Love, Life & Lobsters: Combined Thesis Report by Joe Bradley

LOVE, LIFE & LOBSTERS a live/work model eco-community, where the work element focuses on food production

COMBINED THESIS REPORT JOSEPH BRADLEY

LOVE, LIFE & LOBSTERS a live/work model eco-community, where the work element focuses on food production

COMBINED THESIS REPORT JOSEPH BRADLEY University of Sheffield 180207947

Executive Summary

Design Manifesto VOLUME

196

Environment & Technology

212

Management, Practice & Law VOLUME

252

Concluding Summary

256

Bibligraphy

262

List of Figures

1 2

VOLUME

Executive Summary Love, Life & Lobsters provides impetus for the design of a self-sufficient, model community in the historic Bay of Skaill on the Orkney Mainland. Set in 2046, in the midst of a post-Brexit Civil War, the project exaggerates the UK’s extant socio-political tensions to the point where Orkney has become a haven for those seeking refuge from unrest on the British Mainland. Volume 1 examines Studio Material Amendment’s Scottish Expedition and considers the group’s methodological approach to research in sustainability, alongside my own research methodologies. The project is justified through articulation of my architectural stance. From personal interest in model communities; through to the examination of the UK and more-specifically Orkney’s social, political and environmental conditions – the need for the provision of new model communities is recognised. Examination leads to the proposal of a ‘production line’-inspired, model community that is borne from our human need for social interaction and sustenance.

Set in a rural environment, Volume 2 focuses on the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s response to the Bay of Skaillâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Neolithic and natural landscape. This Volume positions the project within context of the current climate crisis and provides a methodology, with responsive means to mitigate and adapt to the effects of climate change. In addition, consideration of wind, tidal and solar energy production assists the project in its quest to seek self-sufficiency in its sparse surroundings. Finally, Volume 3 examines the management implications the project faces, as a result of its premise and context. In delivering the proposed self-sufficient, model community, the project team would encounter various costs: financial, social and environmental. This Volume uses the principles set out in Volume 1 to advise how best to achieve a reasonable delivery in a professional setting. The following pages demonstrate how and why we should design to make HAPPY, WELL-FED and LOCALISED communities:

DESIGN MANIFESTO

R EP

M O U CR BL A IC TI C OF P E OR OP K LE N EY â&#x20AC;&#x2122;S

21st June 2046 PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT: Following BREXIT, earlier this year, the United Kingdom has dissolved, resulting in mass urban exodus. The Orkney Isles are proposed to become a safe haven for those wishing to avoid ongoing civil war on the British Mainland. It is predicted that thousands of Britons will seek refuge in the seventy-island archipelago. A new model of community living is required to support inflated inhabitance. With ties to all former trading partners severed, Orkney must re-organise itself to become a selfsufficient, Democratic Republic in the immediate future, by means of utilising local resources. Thus any proposed model community must be selfsustaining. Newly-elected President of the Democratic Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Republic of Orkney, John Sampson, calls on all available architects to provide design for such community.

Love, Life & Lobsters

a...

HAPPY

WELL-FED

LOCALISED

...community

20th July 2046

Dear President Sampson,

Mr Joe Bradley Skara Brae Sandwick, Stromness Orkney Mainland DLR of Orkney KW16 3LR

The following pages document my response to your call for architects. I enclose your advertisement on the previous page. I propose a live/work, model eco-community, where the work element focuses on food production. The community will be located in the Bay of Skaill, close to the prehistoric village of Skara Brae and will be home to two-hundred refugees. To become self-sufficient, one must utilise local resource. This project seeks to learn from Orkneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s prehistoric civilisations to reintepret true vernacular in a form that may facilitate HAPPY, modern life. The model community will be WELL-FED, with work revolving around food production and trading, specifically the production and trading of the lobster; abundant in Orkney and being currently being farmed in hatcheries on the archipelago. The majority of the inhabitants will be employed by the on-site lobster-farming industry. This proposal provides hope for new methods of LOCALISED, rural living in an otherwise bleak, urban present. Kind regards, Joe Bradley

