messrs Baggallay and Bristowe of London designed the winning entrant which was completed in 1897
Top left; Exterior of original Royal Baths.
Spa water was discovered in Harrogate in 1571 in the Tewitt Well, now occupied by
Top right; Interior of Royal Baths today, now converted into Chinese restaurant.
By 1950’s many of the medical treatments provided by the baths had become outdated . Apart from the Turkish Baths, the council closed the Royal Baths for medical use in 1969.
From 1970 the Baths have formed part of the Harrogate Borough Council’s Leisure Services and like many Large Victorian buildings, the Royal Baths Needed a major cash injection.
million pound restoration project the Baths are continuing to offer rest and relaxation, not only as a spa, but in the form of bars and restaurants too.
In the late 1990s after a multi
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Harrogate Royal Baths Islamic inspired arches and screens grace the interior, which is covered in vibrant glazed brickwork, painted ceilings and terrazzo floors from Italy. Heating used to be provided by coal burning fires with the hot air being blown by a fan up through a wall cavity. The internally glazed bricks retain the heat. These days the spa is heated by gas methods
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Site Visit - 12/02/11
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Spa & Pool locations in Leeds Today Scott Hall Leisure Centre
The Edge
Armley Leisure Centre
Leeds International Pool (Demolished)
Appy Feet Pedicure
The Forum Leisure Centre (Private)
Waterfall Womens Spa
Richmond Hill Sports Centre ‘‘Holbeck Spa’’
John Charles Aquatics Centre
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Leeds International Pool (Demolished)
The Edge (Leeds Uni)
Armley Leisure Centre
The Forum (Private Pool)
Richmond Hill Sports Centre
Scott Hall Leisure Centre
Appy Feet (Fish Eating Spa)
Waterfall Spa (Ladies only)
John Charles Aquatics Centre
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Strategic Vision
4 64
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Initial Response (First Iteration) October 2010 This first drawing focused on 4 problems I had identified in Holbeck: • • • •
Flooding Connections Retail Community
The idea was to open up the Hol Beck similar to a precedent to South Korea (on right) and create a new link right through the main high street. Potentially looking at a sustainable water drainage system for the residential areas, including a rainwater network and creating a feature in the centre of Holbeck Moor. I looked at creating a high street where I felt had the most potential which the Hol Beck could be diverted to run down. 66
Finally, based on my historical analysis, I looked at trying to improve the links to the north
of the viaduct to where the centre of Holbeck used to be.
67
p
Second Iteration November 2010 This iteration looked at the idea of branding the town as Spa Town similar to that of Harrogate. I had suggested a location of a spa & hotel close to where the Hol Beck runs and where the main entrance to Holbeck. I also suggested a public plaza similar to that of Millennium square (in the centre of Leeds) while utilising the redundant reservoirs nearby to harness the river aire when it floods. The reservoir would fill up and create electricity for the square. Finally, I looked at improving existing parts of Holbeck, such as extending the existing allotments and creating a link between the 2 existing green
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spaces across the M621, as well as reintroducing the old Matthew Murray School.
Industrial Area
Residential Development
Allotments
School and Library
Openin ng up and greening Hol Beck
Industrial Heritage
Spa & Hotel
Public Plaza with lights fue eled by Reservoir underneath
Housing Estate
Sports Centre
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Third Iteration January 2010 This final iteration develops the previous one, attempting to make the strategic vision ‘‘less commercialised’. I have developed a key for the vision (as shown opposite) almost characterising each area and its links to each other. Each area looks at its existing opportunities and capitalises on them. However the 3 keys ones as far as I am concerned are 2, 3 and 9, which attempts to link to the isolated urban village and is the major site for the spa in an attempt to brand Holbeck a ‘Spa Town’ promoting health and cleanliness which the unhealthy people of Holbeck desperately need.
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1. Uncover Hol Beck and make a connector to the City. 2. Revive old Holbeck as a local Spa & Hotel.
