IDR Report 02 by Joe Myerscough

Published in 2016 by Lulu Press, Inc. 3101 Hillsborough Street Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, USA Printed in the United Kingdom by Lulu Press

Submitted to the department of Architecture in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture (MArch) at the Leeds School of Art, Architecture and Design, Leeds Beckett University

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing from the author.

CONTENTS

01 02

Introduction Planning Issues

7 9

[Land, Construction Law, Politics and

03 04

Conventions]

Development Appraisal

[Land, Finance, Cost and Risk]

Procurement & Risk

13 15

[Project team, Design services and

05 06

procurement]

Architectural Practice Professional Reflection Illustrations Bibliography

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1 Proposed Axonometric drawing of the scheme on top of the existing road.

1:750 @A4

brick factory The small brick factory re-purposes the fine particulate matter from the air in to a useful building material for the city.

health centre The health centre offers treatment for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases directly relating to poor air quality, helping educate in the process.

residential The third part of the proposed program offers new residential apartments part subsidised for a life time no car use.

INTRODUCTION

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Air pollution as a catalyst for a new urban typology in Mexico City Mexico City due to its geographical conditions and car use has historically suffered from air pollution - as a result it was one of the most heavily polluted cities in the world in the early 1990s. It has since reduced its damaging habits, however â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;about 14 000 deaths were attributable to air pollution in Mexico in 2008 and pollution levels still exceed WHO guidelinesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.1 My thesis looks to address this problem of air quality on a local level, whilst provoking a new way of thinking concerning pollution. It does not look to solve the air pollution problems in the city, but to develop a new urban typology on top of an existing road that ironically was constructed to ease congestion and subsequent pollution. Hijacking the existing road structure is designed to provoke a new urban common in the sky, clean from the polluted air and roads below on a local level. The road itself will help to produce the program above, using dust collected from the atmospheres to produce a new construction material for the community. A new way of living, working and a test bed for a new type of architecture within the city, providing healthcare for diseases relating to pollution, new forms of construction and sustainable housing. The proposal consists of a small brick factory, health centre and two residential blocks on top of the existing San Antonio Viaduct with an air filtration machine weaved between the lower levels, that supplies the program above with unpolluted air. 1.

OECD (2015). OECD Urban Policy Reviews: Mexico 2015: Transforming Urban Policy and Housing Finance. OECD Publishing. Available: http://www.oecd.org/publications/oecd-urban-policyreviews-mexico-2015-9789264227293-en.htm. Last accessed 12/04/2016.

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site location Av. San Antonio, Rio Becerra, Mexico City 19°23’06.6”N 99°11’05.9”W

[H] Housing [HC] Housing with commerce on the first floor [HO] Housing with offices [HM] Housing with other mixed activities [C] Commerce [O] Offices [M] Mixed [CB] Neighbourhood Centres [CU] Urban Centres [E] Buildings for public use [I] Industry [EA] Parks and Plazas [AV] Open Spaces with environmental value

2 Part of the zoning classification map for the district of Benito Juarez

PLANNING ISSUES

The planning system in Mexico City is a closed one with no public consultation unlike the United Kingdom. An application would be submitted to the district of Benito Juarez to which my site is situated within. Within the application would be four copies of the project for the construction work on scale drawings and containing all specifications regarding materials, finishes, and equipment to be used. These will need to be signed by the owner, the director responsible for the construction work, and the co-responsible party for urban and architectural design.1 The following licences would also need to be obtained2; • land use certificate Request and obtain single zoning certificate stating specific land use and feasibility from the Secretaría de Desarrollo Urbano y Vivienda.1 The project will need a land use change to accommodate a mixed use development (Habitacional Mixto). • construction permit Work cannot commence without a valid construction permit issued by the municipality where the project is to be developed. • excavation within the municipality The existing road will need to be excavated for new foundations and accommodation of services. • authorisation to cross a highway The proposal will cross over the existing highway and will need appropriate permits to do so from Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes. • environmental impact assessment Issued by the municipality where the project is to be developed. Other planning issues that may need to be considered during planning are inclusive but not limited to; • any closure of roads for material delivery or stages of construction • any impact on local residents, noise pollution, damage to property, disruption and rights to light • any increase in capacity to public transport The design will need to adhere to the Mexican building code (MCBC - Mexico City Building Code). Mexico City has had a four building code revisions since 1976. The current code was revised for seismic activity in 2004 and is split into three sections3; - NTC-CA:2004 [structural design for buildings] - NTC-DS:2004 [earthquake design in buildings] - NTC-EM:2004 [construction of metal structures] //IDR REPORT 02

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There is also the building regulations for the federal district under the code RCDF:2004 [Building Regulations for the Federal District], that will need to be followed.4

The World Bank. (n.d.). Dealing with Construction Permits in Mexico - Mexico City. Available: http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/mexico-city/dealing-withconstruction-permits/. Last accessed 12/04/2016.