Contents Call For Architects Cover Letter Response Contents 20

1 STUDIO MATERIAL AMENDMENT The Studio Studio Methodology

2 THE EXPEDITION OF A LIFETIME The Expedition Key Pitstops The Fuel The Mobile Studio

3 JOE BRADLEY About The Architect… Who Am I? Speculate to Accumulate…

3.1 MY ARCHITECTURAL STANCE The Pursuit of Happiness Happy Communities Model Communities Energy Production A Sustainable Fuel? Fuel in Model Communities Fuel Emissions Fuel Type 4919 Years

4 HAPPY: The People Welcome to The Democratic Lobsterman’s Republic of Orkney A Predictable Brexodus Migrative Growth Current Refugees Expected Refugees Client Map

5 WELL-FED: The Fuel Sustainable Fishing Aquaculture Orkney Lobster Releases Seabed to Saucer The Lobstering Van Spaces for the Community Reinterpreting the Lobster Van

122

6 LOCALISED: The Site The Orkney Isles Heart of Neolithic Orkney Skara Brae Timeline for The Community Why change from Nomad to Settled? Site: The Anchor Point The Bay of Skaill Around the Bay of Skaill Spatial Syntax Site Response 17

148 7 MATERIALS

Materials from The Expedition The Bedrock Beneath Us Stromness Flagstone Orcadian Sheeps Wool Larch Timber Tabby Concrete Mechanical Fuel? Corkboard

166 8 PRECEDENT

Montana Earth Home Findhorn Foundation Lobster Architecture Windermere Jetty Museum & Boathouse LILAC: Leeds Organic ‘Bay’ Growth 180 9 ARCHITECTURAL LANGUAGE

Straight From The Sea and Into The Frying Pan Inside The Home and Around The Home

186 WHAT NEXT?

Moving Forward

190 REFLECTION

Working Methods

7 months, Studio Material Amendment

Love, Life & Lobsters

The Studio Energy: Engaged Studio Material Amendment is exploring materiality and the embodied energy associated with the materials we utilise in the built environment.

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This report considers all themes, but in the context of an isolated Orkney - first, considers: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;energy production and processingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

The studio has thirteen members (right) and considers four themes (opposite).

a ori ict

The studio is investigating how this embodied energy is amassed, the power generation required to produce materials, and the communities that these industries create.

Bry a

ENERGY USE IN LIGHT OF CLIMATE CHANGE

ENERGY USE IN LIVING AND WORKING PATTERNS

EMBODIED ENERGY OF BUILDING MATERIALS

ENERGY PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING

Love, Life & Lobsters

Studio Methodology Rational Process Studio Material Amendment assembled to: explore material; recognise its origin; understand energy production and evaluate lifestyle via an expedition to Scotland.

EXPLORE SCOTLANDS LOCAL VERNACULAR AND MATERIALS

I emphasise the ‘to’, as this was always the case in planning the expedition there was a destination. Our ambition was to reach Skara Brae, following a tour of various energy-related sites on our journey north. Skara Brae is a preserved, prehistoric village on the west coast of Orkney, that symbolises and reminds the modern population of the purist form of energy-efficiency: self-sustainability.

RECOGNISE WHERE THE MATERIALS COME FROM AND HOW THEY ARE USED AND THE ENERGY INVOLVED

This expedition was structured to collect information from along the way.

EVALUATE OUR CHOICES IN USE OF ENERGY

UNDERSTAND WHERE ENERGY COMES FROM

1 The Studio

OUTPUTS

PROCESSING INFORMATION

LENSES OF SCALE CONTEXT

MICRO

MATERIALS

LIBRARY

SOCIAL

ECONOMIC

UNDERSTANDING

CARDS

SOCIAL

THE GAME

ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC

LIFESTYLE

FUTURE ENERGY SCENARIOS WHAT IF?

THESIS MACRO 25

The Expedition of a Lifetime

Love, Life & Lobsters

The Expedition 13 Crew; 3 Vehicles; 8 Days Studio Material Amendment set out in the Mobile Studio for Aberdeen from The Arts Tower at 6am on Tuesday 3rd December 2019. Aberdeen gave opportunity to visit key sites relating to Scotlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fishing and oil industries, including model community: Footdee. En route to Orkney, we passed through the Findhorn Foundation - a modern, sustainable community. Our time in Orkney allowed us to visit prehistoric sites and understand the links between ancient living and modern sustainability. We arrived back at The Arts Tower at 7.30pm on Monday 10th December 2019.