6. Revive the Matthew Murray school providing an education for the local children.
3. Create a strong green link.
7. Extend the allotments to encourage Holbeck to become self sufficient.
4. Create a park that bridges Holbeck & Beeston promoting sport/ fitness.
8. Integrate new appropriate housing to replace Holbeck Towers.
5. Save & convert the back to back housing to create a future sustainable residential model
9. Reconnect with Holbeck’s historical heritage.
1 2 7 6
9
3 5
4
8
Key
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72
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Holbeck Vision
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1. Uncover Hol Beck and make a connector to the city
Before
•
Use the Cheonggeycheon (S.Korea) precedent (see left) on the Hol beck in the northern quarter.
•
Make a green pedestrian connection to the city centre, potentially linking to the ‘New Hol beck’. (See Appendix)
1 2 7 6 After
9
3 5
4
8
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2. Revive old Holbeck as a local Spa & Hotel •
Boost Holbeck’s economy using the Hol Beck water, which also has health benefits from its sulphur content.
•
The poor health in Holbeck means that treatments such as Balneotherapy could be viable and public baths for the local residents would be created.
•
Potentially a hotel could make Holbeck a competitor to other Spa Towns as a destination for people all over the country.
•
Binding the spa to both viaducts would make an interesting architectural project with potential for crossing them and becoming a landmark for Leeds.
1 2 7 6
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9
3 5
4
8
3. Create a strong green link
•
Provide a green link to Holbeck’s historical heritage, adapting and extending the existing green space.
•
Promote cycling schemes and walking to work, capitalising on its close proximity to the city centre and train station.
1 2 7 6
9
3 5
4
8
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4. Create a park that bridges Holbeck & Beeston promoting sport/ fitness.
•
Bridge the two green spaces of Holbeck and Beeston in an attempt to join the two communities.
•
Create a park that specifically promotes fitness (health benefits) creating spaces for the fitness centre to run outdoor circuits and for residents to enjoy a varied park.
1 2 7 6
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9
3 5
4
8
5. Save & convert the back to back housing to create a future sustainable residential model
•
Adapt the back to back redevelopment model for the back to backs of Holbeck.
•
Widen the pavements to give the residents more green space and a safe atmosphere.
•
Add a park for local children to place safely, taking them off the streets.
1 2 7 6
9
3 5
4
8
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6. Revive the Matthew Murray school providing an education for the local children
Matthew Murray High School, closed down in 2004
•
Potential PFI scheme to replace the old high school on the same site, remnant of which can be still seen today.
•
Location of new library as the old Holbeck library closed down, located at the heart of the community to be shared by adults and children alike.
1 2 7 6
80
9
3 5
4
8
7. Extend the allotments to encourage Holbeck to become self sufficient
•
Extend the allotments to make Holbeck to some extent self sustaining and not reliant on supermarkets.
•
Join the community by creating jobs and providing food for local people.
•
Form a market in the heart of Holbeck, improving the community spirit.
1 2 7 6
9
3 5
4
8
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8. Integrate new appropriate housing to replace Holbeck Towers
•
The removal of the towers is a big advantage to Holbeck and lessons must be learnt from the high crime rates in the area.
•
More appropriate housing must replace them for optimal integration into the community.
•
Possibility for live/ work scheme.
1 2 7 6
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9
3 5
4
8
9. Reconnect with Holbeck’s Industrial Heritage
•
Temple Works is a key historical building for Holbeck and is key to putting Holbeck back on the map.
•
Create a square that has the potential to spark new projects in the area.
•
Use the old reservoirs behind Temple Works as part of an anti flooding strategy for the River Aire which when in flood could create energy for the square.
