Retroit: a Strategic Sustainable Urban Plan for Detroit

RETROIT Dilan Alpasha, Neil Dolan, Jennifer Johnson, Katerina Kapletova, Thea Sellmann & Amineh Taghvaeisichani

A Strategic Sustainable Urban Plan for Detroit

Retroit

Table of Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 Vision ............................................................................................................................. 1 Current Analysis .................................................................................................................... 2 Regional Context ..................................................................................... ....................... 2 Metropolitan Region .................................................................................. .................... 3 A Brief Post War History in Detroit ................................................................................. 4 1940-1960 ............................................................................................ .................... 4 1960’s ...................................................................................................................... 4 1970 -2000 ........................................................................................... .................... 4 2000- Present ........................................................................................................... 4 Headlining Issues ............................................................................................................ 5 Key Issues....................................................................................................................... 6 Industry ............................................................................................. ....................... 6 Transportation ....................................................................................... .................. 6 Infrastructure ....................................................................................... .................... 6 Environment .......................................................................................... .................. 7 Society ..................................................................................................................... 7 SWOT Analysis ............................................................................................................... 9 Current Financial Situation ........................................................................................... 10 Strategy .............................................................................................................................. 11 Four Pillars ................................................................................................................... 11 Industry & Environment ......................................................................................... 11 Industry & Community ........................................................................................... 11

Retroit Transportation & Community ................................................................................. 12 Economic Regeneration Chart ................................................................................ 12 Spatial Plan ......................................................................................... ......................... 13 Key Interventions ................................................................................................................ 15 Eco-Industrial Network ............................................................................... .................. 15 Eco-Industrial Connections ..................................................................................... 16 Eco-Industrial Map ................................................................................... .............. 16 Recycling & Waste ........................................................................................................ 18 Renewable Energy Urban Lab ....................................................................................... 18 Brownfield Regeneration, Soil Decontamination & Planting Biomass ........................... 20 Education & Training .................................................................................................... 21 Housing Deconstruction & Refurbishment ................................................................... 22 Bus Rapid Transit .......................................................................................................... 24 Cycling.......................................................................................................................... 25 Community Zones ...................................................................................... .................. 25 Implementation ....................................................................................... ........................... 27 Phasing......................................................................................................................... 27 Funding ........................................................................................................................ 28 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 29 Appendix……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….i References

Retroit ● Introduction

Introduction The problems facing Detroit are immense, multifaceted and are often seemingly insurmountable. The issues have further worsened recently with the impending potential of city bankruptcy. Despite the range of problems facing the city the common thread linking them is that sufficient public funds do not exist. In recognition of this, the following report offers a sustainable strategy that streamlines city priorities in a cross-cutting approach with Detroit’s many stakeholders in mind. Existing and new, feasible industry is the focal point of the strategy that seeks to increase both private and public revenues, while simultaneously making Detroit a less polluted, more environmentally sustainable city. By focusing largely on this component in the short-term, an ample foundation will be built for longer-term progress towards comprehensive sustainability that will empower Detroit residents.

After establishing the vision for this strategy – named Retroit - this report examines the historical and present-day contexts that have placed Detroit in the difficult position it is today. This analysis frames the spatial plan and policy measures follow its proposals.

Comprehensive funding and phasing is then presented and the strategy in its entirety is summarized in the conclusion.

Vision “Re- (prefix) Once more; afresh; anew” (Oxford Dictionaries, n.d.)

Retroit draws inspiration from the city’s historical success in industry and the integral role it has played in shaping its identity. This strategy seeks to position Detroit once again as an industrial leader; not, as at first, in Fordist mass-production, but this time as a North American pioneer in industrial-symbiosis. Retroit’s conceptual diagram is an extension of this inter-relationship between environmental prioritization, strengthening industry, and empowering community. In this way, it builds upon the city’s assets and legacy in an Figure 1 Retroit ‘s conceptual diagram innovative, robust manner that champions sustainability. Retroit envisions this future Detroit as resilient and economically competitive, replacing further population decline with slow growth concentrated in urban villages built around efficient transport centers.

1

Retroit ● Current Analysis

Current Analysis Regional Context Detroit holds a strategic location in the Mid-West, as the fourth largest city in the region and the largest in the state of Michigan. Detroit is the site of one of the busiest U.S./Canadian border crossings for truck traffic (Lewis et al 2005). It serves as a major port along the Detroit River and Great lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway, connecting it with Atlantic freight. It is located in close proximity to other ‘rustbelt cities’ of Pittsburgh and Cleveland. These factors together situate it favourably as an industrial and commercial centre.

Figure 2 Detroit’s regional context in North America

2

Retroit â—? Current Analysis

Metropolitan Region Since the 1950’s Detroit maintained a steady population and employment decline, where most that could leave, did. Disinvestment, poor quality of life and limited services made a significant impact, further accelerated by the economic recession. This is reflected in the current income of residents as compared to outer suburbs, and directly relates to the amount of revenue that can be generated through annual taxes.

Figure 3 Map illustrating differences in household income between the City of Detroit and surrounding communities

3

Retroit ● Current Analysis

A Brief Post War History in Detroit 1940-1960 Improper public spending, decaying infrastructure, decreasing population growth and industrial firm relocation become critical issues. An effort to combine industrial necessity with redevelopment is attempted by city officials via industrial development areas to slow the process of decentralization. War housing was constructed, providing public housing but also enforces segregation of the African American residents. Concerns over urban sprawl begin (Thomas, 1997).

1960’s An attempt at urban renewal is made by the city, though little support from federal level exists, producing rather a period of clearance and reconstruction. The grave lack of consideration for Detroit’s African American residents during this time culminates in the race riots of 1967. A new charter couples the planning commission with the Mayor’s Office, decreasing its resources and does not stipulate necessity for professional planners (Thomas, 1997).

1970 -2000 Mayor Colman Young holds office for 20 years and is noted as one of the most influential people in Detroit’s modern history. Highly visible development projects (of public-private partnership) are a focus in an effort to halt the economic decline. However, it is largely unsuccessful and there is an increase in social problems including drugs, crime and unemployment plague the city (Thomas, 1997).

2000- Present The financial crisis of 2008 leads to bankruptcy, downsizing of GM and increased unemployment. Mayor Bing creates Detroit Works Project, to determine sustainable urban form for a progressively vacant city (Anderson, 2011). In 2012 Michigan Governor Snyder declares the city of Detroit is in a severe financial emergency and debate over the implementation of an emergency manager, and a state of receivership looms.

4

Retroit â—? Current Analysis

Headlining Issues

Figure 4 A handful of Detroit’s key issues, through newspaper headlines, protest signage and editorial cartoons

5

Retroit ● Current Analysis

Key Issues Industry For much of the 20th century, the auto industry brought economic success to the city. It is this very focus on manufacturing and its corresponding stationary industrial practices, however, that has been criticized for limiting Detroit’s entrepreneurship and innovation.

Rising global competition in the industry detracted from the city’s economic base, and a recently difficult economic climate pushed it to the brink (Tamny, 2011). In 2008 the big three automakers - Chrysler, GM and Ford, once the pillars of a robust economy - requested government bailouts attempting to avoid bankruptcy and subsequent layoffs, although only Ford evaded filing for bankruptcy in 2009 (Rutenberg & Vlasic, 2009).

The recent crisis has corresponded with significant job loss: a 13% decline from 2008 to 2010, almost double the national average. As of August 2010, Detroit had a 24.3% unemployment rate, 68% greater than the regional rate and more than 2.5 times the national rate. Compared to 1970, Detroit has less than half the number of jobs (Happold Consulting, 2010b). Clearly, unemployment is a huge barrier faced by individuals that has resounding economic implications, notably urban poverty. 34.5% of Detroit residents live below the poverty line, more than twice the state average (US Census, 2012).

Transportation Detroit is a city of interstates and highways and, according to Grengs (2010), ranks third nationally for vehicle miles travelled per capita, where 84% of workers over 16 commute alone by private vehicle, the highest of any metropolitan area with a population of over 1 million. Public investment in public transit has never been a focus in Detroit, where residents rely nearly exclusively on bus, with no access to heavy or light rail. An automated guideway exists, the Detroit People Mover, but consisting of only three miles in the central business district, it provides no accessibility to residential areas (Grengs, 2010) Detroit suffers from other issues regarding public transit, including an absence of a coordinated regional authority. As the main agency breaks its service at the central city border, segregation of many African American residents to jobs is increased by impeding a commute by public transit (Grengs, 2010). This central city agency is also without a funding source and relies solely on public city funds, which is a risk given the lack of sufficient tax revenues (Grengs, 2010).

Infrastructure Public infrastructure in Detroit is facing problems caused by the decrease in population density, economic decline of the region and physical aging. Most systems were built during Detroit’s peak population, and are now operating significantly below their utilization rate,

6

Retroit ● Current Analysis with low profitability and some with a deficit. An example of this includes municipal waste and electricity.

Municipal solid waste is burned in the Greater Detroit Resource Recovery Facility. After opening in 1986, it is now considered one of the most controversial buildings in the city, burning 2,800 tons of waste daily to produce electricity generated by steam. Not only are tons of pollutants released into the air each year, but the financial coast is high. It is reported that Detroit is paying as much as $125 per ton to get rid of municipal solid waste that might be put into local landfills at a cost of around $25 per ton. (Detroit 1701 org, 2012).

Environment Detroit and the surrounding Wayne County have a long history of elevated air pollution.

It falls in the 96th percentile of metropolitan Statistical Areas – a regional division used by the census – for pollution (SDEV 2007). Sources for pollutants include coal-fired utilities, municipal waste incineration, sewage sludge incineration, refineries, iron/steel manufacturing, coke ovens, and chemical plants (Keeler et al. 2002). Cars and utilities account for more than 65% of Detroit’s total carbon footprint (AIA 2008) The immense amount of vacant property in Detroit poses numerous hazards to the environment and ecology of the area. These attract such negative activities like illegal dumping and can be sources of large scale contamination, especially with regard to industrial brown field sites which can also be the cause of groundwater contamination.

State, US Federal and Canadian governments have identified the Detroit River as an area of international concern. Areas of the Detroit River have sediments contaminated with high concentrations of metals and organic compounds. Municipal and industrial discharges, poor land-use practices, combined sewer overflows, urban and agricultural runoff, and contaminants from air deposition continue to be an issue(EPA 2005).

Society Detroit faces many challenges with social issues, particularly related to poverty and race.

Poor health outcomes notably including heart-related deaths that occur 48% more than the national average (Happold Consulting, 2010c) and its ranking as the 5th most overweight city in the USA (Daily Finance, n.d.). This is made worse by the city’s food desert, with approximately half of residents travelling twice as far to reach a “mainstream” grocery store than they do to reach a “fringe food” retailer (Mari Gallagher, 2007). This food inaccessibility is linked to diet-related years of life lost, which theoretically suggests that life expectancy is decreased through the incidence of diet-related disease. Access to healthcare has become a key issue as 70% of residents do not have health insurance (Happold Consulting, 2010c), and there has been a 60% reduction of primary care physician capacity in the city since 1997 (Hill, 2011).

7

Retroit â—? Current Analysis The aforementioned decline in jobs has acted as a disincentive for continuing education.

An estimated 95,000 residents aged 25 to 64 have not completed high school, 15% of whom are unemployed. This is the second highest proportion amongst all major American cities.

The situation is no better when it comes to tertiary education attainment with only 11% of residents obtaining a university degree, compared to 28% of Americans (Happold Consulting, 2010c). Graduates from Detroit’s two largest universities and several smaller colleges are faced with a lack of opportunities to keep them in the city.

Detroit routinely tops the rankings of dangerous American cities The Detroit Metropolitan Area had the highest violent crime rate in the country in 2011, translating to 1,111 violent crimes per 100,000 residents. This included 345 murders, an increase of 12% from 2010 (Giuffo, 2011). High crime (or its perception) is frequently cited as a primary reason for white flight to suburbs, and has resulted in a high ethnic segregation. The City of Detroit today is more than 80% African American while the surrounding suburbs are predominantly Caucasian (Gray, 2010).

8

Retroit â—? Current Analysis

SWOT Analysis

9

Retroit ● Current Analysis

Current Financial Situation A “severe financial emergency” was declared in Detroit in March 2012. As a result, the appointment of an emergency manager, should state and city leaders fail to agree on an alternative solution, will likely occur in the following months. The city owes 33 times the net value of all its assets and with a deficit of $197 million; it will likely run out of cash by May 2012. (Associated Press, 2012)

10

Retroit ● Strategy

Strategy Four Pillars The inter-relationship between economy, community and environment that was identified in Retroit’s conceptual diagram translates into three of the four key pillars that form this strategy: • • • •

Industry (as an application of economy) Environment Community Transportation (as a necessary facilitator for the above three pillars’ success)

Industry & Environment The city of Detroit has suffered a severe industrial decline and is undergoing immense problems with waste management in regards to cost and the environment. By employing the research and theory behind industrial symbiosis, and utilizing the city’s capital of vacant land, planning permission and tax incentives, a core strategic proposal is an Eco-Industrial Network. Through linking current heavy industry in Detroit with new firms, the city will benefit from industrial waste recycling and subsequent jobs and tax revenue, especially in the long term. This waste as a business concept will be echoed in citywide residential and commercial recycling. Finally, our strategy seeks to deliver a long-term mechanism to produce renewable energy for use in Detroit. This will be fostered in our proposed Renewable Energy Urban Lab. Here commercial and research firms will be able to test, develop and produce renewable energy and technology.