ORKNEY ISLANDS

SKARA BRAE

ST MARGARETâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S HOPE

1 DUNDEE V&A MUSEUM 2 FOOTDEE SQUARE 3 ABERDEEN OLD TOWN

DOUNREAY 8

THURSO

4 ABERDEEN HARBOUR

GILLS BAY

5 MACALLAN DISTILLERY 6 FINDHORN FOUNDATION 7 CROMARTY FIRTH 8 DOUNREAY POWER STATION 9 SKARA BRAE PREHISTORIC VILLAGE 10 THE BLACK HOUSE - DUALCHAS ARCHITECTS 11 THE LIGHTHOUSE 12 WINDERMERE JETTY, MUSEUM OF BOATS, STEAM AND STORIES

DORNOCH 7

INVERNESS

ISLE OF SKYE

ABERDEEN

10.

DAY

1 - SHEFFIELD TO ABERDEEN

DAY

2 - ABERDEEN

DAY

3 - ABERDEEN TO SKARA BRAE

DAY

4 - SKARA BRAE

FORT WILLIAM

SCOTLAND

DAY

5 - SKARA BRAE TO ISLE OF SKYE

DAY

6 - ISLE OF SKYE TO GLASGOW

DAY

7 - GLASGOW SHEFFIELD

GLENCOE

DUNDEE

STOPPING POINTS PASSING THROUGH

NORTHERN IRELAND

EDINBURGH

GLASGOW

WINDERMERE 12

ENGLAND SHEFFIELD

Love, Life & Lobsters

Key Pitstops Skara Brae, Orkney (Day 3) Skara Brae Prehistoric Village provides insight to an ancient life once forgotten. It reveals a methodology for the purist form of living, self-sufficiency.

2 The Expedition

Findhorn Foundation, Inverness (Day 4) Findhorn Foundation, founded 4500 years after Skara Brae gives a modern parallel to the self-sufficiency seen at Skara Brae. Modern self-sufficiency becomes more complex and an intricate practice between the reused, and recycled.

Love, Life & Lobsters

The Fuel Communal Eating, Lowering Costs During planning, the expedition was proving costly - part of this due to the expense of petrol and diesel, a fuel we had no alternative but to burn. In order to minimise costs, of the trip - we chose to tailor the fuel we consumed toward group bulk cooking, rather than individually buying prepared meals. Cutting out the preparation cost in our fuel helped us a great deal, economically.

Rice

Soya

Rice

Soya

Oats

Soya

Oats

Soya

In addition, the communal eating and conscious shopping positively impacted on the social and environmental energies of the expedition. Butter Butter

Tuna

Mayo

Day 1-3

Oats

Cheese

Jam

Peanut Butter

Jam

Peanut Butter

Refried Beans

Tomato Paste

Jam

Tuna

Mayo

OIL Kidney Beans

Kidney Beans

Salt

Oats

Cheese

Paprika

Tuna

Butter

Oats

Cheese

Soya

Oats

Harissa Paste Tomato Paste

Rice

Lentils

Rice

Lentils

Tomato Paste

Pasta

Mayo

Pasta

Peanut Butter

Tuna Chickpeas

Chickpeas

Tomatoes

Passata

Chickpeas

Day 4-7

Chickpeas

Tuna

Chickpeas

Basil

Herbs

Jam

Butter

Jam

Salt

Tuna

Herbs Passata

Peanut Butter

Butter OIL

Passata

Curry

Cumin

Sultanas

Butter

Love, Life & Lobsters

The Mobile Studio Charette & Cardboard Testing In early stages, it was decided that the Mobile Studio would be insertable within a van - a mobile standard-sized unit that will have different functions. However what may those functions be? A studio-wide charette was used to generate ideas, 1:1 testing of the most favourable ideas followed. Collaborative design via an initial charette is a good method of generating social bonds whilst bringing together a collective team attitude. (Groat & Wang, 2013).