1 2 7 6
9
3 5
4
8
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84
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Masterplan Evolution
5 86
87
Site Boundary
88
Holbeck Conservation Area Conservation Area Boundary Listed Buildings
Tower Works
Urban Village
Marshalls Mill
Temple Works
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Aerial view at the junction of both viaducts 90
Bridging the gap between Holbeck & the Urban Village CITY
holbeck
Positioning the spa between the people of Holbeck and the commercialised Urban village should help to break down
the division between the 2 as well as keeping a link to the Grade 1 listed Temple Works building as a cultural quarter,
encouraging more people into Holbeck.
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View of site looking south
93
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View at the junction of both viaducts
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The Site
Original Strategic Plan
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The site is bisected by the redundant railway viaduct to the north and bounded by a second viaduct to the east. This site has major potential for creating a physical link between Holbeck Urban Village, Temple Works and the communities to the south. Opening various arches in both viaducts could create massive benefits and makes it a challenging architectural site.
Aerial of site looking north
The site to the north of the viaduct is for the most part industrial and south of the viaduct is for the most part residential. There is an opportunity to disrupt the mental barrier that the viaduct has created.
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Historical evolution
1850
1866
1957
1981
98
1932
1938
1996
2010
99
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View on Viaduct looking south over depot site
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Train Depot Removal Neville Hill (East Leeds) where the majority of the trains in the Leeds area are serviced. Opening up this area could help link these unused green spaces and create a green pedestrian link to Temple Works and beyond and building a residential development that is only 15 minutes walk away from the city centre would be well sought after. The Holbeck railway maintenance depot is home to the main offices and depot for railway Track, Signalling and Overhead Line Maintenance and Faulting for the area between the East Cost Main Line and Westwards to places such as Marsden, Hebden Bridge, Gargrave, Ilkley and along the line to Doncaster as far as South Emsall and up to Horsforth.
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The main problem is it is a barrier making all the green space around it completely isolated and for the most part unusable. You will also notice the vast area of land it takes up considering the minimal amount of servicing done is inefficient and could perform with a reduced area of land. Realistically it could be diverted to the depot at
Train Depot Removal
Temple Works
Isolated green space
Depot Isolated green space
Temple Works
Green link
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View of Depot Station from Viaduct
Site Sketches
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Site Development
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Development Model 1 The first model clearly shows the green link attempting to bridge to the 2 areas cut of by the railway and a first attempt at a pool on the viaduct with the spa and baths linking to it. Note that the original idea was that the spa was on the left of the railway line and the baths on the right.
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Development Model 2 The second model looks at the relationship with the hotel and the viaduct in response to questions regarding servicing the viaduct and exclusivity of the aquaduct. It also looks at the potential use of the rest of the viaduct as a fish farm with restaurant on top.
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Development Model 3 Due to the lack of context to react to, this model suggest more of an urban development to the area with larger density accommodation, articulation of the green link and alteration of Sweet Street West to bring out the true potential of the viaduct. Note the baths are now on the left hand side due to issues of scale.
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Development Model 4 The model is a slight development from the last looking specifically at the massing of the baths as well as suggesting the hotel becomes an extension of the viaduct and the remainder of the viaduct becoming a pedestrian route to the hotel from the station.
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Development Model 5 This model shows a development of the baths as an architectural design integrating with the viaduct with a slide from the aquaduct to the baths and suggests the spa location should be at the end of the green link with a light well feature the spa pools underground.
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Development Model 6 This iteration moves the spa to become the courtyard for the hotel and connections between all 3 is made at lower ground, ground and upper floors. The urban design picks up contextual lines and views of the baths, spa and of the historic temple works leading to a large square.
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118
Sketch Site Plan
119
120
121
122
123
Final Design
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Final Design
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126
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Phasing Strategy
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1. Temple Works
This should be the major catalyst for regeneration, (most likely lottery funded) bringing people back into Holbeck.
2. Offices & Square
The public square would logically follow the development of Temple works, using the office developments to give the square edges.
3. Supermarket
The need for a supermarket means it would sell itself but aided by the promise of more residential development to follow.