Industry & Community Abandoned property in Detroit has many detrimental effects on neighbourhoods. Our strategy includes a proposal to strengthen the current deconstruction effort in Detroit and help it evolve into one focused on deconstruction. This will be achieved through a public, private and academic partnership within each community. The end goal is to foster transferable skills and create jobs for Detroit residents that are aligned with specific proposals in this strategy.

The successes of many of our proposals depend on community support for top down initiatives. This will be achieved through the localized networks of social capital, ‘termed Community Zones’, composed of a board of local leaders. From the deconstruction and construction effort to the achievement of high rates of residential recycling, all of these are key elements to Detroit’s revitalization.

11

Retroit â—? Strategy Transportation & Community The proposal recognizes the need for new social norms, access to efficient and affordable transit and cycling infrastructure as crucial for Detroit to recuperate from its current condition.

The establishment of a regional transport authority and the construction of a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system will bridge the considerable gap between the residents of Detroit and the wider region. With the ability to be implemented in the short term and then grow with the city, linking its urban villages, it will help residents gain access to the amenities, education and jobs they require.

Cycling infrastructure and support for public engagement is proposed. In the short term, cost efficient measures will include bicycle parking and equipping buses with bike racks.

Long term mechanism for the funding of cycling lanes and networks are also included.

Economic Regeneration Chart

Figure 5 The current economic climate in Detroit has served to indicate just how critical the need for economic growth is. This strategy aims to create the conditions for public revenue, jobs and growth across Detroit, leading to a more diverse, productive and resilient economy which provides better opportunities and social sustainability for its residents.

12

Retroit â—? Strategy

Spatial Plan

Figure 6 The two- phase spatial plan of Retroit’s strategy and key interventions

13

Retroit ● Strategy

This spatial plan illustrates the nodes of future growth (urban villages) focused on by this strategy. These villages’ current assets inspire the opportunities presented in this strategy.

Accordingly, these nodes create the frame for the intended transportation network.

Recognising the long-term nature of this, two phases of strategic attention are illustrated in the plan. It references administrative boundaries but prioritizes thoughtful planning over adherence to these borders.

•

•

• •

•

Central to this strategy is environmentally sustainable industry. Two key nodes – the Eco-Industrial Network and the Renewable Energy Urban Lab – are the short-term focal points for this intervention.

As part of this strategy’s aim to building on Detroit’s assets, two Current Successful Residential Areas and the Education & Residential Node represent strong communities that are supported here by thoughtful transit connections.

Bus Rapid Transit lines form the important transportation link between nodes, first built in Phase 1 with extensions in Phase 2.

Over time, Detroit’s waterfront, downtown and midtown are regenerated into thriving mixed-used districts including residential, commercial, retail and office facilities called the Renewed Mixed Use Urban Core. As demand requires, a New Mixed Use Urban Extension grows this vibrant area.

Recognizing Detroit’s strategic geographic location for shipping and freight, the Logistics Hub is pursued in the long-term to diversify the city’s industrial base further.

14

Retroit â—? Key Interventions

Key Interventions Eco-Industrial Network In order to address the immediate issue of intense pollution and the goal of attracting new business to Detroit, an EcoIndustrial Network is proposed. The principals of industrial symbiosis will provide the foundation for business advantage in increased savings on resources and waste costs, while simultaneously creating environmental benefits through reusing polluting by-products (Frosch & Gallopoulous 1989).

Figure 7 Conceptual diagram of industrial symbiosis

Given the dispersal of industry in the area and throughout Detroit, an eco-industrial network as opposed to a confined eco-industrial park is a more effective approach. The network will be established by the creation of an Eco Enterprise Network (EEN) an independent authority who will manage waste logistics, network development, planning permits and partnerships with academic institutions. For example, a relationship with Wayne State University would provide research insights to best practice in waste recycling and internship placement for students. This authority will also assist in the execution of tax incentives and relaxed planning permission to attract new suitable industrial firms. This will be accomplished via an enterprise zone, where existing and new firms will receive tax breaks over a ten year period at the city level.

As a starting point, the proposed improvement of an existing industrial area, located to the south west of downtown Detroit incorporates the neighbourhood of Del Rey and extends southward beyond city limits into the River Rouge area. The zip code of Del Rey suffers from severe pollution giving it the worst air quality in Michigan (University of Michigan 2010). This is due to the fact that the area contains a large number of heavy industry such as the marathon oil refinery, Lafarge cement manufacturing, Zug Island steel and the Ford Manufacturing Plant along with utilities such as Mistersky and DTE power stations and the wastewater treatment facility.

This area, being home to such heavy industry (which are ideal participants for industrial symbiosis) and considered one of the most polluted in the state, is the ideal location to reap the benefits of an eco-industrial network. Once successful implementation commences, more firms may be included in the network, expanding throughout the city and the wider region. Please refer to Appendix 10 for case studies of such networks currently in operation.

15

Retroit â—? Key Interventions Eco-Industrial Connections The diagram demonstrates some potential linkages of existing industry (purple) within the proposed eco-industrial network. Prospective new industry (blue) could be incorporated into the network, such as fertilizer and sulphuric acid industries which could utilise the by product from the oil refinery in their production process. This chart also incorporates outputs from other proposed industries (green) such as biomass from brownfield regeneration and deconstruction material could be integrated within the eco-industrial network.

Figure 8 A diagrammatic example of potential eco-industrial connections given current, proposed, and potential industries

Eco-Industrial Map This first map illustrates current land use and the proximity of heavy industry (oil refinery and steel industry) to residential areas. This site was chosen for the establishment of the eco-industrial network due to the presence of existing heavy industrial, polluting firms. The map also highlights potential for long-term development due to existence of abandoned areas and brown field sites.

16

Retroit â—? Key Interventions

Figure 9 Existing land use map in proposed Eco-Industry Network

This map highlights the potential for green buffer zones between industrial and residential areas, thereby improving neighbourhood quality for residents. This conceptual map shows the regeneration of the brown field sites, abandoned areas and reflects the growth of participants throughout the region. It is envisaged that this growth in industry will facilitate the redevelopment of commercial and residential areas within the area.

Figure 10 Conceptual proposal of land use in proposed Eco-Industry Network

17

Retroit ● Key Interventions

Recycling & Waste A Michigan Recycling Coalition report indicates that the state has one of the worst recycling performances in the country (2011). Despite this, the report documented that people in Michigan “overwhelmingly support recycling” (MRC, pg. 2), and that an estimated 4.3 million tons of material that could be recycled is instead being buried in landfills. This amount of recyclable waste has the potential to produce a significant amount of revenue for the state. If a $7.62 per capita investment was made and a 50% recycling rate achieved, that would produce a $44 per capita in return. Specifically, this would yield: • •

Up to 13,000 jobs with $300 million in income $22 million in additional state revenue

The initial investment includes funding for a comprehensive recycling system that includes community services and infrastructure, planning, data collection, and education.

Following this establishment, citywide commercial and residential recycling will be implemented.

Currently, municipal solid waste is burned in the Greater Detroit Resource Recovery Facility, opened in 1986. 2,800 tons of waste is burned daily which produces steam that generates electricity for Detroit Thermal. Its negative aspects include the release of pollutants into the air, causing an increase in asthma and morbidity rates. It is also financially unsustainable as Detroit is paying $125 per ton to get rid of municipal solid waste that might be put into local landfills at a cost of around $25 per ton (Detroit 1701 org, 2012).

The proposal for waste management is to divert non-recyclable waste to a land fill. This is seen as a short term solution, which will be both cost effective and better for the health of the residents of Detroit. Additionally, given the proposal for recycling, the current incinerator will be more inefficient then it was previously. Once the city is able to generate sufficient revenue, a new, efficient and less harmful incinerator could be considered.

Renewable Energy Urban Lab As an additional industrial focus, the Renewable Energy Urban Lab puts Detroit forward as a testing ground for experimental renewable energy, viewing land vacancy and low price particularly as assets. The proposal is for the development of a Renewable Energy Urban Lab in the Conner Creek Industrial area to develop and demonstrate renewable energy options for the city of Detroit, including wind, biomass, and solar. This project sees the city attracting students, institutions, and other entrepreneurs to use Detroit as a laboratory for renewable energy generation through mechanisms that could include minimal cost for using public land and flexible planning permissions for these experiments. It has a long-term goal of establishing a competitive advantage for a viable renewable energy in Detroit,

18

Retroit â—? Key Interventions recognizing that the city has natural assets that could offer future potential for renewable energy (Happold Consulting, 2010a): Renewable Energy Type

Potential generation (given present technology)

Current proportion of DTE energy

Solar

3000-4500 WHr/m2

0%

Wind

7,460 MW

0.04 %

Hydro

1872 MW

not available

Biomass

2400 MW

0.64 %

Table 1 Renewable energy potential generation and consumption

This project also offers the opportunity to produce locally-sourced energy to power the city. Table 1 above illustrates the small proportions that many forms of renewable energy play in meeting Detroit’s energy needs.

The location of a renewable energy lab in the Conner Creek industrial area is based on several factors. The area has seen excessive decline, even in Detroit terms. The area is home to the Chrysler Jefferson North assembly plant and a DTE operated (chief energy provider) gas-fired, seasonal power station. The area has vast swathes of vacant land, housing and brownfield sites. All of these elements combined, offer potential for the demonstration of various renewable energy sources. Given the small scale of Conners Creek power station, it is intended to work with DTE to develop alternative systems which could use biomass fuel combined with natural gas. The brownfield contaminated land will be used to demonstrate the growth of pennycress (biofuel/biomass) which serves to decontaminate land while other biomass (willow/poplar) can be planted on vacant lands.

Figure 10 Abandoned industrial site in Conner Creek (Harryc, 2009)

Figure 11 Seasonal power station Figure 12 Chrysler Jefferson North Plant (WK Jeeps, 2004) in Conner Creek (Model D, n.d.)

19

Retroit â—? Key Interventions One potential demonstration project would involve a partnership with the Chrysler Group. Their plant includes an extensive roof, and could be an ideal candidate for the installation of photovoltaic panels. This is seen as a valuable demonstration project with the possibility of investing in solar on vacant lands within the area and throughout the city.

Chrysler invested more than $35 million worldwide toward reducing facility emissions and enhancing resource conservation in 2010 (Environmental Leader, 2011). Currently Wayne State University is active in the study of renewable alternatives and it is envisaged that they will be a willing partner in this proposal (Renewable Energy World, 2006).

To oversee this component, a Renewable Energy Urban Lab Council will be established to preside over the allocation of vacant land. It will communicate with and attract commercial and research firms to zone. Additionally it can partner with educational institutions to place students and researchers in opportunities.

Brownfield Regeneration, Soil Decontamination & Planting Biomass In addition to the main strategies and to support the economic development, a need for brownfield regeneration of contaminated areas within Detroit arises in order to ensure that attractive spaces and plots are available for housing, entrepreneurship or leisure. The transformation of land to planting is considered as a cost-effective remedial strategy for the redevelopment of contaminated land, as plants have the potential to remove and immobilise contaminants through the processes of phytoremediation and phytostabilisation, being an inexpensive in situ approach to remediation (Forest Research, 2012 and Soukupova, 2006).

Method

Price ÂŁ/ton

Vitrification (Thermic)

50 – 525

Soil washing

25 - 150

Vaporisation

75

Solvent extraction

50 - 600

Burning

50 - 1200

Phytoremediation, and phytostabilisation Table 2 Brownfield regeneration alternatives with pricing

15 - 75 Source: Soukupova, 2006

20

Retroit â—? Key Interventions This approach provides indirect economic benefits from positive externalities linked to the existence and possible use of the green space with possibility to encourage healthy lifestyle, as well as providing valuable decontaminated land for development in the medium to long-term. Moreover, number of plants such as pennycress, reynoutria or poplar species used for soil remediation can be used as biomass for energy generation, when combusted in incinerator with appropriate filters (Soukupova, 2006), as the phytomediator plants are suitable due to their fast growth of biomass which helps to accumulate quickly the pollution in the plant.

Growing biomass is an ideal solution for this issue as it can generate additional revenue, making the removal of pollutants more financially viable while providing a local alternative energy source.

Figure 13 Illustration of phytromediation and phytostabilisation with plants

Education & Training This strategy recognizes the existence of numerous higher education facilities as a current strength in Detroit, and advises to foster a mutually beneficial relationship between these facilities, the City of Detroit and its residents. These institutions include, but are not limited to: Wayne State University (WSU), Marygrove College, Everest Institute and the Kaplan career Institute.