2 The Expedition

Love, Life & Lobsters

The Mobile Studio Detail Design There are three categories of inserts within the Mobile Studio: seating; library and kitchen. The Studio designed these inserts to enable self-sustainability of the eating process and a valuable collection of vernacular materials.

L01, 02, 03

S01, 02

X2 K01

Cork boards for polaroids, recordings and Navigation Map.

Material Library for on-trip collection. Reference maps, pinned.

Storage boxes for storing food with inner insulation. Foldable dining tables and benches/storage boxes. Act as support elements for the vertical Library Wall.

Kitchen unit with extendable worktop.

Seat Unit [S01]

Kitchen Unit [K01]

Cutting & Assembly Instructions

All materials are 18mm uncoated Plywood unless otherwise indicated

All materials are 12mm coated Plywood unless otherwise indicated 364.0 364.0 364.0 304.0 304.0 304.0 30.0 30.0 30.0

400.0 400.0 400.0

80.0 80.0 80.0 382.0 382.0 382.0 37.5 37.5 37.5 155.0 155.0 155.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 37.5 37.5 37.5

364.0 364.0 364.0 400.0 400.0 400.0

25.0 25.0 25.0 364.0 364.0 364.0 132.0 132.0 132.0

50.0 50.0 50.0

164.0 100.0 164.0 100.0 164.0 100.0

50.0 50.0 50.0

400.0 400.0 400.0

275.0 275.0 275.0

30.0 30.0 30.0

1164.0 1164.0 1164.0

50.0 50.0 50.0

250.0 250.0 250.0

90.0 90.0 90.0 170.0 170.0 170.0 30.0 30.0 30.0

1164.0 1164.0 1164.0

1200.0 1200.0 1200.0

400.0 400.0 400.0

200.0 200.0 200.0 50.0 50.0 50.0

275.0 275.0 275.0

50.0 50.0 50.0

132.0 132.0 132.0 364.0 364.0 364.0

98.1 98.1 98.1

25.0 25.0 25.0 37.5 37.5 37.5 25.0 25.0 25.0 105.0 105.0 105.0 37.5 37.5 37.5 80.1 80.1 80.1

Box Box Box

123.1 123.1 123.1

50.0 50.0 50.0

90.0 90.0 90.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 182.0 182.0 182.0

170.0 170.0 170.0

Lid LidLid

400.0 400.0 400.0

Love, Life & Lobsters

The Mobile Studio In The Workshop The Mobile Studio was constructed over the course of two weeks, commencing Monday 18th November 2019. It was constructed using a good balance of recycled, reused and new materials.

Love, Life & Lobsters

The Mobile Studio On The Road...

2 The Expedition

Joe Bradley

About the architect...

Joseph Bradley b. 20th July 1995

Liter(ary)al Reflection Barnsley (1995-2013)

â&#x20AC;&#x153;You are the books you read, the films you watch, the music you listen to, the people you meet, the dreams you have, and the conversations you engage in. You are what you take from these. You are the sound of the ocean, breath of the fresh air, the brightest light and the darkest corner. You are a collective of every experience you have had in your life. You are every single second of every day. So drown yourself in a sea of knowledge and existence. Let the words run through your veins and the colours fill your mind until there is nothing left to do but explode, There are no wrong answers . Inspiration is everything. Sit back, relax, and take it all in.â&#x20AC;? - Vanek, n.d.

Sheffield (2018-?)

Cambridge (2013-2016)

London (2016-2018)

3 Joe Bradley

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Jo u r n a ks & ls

S ke t

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Tr a v

it ch

ectu

ral T he

c h it e c t u r al S

ciolo g y

H is

tor y & Ar t

Who am I? A brief list of the people, places and things that have made Joe Bradley who he is: People

Albums

Beverley Bradley Gwen Lewis Matthew Hartley Sean Dyson Hikaru Nissanke Valentino Rossi

In Between Dreams (2005) Jack Johnson The Balcony (2014) Catfish & The Bottlemen Stadium Arcadium (2006) Red Hot Chili Peppers Every Kingdom (2011) Ben Howard Come Away With Me (2002) Norah Jones Whatever People Say I Am, That’s What I’m Not (2006) Arctic Monkeys