Burguete-Stanek, L. (2013). Construction and projects in Mexico: overview. Available: http://uk.practicallaw.com/0-520-2427. Last accessed 12/04/2016.

Chavez, J, et al. (2012). Building Codes and Relative Seismic Vulnerability in Latin American Countries . Available: http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_4534. pdf. Last accessed 12/04/2016.

Alcocer, S.M. and Castano, V.M. (2008). Evolution of codes for structural design in Mexico. Available: http://www.victorcastano.net/resources/SMAMC-1.pdf. Last accessed 12/04/2016.

3 Materiality of the buildings envelope, a dust brick produced from the air pollution.

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4 Axonometric drawing of the brick manufacture process within the brick factory.

APPRAISAL

The airspace above the road will be leased from the municipality [Benito Juarez, CDMX*] to a private developer and funded using a PPP (The Public Private Partnerships Act or Ley de Asociaciones PĂşblico Privadas - Similar to the UK PFI funding. The public funding will come from the government and be under the National Infrastructure Programme (Programa Nacional de Infraestructura). Mexico City authorities have been increasing the number of PPP agreements in order to achieve goals set by the National Infrastructure Programme 2014-2018, so will be a suitable and feasible funding proposition for the scheme.1

*CDMX Ciudad de MĂŠxico formerly known as the Federal District, is the federal entity of Mexico

In 2012 new regulations to the Public-Private Partnership Law (PPP Regulations) were introduced, these new guidelines set out provisions for assessing the social benefit from a project. The overall objective being the provision of services to the public sector or end-user.2 The proposal fits within these guidelines with the provision of a public health centre within the scheme whilst still making it profitable for a private investor. The private developer will be able to generate a profit through the sale of residential units and the sale of bricks back to the community. Generating a new construction material for the locality. CDMX will retain ownership of the health centre, this will be publicly run.

Oxford Business Group. (n.d.). Private time: Public-private partnerships will play a key role in making up for gaps in infrastructure funding. Available: http://www. oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/private-time-public-private-partnerships-will-play-keyrole-making-gaps-infrastructure-funding. Last accessed 12/04/2016.

World Finance. (2013). public-private-partnerships. Available: http://public-privatepartnerships.worldfinance.com/ppps-in-mexico/. Last accessed 12/04/2016.

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5 Federal District outline (black)

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6 Still from design thesis on ground level of the road, man vs the machine

PROCUREMENT/RISK

The procurement & tendering process in Mexico City is as follows. CDMX (client) would offer a bid process for the development above the road through leasing the airspace to a developer under a PPP structure), in line with the development plans mentioned in the planning section. Interested parties (private developers) would then present preliminary feasibility studies. The preliminary study must include an analysis of social profitability. For example this would include how my thesis scheme will benefit the locality through improved healthcare and brick manufacturing, helping to generate jobs and a new industry for the area. These studies are evaluated by the municipality (Benito Juarez) and the most viable and profitable is chosen. The necessary licences, permits and/ or authorisations for the use and exploitation of public domain assets and/or the rendering of the corresponding services, are issued on behalf of the developer. Once successful in winning the bid, the traditional design route would then be followed and a tender package. Permits are needed before construction can commence and were briefly explained in section 02 - planning issues.1 The following need to be obtained on completion of the project1; • Construction termination certificate This is issued by the Urban Development Direction of the municipality (Benitio Juarez) • Civil protection approval Obtained from the Civil Protection Direction (Sistema Nacional de Protección Civil) of the municipality in which the project is developed, this is again Benito Juarez. The proposal will be built by mainly local contractors, though some specialists for the steel frame for example will need to be employed. The construction methods used and brick production will help generate new trade and jobs for the area. The contractor undertaking the work is responsible for obtaining all licences and authorisations mentioned above. The contractor will be mainly local with some specialist subcontracting, workers will be required to register themselves with the Mexican Institute of Social Security (Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social). Mexican law dictates that no more than ten percent of technical and professional employees can be foreign - the architectural team would fall under this category.1 //IDR REPORT 02