Examples of such a partnership include city-sponsored scholarship given to Detroit residents with the clause that they stay and work in Detroit for a specific amount of years after graduation, proposed for 5 years. Employment would be focused in the eco-industrial or renewable energy sector. In exchange, the institution would, for example, take part in the

21

Retroit ● Key Interventions commercial research activities of the Eco-Industrial network and will be provided with working spaces within the Renewable Energy Urban Lab. The deconstruction/construction sector will collaborate with each institution with a relevant programme in terms of training and material provision, research opportunities and “young entrepreneurship” support. An example includes WSU’s Construction Management programme.

Retraining unemployed and under-employed labour in Detroit is central to a successful economic future. Through the state-wide organization Michigan Works, a number of publicly-funded adult education programs already exist, such as Michigan Careers in Transition (Michigan Works, 2010). By focusing this training particularly towards anticipated this strategy’s proposed growth industries in Detroit, a stronger workforce can be fostered.

Housing Deconstruction & Refurbishment Abandoned property is a significant issue on the Detroit landscape, with 33,529 vacant homes and 91,488 vacant lots in the city (Data Driven Detroit, 2009), along with non-residential vacancies such as factories.

“Deconstruction has the potential to create jobs, stabilize the taxable market value of properties in Detroit, and improve the perceived and actual safety of Detroit neighbourhoods’ NextEnergy (2012). Support for deconstruction Figure 14 Vacancy rate map of Detroit (Data Driven Detoit, already exists, for example the WARM 2009) Training Center which links residents with deconstruction industry jobs and the deconstruction management course offered by Henry Ford Community College (Oosting, 2012). Deconstruction can provide three to six living-wage jobs for one from standard demolition (Browning et al., 2006) and results in 75 – 80% waste diverted from the landfill to reuse (Christian, 2011).

This strategy focuses on training for local residents building on an existing deconstruction framework provided by WARM training Centre, NextEnergy and collaborating companies such as Zachary and Associates, Quinn Evans Architects, The Architectural Salvage Warehouse of Detroit. Additionally, the establishment of small enterprises will be encouraged through provision of information on available funding (micro-loans, revolving loans), available jobs and opportunities as well as on-going “newbusiness” support. Being aware of the limited functioning time of deconstruction industry in Detroit area, training will emphasise transferable skills, encouraging entrepreneurship and

22

Retroit ● Key Interventions

• Information on existing opportunities • Advisory service • Monitoring

Figure 15 Flowchart of deconstruction training strategy

TRANSITION BEYOND

• Training • Education • Information provision • Assisting business startups

DECONSTRUCTION

INITIATION

expansion of operation from the city to the regional level, while providing immediate job opportunities in times of unemployment.

• Additional training – skills transfer • Help to expand beyond the city of Detroit

The deconstruction itself has many benefits as well. The perception of safety will be improved and crime decreased by reducing squatting, eliminating spaces where people can hide and foster illegal activities. While homeowners benefit from tax write-offs (Wills, 2009), reusing and recycling building materials contribute to environment protection and waste reduction. A proposed cycle for how the resources from deconstruction (materials and land) will be used is illustrated in Figure 16.

Figure 16 Flowchart of resource flow stemming from deconstruction

23

Retroit â—? Key Interventions

Bus Rapid Transit The establishment of a regional transportation authority is the first important step to a necessary public transportation overhaul, and is already in progress (Martin, 2012). Current public transportation within Detroit is managed by the Detroit Department of Transportation (DDOT), while the Detroit-suburban public transportation connections are managed by the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) system.

Both are in financial trouble, and neither have the ability to coordinate a regional strategy.

Support for light rail in Detroit has been recently shifting towards a bus rapid transit (BRT) system (Helms, 2012). BRT is both cheaper per unit distance and is more adaptable over time and space than light rail options, while also being faster and more reliable than conventional bus service (Martin, 2012). It has been successfully implemented in other North American cities (see Appendix 11) and has Figure 17 Map of two phases of proposed BRT routes representation in Michigan with a recent approval for a Grand Rapids system. The BRT strategy presented here will first focus on designating bus lanes along pre-existing roads in two key loops that have five key BRT nodes in addition to other stops. At later stages, the BRT system could be extended to connect other parts of Detroit and the region, enabled by the regional transit authority.

Figure 18 illustrates what a street transformed by BRT could look like.

Figure 18 Conceptual cross-section of a streetscape with BRT installation

24

Retroit ● Key Interventions Considering DDOT already operates a bus system in Detroit, BRT will build on existing assets: vehicles, trained staff, buildings, organizational structure. Strengthening selected local bus routes that connect dense communities and key amenities with BRT stops will help increase public transit ridership. This is alongside the installation of Park & Ride car parks and the integration of cycling infrastructure with the bus system. To further increase ridership, industry discounted transit passes will be offered through major employers, and a mandatory public transit pass will be integrated into post-secondary education fee, both strategies which will have minimal administration costs after establishment and will be selffunded by the additional revenue that is generated through them.

Cycling Despite a significant presence of bicycle lanes in Detroit, they are typically under-utilised due to a combination of factors that include cultural norms, safety perceptions, and a lack of spatial connectivity. Social support for cycling and pedestrianisation are nevertheless growing in the city, illustrated by the City’s Non-Motorized Urban Transportation Plan (2006) and the formation of the Detroit Complete Streets Coalition (Michigan Complete Streets Coalition, 2011).

This plan, in its 10-year frame, aims to increase the modal share of cycling in two key ways. Firstly, public engagement on cycling will begin immediately to increase user safety and knowledge of local infrastructure in a direct effort to change cultural attitudes towards it and therefore encourage uptake. Community Zones will be responsible for administering these education pieces through the appropriate organizations or networks they identify.

Secondly, cycling infrastructure will be integrated at a local level and particularly within identified urban nodes. Because the installation of designated bicycle lanes is costly – between $5,000 and $50,000 per mile (Pedestrian and Bicycling Information Center, n.d.) – this strategy will begin by focusing on more inexpensive infrastructure in the short and medium terms, including bicycle parking and equipping buses with bike racks. This strategy aims to encourage cycling particularly on the local level and as integrated with the BRT system.

Community Zones The 1997 Community Reinvestment Strategy (CRS) divided the city into ten neighbourhood clusters, each forming local boards of 14 to 20 leaders – from communities ranging from business to education to faith - that worked with organizations to identify key priorities for their districts (City of Detroit, 1997).

25

Retroit ● Key Interventions

Figure 19 Existing Community Boundaries identified during the Community Reinvestment Strategy

This strategy uses Community Zones as a starting point for creating localized networks that both strengthen existing social movements and aid in city-wide delivery of strategic priorities. Specifically, this tool aims to: • • •

Execute public education and engagement aspects of strategic plan priorities; Utilise local knowledge to inform the city on appropriate allocation of resources; Provide resources for community-identified projects.

Community Zones will rely on these networks to allocate specific city resources in a maximally-efficient manner that utilizes social capital and empowers existing programs, particularly as it relate to public engagement on city programs such as recycling and cycling.

Successfully delivering this programming will be incentivized by additional funding allocated for projects based on community-identified priorities that focus on strengthen public spaces and social organizations, be it after-school programming or allotment gardens.

Proposed Community Zone boundaries initially coincide with clusters identified in the CRS to build upon existing networks and previous work, but will be subject to periodic reevaluation to best reflect differential growth and shifting priorities across Detroit.

26

Retroit â—? Implementation

Implementation Phasing The following table illustrates the phasing strategy for components of the aforementioned policies, importantly indicating interrelationships and precursors. While the focus of this strategy is a ten-year scope, the phasing table looks 20 years to 2032, recognizing the long-term nature of some aspects.

27

Retroit â—? Implementation

Funding The strategy set forth here outlines a best use of Detroit’s capital, including current industry, vacant land, and public planning and tax incentives, for a resurgence of industry.

Rethinking waste as profit and allowing for market-led process, will immediately lead to increased public funds, less pollution and a long term economic and environmentally sustainable future. The two new industry urban villages outlined earlier, the Eco-Industrial and Renewable Energy Urban Lab will use enterprise zones to attract new firms. An enterprise zone is geographically targeted policy (or in this case, a network of specific industries) that offers incentives in order to stimulate economic growth and attract new firms (Bondonio and Greenbaum, 2007). Enterprise Zones firms will benefit from: i. A tax discount (sales, corporate, or property) over a 10 year period, for businesses that move into an Enterprise Zone during this time. ii. Further tax credit from the employment of proportion of residents within Detroit. iii. Radically simplified planning approaches in the zone iv. Agglomeration advantages: pooled market for workers with specialized skills, availability of specialized inputs and services, and technological spillovers.

This proposal values this reliance on a market-led strategy for its core initiatives, given the instability and short-term consequences of instead relying on grants and federal funds.

However, that it not to say that funding does not currently exist and should not be capitalized on, particularly during the installation and establishment of particular interventions. This strategy has identified potential resources for various aspects of its policies, as outlined in the funding table presented in Appendix 12.

28

Retroit ● Conclusion

Conclusion “The goal here is financial stability for the city, better services for citizens that need them, and growing the city long term. I don’t know of any Detroiter or any Michigander that wouldn’t like to see those three things happen.”

- Michigan Governor Rick Snyder on Detroit’s crisis, March 29 (Hackney, 2012) Although Detroit’s problems are easy to pinpoint, their solutions are not. Initiatives thus far have not been the catalysts policy-makers have searched for to fuel a large-scale turnaround, and instead the city heads for bankruptcy. This strategy positions Detroit once again as an industrial leader, this time championing environment and empowering individuals and communities. Retroit sees a future in the city’s unconventional assets, among them waste as a path towards financial stability instead of a source of environmental contamination and pollutants, and vacancy as entrepreneurial space for renewable energy.

By identifying these assets as opportunities, this strategy sees a symbiotic, market-driven way forward for Detroit shaped by urban planning. Achievable within ten years, this comprehensive plan establishes mechanisms for the generation of public revenue and individual wealth through jobs. This will allow for the long term improvement in social services and quality of life for the residents of Detroit. Retroit plans for a successful economy that pioneers new applications of the environmental agenda and that empowers individual and communities – simply put, a holistic application of sustainability.

29

Retroit â—? Background Research

Appendix Retroit

i

Retroit â—? Background Research

Table of Contents Background Research ............................................................................................................ iii Appendix 1: Post War History of Detroit: Urban Planning and Governance .................... iii Appendix 2: Public Infrastructure ................................................................................ vii Appendix 3: Governance Structure & Demographics ..................................................... x Appendix 4: Industrial Ecology Implications ................................................................. xii Appendix 5: Waste and Deconstruction ...................................................................... xiv Appendix 6: Brownfield Regeneration ......................................................................... xix Appendix 7: Ecological Issues ....................................................................................... xxi Appendix 8: Transportation ....................................................................................... xxiii Appendix 9: Cityscape ................................................................................................. xxvi Case Studies ..................................................................................................................... xxviii Appendix 10: Eco-Industrial Case Studies ................................................................... xxviii Appendix 11: BRT in Ottawa, Canada ........................................................................... xxix Supplemental Implementation Information ........................................................................ xxx Appendix 12: Funding Table.......................................................................................... xxx Vision Exercises ................................................................................................................. xxxv Appendix 13: Postcards .............................................................................................. xxxv Appendix 14: Poster ................................................................................................ xxxviii

ii

Retroit ● Appendix

Background Research APPENDIX 1: Post War History of Detroit: Urban Planning and Governance 1940 to 1960 As World War II came to an end Detroit was in a state of decay and decline, as where many American cities (Baltimore, Chicago and Philadelphia). As documented by Sugrue (2005) the housing built in the beginning of the century were in a state of poor condition, post war. Detroit lacked sufficient finance for improvements due to a large amount of spending during the 1920’s. By the 1940’s improper spending and neglected infrastructure became a critical issue, made worse by the city’s decreasing population growth (mass departure of middle class from the inner cities). As a result the central business district was now in a state of urban decay, with many vacant buildings (Sugrue, 2005).

Urban decay was not the only issue occurring in Detroit at this time. As noted by Sugrue (2005) the industrial sector was also in trouble. An already declining tax base was further worsened as industrial firms relocated out of the city. Given that half of the city’s population was employed by manufacturing jobs, this had a great effect. It was at this time that city and municipal officials began to look for solutions through public housing and regional planning.

In 1944, a planning document called for the designation of industrial development areas, as an answer to slow the process of decentralization. This marked the beginning of an effort to combine industrial necessity with redevelopment (Sugrue, 2005).

The mayor’s office issued a report titled “Post-War Improvements to Make Your Detroit a Finer City in Which to Live and Work” in 1944 (Sugrue, 2005). The report’s purpose was to provide a framework on how to improve the physical environment of the city, through the construction of expressways and wide streets. Additionally, ‘places to play,’ a new civic centre and airport were also proposed. This report however, did not directly address the decline of industry or racial conflict, but rather attempted to make public improvements.

That year statistics showed that over half of African American residents lived in substandard housing, and less than 14% of whites. Racial tensions were already at a volatile state in Detroit. In the race riot in 1943, 35 people, mainly blacks, were killed when a group of white locals attacked. Although documented to be innocent, 17 blacks were killed by police. This riot was said to be the result of issues of segregation, poor quality housing, job conflict as well as prejudice in the police department (Sugrue, 2005).