Buildings

Films

The Hepworth Gallery, Wakefield Gran Teatre del Liceu, Barcelona Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence King’s College Chapel, Cambridge The Arts Tower, Sheffield Skara Brae, Orkney Mainland

Evolution (2001) A Muppet’s Christmas Carol (1992) Bohemian Rhapsody (2018) Bedknobs & Broomsticks (1971) The Jungle Book (1967) Indiana Jones and The Raiders of The Lost Ark (1981)

Places

Books

Sandwick, Orkney Mainland Green Park, London Elsecar Heritage Centre, Barnsley Christ’s College, Cambridge Birdwell Recreation Ground, Barnsley Wells-next-the-sea, Norfolk

Of Mice And Men (1937) John Steinbeck Happy City (2013) Charles Montgomery The Death & Life of Great American Cities (1961) Jane Jacobs A Kestrel For A Knave (1968) Barry Hines Long Way Round (2004) Ewan McGregor & Charley Boorman Private Peaceful (2003) Michael Morpurgo

Speculate to Accumulate... A Sponge-like Methodology for a Sponge-like Mind Throughout my life I have invested interest in collecting thoughts and distilliing information, before dispensing of what I find unnecessary or irrelevant. This constructivist train of thought derives from travelling theory and Hermeneutics (Snodgrass & Coyne, 2006). The following pages show how my architectural stance has been constructed through my lived experience.

Geography History

Music

Travel

Craft

Design

3 Joe Bradley

MY ARCHITECTURAL STANCE (following Accumulation so far...)

Love, Life & Lobsters

The Pursuit of Happiness Urban Design Analysis in a Model Community Context Model Community: A place that provides home, work and leisure and is built on predetermined principles. Happiness: A state of mental contentment where one requires no change of emotion to feel sense of positivity. My recent interest has focused on the study of model communities and the importance placed on them by housebuilders throughout the early-twentyfirst Century housing provision crisis (Bowie, 2017). The Pursuit of Happiness (Bradley, 2019) considers the responsibility those designing model communities have in getting the model right. Many model communities are generated through a flawed model that disables residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ability to experience happiness (Montgomery, 2013).

THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS To what extent can design decisions made in model communities enable or disable social wellbeing of future residents?

JOSEPH BRADLEY

3.1 Architectural Stance

Victoria Hall

Entrance Hall

Steps

Walkway

Garden

Pavement

Victoria Road

Figure X: Photograph from Victoria Hall Saltaire (n.d.)

Love, Life & Lobsters

Happy Communities The Theory Much of the Happy Community theory is rooted within the writings of neuroscience. We must consider how places make us feel, the atmospheres they generate and the environment within them - all of which are nontangible. In, The Death and Life Of Great American Cities, Jacobs, (1961) argues that breaking down physical boundaries between residents in communities will unite and strengthen relationships. In response, Newman (1972) in his publication Defensible Space (Newman, 1972) argues that territory is a human necessity and begins to spatialise these needs. It is this debate that has polarised theorists in the years since.

Figure 1: Cover from Oldenburg (1989)

3.1 Architectural Stance

Further Reading: Alexander, C. (1977) A Pattern Language. Channon, B. (2019) Happy by Design: A Guide to Architecture and Mental Wellbeing. de Botton, A. (2006) The Architecture of Happiness. Dovey, K. (1999) Framing Places: Mediating power in built form. Ellard, C. (2015) Places of the Heart:The psychogeography of everyday life. Holahan, C. J. (1982) Environmental Psychology. Montgomery, C. (2013) Happy City:Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design. Oldenburg, R. (1989) The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons, and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community. Previc, F. H. (2009) The Dopaminergic Mind in Human Evolution and History.

Figure 2: Collage of various book covers, authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own.

Love, Life & Lobsters

Model Communities We Made One! According to Ray Oldenburg (1989), community requires three places. These are: home; work & leisure (Oldenburg, 1989). Reflecting on Studio Material Amendmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tour of Scotland, it is clear that we constructed and lived from a prototype, mobile community: a model community.