4. Hotel & Spa
This key development would require a lot of funding but would become the icon and reason for people to come to Holbeck.
5. Residential Quarter
The green link would help the lack of connection to the city centre and would help create more interest for residential development and would probably be the most easily funded.
6. Business Park
Given the development already in place, there would now be a market and a lot of interest for more commercial developments.
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Sustainability
6 130
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Energy Consumption Different activities have different energy consumption patterns. In residential buildings, 90% of our energy is spent on heating
or cooling!! Only 10% is spent on electrical appliances!! By analysing the consumption patterns, we can plan intelligently so that an equilibrium of energy demands can be met. In essence, a closed loop can be created.
The refrigerators of a supermarket produce so much excess heat, that they could heat the water of an entire public pool for free!
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Land Use Strategy
Hotel & Ofiices
Residential
Spa & Supermarket
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Heat Exchange
90% of household heat consumption is for bathing, therefore spas have an extremely high energy consumption
A supermarket has one of the highest energy consumption of all building types, with refrigerators producing massive amounts of excess heat
Heat
134
Electricity
Supermarket
Spa
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Solar Water Heating Solar Water Heating uses the radiation from the sun to heat water in a panel often sited on the roof which in turn can supply that heat as hot water or to a central heating system.
An evacuated tube collector is generally more expensive due to a more complex manufacturing process, however they are more effective and require a smaller installation area as well as being able to heat the water to higher temperatures.
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Ground Source Heat Pumps Ground source heat pumps systems which extract heat energy from the ground or groundwater offer exceptionally high levels of efficiency. Geothermal heat pumps are similar to ordinary heat pumps, but instead of using heat found in outside air, they rely on the stable, even heat of the earth to provide heating, air conditioning and, in most cases, hot water. Integrating them with the pile foundations and then plumbing them into the ground source heat pump system is highly efficient.
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District Heating System (CHP)
The building above has recently been approved for planning in the Eastgate Quarter of Leeds. It is an energy building designed to provide heating, cooling and power to existing and potential developments in the surrounding area. This type of project could be
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just as valid in the industrial area of Holbeck.
station which operates at efficiencies of 25-35%.
By incorporating electricity generation and the provision of heating and cooling to clients in the local area, Combined Heat & Power (CHP) generation provides efficiencies of 75-85% compared to a typical power
Linking this to the spa could potentially help the development become extremely sustainable.
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Sustainability Section
N
Afternoon
Industrial buildings
Solar Water Heating panels
Aquaduct
Photovolta panels
Low Carbon Energy Centre Supermarket Hol Beck
Hol Beck Brook
Power Cooling Heating
Aquifer
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Noon
Green podium Photovoltaic shading
Resi
Daylight Permeable podiums
Surface water collection Wind assisted ventilation
Wind assisted ventilation
Daylight Resi
Atrium Courtyard 55o
Green buffer
55 o
Ninevah Road
Sweet Street West
aic
Morning
Existing buildings
Green link 55 o
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Concepts
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Precedent: Les Bains Des Docks - Jean Nouvel
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Precedent: Therme Vals - Peter Zumthor
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Arches connecting Spa & Baths under railway
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The Aquaduct
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The Spa 5 Senses:
Cathedral like presence
Beauty appreciated from inside 150
Sight, Smell, Touch, Hear, Taste
Use of water as navigation
Artificial light illuminating the space like a stage 151
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Light Well
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Water Navigation
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The Baths Building as pure mass of shadow then add light as if new mass.