During the 1940’s two areas of reform regarding public housing and regional planning were established. Had they succeeded, claims Sugrue (2005) the City of Detroit would likely be a vastly different place today. Reformers for public housing aimed to better the lives of low income residents and at the same time revitalize the inner city district. What was known as ‘war housing’ was constructed did provide public housing and succeed in the short term.

iii

Retroit ● Appendix However, in the long term however, it has been regarded as enforced segregation of the African American city residents. Housing projects built in white neighbourhoods were only to accept white residents and vice versa. Finally, in 1952, the Detroit housing commission cancelled its policy; though the change was not acted upon until 1955 with orders from the U.S Court of Appeals. Proponents of the regional planning reform had indented to change the spatial layout of the urban region. The reforms argued long term change could only be achieved through a complete change in the style of governance and urban arrangement.

However the city would follow the recommendations laid out by the powerful Labour Union and developed satellite cities outside the existing corporate limits. The regional planning commission did eventually abandon the idea of satellite cites by 1956, though by that time concerns of ‘urban sprawl’ were already present (Sugrue, 2005).

The central business district of Detroit has been a point of concern since the 1920’s remarks Sugrue (2005). No automobile company headquarters remained there past this time, all of which relocated to Highland Park, except for General Motors, who rebuilt its headquarters 2 miles north of the CBD, creating a ‘New Centre’. Geography also played a part in the dispersion away from the CBD. Despite its location along river edge, Detroit lacks any major topological features force concentrations (as compared to Boston, San Francisco, and New York). Additionally, no high rent district in close proximity to the CBD was ever established. Also, throughout the 1950’s all main shopping centres were developed in adjacent regional areas. In 1951, a Detroit Master Plan was conceived, and the basic structure of which still exists today. It included The Veterans Memorial Building, Henry and Edsel Ford Auditorium, home to the Detroit Symphony Orchestra and Cobo Hall and Arena and Detroit Civic Centre. Unfortunately these new additions, including the Civic Centre could not change the declining commercial sector; nor could the expressways, which were built as the other component of the downtown strategy. A federal trust covered 90% of the cost of construction of these expressways, compelling city officials to use normally limited funds.

However, the decline of Detroit was already due to dependence on automobiles, and further accommodation of this exaggerated the issue. This ear also marked the beginning the failure of public transit in Detroit. As automobile ownership increased, there was less incentive to use public transit, decreasing ridership, and revenue (Sugrue, 2005).

1960’s The 1960’s was a time of attempted urban redevelopment and growing racial tensions in Detroit. By this time, the federal government sought out to ensure that housing was ‘open’ to all races, notes Sugrue (2005). Assisted by social activists and leader for local civic rights, this movement did make some difference in housing availability for Black residents, but did not help to solve another critical issue of neighbourhood turnover. An attempt to mitigate this issue was made through the Conservation Program (considered to be an alternative to urban renewal) which focused on strict law enforcement and inspection, citizen participation and housing rehabilitation. It sought to prevent the creation of slums

iv

Retroit ● Appendix through urban decay by improving community infrastructure and housing stock. However, the government did not sufficiently fund this program to make much impact, and simultaneously supported new housing projects. Therefore urban renewal wasn’t accomplished, but rather a period of clearance and reconstruction. Sugrue (2005) notes this time to be when African American residents began to protest their current conditions; demanding inclusionary decision making and low income housing. However the biggest source of unrest was due to relocation and displacement. A lack of adequate relocation assistance was common in the USA in that time period. By the mid 1960’s Detroit demolished 10,000 structures, displacing over 43,000 people, 70% of which were Black (Sugrue, 2005).

In spite of a multitude of issues, notes Sugrue (2005) by the mid 1960’s Detroit had accomplished many of the objectives set by the post war planners had set. City infrastructure had been improved, the city’s landmark 1951 master plan was publicized, and the central business district had been protected through new projects. The city planner Charles Blessing was a national leader in urban design and hired many planners with a background in architecture. He aimed to create a ‘finer city’ when many others found it difficult to be optimistic. However, his design solutions wound not be sufficient to rebuild the city of Detroit (Sugrue, 2005).

Despite his nationally recognized effectiveness as a planning leader, Thomas (1988) states Charles Blessing was not sufficiently addressing economic and racial issues were escalating. Although several renewal programs were executed, some projects cleared out entire neighbourhoods, all but one of which was black. This generated resentment and added onto the racial tensions already present in the city. The race riots of 1967 saw the deaths of 43 (mostly black) sparked from resentment over the arrests of patrons at a local night spot. Mobs of angry black residents produced considerable property damage as they burnt sections of numerous neighbourhoods. Although poor community-police relations were blamed, long-standing critical issues of housing, employment and social services were also noted as foundations for the riots (Thomas, 1998).

Thomas (1988) describes that this riot would set in motion a series of events that lead to the demise of the city planning commission. Though the riots were not the sole reason for this, they did give momentum for city government reorganization. A new charter split the planning commission and gave the majority of resources and staff to a ‘community and economic development department’. This department has been responsible for projects in the CBD and on the riverfront, deemed as successful. There is still debate as to whether the post charter Detroit has given rise to effective planning. One side argues that as the planning department is strongly coupled with the Mayor’s Office, there is a better ability to execute organized development projects. However, problems with personal also exist. The new charter did not stipulate that city choose a professional planner as a director, and many subsequent people in the position were not trained planners. Additionally, for over a decade

v

Retroit ● Appendix after the charter, the city did not produce or work with a comprehensive plan, as the Mayor did not wish to be constrained by a plan, preferring to take development opportunities as they arrive (Thomas, 1998).

1970 to 2000 With the new charter, redevelopment in Detroit was completely linked to the Mayor’s office in the 1970’s. As Sugrue (2005) remarks, Mayor Colman Young has been noted as the most influential person in Detroit’s modern history. He was voted into office from especially those in the black community, electing one of their own to fight racial inequalities and injustice. Conditions by this time however were steadily declining. Poverty was on the rise, infrastructure was deteriorating and the tax base was declining. Detroit at this time was heavily dependent on Federal to corporate levels of support. Mayor Young’s answer for Detroit was highly visible development projects to halt the economic decline. He saw the completion of a new sports arena, industrial plants and residential apartment buildings; though many sectors were not saved by this plan. His voters however continued to support him, and he was in office for a total of five terms, for a total of 20 years, until 1993. This was a time however, of continuous support for suburban growth and industrial mobility. The federal government did not directly face the challenge of older suffering cities, accepting decentralization. This national context would not work in support of any of Mayor Young’s development strategies, and accordingly, the city courted the private sector, establishing many public-private partnerships. This resulted in a shiny new downtown and a riverfront development, though the retail and service sector still suffered. Additionally, new industrial plants were built, though the sector still declined. Social problems were too on the rise during this era in Detroit, where drugs, crime and unemployment continued to plague the city. In 1994 Denis Archer became Mayor and reconfirmed the necessity of planning for the future. A professional planner was appointed to the new consolidated Department of Planning and Development and a land use task force was created (Sugrue, 2005).

2000- Present Recognized by Steinmetz (2009) Detroit is the largest modern US city in ruins. The city’s population has continued to decline since the 1950’s. The 2008 financial crash, and the bankruptcy and downsizing of GM have only worsened the already terrible conditions of unemployment (Steinmetz, 2009). Detroit Mayor Bing, took office in 2009, and has created a number of initiatives to address the enormous deficit he inherited (Anderson, 2011). One such is the Detroit Works Project, which has the objective is to determine a more sustainable urban form for a progressively vacant city (Anderson, 2011).

vi

Retroit â—? Appendix

APPENDIX 2: Sewage and Energy Public infrastructure in Detroit and Southeast Michigan is facing problems caused by the decrease of population density, economic decline of the region, physical aging of the infrastructure, and sustainability issues such as the use of renewable resources or recycling.

These problems are related to the exaggerated operation capacities of these systems, which are operating in current situation badly bellow the utilization rate, with low profitability or even on deficit. The financial situation also implies the lack of resources needed for investment in reconstruction and innovation of these systems. Moreover, due to the complexity of the infrastructure system, it appears very demanding in terms of money, organization, and ensuring continuous operation to change or replace the existing structure by something new.

Sewage The Wastewater Treatment Plant which started operation in 1940 is the largest singlesite wastewater treatment plant in the US and it serves the communities throughout metro Detroit. The plant was designed to provide primary treatment for the wastewater generated by 2.4 million people and, with modifications for nearly 4 million people. Secondary treatment (more rigorous screening, treating and disinfection of biodegradable solids) was introduced in the 1960s. Currently, the plant services 35% of the Michigan population contained within Detroit and 76 other communities in a service area of more than 946 square miles. (DWSD, 2012b) Map 2: The Location of the wastewater treatment plant (produced by author on the base from Google maps)

There is need for additional investment by 2030 to maintain and improve the sewer infrastructure due to the overflow and capacity problems and aging of the structures, when 60 -70% of the existing sewage collection system is already 30 or more years old. It is

vii

Retroit ● Appendix possible that the costs will be higher, depending on the laws and regulations and occurrence of the sanitary sewer overflow. In terms of environmental protection, it is important to improve the watershed management and pollution prevention. (SEMCOG, 2001) Cluster development, open space preservation and sustainable growth may help to reduce the amount of infrastructure needed in comparison to traditional development.

Nonetheless, investment in reducing other water pollution sources is needed in order to restore the water quality. (SEMCOG, 2001).

Figure 3: Estimated 30-year cost for sewer infrastructure, SEMCOG (2001)

Energy Private providers of energy: Detroit Edison Energy (DTE), Michigan Consolidated Gas Company (MichCon), Thermal Ventures – Detroit Thermal Public sector providers: CMS Energy Corporation – Consumers Energy, City of Detroit’s Public Lighting Department (PLD) Problems: Energy market changes favoring renewable energy, aging infrastructure, and reduced consumption due to declining population, declining economic growth, increase energy-use efficiency.

The electrical system is currently operating below capacity with typically 60% - 80% of utilization rate, however some areas in Detroit are only operating at 25% - 40% of utilization.

The networks are oversized and have maintenance issues associated with under-use.

Because of the decline in consumption, prices increase to cover revenue shortfalls. (Happold Consulting, 2010)

viii

Retroit ● Appendix Challenge: A very low proportion of renewable resources – 1.4%, within the DTE energy production (Happold Consulting, 2010) -

Coal - 80.5%, Nuclear energy - 16.5%

-

Natural gas - 1.4% Oil - 0.2%

Current composition of renewable resources used: -

Biofuel: 0.01% Biomass: 0.64% Solar: 0%

-

Solid Waste Incineration: 5.4% Wind: 0.04% Wood: 0.08%

Future Potential for Renewable Sources: -

Solar – potential of 3000‐4500 WHr/m2 (i.e. 1 sqmi of PV could power 9,000 homes) Wind – currently < 0.1MW of a 7,460MW potential Tidal – none at present Hydro – 1872MW at present Biomass – 2400MW potential

“Average residential electricity bill in Detroit is high and median household income is low when compared with other cities.” (Happold Consulting, 2010) Happold Consulting in its report (2010) stresses, the importance of diversification of energy sources to include more in‐state renewable resources, because according to the Anderson Economic Group’s study, Michigan has the potential to supply nearly 60% of its power needs through alternative fuels.

Figure 4: THERMAL VENTURES – Detroit Thermal – organizational structure, Happold Consulting (2010)

ix

Retroit â&#x2014;? Appendix

APPENDIX 3: Governance Structure & Demographics From US Census Bureau 2010 Category

Detroit

Michigan

Population

713,777

9,883,640

Pop % change 2000-2010

-25%

-0.6%

Person under 18

26.7%

23.7%

Persons over 65

11.5%

13.8%

White

10.6%

78.9%

Black

82.7%

14.2%

Foreign born 05-09

6.5%

6.0%

High school grads

76.2%

87.4%

Bachelorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree or higher

12.1%

24.5%

Homeownership rate 05-09

55.4%

74.6%

Median Value owner occupied units

$85,200

$147,500

Per capita income

$15,310

$25,172

People in poverty (all ages)

33.2%

14.5%

Land Area m2

138.75

56,538

Person/m2

5,144.3

174.8

x

Retroit ● Appendix Legal and City Structure Source: State of Michigan website (2012) Three Branched of Michigan State Government • • •

Judicial Branch: Supreme Court to Municipal Court Legislative Branch: Senate, House of representatives, Committees Executive Branch: Executive Office Governor/ Lieutenant Governor, followed by Departments of: – Agriculture and Rural Development – Attorney General – Civil Rights – Community Health – Corrections – Education – Environmental Quality – Human Services – Licensing and regulatory Affairs – Military and Veterans Affairs – Natural Resources – State – State Police – Technology, Management and Budget – Transportation – Treasury

City of Detroit Departments – – – – – –

Administrative Hearings Buildings, Safety Engineering and Environmental Community Access Centers Finance Fire General Services

– – – – – – –

Health and Wellness Human Services Parking Police Public Works Purchasing Recreation

xi

Retroit ● Appendix

APPENDIX 4: Industrial Ecology Implications Adapted from previous work by Neil Dolan, 2012 Industrial ecology is the study of the physical, chemical and biological interactions and interrelationships both within and between industrial and ecological systems (Garner and Keoleian 1995). While it has a strong focus on issues relating to pollution and the environment, it goes further and considers equally important the use of technologies, economic processes and business relationships (Hersham 2010).