FIRST PLACE

HOME

SECOND PLACE

WORK

THIRD PLACE

LEISURE

3.1 Architectural Stance

Love, Life & Lobsters

Model Communities Production Lines, Processes & Roles During the expedition, the processes necessary to the functioning of a model community became apparent. Production lines improve manufacturing efficiency, whereby a raw ingredient is processed through several stages to create a finished product. Each stage is conducted by a specialist operator. Within the Mobile Studio, one of the production lines was the sandwich line (below). Our surroundings also demonstrated production lines, such as one that took fish from sea to soup in less than one hundred metres (right).

Tuna Girl

Captain Cucumber

Butter Boy

Kai

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sa Ro

Mayo Tuna

Butter

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iv Ol

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Za mb

n eph e e

Kaliiv e

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e Joliv e

iv e Ol

si e ROoliv e

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iv e Ol

sa Rolaliirv e

Figure 3: Portree Harbour Aerial Photograph, Google (2020)

Portree Harbour, Isle of Skye. Day 6 of The Expedition. 6

3 5 4 2

DOESNâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;T GET MORE EFFICIENT THAN THAT!

Sea 1

100m 4

Soup

Love, Life & Lobsters

Energy Production Working Like A Well-Oiled Machine We often think of machines as mechanical entities. If we consider human power as a natural form mechanics, we may infer that humans are in fact machines. We are machines.

Fuel IN

MACHINE

Energy OUT

Oil Refiner Machine

Tuna Sandwiches Energy Producer

Sandwich Maker Machine

Wind Farmer Machine

Exhaust OUT Fuel IN Combustion

Compression

Love, Life & Lobsters

Energy Production Output: Oil

Energy

Ra w

Fu e

Crude oil extracts from the deep sea bed. Cleaned and refined on board oil rig. Distilled and filtered. Sold on as raw ingredient. Filtered again. Pumped into internal combustion engine vehicles as fuel.

Output

Fossil Cycle (Oil Power)

Machine

Love, Life & Lobsters

Energy Production Output: Electricity Wind forces the wind turbine to turn. Turning motion powers a generator inside turbine. Generator makes electricity. Fed into National Grid.

rgy

Ene put

Out

Raw Fuel

Renewable Cycle (Wind Power)

Machine

Love, Life & Lobsters

Energy Production Output: Tuna Sandwich

Raw Fuel

Tin of Tuna opened. Brine strained. Mixed with smoothener (mayonnaise). Applied between two slices of wholemeal. Prepared fuel for human machine.

y Energ

Outpu

Human Cycle (Sandwich Power)

Machine

Love, Life & Lobsters

A Sustainable Fuel? Where did the Mobile Studioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fuel come from?

4 3 2 1

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oe at

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m To

T at P oma o ur t Pa e o st e* Sw e* ee tP ot a Sul toe tan s as Spri ng O nion s Smoked Paprika

Basil

Golden Syrup* Salt in Cum * ck to gS na Ve Tu

ed nn

To m

Aubergines

Decision was made in Studio Material Amendment to choose more sustainable fuels. However these graphs show that foods we perceive to be good for the environment can often be the opposite.

a tt ba a i s te Ch oll rget R ou r C be um c Cu ry Cur der w o P ack Bl s Bean Garlic

Scottish Oats

Ginger

Ham

heese

Ric

Be an ne Pe s Pa an ut st a Bu tt er

Pe n

dn Ki

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ied fr Re ans* s Be rot r Ca ls ti n Le d Re

Harissa Pa e* Honst ey* Hot C Jahilli* m* Ke tc hu Le p* tt uc e

Carbon Emissions kg CO2 Food Production Figure 4: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, drawn using data from Stoessell, F. et. al. (2012)

tP ot a Sul toe tan s as Spri ng O nion s Smoked Paprika

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a tt a b ia s tte h C oll rge R ou r C be um c Cu ry Cur der Powack Bl s Bean l r Ga ic

re e

Pa s

Sourced in UK/EU

Brea d

n Tu

Unknown Source

Basil

yrup Golden S

Sw ee

at o

o at m To

at o

To m

Salt in Cum ck to gS a Ve

To m

Aubergines

Carbon Emissions (kg)

