GRAMMAR NOTES (I-1) UNIT 1 Indoors and Outdoors Language link: be used + infinitive; be used for + gerund or noun Examples
Explanation Use be used + infinitive and be used for + gerund or noun to describe how an object is used.
That machine is used to dry dishes. It only takes 90 seconds.
Subject + be used + infinitive + complement
This strange-looking object is used for cooking.
Subject + be used for+ gerund + complement
A helmet is used for protection.
Subject + be used for+ noun + complement
Language Link: Expressing prohibition Examples
Explanation
There’s no smoking allowed in this office building.
Use not allowed to and can’t to state prohibition when speaking.
I’m sorry, but you aren’t allowed to smoke here. Please step outside. You can’t enter the studio now. They’re recording.
No + gerund + allowed Not + allowed + infinitive Can’t + verb base form
No smoking. No fishing.
Use no + gerund on sign to show something is prohibited. No + gerund.
You mustn’t drink and drive.
Use mustn’t to express a strong warning. Subject + mustn’t + verb + verb base form. Note: It is more common to use can’t in spoken English.
Unit 2: Life is all about change Language Link: Future forms Examples
Explanation
I think teenagers will have robots for teachers in the future.
Use will for general predictions or when you
The telephone’s ringing, I’ll get it.
decide something at the moment of speaking. Subject + will + verb base form + complement.
I’m going to eat dinner and watch a video tonight. I need a tissue. I’m going to sneeze!
Use be going to for general predictions, for future plans and intentions, and when you know something is about to happen. Subject + be going to + verb base form + complement.
I’m traveling in Europe this summer.
Use the present continuous for future plans that have already been made. Subject + be + verb–ing + complement.
The ceremony starts at 10:00 tomorrow.
Use the simple present for fixed schedules in the future. Subject + verb/verb-s + complement
Language Link: Modals of future possibility Examples
Explanation
Where are you going next year?
Use may, might, could to show possibility in the future.
I’m not sure. I may go to Mexico next year. might
The speaker is 50% sure. Subject + may/might/could + verb base form + complement
could Are you going to Mexico next summer? I may not go to Mexico next summer. might not I don’t have enough money right now.
Use may not, might not to show negative future possibility. This negative form is not contracted. Subject + may/might + not + verb base form + complement Note: Don’t use the negative form of could for future possibility.
Language Link: Review of the present perfect Examples
Explanation
I’m reporter at The Daily News. I’ve worked here for three years.
Use the present perfect for actions that began in the past and continue in the present. Subject + have/has + verb past participle + complement (for/since phrase)
I’ve read that book.
Use the present perfect to talk about actions that happened in the past when the time they happened isn’t important. Subject + have/has + verb past participle + complement.
I’ve just finished with the newspaper. You can borrow it now.
Use the present perfect with just for an action that has been complete recently. Subject + have/has + just + verb past participle + complement.