It suggests there is potential to convert ‘waste outputs’ into ‘resource inputs’, thereby reducing the economic, social and environmental costs of waste disposal, while simultaneously preventing the need to utilize more raw materials for use in production (McManus & Gibbs 2008).

Eco-Industrial Parks can improve on economic development, at local and regional levels, by increasing business competitiveness. This can be realized through lowered production costs through cheaper resources (use of by products), waste disposal costs through use of by-products. Energy consumption through district heating, green building and lower transport cost. (Cohen-Rosenthal & Cote 1998) Furthermore they can lower emissions in comparison to a traditional industrial system through the use of by products and lower transport emissions for resources. They can also lead to reduced demand on finite resources; decreased local and global pollution; increased use of renewable energy and materials; and an overall renewal of natural systems (Lowe 1997).

Lowe (1997), with Indigo Development, was the first to set out a series of components which he deemed necessary for good Eco-Industrial Park design, set out here below; Natural Systems – An industrial park should fit into its natural setting in a way that minimises environmental impacts while cutting operating costs.

Energy – More efficient use of energy is a major strategy for cutting costs and reducing burdens on the environment.

Material Flows – In an Eco-Industrial Park, companies perceive wastes as lost opportunities that ideally are potential products to be re-used internally or marketed to someone else.

One emerging strategy for Eco-Industrial Parks planning involves anchoring the park around resource recovery companies that are recruited to the location or started from scratch.

Water Flows – Processed water from one plant may be re-used by another (water cascading), passing through a pre-treatment plant as needed. The park infrastructure may

xii

Retroit â&#x2014;? Appendix include mains for several grades of water (depending on the needs of the companies) and provisions for collecting and using storm water run-off.

Park Management and Support Services â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Management supports the exchange of byproducts among companies and helps them adapt to changes in the mix of companies (such as a supplier or customer moving out) through its recruitment responsibility. It may maintain links into regional by-product exchanges and a site-wide telecommunications system.

Integration within the local community â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a clustering effect is an important element for the success of eco industrial park.

xiii

Retroit ● Appendix

APPENDIX 5: Waste and Deconstruction Waste Current Situation Municipal solid waste is burned in the Greater Detroit Resource Recovery Facility, which was opened in 1986 and produces steam that generates electricity. 2 800 tons of waste are burned every day.

The Location of The Greater Detroit Resource Recovery Facility (produced by author on the base from Google maps) The negative aspects: • • • •

•

Tons of pollutants put into the air Relation to the morbidity rates and asthma rates Decrease in attractiveness of areas close to the facility Financially unsustainable - Detroit is paying $125 per ton to get rid of municipal solid waste that might be put into local landfills at a cost of around $25 per ton (Detroit 1701 org, 2012) Detroit is distinguished from almost all other major cities in the United States by the absence of recycling activities (Detroit 1701 org, 2012)

xiv

Retroit ● Appendix “Zero Waste Detroit” “Burning garbage for energy produces more climate pollution per unit of electricity than coal power plants. Over 90% of waste burned can be recycled or composted, generating more than 10 times the number of jobs than burning or burying these valuable resources.”

(Platt, 2008) “Zero Waste Detroit is a coalition of local organizations advocating curbside recycling, a materials recovery system that would bring new jobs and economic development to the city, and an end to waste incineration.” (Zero Waste Detroit, 2012) Key Facts: •

•

• •

•

Municipal waste is non-renewable, consisting of discarded materials from finite natural resources. Burning these materials in order to generate electricity creates a demand for “waste” and discourages much-needed efforts to conserve resources, reduce packaging and waste and encourage recycling and composting. (Zero Waste Detroit) All incinerators are a massive waste of energy. Due to the low calorific value of waste, incinerators are only able to capture small amounts of energy while destroying large amounts of reusable materials. (Zero Waste Detroit) Zero waste practices (recycling, composting etc.) serve to conserve three to five times more energy than is produced by waste incineration. (Morris, 2005) The amount of energy wasted in the U.S. by not recycling aluminum and steel cans, paper, printed materials, glass, and plastic is equal to the annual output of 15 mediumsized power plants. (Bill S. 3654, 2006) Recycling sustains more than 10 times more jobs per tonnage of waste than incineration and landfilling. (Institute for Local Self-Reliance, 1997)

Zero Waste Goals: • • • •

Increase household participation and tonnage collected in the curbside pilot through Neighborhood Partnerships and Recycle Bank incentive awards.

Provide RecycleBank incentive rewards for all 60,000 households in the pilot curbside project by September, 2010.

Develop comprehensive plan for city-wide curbside recycling by 2010.

Expand single stream pilot curbside project from 30,000 to 60,000 by Labor Day, 2010.

Waste as Business: case studies New West Gypsum Inc Tony McCamley, a demolition contractor who was also permitted to dispose of plasterboard to the ocean, saw an opportunity to recycle the material and established New West Gypsum Recycling. He developed and patented a process that takes both wet and dry

xv

Retroit ● Appendix plasterboard waste from construction and renovation sites and production waste from plasterboard manufacturers. The process removes contaminants and the paper content to provide a quality recycled gypsum product. New West Gypsum Recycling initially started recycling in the Vancouver, by the 1990s operations had expanded into Ontario and the northern states of the USA. Nowadays, they also have facilities in England and France producing 250,000 tonnes of recycled gypsum product per annum globally. (WRAP, n.d.a) Recycled Gypsum This case study demonstrates that recycled gypsum can be used in a number of road foundation applications and that it is possible to close the loop by recycling waste plasterboard back into construction materials. (WRAP, n.d.b) Recovering PVC flooring Trials were run that demonstrated the technical and economic feasibility of the manufacture of new high-grade flooring products containing recycled post-use vinyl flooring; and a permanent, collaborative national collection system in the UK. (WRAP, 2009) Recycling Facilities in Detroit • •

Recycle America Metro Detroit (6333 Lynch Road,Detroit, MI 48234) WM Capital Transfer Station (2660 E Grand Boulevard,Detroit, MI 48238)

Moreover, some companies in Detroit are focusing on recycling of particular materials such as metals, parts of cars or just collection of bulky items: • • •

American Auto Recycler (8951 Alpine St., Detroit, MI 48204) American Dismantler and Recycling Inc. (1791 Bellevue Street, Detroit, MI 482073614) 8 Mile Recycling (971 E 8 Mile Rd, Hazel Park, MI 48030): A drop-off facility purchasing non-ferrous metals from businesses and residential customers.

Deconstruction as Recycling and Employment Opportunity “Deconstruction is the systematic hand-dismantling of a structure with the intent of maximizing the yield of reusable building materials... Deconstruction crews work for homeowners, contractors, local governments, and other property owners to provide environmentally friendly, cost-effective removal of building components and complete structures, both residential and commercial. (Browning et al., 2006) Figure 1: Abandoned Homes, Source: http://www.urbanhonking.com/before/actionitems/detroit_houses.jpg

xvi

Retroit ● Appendix

Job Creation and Workforce Development Having a reliable volume of buildings requiring deconstruction allows for the creation of new construction jobs as well as jobs associated with the processing, marketing, management and value-adding of the reusable building materials. Unlike demolition, where much of the low-skill work is handled by non-local contractors, deconstruction provides an opportunity to train local workers in the construction industry with the assistance of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and government agencies. (Browning et al., 2006) It is estimated that deconstruction can support the local economy by providing three to six living-wage jobs for one from standard demolition, with nearly 100 percent of the revenue re-invested in the local community. (The Rebuilding Center, Portland, Oregon) Waste Reduction to Landfill Deconstruction can result in 50 – 70%% of a building’s materials being diverted from the landfill and reused. (Deconstruction Institute) Environmental Management Materials are managed more carefully, including any potential hazardous materials.

Neighbourhood environmental impacts such as noise, dust, disruption of traffic and related physical hazards are greatly reduced or eliminated.

Financial aspect Reused building materials are typically sold at 30-50% less than new materials by reuse stores across the United States.

Deconstruction is often cost competitive with demolition, particularly in buildings with older materials (pre-1970’s) and where hazardous materials (e.g. asbestos) are not present in large quantities.

xvii

Retroit ● Appendix Figure 2: Reuse and Recycling Economic Impacts, source: Browning et al. (2006, pg.9)

•

•

There are approximately 1,000 reused building materials stores, both for-profit and nonprofit (excluding architectural antique stores) in the US. (Hamer center for Community Design, 2006) Across the US in almost every state over 250 active deconstruction programs exist (excluding primarily demolition companies).

Figure 3: Abandoned Theatre, source: http://covblogs.com/eatingbark/detroit-marchand.jpg

xviii

Retroit ● Appendix

APPENDIX 6: Brownfield Regeneration Overview Brownfield sites are sites that have been affected by the former uses of the site and surrounding land, are derelict or underused, may have real or perceived contamination problems, are mainly in developed urban areas and require intervention to bring them back to beneficial use. (EUGRIS) Areas of brownfield land are often contaminated from their former uses. The regeneration of brownfield land to green infrastructure can reduce the human and environmental health risks associated with these areas, and can also help to improve the local environment. The use of greenspace and woodlands has been proposed as a costeffective remedial strategy for the redevelopment of contaminated brownfield land. Trees have the potential to remove and immobilise contaminants through the processes of phytoremediation and phyto-stabilisation, and these processes are an inexpensive in situ approach to remediation. The establishment of vegetation on contaminated brownfield land can break the pollutant linkage pathways, for example through prevention of soil erosion which minimises dust production and reduces the risk to humans. Regeneration of brownfield land provides indirect health benefits linked to use of the green space for exercise, general fitness and improved well-being. The provision of nearby green space also helps to encourage sustainable patterns of travel, such as cycling, which can reduce the prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Regeneration of brownfield land can improve the condition of the soil, vegetation, surface waters, including culverts, sustainable urban drainage systems and ditches and groundwater. (Forest Research) The Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology Support Center – US based: There are no projects supported by the centre at this time Buffalo Color Site Redevelopment South Buffalo Development LLC (SBD) is working under the oversight of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) and it is remediating and redeveloping the former Buffalo Color site in South Buffalo. The Western Railway Historical Society and the Steel Plant Museum unveiled plans for a new Heritage DiscoveRY Center at the site in October 2010.

The project will: – – – –

Preserve and showcase Buffalo's industrial heritage Become a vibrant, cultural tourism attraction with expected annual visitations of more than 350,000 that will help the local economy Help revitalize and improve the quality of life in the local community Clean up and redevelop a vacant industrial property

xix

Retroit ● Appendix – – –

Provide potential for new jobs and tax revenues Offer a catalyst for other redevelopment initiatives in the broader Elk Street Corridor and South Buffalo Brownfield Opportunity Area Allow for public access to significant riverfront green space

The redevelopment project includes: – – – – – – –

Removal of waste materials and residual chemicals remaining in tanks, piping and equipment Demolition of existing buildings, except those slated for reuse Remediating contaminated soils along Lee Street Groundwater collection and treatment Addressing sewer systems Disposal of all hazardous materials and removal to an approved offsite facility Demolition activities Figure 2: Buffalo Color Site, source: at http://www.buffalocolorredevelopment.com/

xx

Retroit ● Appendix

APPENDIX 7: Ecological Issues Pollution Detroit and the surrounding Wayne County have a long history of elevated air pollution.

Detroit is the site of one of the busiest U.S./Canadian border crossings for truck traffic (3,486,110 trucks per year) (Lewis et al 2005).

There has been issue with regard to the Greater Detroit Resource Recovery Authority (GDRRA), located on Russell Street near the I-75 and I-94 interchange. The waste incinerator has had a long history of controversy in regard to the emission of high levels of pollutants. It was closed for a brief period of time in 2009, when management cited economic reasons. It has since re opened under new owners last year and operates with additional support from Detroit city council.

State, US Federal and Canadian governments have identified the Detroit River as an area of international concern. Since the late 1800s, 95% of the Detroit River's original wetland habitat has been lost through urban and industrial development. Areas of the Detroit River have sediments contaminated with high concentrations of metals and organic compounds.

Municipal and industrial discharges, poor land-use practices, combined sewer overflows, urban and agricultural runoff, and contaminants from air deposition continue.

•

• •

•

•

Sources for pollutants include coal-fired utilities, municipal waste incineration, sewage sludge incineration, refineries, iron/steel manufacturing, coke ovens, and chemical plants (Keeler et al. 2002).

Cars and utilities account for more than 65% of Detroit’s total carbon footprint (AIA 2008) The GDRRA is one of the largest household waste incinerator in the US (IWSA 2007), a major problem associated with this, is the necessary operational scale with which it must operate to be efficient. This has led to waste being brought in from other cities, states and even cross border from Canada.

Wayne County is in violation of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) (Lewis et al 2005). This fine particulate matter is 2.5 micro meters and is made up of dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. Due to its size, it poses the greatest health risk as it can lodge deep into the lungs (EPA).