4 3 2 1

Scottish Oats

Ginger

Harissa Past e Hone y Hot Chi lli Ja m

Ham

Chee

Ric

dn ey

Mi lk

ard

ell er

o ay

M ya So

zz Mo

Figure 5: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, drawn using data from Audsley, E. et. al. (2009)

st Mu

Carbon Emissions kg CO2e Food Transportation - Country of production to UK store

Ke t

Onio

Pe Be nn an Pe e s Pa an ut st a Bu tt er

ns ea B s ied ot fr r e r R Ca ls ti n Le d Re

ch u

Love, Life & Lobsters

Fuel in Model Communities What is it? Where does it come from? Why does it come from there? Following visits during the expedition to the communities shown opposite, it is evident that these comunities eat where they are from and reduce the physical and environmental distance trvalled from source to saucer. ORKNEY ISLANDS

SKARA BRAE

ST MARGARETâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S HOPE

THURSO

GILLS BAY

DORNOCH

INVERNESS

ISLE OF SKYE ABERDEEN

FORT WILLIAM

SCOTLAND GLENCOE DUNDEE

EDINBURGH

GLASGOW

NORTHERN IRELAND

WINDERMERE

ENGLAND SHEFFIELD

The Fittie Squares, Aberdeen

Skara Brae, Orkney

Findhorn Foundation, Inverness

est. 1809 AD

est. 2900 BC

est. 1962 AD

Love, Life & Lobsters

Fuel Emissions Oil vs. Wind ... Tinned vs. Fresh The proposed community must utilise renewable fuels to power mechanical machinery. With regards to biological fuels, to use localised systems like those of ancient Skara Brae or fishing Footdee would eliminate all emissions apart from the cost of farming/catching. This should be implemented in the proposed community. 1600

Carbon Emissions (Tonnes CO2e/GWh)

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400

Figure 6: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, drawn using data from World Nuclear Association (2011)

W in d

c le ct ri

Hy dr oe

Nu cl e

as s om Bi

PV So l

Ga s ra l

Oi l Na tu

al Co

Li gn i

200

If ‘fuel’ is farmed/caught and ‘burned’ fresh, on-site... it will eliminate carbon emission via: processing; packaging; transport; storage and refrigeration.

Carbon Emissions (Kilograms CO2e/Kilograms Fish)

6 Farming/catching Processing 4

Packaging Transport

Supermarket (excluding refrigeration)

d ne Ti n

Fr es

Se af oo

Refrigeration in store

Figure 7: Author’s own, drawn using data from Berners-Lee (2010, p.100)

Love, Life & Lobsters

Fuel Type A Shift Throughout History

Sustenance in Ancient Orkney Cattle • Deer • Boar • Mutton • Gulls • Plover • Eider Ducks • Salmon • Eel • Shark • Cod • Trout • Lobster • Crab • Oyster • Mussels • Scallops • Wheat • Barley • Honey • Cheese • Hazelnuts • Crab Apples • Raspberries • Blackberries • Herbs Figure 8: Author’s own, drawn using data from Historic Scotland (2012)

3.1 Architectural Stance

Sustenance in Modern Orkney Oats • Soya Milk • Golden Syrup • Bread • Butter • Peanut Butter • Jam • Cheese • Tomatoes • Lettuce • Tuna • Mayonnaise • Cucumber • Wafer-thin Ham • Aubergine • Penne Pasta • Garlic • Stock Cubes • Basil • Tomato Puree • Mozzerella • Passata • Mixed Herbs • Salt • Oil • Garlic Bread • Tortilla Chips • Houmous • Mince Pies • Custard • Captain Morgan’s • Diet Coke • Fanta Fruit Twist • Merlot • Pinot Grigio • San Miguel • Glenfiddich 75

Love, Life & Lobsters

4919 Years The Power of The Shared Meal Though fuel type has changed throughout history, the way in which we consume fuel has remained unchanged for millennia. To eat is to fulfil a basic human need (Maslow, 1943) and the places we eat become â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;places of Skara Brae, Orkney est. 2900 BC

CABINET OF WORSHIPPED POSSESSIONS

BENCH BENCH FOOD

3.1 Architectural Stance

affectionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Ellard, 2015, p.52). To feel affection is a psychological human need and, paired with the fulfilment of basic human needs, we may achieve absolute happiness (Maslow, 1943). To eat together fulfils human need. Mobile Studio, Aberdeen est. 2019 AD