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Risks include but are not limited to; • proximity to a busy congested road • proximity to existing buildings • potential for major disruption to the road • phasing to be considered • construction will need to work around the road remaining open • specialist contractors needed for some stages of the build • objects falling from height onto the road When assessing the risk, the project will have to adhere to the following Mexican laws for construction activity1; • General Health Law (Ley General de Salud) Mexico City’s equivalent to the UK health and safety law • Mexican Official Standard Norms (Normas Oficiales Mexicans - NOMS) NOMs are mandatory technical regulations that establish rules, specifications, or requirements for goods and services and apply to the construction industry.

Burguete-Stanek, L. (2013). Construction and projects in Mexico: overview. Available: http://uk.practicallaw.com/0-520-2427. Last accessed 12/04/2016.

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7 Conceptual visual showing the health centre greenhouse with patient sat in the gardens

PRACTICE

Collaboration between UK and Mexican architects following a traditional form of contract over a Design & Build. This traditional form best suits the tendering bid process adopted by the Mexican government as there are no standard forms of contracts used in Mexico. Contracts are formed according to the free will of the parties involved. However, if the parties do not agree on contractual obligations, the local or Federal Civil Code is used.1 The design team will be based in Mexico City for the duration of the build and will require a large project team with phasing on several parts of the scheme. Key points worth noting are; • the utilisation of the RIBA plan of work 2013 with each phase of the development following the plan • continuation of BIM software for the completion of each stage at BIM level 2, preferably Autodesk Revit • fees will be staggered based on the phasing • consultation with the Mexican planning system and legal system will be obtained for planning submission and insurance for the duration of the build Professional indemnity insurance will sought to cover the architectural practice working in the city against court action in the unlikely circumstance that something goes wrong. The proposal is around 10,500 square metres GEA. Working on a cost per square metre of2; • Factories | £700m2/$17,456m2 • Healthcare | £1650m2/$41,147m2 • Residential | £1100m2/$27,431m2 This equates to the scheme costing in the region of £12,075,000/$3,011,223,546 Pesos based on the GEA, in reality this figure is likely to be higher due to infrastructure costs and the cost of the frame that supports the development. 1.

Burguete-Stanek, L. (2013). Construction and projects in Mexico: overview. Available: http://uk.practicallaw.com/0-520-2427. Last accessed 12/04/2016.

Spon’s (2015). Spon’s Architects’ and Builders’ Price Book 2015. Florida: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group.

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8 An Indian worker in Darukhana ship breaking yard, Mumbai, India

9 Ship breaking gas cutters at work slicing part of INS Vikrant, an Indian warship.

PROFESSIONAL REFLECTION

I want to continue to develop my skills and professional knowledge either back in a large practice or if an opportunity abroad presented itself, I would like to explore this in the short term. I would like to move back to London, where I had my year out experience working for Allies & Morrison and some short term work over summer last year for Sheppard Robson. During this time for both practices I continued to develop my BIM knowledge and become an integral part of the team. I wish to continue to develop these skills and explore the role of BIM within practice, maybe introducing techniques I have used in Cinematic Commons throughout university. As mentioned in my personal position section of the first report I believe University gives you a certain creative freedom you cannot always achieve in practice. Therefore working post part II, I would like to find a work balance between experience, that will allow my continual professional development including my eventual part III, and close to unrestricted creative freedom. However I realise this may not be fully achieved until I am working for myself. I also want to continue with my hobbies and activities outside the architectural discourse. Photography has always played a crucial role both within my studies and outside, the experience visiting India and Mexico City has greatly expanded my portfolio. The work of Edward Burtynsky on manufactured landscapes to which I was introduced to during my thesis work in India, greatly inspired my thesis proposal in the ship breaking yards, including the visual medium of photographing. I wish to continue to follow this industry as I have throughout postgraduate studies and maybe visit these yards again one day. Looking further ahead, my overall goal is to qualify and continue my professional development with the aim to set up a practice with two other colleagues within the next 5 years. I have lived, worked and shared university life with these two colleagues over both undergraduate and postgraduate studies, and together we would like to have our own professional practice within this time frame.

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ILLUSTRATIONS Chapter 01: 1 Myerscough, J. (2016). Exploded Axonometric drawing at 1:750 scale. Date created 13/04/2016.