The public's health concerns are pressing in this case as high levels of PM 2.5 and mercury are emitted from the Incinerator. PM 2.5 public health concerns are particularly critical as the Incinerator is located in a region of non-attainment for PM 2.5, meaning the air quality is in violation of the safe levels of PM 2.5 established by the EPA; the NAAQS. High levels of mercury emissions are also of extreme concern in Michigan as at least 10,000 newborns per year potentially have been exposed to elevated mercury levels and more than 844 miles of rivers, including the Detroit

xxi

Retroit ● Appendix

•

River, have fish consumption advisories due to elevated mercury levels (Great Lakes Environmental Law Centre Petition 2011).

The neighbourhood of Delray (48217 zip), located in South West Detroit, was recently found to be the most polluted in the state of Michigan (University Of Michigan). While another study, State of the Air 2011, reports that the city of Detroit is placed at number 17 on cities with the worst levels of air pollution in the US.

Vacant Land The immense amount of vacant property in Detroit poses numerous hazards to the environment and ecology of the area. There are approx. 40,000 vacant lots which measure 25,000 acres or 40 square miles. These attract such negative activities like illegal dumping and can be sources of large scale contamination, especially with regard to industrial brown field sites.

• •

•

•

•

Vacant Units in 2010 over 118,000 - Increase of 106% since 2000 levels Urban soils may be a significant limiting factor in the establishment of specific native plant systems, though it may be possible to select a plant palette that will establish native cover with the ability to help develop soils for further stages of native succession.

With the current amount of vacant land, of which there are many old industrial brown field sites, the issue of contamination of the soil and possibly groundwater is an important concern.

Vacant lands encourage and enable illegal dumping which contributes to water and soil contamination and may lead to the possibility of spreading diseases through providing habitats for vermin.

Michigan state government, in the past, awarded brownfield tax incentives to test contaminates and cleanup sites. As of 2011 this has been abolished which has made the issue even harder to tackle. (South West Detroit Environmental)

xxii

Retroit â&#x2014;? Appendix

APPENDIX 8: Transportation Framework and context Table 1: Governance Framework, source: Detroit Works Project (b, 2010)

Current situation Existing bus networks include DDOT (Detroit department of Transportation) and SMART (Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation). Some services are operating only during rush hours. The trend is declining service due to the lack of financing. On the other hand, there is problem of accessibility of public transport especially in the areas where people do not have access to private means of transportation (car). See figure 1 for the specific areas.

xxiii

Retroit â&#x2014;? Appendix

Figure 1: Households without a vehicle, source: Detroit Works Project (a, 2010) There is existing rail system in Detroit, which is not completed due to financing difficulties and questionable feasibility and investment return.

City of Detroit invested in cycling network, greenways and bike lane and other bicyclefriendly infrastructure, in the downtown area and especially on the river bank where is also a regenerated greenway for cycling. Bike rental is available from the riverfront and there are advertised cycling tours through the city. By 2011, there were over 40 miles of bike lanes.

Although there were planned cycling routes in the inner city, their construction stopped due to lack of funding. The cycling as one of the transportation means within Detroit can be constrained by the large size of the city and big distances between sub-centres. Hence, there is a need for integration with other public and private transportation systems.

However, the busses operating throughout Detroit have to some limited extent bicycle racks.

Proposal The groupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s proposal is to create BRT system (see Figure 2), which can be funded by public bodies outside Detroit and this will be additionally supported by bus transportation in the areas, where these are feasible, used and needed. The result should be more efficient system which will serve those in need.

xxiv

Retroit ● Appendix

Figure 2: BRT – Group Proposal (2012)

xxv

Retroit ● Appendix

APPENDIX 9: Cityscape of Detroit

Situation Detroit, which was founded in 1701 by Antoine Laumet de La Mothe Cadillac, consists of different architectural style buildings such as Art Deco Skyscrapers, Modern Renaissance Centre and Post Modern One Detroit Centre. (Hill, 2002) High rise buildings are mostly located in downtown and New Centre areas while low rises and family houses are situated elsewhere.

Figure 1: Number of Households, by Census Block Group 2008, source: (datadrivendetroit, 2010)

Detroit has rich cultural heritage areas due to the migrants from different countries in early 1900s came to ‘Motor City’ to find a job; Mexicantown, Greektown, Corktown(Irish), Dearborn (Arab), Hamtramck (Polish) are some of the heritage neighbourhoods.

On the other hand, Detroit comprises of architecturally significant buildings such as Skyscrapers and Commercial buildings, Churches and Cathedrals, and Mansion and Great Estates, from late 19th and early 20th century which are listed in National Register of Historic Places. (Sharoff, 2005) The Detroit Historic District Commission has formed in 1976 within Detroit Planning and Development Department, to be responsible for preserving of historically and culturally Designated areas which have been recognised by City Council.

xxvi

Retroit â&#x2014;? Appendix In addition to Detroit River which has served an important role in the history of Detroit, Woodward Avenue has been listed as one of the Recreational Heritage routes by The Michigan Heritage Route Program. (Michigan Highways Organisation)

Figure2: Historical Districts and Buildings-Group research (2012)

Proposal The Groupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s proposal is to put more emphasis on Woodward Avenue by defining 2 BRT lines through this Heritage corridor (Figure3). In addition, cycling is being encouraged on the riverside where a lot of historical districts exist.

Mixed-used development is suggested in downtown and as second Phase development to enhance the character conservation areas. In addition commercial uses at street level and residential uses at above levels are suggested in Woodward Avenue.

Figure3: Woodward Avenue Section- Group proposal (2012)

xxvii

Retroit â&#x2014;? Appendix

Case Studies APPENDIX 10: Eco-Industrial Case Studies Eco-Industrial Synergy Study in Canso Strait, Nova Scotia, Canada The Eco-Industrial Synergy Study incorporated a large study area measuring 20km long by 1.5km wide; including 16,000 acres of provincially owned industrial land. The collaboration of work was initiated in 2006 between a seminar on Eco-Industrial Symbiosis and the Dalhousie School of Resource and Environmental Studies. The completed work was aimed not just at individual companies but also for the alliance that formed a management body that represents the synergistic collaboration between companies within the region.

The intended outcome was to add to or improve new or existing eco-industrial development infrastructure within companies operating in the region. The project focused on five main industrial ecology business themes in the region: Stakeholder Engagement, Common Business Services, Energy Use, Water Use, and Reuse/Recycling or By-Product Synergy. The work was an important first step in developing Industrial Symbiois with the region. (NISP, 2012) Case Study: National Industrial Symbiosis Program (NISP), United Kingdom The NISP was set up in the UK in 2005 and is the only Industrial Symbiosis network operating on a national scale in the world. The program runs throughout England, Wales, N. Ireland & Scotland and is divided up into 12 regions, each with their own dedicated staff of industrial symbiosis practitioners. NISP aims to bring together companies and organisations of all sectors and sizes, generating cost reductions and new sales, as well as creating significant environmental benefits such as reduced greenhouse gases and waste outputs.

The NISP program is entirely publicly funded which allows organisations of any size to participate for free; as such the program has provided significant success to contributing organisations in relation to economic benefits. (Dalhousie, 2007)

xxviii

Retroit ● Appendix

APPENDIX 11: BRT in Ottawa, Canada Population (2011): 883,391 (City) or 1,236,324 (Metropolitan Region) Population density (2011): 316.6/km2 (City) or 196.6/km2 (Metropolitan Region) Urban transit area (2010): 455 km2 Annual ridership (2010): 99,300,000 (up 32% from 1999) 98.8% of work locations are within a five-minute walk of a transit stop.

In addition to bus service, there is a 5-stop train called the O-Train.

History After conducting a series of eight Rapid Transit studies in the late 1970s, the City of Ottawa decided to go ahead with a Bus Rapid Transit scheme that emphasized the construction of bus-only roadways in 1978. The first section of the bus-only roadway, called the Transitway, opened in 1983 and the 31st kilometer – what was approved in 1978 – was finished by 1996. In its initial scheme, there were 35 stations along the route. The project was initially estimated to cost $97.1 million CAD, but finally costs but the project at an estimated $440 million CAD by 1996. The provincial Ministry of Transport committed to funding 75% of the project’s costs. (Gow, 2001) Transitway Today (OC Transpo, 2012) • 32.2 kilometres of Transitway, with 44 stations, with an additional 16 km of dedicated bus lanes on public streets • Weekday passenger volume along Transitway of 240,000 • Peak hour volume of 10,000 per direction along Transitway • Use of articled buses alongside Transitway, and double-decker buses along portions; soon, introduction of Presto (tap-to-pay) card system • Part of a public transportation network that includes 246 bus routes and 6,425 bus stops • Planned extension for Southwest Ottawa

xxix

Retroit â&#x2014;? Appendix

Supplemental Implementation Information APPENDIX 12: Funding Table

Policy

Policy Component

Type

Program Name & Provided By (if applicable)

Description

Eco-Industrial Network

Carry out initial ecoIndustrial Symbiosis research and development

Grant

Environmental Sustainability Program, National Science Foundation

Supports engineering research with the goal of promoting sustainable engineered systems (industrial ecology)

Recycling & Waste

Comprehensive recycling System

Mechanism / grant

Clean-up and Redevelopment Trust Fund

Michigan Bottle Deposit law that calls for a 10 cent deposit per bottle (MRC, 2011). In 2008, unclaimed deposits totalled 13.1 million. While 25% of this is returned to retailers, 75% is deposited into the Clean-up and Redevelopment Trust Fund (MRC 2011). These funds could be diverted away from this source for one year, to provide the initial investment which can be repaid after 24 months.

Recycling & Waste

Recycling outreach material & minor equipment

Grant

United States Environmental protection Agency

EPA solid waste grants fund program development to promote waste reduction, recycled-content products, markets for recycled materials, or assist in the development of solid waste management

Renewable Energy

Renewable Urban Lab Energy establishment

Grant

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy

Supports the development of clean energy sources, inventions and manufacturing processes, as well as scientific labs.

xxx

Retroit â&#x2014;? Appendix

Policy

Policy Component

Type

Program Name & Provided By (if applicable)

Description

Renewable Energy

Renewable energy research & development

Grant

The Biomass Research and Development Initiative, U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Energy Department

Support research and development in advanced biofuels, bioenergy and high-value bio-based products, as per President Obama's blueprint for an economy fuelled by home grown, alternative energy sources designed and produced by American workers.

Renewable Energy

Biomass production

Grant

Sun Grant Program, U.S. Department of Transport

Designed to develop biomass for energy production

Brownfield Regeneration

Private-led redevelopment

Grant

Site Reclamation Grant, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality

Provides funding for investigating and remediation of contaminated lands for the purpose of economic redevelopment. Benefits must outweigh cleanup costs

Brownfield Regeneration

Community-led clean-up

Mechanism

Revitalizing Revolving Loan, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality

Designed to support local community efforts to cleanup and redevelop brown field sites through the issuing of low interest

Education & Training

Partnership of Detroitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s postsecondary institutions, the City & firms in EcoIndustrial& Urban Renewables Lab enterprise zones

Mechanism

Examples of such a partnership include city-sponsored scholarship given to Detroit residents with the clause that they stay and work in Detroit for a specific amount of years after graduation, proposed for 5 years. Employment would be focused in the eco-industrial or renewable energy sector. In exchange, the institution would, for example, take part in the commercial research activities of the Eco-industrial network and will be provided with working spaces within the Renewable Energy Urban Lab

xxxi

Retroit ● Appendix

Policy

Policy Component

Type

Program Name & Provided By (if applicable)

Description

Education & Training

Re-training

Grant

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services ● Workforce Investment Act and Individual Training Account, United States Department of Labor

Federal funds available for training and education for unemployed, under-employed, or disadvantaged workforce

Deconstruction & Refurbishment

Technical assistance in deconstruction

Mechanism

WARM Training Center

Detroit-based business with history of working with city businesses to improve buildings and reduce costs

Deconstruction & Refurbishment

Training & employment deconstruction

Mechanism

Architectural Salvage Warehouse of Detroit (privately held)

Funds training and employment through sale of salvaged items

Deconstruction & Refurbishment

Administer deconstruction & refurbishment program

Grant

Neighbourhood Stabilization Program and Community Development Block Grant, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development ● OSWER InnovaƟons Initiative, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Federal funds available for deconstruction and refurbishment of housing stock for community betterment & reduction of waste

Deconstruction & Refurbishment

Refurbishing deteriorating housing stock

Mechanism

Bus Rapid Transit

Construction of BRT network

Grant

Portion of funds raised through salvage and converted land use of deconstructed properties will fund housing stock refurbishment New Starts program, Federal Authority ● State of Michigan

Transit

Funding for the construction of a BRT system in nearby Grand Rapids, Michigan, sets funding precedent: 80% federal government (through the “fixed guideway” funding in New Starts), and 20% state (Michigan Land Use Institute, n.d.; Federal Transit Administration, 2012 ).

xxxii

Retroit â&#x2014;? Appendix

Policy

Policy Component

Type

Program Name & Provided By (if applicable) State of Michigan

Description

Bus Rapid Transit

Establish regional transportation authority

Grant

Bus Rapid Transit

Industry and student discounted passes

Mechanism

Long-term self-funding due to increased ridership.