Jewel effect
A shower of light
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Shadow punctuated with sun bursts
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The Aquaduct
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161
1350 360 1800 2070
4320
Public route from Train Station to Hotel
1400
Aquaduct (part of baths) 240m
Continuation of public route
3 lanes
3650 550 1800
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Section of Aquaduct and Railway intersection
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Appendix
8 164
Urban Studio Brief
Leeds City Council and stakeholders have produced a masterplan for Holbeck (similar masterplans exist for some of the other overlooked communities in Leeds). Its stated aim is:
The vision for the Holbeck area is to bring together physical regeneration ambitions, along with improving services and a vibrant local economy, to create an area that will be transformed physically, socially, economically and environmentally into a sustainable and viable community. It will offer a high quality environment in which to live, work, play and learn.�
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During the last decade Leeds City Centre has seen a renaissance. The skyline has dramatically changed. Money through development has been made in considerable sums. However, in stark contrast, the 'Rim' around the centre of Leeds has looked on, stagnant. Is this fair? The Urban Studio will explore the potential of the Rim, particularly to the south of the city and specifically Holbeck (as a counterpoint to Holbeck Urban Village). However, any area of the rim is valid for study if you find something really important to undertake. Areas such as Holbeck are fighting back through community led masterplans. You will find them for Holbeck, New Wortley and Beeston for example. The inspiration for Urban Studio lies in the film 'Ripples Out' which explores the disconnection between the two Holbecks. The recession provides a new context for development and how we might live in the future. Our response to climate change will be the overarching driver. PROGRAMME The Rim of Leeds (as defined by the Rim Study Document - extract below) particularly focussing on the communities to the south of the city is the area for study and the subject for analysis and reconsideration. You are invited to research, analyse and evaluate relevant factors and formulate a proposal for the sustainable redevelopment within the area. A timetable, assessment criteria and learning outcomes will be issued to accompany this brief. Identify Research, analyse, and present the relevant factors relating to Leeds / Rim (year group) From the above information each student is to select a subject of issue or interest. Investigate, analyse, interpret, map the subject matter, and (re)present as maps (individual) Define Develop a narrative based upon analysis of the issues supported by detailed study of precedent (group or individual) Suppose Develop a brief in response to the research and analysis of specific issues and present as a strategic urban design proposal (group or individual) Identify a site for development of an architectural design proposal in relation to your brief, develop the brief and state your design intentions (individual) Propose Develop an architectural proposal as a synthesis of the identified design criteria. Demonstrate a critical underpinning and methodology to your design work and apply theories and strategies utilising new and/or existing buildings to design and develop a sustainable building in relation to your strategy (individual)
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SEMESTER ONE SUBMISSIONS/PRESENTATION Research and analysis presented in the form of a coherent and comprehensive document (year group) Mapping of identified issue (individual) Submission of an urban design proposal and strategy (Group or individual) Brief for a sustainable building proposal in relation to your urban strategy (individual) Building Design (individual) Submission for Semester One Friday 21 January 2011 Full portfolio presentation: Reports, Development Work, Sketchbooks, Building Design proposal, models etc. Note: The individual designs of students can be presented as elements or components of a an overall group strategy demonstrating how the combined proposals relate.
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Yorkshire Design Review (February 2011) Student Design Review Day Design Review Report RDRS-SDR02 Holbeck & The Rim Strategy (Masterplan)
Design Review Service for Yorkshire and the Humber Student details:
James Lewis, Leeds Metropolitan University
Tutor name:
Simon Warren & Tony Rees
Status of report:
CONFIDENTIAL
Date of Review:
23 February 2011
Location of Review:
Leeds Metropolitan University, Broadcasting Place, Leeds
Scheme Location:
Holbeck Leeds
Stage of Planning:
University design project
Panel Chair:
Tom Lonsdale, Vice-Chair, Landscape architect
Summary of Panel comments: The panel thanks you for bringing your scheme to Review and is pleased to see a project that focuses on an area in much need of attention. It is evident that you have undertaken a large amount of detailed historical analysis in producing a masterplan that aimed at the regenerating the Holbeck area of Leeds. However, the panel feels that before the project can move on, more work is needed to identify the key components of the masterplan so that a clear phasing strategy can be developed. The panel understands that creating the masterplan is a huge task in itself, but suggests that before you move on to the spa and leisure facilities, you rewind and focus on the basic principles that have caused the current urban design deficiencies of Holbeck. The comments below are for you and your tutor to consider when developing this project further These are: Tighten up the basic principles of the masterplan Identify a clear movement strategy to improve links with the city Carry out a closer examination and analysis of existing leisure facilities.