Chapter 02: 2 CDMX. (2015). Programas Delegacionales de Desarrollo Urbano. Available: http://www.seduvi.df.gob.mx/portal/index.php/programas-dedesarrollo/programas-delegacionales. Last accessed 23/04/2016. 3 Myerscough, J. (2016). Dust Brick 1:1 detail close up of materiality. Date crated 18/03/2016.

Chapter 03: 4 Myerscough, J. (2016). Brick Strategy Drawing. Date created 17/03/2016. 5 Myerscough, J. (2015). Federal District outline. Date created 10/10/2015.

Chapter 04: 6 Myerscough, J. (2016). View of the machine from ground level [Set Model 01B]. Date created 24/02/2016.

Chapter 05: 7 Myerscough, J. (2016). Health Centre Greenhouse compsite drawing. Date created 25/02/2016.

Chapter 06: 8 Myerscough, J. (2014). Indian worker in front of INS Vikrant, Mumbai. Date taken 23/11/2014. 9 Myerscough, J. (2014). Indian gas cutter working, Mumbai. Date taken 23/11/2014.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCES Books:

Spon’s (2015). Spon’s Architects’ and Builders’ Price Book 2015. Florida: CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group.

Websites: Alcocer, S.M. and Castano, V.M. (2008). Evolution of codes for structural design in Mexico. Available: http://www.victorcastano.net/resources/SMAMC-1.pdf. Last accessed 12/04/2016. Burguete-Stanek, L. (2013). Construction and projects in Mexico: overview. Available: http:// uk.practicallaw.com/0-520-2427. Last accessed 12/04/2016. Chavez, J, et al. (2012). Building Codes and Relative Seismic Vulnerability in Latin American Countries . Available: http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/WCEE2012_4534.pdf. Last accessed 12/04/2016. OECD (2015). OECD Urban Policy Reviews: Mexico 2015: Transforming Urban Policy and Housing Finance. OECD Publishing. Available: http://www.oecd.org/publications/oecd-urban-policy-reviews-mexico-20159789264227293-en.htm. Last accessed 12/04/2016. Oxford Business Group. (n.d.). Private time: Public-private partnerships will play a key role in making up for gaps in infrastructure funding. Available: http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/privatetime-public-private-partnerships-will-play-key-role-making-gaps-infrastructure-funding. Last accessed 12/04/2016. The World Bank. (n.d.). Dealing with Construction Permits in Mexico - Mexico City. Available: http://www. doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/mexico-city/dealing-with-construction-permits/. Last accessed 12/04/2016. World Finance. (2013). public-private-partnerships. Available: http://public-private-partnerships. worldfinance.com/ppps-in-mexico/. Last accessed 12/04/2016.

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ADDITIONAL Websites:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241914716_Evolution_of_codes_for_structural_design_ in_Mexico

http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/mexico-city/dealing-with-constructionpermits/

http://www.transitionsabroad.com/listings/living/articles/building_a_house_in_mexico.shtml http://www.s-ge.com/sites/default/files/private_files/BBK_Report_Mexico_Sustainable%20 Materials_140911_1.pdf

https://air.plumelabs.com/Mexico

http://web.mit.edu/czegras/www/mexico%20city%20white%20paper%20v3.pdf http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/cdmx/about-us/air-quality-surveillance/

http://www.usaidlandtenure.net/sites/default/files/country-profiles/full-reports/USAID_Land_ Tenure_Mexico_Profile.pdf

http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/mexico-city/registering-property/ http://latindispatch.com/2015/03/02/the-fight-for-mexico-citys-future/ http://www.oecd.org/gov/policy-highlights-mexico.pdf

http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/33349/1/Burdett_Mexico_City_2006.pdf

http://www3.cec.org/islandora-gb/islandora/object/islandora:1213/datastream/OBJ-EN/view http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/471.pdf http://i2ud.org/documents/Mexico_city_report.pdf

https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/22493/REYESRUIZDELCUETO-THESIS-2013. pdf

http://uk.practicallaw.com/0-520-2427

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/exporting-to-mexico/exporting-to-mexico

http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/private-time-public-private-partnerships-willplay-key-role-making-gaps-infrastructure-funding

http://public-private-partnerships.worldfinance.com/ppps-in-mexico/ http://www.victorcastano.net/resources/SMAMC-1.pdf

http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=207d4777-237d-4572-8d8b-70efa694d60e

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