Development and initial implementation of discount programs cost $30,000 in Winnipeg, Canada and generate $115,000 per year in extra revenue (Transport Canada, 2010).

Bus Rapid Transit

Local bus routes and Park & Ride stations

Mechanism

Long-term self-funding due to increased ridership. Install when feasible in budget at or following BRT system construction.

Bus Rapid Transit

Road tolls

Mechanism

Long-term self-funding once BRT extends beyond city boundaries. Revenue generated supports public transit.

Bus Rapid Transit

Dismantle Detroit People Mover

Mechanism

As it currently operates in a $3.6 million deficit, it will save money in the long-term. Materials can be recycled to generate additional income for dismantlement.

Community Zones

Establishment of framework

Grant

Community Zones

On-going activities

Mechanism

Kresge Foundation (or similar)

$250,000 already earmarked for establishing a regional transit authority in state budget (Shea, 2012).

An initial grant to re-establish the framework inspired by the Community Reinvestment Strategy, which itself was funded by the Kresge Foundation (City of Detroit, 1997).

Project specific overhead is covered through other policiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; implementation costs, and incentive funding comes from its correlated income stream: for example, a small portion of recycling profits rewarding effective waste programming.

xxxiii

Retroit ● Appendix

Policy

Policy Component

Type

Program Name & Provided By (if applicable)

Description

Cycling

Cycling infrastructure

Grant

from U.S. Department of Transportation: National Highway System ● Surface Transportation Plan ● Highway Safety Improvement Program ● Safe Routes to School ● TransportaƟon Enhancement Activities ● CongesƟon MiƟgaƟon & Air Quality Improvement Program ● Federal Lands Highway Program ● NaƟonal Scenic Byways Program ● Transit Enhancements ● Transportation, Community, and System Preservation Program ● Federal Transit Administration Capital Funds

Competitive and non-competitive federal grants cover various aspects of cycling infrastructure including bicycle parking, bike lanes, bike racks for buses, and road signage (Federal Highway Administration, 2008).

Cycling

Public engagement on cycling

Grant

from U.S. Department of Transportation: Surface Transportation Plan ● Safe Routes to School ● TransportaƟon Enhancement Activities ● CongesƟon MiƟgaƟon & Air Quality Improvement Program ● State and Community Traffic Safety Program

Competitive and non-competitive federal grants cover various aspects of public engagement on cycling including coordinator positions, safety publications, and helmet promotion (Federal Highway Administration, 2008).

xxxiv

Retroit â&#x2014;? Appendix

Vision Exercises APPENDIX 13: Postcards

xxxv

Retroit â&#x2014;? Appendix

xxxvi

Retroit â&#x2014;? Appendix

xxxvii

Retroit ● Appendix

APPENDIX 14: Poster

xxxviii

Retroit ● References

References Adventurecycling.org (2012) U.S. Bicycle Route System News, available online at http://adventurecycling.org/routes/nbrn/usbikewaysystem.cfm [Accessed 1 April 2012] AIA 2008 - Leaner, greener Detroit, Detroit Petition, available online at http://www.epa.gov/region07/air/title5/petitiondb/petitions/detroit_renewable_petition20 11.pdf [Accessed 24 February 2012] American Institute of Architects (2008) Leaner Greener Detroit [online] Available at: <http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab080216.pdf> [Accessed 15 March 2012].

Anderson, J. (2011) Rightsizing Government: The Literature and the Detroit Experience. State and Local Government Review, 43: 224.

Architectural Salvage Warehouse of Detroit (2012) Deconstruction [online] Available at: <http://www.aswdetroit.org/deconstruction.htm> [Accessed 19 March 2012].

Associated Press (2012). Detroit review team finds ‘severe financial emergency;’ court challenges target manager law, The Washington Post, [online] Available at: <http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/review-team-says-detroit-is-in-severe-financialemergency-emergency-manager-may-be-next/2012/03/21/gIQAFqFdSS_story.html> [Accessed 3 April 2012].

Baulch, V.M. (2000) The Detroit News: How the bicycle put Detroit on wheels, available online at http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=21 [Accessed 1 March 2012] Bicycleretailer.com (2010) REI Grants $20,000 for Bike Route, available online at http://www.bicycleretailer.com/news/newsDetail/4222.html [Accessed 1 April 2012] Browning, P., B. Guy, and B. Beck. (2006) Deconstruction: A Cottage Industry for New Orleans, Working Paper from Pennsylvania State University’s Hamer Center for Community Design and Mercy Corps Gulf Coast Hurricane Recovery [online] Available at: <http://www.epa.gov/oswer/iwg/pilots/docs/ipco_deconstruct.pdf> [Accessed 15 March 2012].

Buffalo Colour Site Redevelopment (2012) [online] Available at: <http://www.buffalocolorredevelopment.com/> [Accessed 9 February 2012].

Cantor, G. (2005). Detroit: An Insiders Guide to Michigan. University of Michigan Press

Retroit ● References Carlsson, C. (2010) Detroit: The Return of the Repressed (Bicycling Culture), available online at http://sf.streetsblog.org/2010/06/29/detroit-the-return-of-the-repressed-bicyclingculture/ [Accessed 1 March 2012] Christian, N. (2011) Replacing Bulldozers with People: Deconstructing Detroit [online] Available at: <http://www.thetakeaway.org/blogs/takeaway/2011/oct/19/replacingbulldozers/> [Accessed 25 March 2012].

CH2MHILL and CDM (2004) Task C: Water Supply and Service Management Plan, Comprehensive Water Master Plan, Final Report for DWSD, Detroit, Michigan, USA. City of Detroit (2006) Non-motorized urban transportation master plan. [online] Available at: <http://www.detroitmi.gov/Portals/0/docs/planning/planning/nonmotor/Nonmotorized_Urban _Transportation_Master_Plan.pdf> [Accessed 31 March 2012].

City of Detroit (1997) Community Reinvestment Strategy [online] Available at: <http://www.detroitmi.gov/DepartmentsandAgencies/PlanningDevelopmentDepartment/Plann ing/LongRangeandCommunityPlanning/1997CommunityReinvestmentStrategy.aspx> [Accessed March 29 2012].

Cohen-Rosenthal, E. & Cote, R. (1998) Designing Eco-Industrial Parks: a synthesis of some experiences. Journal of Cleaner Production. Vol. 6 pg.181-188 College Scholarships (2011) [online] Available at: <http://www.collegescholarships.org/states/michigan.htm> [Accessed 15 March 2012].

Daily Finance (n.d.) America’s Most Obese Cities [online] Available at: <http://www.dailyfinance.com/photos/americas-most-obese-cities/#photo-1> [Accessed 4 April 2012].

Dalhousie (2007) Canso Strait Region: Eco-Industrial Development Opportunities and Existing Synergies [ONLINE] Available at : http://ecoefficiency.management.dal.ca/Files/Canso_Strait_Group_Paper_ENVI_5044_2006.pdf.

[Accessed 28 March 12] Darden, J. et al. (2010) “The Measurement of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Characteristics and Black and White Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Detroit: Implications for the Study of Social Disparities in Health” in Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100:1, pg. 137-158.

Data Driven Detroit (2009) Detroit Residential Parcel Survey [online] Available at: <http://datadrivendetroit.org/projects/detroit-residential-parcel-survey/> [Accessed 15 February 2012].

Retroit ● References Deconstruction Institute (2011) [online] Available at: <http://www.deconstructioninstitute.com/index.php> [Accessed 13 March 2012].

DEGC (2012) Detroit Economic Growth Corporation – Detroit Brownfield Redevelopment Authority [online] Available at: <http://www.degc.org/board-administration.aspx/detroitbrownfield-redevelopment-authority> [Accessed 27 March 2012].

Detroit 1701 org (2012) Greater Detroit Resource Recovery Facility/Detroit Incinerator, available online at http://detroit1701.org/Detroit%20Incinerator.html [accessed 22 January 2012] Detroit Department of Transportation (2012) information available online at http://www.detroitmi.gov/Departments/DetroitDepartmentofTransportation/tabid/80/defa ult.aspx [Accessed 24 February 2012] The Detroit Historic District Commission (2010), Information available online at http://www.detroitmi.gov/historic/ [Accessed 10 January 2012] Detroit People Mover (2012) Information available online at http://www.thepeoplemover.com/WE-LL-TAKE-YOU-THERE!.id.2.htm [Accessed 24 February 2012] Detroit Works Project (a, 2010) Policy Audit Topic: Neighbourhood, Community Development and Housing, Existing Conditions and Trends by Hamilton Anderson Associates, Detroit.

Detroit Works Project (b, 2010) Policy Audit Topic: City Systems – Infrastructure, Transportation and Sustainability, Phase One: Research and Priorities by Happold Consulting, Detroit.

Dolan, N. (2012) Eco Industrial Parks: How can they be made to work for the environment, BENVGTC5 Sustainable Urban Development - Key Themes. University College London, unpublished.

DWSD (2012,b) Wastewater Treatment Plant, available online at http://www.dwsd.org/pages_n/facilities_wastewater.html#iwc [Accessed 22 January 2012] Emscher Park Case Study (2012) information available online at http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/emscher-park-from-dereliction-to-sceniclandscapes [Accessed 24 February 2012] Environmental Leader (2011) Chrysler Invests $35m in Emissions Cuts, Conservation [online] Available at:< http://www.environmentalleader.com/2011/10/28/chrysler-invests-35m-inemissions-cuts-conservation/> [Accessed 31 March 2012]

Retroit ● References Environmental Protection Agency (2005) Detroit River-Western Lake Erie Basin Indicator Project [online] Available at: <http://www.epa.gov/med/grosseile_site/indicators/oilspills.html> [Accessed 26 March 2012].

EUGRIS: Portal for Soil and Water Management in Europe available online at http://www.eugris.info/FurtherDescription.asp?e=184&Ca=1&Cy=3&T=Brownfields [Accessed 1 March 2012] EUGRIS (2012) Portal for Soil and Water Management in Europe Information [online] Available at: <http://www.eugris.info/FurtherDescription.asp?e=184&Ca=1&Cy=3&T=Brownfields> [Accessed 9 March 2012].

Federal Highway Administration (2008) FHWA Guidance – Bicycle and Pedestrian Provisions of Federal Transportation Legislation [online] Available at: < http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bikeped/bp-guid.htm> [Accessed 11 April 2012].

Federal Transit Administration (2012) Discretionary Grants Program (Competitive). [online] Available at: < http://www.fta.dot.gov/grants/13094.html> [Accessed 31 March 2012].

Forest Research, information available online at http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD8A2LWJ [Accessed 1 March 2012] Forestry Commission (2012) [online] Available at: <http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD8A2LWJ> [Accessed 23 March 2012].

Frey Water Engineering, Inc. and Optimatics Pty Ltd. (2002), GA Optimization Study of Detroit Comprehensive Water Master Plan, Report for DWSD, Detroit, Michigan, USA. Frosch, Robert A. and Gallopoulos, Nicholas E. (1989) Strategies for Manufacturing Scientific American, [online] Available at: <http://www.is4ie.org/resources/Documents/Strategies_For_Manufacturing_Sci_American_1 989.pdf> [Accessed 21 March 2012].

Garner, A. and Keoleian, G. (1995) Industrial Ecology: An Introduction, available online at http://www.umich.edu/~nppcpub/resources/compendia/INDEpdfs/INDEintro.pdf [Accessed 3 January 2012] Giuffo, J. (2011) America’s Most Dangerous Cities, Forbes, [online] Available at: <http://www.forbes.com/sites/johngiuffo/2011/10/03/americas-most-dangerous-cities/> [Accessed 4 April 2012].

Retroit â&#x2014;? References Gow, H.W. (2001). Ottawa's BRT "Transitway": Modern Miracle or Mega-Mirage? [online] Available at: < http://www.lightrailnow.org/myths/m_otw001.htm> [Accessed 18 April 2012].

Gray, M., (2010) Podcast: Why Greater Detroit is so segregated [online] Available at: <http://detroit.blogs.time.com/2010/10/01/podcast-why-greater-detroit-is-so-segregated/> [Accessed 4 April 2012].

Great Lakes Environmental Law Centre (2011) Detroit Petition [online] Available at: <http://www.epa.gov/region07/air/title5/petitiondb/petitions/detroit_renewable_petition2011.p df> [Accessed 14 March 2012].

Grengs, J. (2010) Job accessibility and the modal mismatch in Detroit Journal of Transport Geography vol. 18, pg 42â&#x20AC;&#x201C;54.

Hackney, S. (2012) State pitches new plan: Detroit to keep leaders, unions face cuts, Detroit Free Press [online] Available at: <http://www.freep.com/article/20120329/NEWS01/120329043/Detroit-City-Councilfinancial-stability-agreement> [Accessed 12 April 2012] Happold Consulting (2010a) Policy Audit Topic: City Systems - Infrastructure, Transportation and Sustainablity, Phase One: research and Priorities, Detroit, Michigan, USA [online] Available at: <http://www.scribd.com/doc/52005719/Policy-Audit-Topics-City-SystemsInfrastructure-Transportation-Sustainability> [Accessed 22 March 2012].