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Brief: 02/03/11 Overall Objectives & Priorities •
Create a new model: health/ water/ leisure
•
Spa/ Pool/ Café – attached to Hotel and Viaduct
•
Baths:
Leisure Indoor Heated Pool Aqua Gym Whirlpools Childrens Pools Diving Sauna Steam Room Jacuzzi Aquaduct
Dark Arches Pool connecting the 2 using the existing man made watercourse (Holbeck Brook/ Benyon Beck) •
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Spa:
Health Balneotherapy Plunge Pool Steam Rooms Hot Rooms (x3) Relaxation Room Themed Baths Outdoor Pool Massage Rooms Jacuzzis Shops (in Viaduct)
Target Market •
All ages:
Children (particularly in Holbeck) People of poor health (particularly in Holbeck)
•
The overall goal is to attract people from all over Leeds (as there is no major swimming pool in area) into Holbeck, therefore branding the town a ‘Spa Town’
Type of Pools • •
(Baths) Olympic sized pool in baths - 8 lanes (Spa) Small themed pools: Light Well Pool, Ice Pool, Dark Arches, Fire Pool, Cave Pool, Outdoor Pool, Black Pool
Scale of Pools • • • • • •
Olympic Pool - 25m x 50m x 2m Childrens pool 1 – 12m x 4m x 0.3m Childrens pool 2 – 15m x 10m x 1.2m Aquagym – 15m x 6m x 1.2m Jacuzzi – 2m radius Themed Pools – (vary)
Water features • • • • •
Neck Massage Taps Fountains Whirlpools Themed Pools Waterfalls
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Brief: 02/03/11 Building Theme Penetrate mass with light and void. •
Baths:
Loud Light Lots of different colour Durable Externally visible (ie glazing?) Structured movement
•
Spa:
Quiet Dark Manipulation of light (light spots) Sounds (echoing) Warm (materials?) Weaving Invisible?
Materials
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•
Baths:
Similar to Laban Centre & Les Bain Des Docks: Coloured Transparent Polycarbonate (potential for varied transparency) White render Solid & Void Glazed external lift (to Aquaduct) with external lighting
•
Spa:
Similar to Therme Vals Cladding similar to that of Viaduct in colour/ contrast
Staff Structure • • • •
Management Staff Poolside Staff Reception Staff Engineering Staff
Accommodation:
Offices Staff/ Rest Rooms Changing/ Shower Facilities Staff Toilets Staff Catering Storage Space Cleaners Store Café Toilets
Plant:
Pool Filtration & Water Treatment Equipment Separate Chemical Store Supply & Extract Ventilation Plants Heating Boilers & Pumps Fuel Tanks Transformer Main Switchgear Sub-distribution Switchgear Mechanical Control Panels Heating Recovery Devices (CHP Plant/ Heat Pumps) Domestic Hot Water Storage Cold Water Storage Incoming Mains; Meters
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Arup Flooding Study
City Centre South An Alternative Way of Thinking About Flood Alleviation 3rd June J 2009
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Why City Centre South? • Place River at the centre of the city and create a city park But also: • Legal obligation to reduce carbon by 80% by 2050 – We need to reduce emissions • Climate Cli t change h is i coming i – We W need d to t adapt d t our City Cit • New green economy emerging – We need to make ourselves attractive
Leeds Flood Alleviation Scheme Could be different? It could ld be b an opportunity t it to t deliver d li these th goals l and d much more than flood alleviation for the City of Leeds
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City Centre South An Alternative Way of Thinking About Flood Alleviation 3rd June J 2009
City Centre South - Flood Plain
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[
Š Image g Copyright py g
Making Space for Water – Lowering Weir Levels and Widening Channels
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[
Š Image g Copyright y g
City Centre South - Bypass Channel
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The Dark Arches Queen’s Hotel basement ‘stops’ river course
2
1. Dark Arches Structural infill eet le Str Nevil Dark
1
2. Queens Hotel Basement
In 1864 it was proposed to build “New Station” in Leeds. The new station was built on arches which span the River Aire, Neville Street and Swinegate. The building of the station led to the creation of the ‘Dark Arches’ over Neville Street. Over 18 million bricks were used during their construction, breaking records at the time. Although the arches appear to be part of one single structure, closer inspection reveals that it is a series of independent viaducts two or four tracks wide.
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THWAITE FARM
THWAITE MILLS
RICHMOND HILL
HUNSLET MILLS & YARN STREET THWAITE GATE
WAREHOUSE HILL
CLARENCE DOCK
BREWERY WHARF
WHITEHALL ROAD
GRANARY WHARF & DARK ARCHES
CITY CENTRE
CLARENCE ROAD
HOLBECK
GOTTS ROAD
KIRKSTALLROAD
ARMLEY MILLS
KIRKSTALL ABBEY
The River Aire
PRIMARY ROUTES LINKING TO THE CITY CENTRE
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Holbeck Spa Brand
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The canned water was known as ‘Holbeck Spa’ costing one half penny per can. The water was bought as a beverage as well as for culinary purposes. It’s high quantity of sulphur gave it a unique taste as well as enhancing the flavour of the tea and the softness of soap. This brand has the potential to be a new local source for local beer, tea, soap, medicines, etc. This would vastly boost the local economy selling to the city as well as the Holbeck community providing many jobs. The water should be locally bottled and packed with the potential to use the viaduct for transport.
There are various ways to make the sulphur water taste good: • • • •
Add Fruit Juice Make Tea Add Seltzer (Bubbles) Filter
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Utilising the Hol Beck & Brook The Hol Beck To use water from the Hol Beck would require significant treatment as the ground water quality in the south of Leeds is considered to be poor, however using modern technologies it could be possible to collect, treat, use the re-treat before being reintroduced to the Hol Beck at a much higher quality. Water Filtration By slowing the movement of running water in a tank, sediment is allowed to fall to the bottom and can be removed. Oil can also be removed in the manner, except it will collect at the top.
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Typical Aquifer Cross Section
Water well Water well is excavation created in the ground by digging, driving, boring or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The water can be drawn up from the well by different method such as electric pump. Water well can vary greatly in depth, water volume and water quality. Well water typically contains more minerals in solution than surface water and may require treatment to soften the water.
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Steam Room Plant technologies
Services
Generator - A generator produces steam that fills an enclosure.
240 volts of electricity is needed to supply the generator.
Control unit - The control unit regulates the amount of steam, heat and length of the steam produced. Steam Pipe –Through which the steam that is produced in the generator travels to and enters the enclosure. Thermostat and steam control at steam room so that steam can be controlled and vented.
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A cold water line is needed to supply the water to the generator to produce the steam. A pipe to channel steam from the generator to the room
Design Materials – the material used will effect the energy and power requirement or the generator - Granite, stone etc. will absorb to much heat - Wood , will absorb the steam and is only really suitable for saunas (drier) - Ceramic or acrylic tiles – most efficient choice Shape - Ceiling should be curved so that condensed steam runs down the walls With flat ceiling the condensation can drip and possible cause scalding
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Sauna Usually constructed of cedar or other soft wood. Two basic styles: -conventional saunas that steam hot rocks to warm the air -infrared saunas that heat the body directly. Two main types of stoves: -continuously heating stoves have a small heat capacity and can be heated up on a fast ondemand basis -heat storage stove has a large heat (stone) capacity and can take much longer to heat.