Happold Consulting (2010b) Policy Audit Topic: Urban and Regional Economy, Phase One: research and Priorities, Detroit, Michigan, USA [online] Available at: < http://detroitworksproject.com/policy-audit-urban-and-regional-economy/> [Accessed 3 April 2012].

Happold Consulting (2010c) Policy Audit Topic: Neighborhood, Community Development and Housing, Phase One: research and Priorities, Detroit, Michigan, USA [online] Available at: < http://detroitworksproject.com/policy-audit-neighborhood-community-development-andhousing/> [Accessed 4 April 2012].

Harryc (2009) Detroit Conner Creek (post) industrial area [online] Available at: < http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?p=50598443> [Accessed 19 April 2012].

Helms, M., (2012) Bus rapid transit for metro Detroit gains support. Detroit Free Press [online] Available at: <http://www.freep.com/article/20120224/NEWS05/202240398/Bus-rapid-transit-for-metroDetroit-gains-support> [Accessed 31 March 2012].

Retroit â&#x2014;? References Hesham, A. (2010) Industrial Ecology as an approach to sustainability, available online at http://ehealth.hbmeu.ac.ae/eHealthProceedings/PDF/Hesham%20AdlyIndustrial%20Ecology.pdf [Accessed 26 December 2011] Hill, A., (2011) Too much healthcare in Detroit? [online] Available at: < http://alexbhill.org/2011/09/22/too-much-health-care-in-detroit/> [Accessed 4 April 2012].

Hill, E. J., Gallagher, J. (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press Historic Detroit Neighborhoods (2010), Information available online at http://www.cityscapedetroit.org/Detroit_neighborhoods.html [Accessed 1 February 2012] The Historic Designation Advisory Board final reports (2010), Information available online at http://www.detroitmi.gov/CityCouncil/LegislativeAgencies/HistoricDesignationAdvisoryBoar d/MapsReportsandOtherResources/HDABFinalReports.aspx [Accessed 2 February 2012] The Historic Designation Advisory Board final reports (2011), Information available online at http://www.detroitmi.gov/CityCouncil/LegislativeAgencies/HistoricDesignationAdvisoryBoar d/MapsReportsandOtherResources/HDABFinalReports.aspx [Accessed 2 February 2012] The Historic Designation Advisory Board final reports (2012), Information available online at http://www.detroitmi.gov/CityCouncil/LegislativeAgencies/HistoricDesignationAdvisoryBoar d/MapsReportsandOtherResources/HDABFinalReports.aspx [Accessed 2 February 2012] Individual Schedules and Route Maps, Detroit (2012) information available online at http://www.citywindsor.ca/residents/transitwindsor/Routes-andSchedules/Pages/Schedules-and-Maps.aspx [Accessed 23 February 2012] Institute for Local Self-Reliance (1997) Washington, DC, information available online at www.ilsr.org/recycling [accessed 16 March 2012] IWSA Directory of Waste-to-Energy Plants (2007) [online] Available at: <http://www.energyrecoverycouncil.org/userfiles/file/IWSA_2007_Directory.pdf> [Accessed 14 February].

Keeler et al. (2002) Assessment of Personal and Community-Level Exposures to Particulate Matter (PM) Among Children with Asthma in Detroit, Michigan as part of Community Action Against Asthma [online] Available at: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241161/> [Accessed 20 March 2012].

Lewis et al. (2005) Air Pollutionâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Associated Changes in Lung Function among Asthmatic Children in Detroit [online] Available at: <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280351/> [Accessed 16 March 2012].

Retroit ● References Lowe, E. (1997) Introduction to Eco-Industrial Parks, available online at www.indigodev.com/documents/ADBHBCh1Intro.doc [Accessed 22 December 2011] Mari Gallagher Research & Consulting Group (2007) Examining the impact of food deserts on public health in Detroit, [online] Available at: <http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/policy/DetroitFoodDesertRe port.pdf> [Accessed 4 April 2012].

Martin, C. (2012). Is Bus Rapid Transit Possible with a Regional Transit Authority? The Common Denominator: the d3 newsletter, [online] Available at: <http://newsletter.datadrivendetroit.org/2012/02/03/is-bus-rapid-transit-possible-with-aregional-transit-authority-a-data-driven-approach/> [Accessed 31 March 2012].

McManus, P. and Gibbs, D. (2008) “Industrial ecosystems? The use of tropes in the literature of industrial ecology and eco-industrial parks” in The Progress in Human Geography. Vol. 32 pg. 525-540.

Michigan.gov (2012) Michigan Government, information available online at http://www.michigan.gov/som/0,4669,7-192-29701---,00.html [Accessed 23 February 2012] Michigan Complete Streets Coalition (2011) Detroit Complete Streets Coalition Continues to Grow [online] Available at: < http://michigancompletestreets.wordpress.com/tag/detroit/> [Accessed 31 March 2012].

The Michigan Heritage Route Program (1993), Information available online at http://www.michiganhighways.org/other/heritage.html [Accessed 1 February 2012] Michigan Land Use Institute (2011) Grand Rapids South Division Bus Rapid Transit Project. [online] Available at: < http://mlui.org/downloads/AndyBRTflyer.pdf> [Accessed 31 March 2012].

Michigan Recycling Coalition (2011). 2011 state of recycling in Michigan: a way forward [online] Available at: < http://www.michiganrecycles.org/images/pdf/stateofrecycling2011mrc.pdf> [Accessed 22 April 2012].

Michigan Works (2010) [online] Available at: <http://www.michiganworks.com/about.php> [Accessed March 2012].

Model D (n.d.) Green: Detroit Development News [online] Available at: < http://www.modeldmedia.com/devnews/?page=all&tags=Green> [Accessed 19 April 2012].

Morris, J. (2005) ‘Comparative LCAs for Curbside Recycling Versus Either Landfilling or Incineration with Energy Recovery’ in The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment

Retroit ● References available online at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/m423181w2hh036n4/ [Accessed 2 March 2012] Next Energy (2012) Detroit Re-nailed: Deconstruction Symposium Offers Hope for Reconstruction, [online] Available at: <http://nextenergy.org/news-a-events/nextenergynews/192-detroit-renailed-deconstruction-symposium-offers-hope-for-reconstruction> [Accessed 27 March 2012].

NICOLE: The Network for Industrially Contaminated Land in Europe (2012) [online] Available at: <http://www.nicole.org/> [Accessed 9 March 2012].

NISP (2012) National Industrial Symbiosis Program. [online] Available at: http://www.nisp.org.uk/default.aspx. [Accessed 26 March 12] NSF (2011) National Science Foundation [online] Available at: <http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=501027&org=CBET> [Accessed 26 March 12].

OC Transpo (2012) Reports and Stats [online] Available at: < http://www.octranspo1.com/about-octranspo/reports> [Accessed 18 April 2012].

Oosting, J. (2012) Deconstructing Detroit: Can large stock of vacant homes, schools spur a new industry? [online] Available at: <http://www.mlive.com/news/detroit/index.ssf/2012/02/deconstructing_detroit_can_lar.html > [Accessed 26 March 2012].

Oxford Diciontaries (n.d.) Re-. [online] Available at: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/re- [Accessed 3 April 2012].

Pedestrian and Bicycling Information Center, n.d. Bicycle Lanes [online] Available at: <http://www.walkinginfo.org/engineering/roadway-bicycle.cfm> [Accessed 31 March 2012].

Pfeffer, J. (2006).Falling for Brush Park, ’Model D Media’: September 12, 2006 Information available online at http://www.modeldmedia.com/features/bpark61.aspx [Accessed 5 February 2012] Platt, Brenda et al (2008) Stop Trashing the Climate, ILSR, Eco-cycle & GAIA. Posch. A (2010) Industrial Recycling Networks as Starting Points for Broader SustainabilityOriented Cooperation? Journal of industrial ecology Vol 14 Pg 242-257 Renewable Energy World (2006) $2M DOE Grant Enables Lab to Collaborate on Biodiesel R&D [online] Available at:< http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2006/02/2m-doe-grant-enables-labto-collaborate-on-biodiesel-r-d-43617> [Accessed 30 March 2012]

Retroit ● References Rutenberg, J. and Vlasic, B., 2009. Chrysler Files to Seek Bankruptcy Protection. New York Times, [online] 30 April. Available at: <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/business/01auto.html?_r=1> [Accessed 29 March 2012] Scott, T. (2010) Detroit, available online at http://momentummag.com/articles/detroit/ [Accessed 1 March 2012] SEMCOG (2010) Draft: Creating a Sustainable Infrastructure System in Southeast Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, USA. SEMCOG (2001) Investing in Southeast Michigan's Quality of Life: Sewer Infrastructure Needs, Detroit, Michigan, USA. SEMCOG (2012) Detroit Regional Rail Project, available online at http://www.semcog.org/AADD.aspx [Accessed 2 March 2012] Sharoff, R. (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press Shea, B. (2012) Bills creating regional transit authority introduced in Legislature, Crain’s Detroit Business [online] Available at: < http://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20120127/FREE/120129922/bills-creating-regionaltransit-authority-introduced-in-legislature#> [Accessed 11 April 2012].

Soukupova, M. (2006) Použití bioremediačních metod při dekontaminaci půd, Dissertation, Výzkumné centrum pro chemii životního prostředí a ekotoxikologii, Masarykova Universita v Brne, Brno.

South Detroit Environment Vision (2007) Diesel Pollution in Southwest Detroit [online] Available at: <http://www.sdevweb.org/dieselpollution.htm> [Accessed 28 March 2012].

SMART (2012) Information available online at http://www.smartbus.org/Pages/default.aspx [Accessed 24 February 2012] Steinmetz, G. (2009) Detroit: A tale of two crises. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 27: 761-770 Sugrue, T.J. (2005) The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit.

Princeton University press, New Jersey Tamny, J., 2011. What Put the Brakes on Detroit’s Economy?, Wall St. Cheat Sheet, [online].

Available at: <http://wallstcheatsheet.com/breaking-news/what-put-the-brakes-on-detroitseconomy.html/> [Accessed 30 March 2012]

Retroit â&#x2014;? References The 2007 IWSA Directory of Waste-to-Energy Plants, available online at http://www.energyrecoverycouncil.org/userfiles/file/IWSA_2007_Directory.pdf [Accessed 24 February 2012] The Graanway Collaborative (2012) information available at http://www.greenwaycollab.com/ [Accessed 1 March 2012] The Waste and Resources Action Programme case studies (2012) available online at www.wrap.org.uk [Accessed 1 March 2012] Thomas, J.M. (1997) Redevelopment and race: Planning a finer city in postwar Detroit .

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Thomas, J.M. (1988) Racial Crisis and the Fall of the Detroit City Plan Commission, Journal of the American Planning Association, 54:2, 150-161 Thompson, M (2011) New Detroit Public Schools innovation officer to try improving system.

Yahoo News, 19 September 2011.

Travel and Transit, Detroit (2012) Information available online at http://web.archive.org/web/20050415014331/http://smart.focalhost.com/travel.html [Accessed 2 March 2012].

Transport Canada (2010). Eco-Pass: Employer-Sponsored Transit Passes â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Winnipeg, Manitoba [online] Available at: <http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/programs/environment-utspecopass-844.htm> [Accessed 11 April 2012].

US Census Bureau (2012) Detroit (city), Michigan [online] Available at: < http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/26/2622000.html> [Accessed 4 April 2012].

US Census Bureau (2012) State and Country Quick Facts, available online at http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/26/2622000.html [Accessed 23 February 2012] US Department of Energy (2011) Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy [online] Available at: <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/financing/types_assistance.html> [Accessed 25 March 12].

U.S. Senate. Bill S. 3654 [109th]: Recycling Investment Saves Energy. Introduced July 13, 2006.

Wernick, I. and Ausubel, J. (1997) Industrial ecology: some directions for research available online at http://phe.rockefeller.edu/ie_agenda/ [accessed February 1 2012] Wills, A. (2009) A Forgotten Part of Detroit Has Potential for Reuse [online] Available at <http://earth911.com/news/2009/07/22/a-forgotten-detroit-back-on-its-feet/> [Accessed 23 March 2012]

Retroit â&#x2014;? References WK Jeeps (2004) Jefferson North Plant Makeover [online] Available at: < http://www.wkjeeps.com/wk_jnap.htm> [Accessed 19 April 2012].

WRAP (The Waste and Resources Action Programme), 2009. Demonstration of end uses for recovered PVC flooring [online] Available at: < http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/demonstration-end-uses-recovered-pvc-flooring-0> [Accessed 22 April 2012].

WRAP (The Waste and Resources Action Programme), n.d.a. Plasterboard case study: International practice in plasterboard recycling, Canada [online] Available at: < http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/plasterboard-case-study-international-practiceplasterboard-recycling-canada> [Accessed 22 April 2012].

WRAP (The Waste and Resources Action Programme), n.d.b. Plasterboard case study: Recycled gypsum in a novel cementitious manner [online] Available at: < http://www.wrap.org.uk/content/plasterboard-case-study-recycled-gypsum-novelcementitious-material> [Accessed 22 April 2012].

Zero Waste Detroit (2012) Air pollution Associated changes in lung function among asthmatic Chidren in Detroit. [online] Available at: < http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280351/ > [Accessed 24 February 2012]