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Nowadays the most common sauna type is electric stove sauna. The stones are heated up and kept on temperature using elements. There is usually a timer and a thermostat on the stove. This type of heating is usually used in urban saunas.
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Swimming Pool Plant Technologies Water pump Forces water through a filter and then returned back to the pool. Typical pool pump uses 500watts to 2,000 watts. Filter A pressure-fed filter is typically placed in line immediately after the water pump. It typically contains a media such as graded sand. Water treatment • Disinfectant Chlorine and bromine are convenient and economical primary sanitizers for swimming pools and provide a residual level of sanitizer that remains in the water Coagulant Aluminium Sulphate Is the traditional coagulant for swimming pools with sand filters. Some suspended particles of dirt in the water that are too small to be trapped in the filter. These particles are cleared using a coagulant the particles form larger-size clusters •
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Ultra Violet Disinfection Ultra Violet systems help the treatment of pool water by using UV radiation to destroy the DNA of the bacteria. They are an effective method of killing water born diseases such as Giardia and other micro-organisms such as algae. When a UV system is used, Chlorine is still required but in much lower levels increasing bather comfort. With units such as the Topline UV treatment system, each 100 watt tube can cope with 25m3 or 25,000 litres per hour. Water levels Ideal water levels are as follows: • • •
disinfectant levels according to regulated pesticide label directions pH between 7.2-7.8 total alkalinity of 80-120 ppm and calcium hardness between 200 – 400 ppm
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Spa Diagrams
Structure
Parti
192
Natural Light
Massing
Plan to Section
Additive & Subtractive
Symmetry
193
Spa Plans
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195
Spa Sections
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Baths Diagrams
Structure
Parti
198
Natural Light
Massing
Plan to Section
Additive & Subtractive
Symmetry
199
Baths Plans
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201
Baths Sections
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Sources www.leeds.gov.uk www.leodis.net www.archives.wyjs.org.uk Leeds City Library
http://www.urbed.coop/ journal_docs/Marshalls%20 Mill%20Design%20 Statement-submitted%20 August%202004_lite.pdf
http://www.secretleeds. com/forum/Messages. aspx?ThreadID=2516
http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ index.shtml
http://www.leeds.gov.uk/ files/Internet2007/2008/36/ holbeck%20caa%20april%20 06%20low%20res.pdf
http://www.neighbourhood. statistics.gov.uk/
www.leeds.gov.uk/ beestonhillandholbeck
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer
http://www.leeds.gov.uk/ Business/Planning/Planning_ policy/leeds_waterfront_ strategy.aspx
ARUP http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Holbeck www.holbeckurbanvillage. co.uk www.templeworksleeds.com http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/ content/articles/2006/05/26/ mini_guide_holbeck_feature. shtml
Harrogate Royal Baths ‘The Wells and Springs of Leeds’ by Feorag NiBride
www.cabe.org.uk
‘Spas, Wells and Springs of Leeds’ by Bonser, K.J ‘Yorkshire Holy Wells & Sacred Springs’ by Edna Whelan & Ian Taylor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ River_Aire
http://www.fgvw.co.uk/html/ woods/spawaters.htm
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www.leedsrisingcity.org Ripples Out (Video) http://www. victorianturkishbath. org/6directory/atozestab/ england/harrogroyal/ harrogateroyalsf.htm
Peter Zumthor Therme Vals (2007)
http://www. therenewableenergycentre. co.uk/solar-heating/
Leach & Pevsner 2009 http://www.leedsarchitecture. com/buildings-profile/templeworks
www.environment-agency. gov.uk
http://www.geothermalint. co.uk/ground-source-heatpumps/index.php http://www.gecco2.com/ contractor/ground-sourceheat-pump/geothermal-piles. aspx www.bing.com/maps/ maps.google.com www.bgs.ac.uk http://www.emsd.gov.hk/ emsd/e_download/sgi/ EMSD_Eng.pdf
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Urban Studio