CABINET OF WORSHIPPED POSSESSIONS

FOOD

BENCH

4919 Years Spatialising the Shared Meal

Fuel Fuel Vessel Fuel Burner/Machine Fuel Vessel Storage Fuel Consumption Assistor Recognised Work

HAPPY: The People

Welcome to the Democratic Lobstermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Republic of Orkney

4 HAPPY:The People

“Orkney Islands to explore ‘leaving UK and Scotland’ after Brexit”

- Osborne, 2017

Love, Life & Lobsters

A Predictable Brexodus Net Migration in the United Kingdom: 2010-2019 In the three years that followed the EU Referendum, newspaper companies and other media outlets encouraged open hostility toward non-UK citizens. The Referendum result saw a drastic decrease in net EU migration to the United Kingdom. However after a sustained period of falsified news, UK citizens, too, began to leave the country at the fastest rate in modern history.

EU Referendum

Non - EU UK Residents (Thousands)

200 150 100 EU

50 0 -50

British

9 20 1

8 20 1

20 1

Figure 9: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, drawn using data from National Records of Scotland (2012)

5 20 1

4 20 1

3 20 1

2 20 1

1 20 1

20 1

-100

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;The sun was emerging from the sea and had stained a bank of clouds to the south yellow, which in turn had gilded the water to the horizon. Seals sprawled on a ledge, and cormorants perched on the rocks, holding their wet wings open to the morning sun like capes.â&#x20AC;? - Corson, 2004, p4

Love, Life & Lobsters

Migrative Growth Moving to Orkney In the years immediately following the EU Referendum, Orkney saw a 1% increase of population each year through direct influence of migration toward the archipelago (UrbiStat, 2020). Migration to Orkney began to rise at a greater rate following the start of Brexit, in 2015 (ibid.).

EU Referendum

Orkney Residents

22200

22000

21800

21600

Figure 10: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, drawn using data from UrbiStat (2020)

7 20 1

20 16

5 20 1

4 20 1

3 20 1

2 20 1

20 1

21400

Population Balance Orkney (2017)

250 200

Orkney Residents

150 100 50 0 -50 -100

Balance of Nature

Figure 11: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, drawn using data from UrbiStat (2020)

Migration Balance

Total Balance

Love, Life & Lobsters

Current Refugees ... and their reasons for coming to Orkney These three people have already made refuge on Orkney for a variety of reasons. All of them share in common that living on the UK mainland was no longer a viable option.

The Artist India Johnson Reason for leaving UK: Lack of creativity Born: Sissinghurst, UK Age: 21 Citizenship: UK Citizen (birth) Former Job Title(s): Student Orkney resident since: 2018

The Storyteller Rob Frothton Reason for leaving UK: Lack of jobs Born: Rotherham, UK Age: 34 Citizenship: UK Citizen (birth) Former Job Title(s): Factory Worker Orkney resident since: 2019

The Custodian Fran Hollinrake Reason for leaving UK: Expense of living Born: Edinburgh, Scotland Age: 57 Citizenship: UK Citizen (birth) Former Job Title(s): Cathedral Guide Orkney resident since: 2003

Love, Life & Lobsters

Expected Refugees ... and their reasons for coming to Orkney These four people are close to me, the architect. My Nanny, my childhood friend and a couple who share the same passions for creativity that I do. These people are all possible refugees that will join the Democratic Lobstermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Republic of Orkney. They offer skills that will make them part of the project team.

The Creatives Michela Papini & Alexandro Peleaz Reason for leaving UK: Social hostility Born: Rome, Italy; Caracas, Venezuela Age: 33; 42 Citizenship: EU National; UK Citizen (20 years) Former Job Title(s): Interior Designer/ Architetural Assitant; Professional Photographer; Builder

The Surveyor Ryan Fowler Reason for leaving UK: Lack of business Born: Barnsley, UK Age: 24 Citizenship: UK Citizen (birth) Former Job Title(s): Carpenter; Land & Building Surveyor

The Chef Gwendolyn Lewis Reason for leaving UK: Expense of living Born: Barnsley, UK Age: 69 Citizenship: UK Citizen (birth) Former Job Title(s): Trained Chef; Recruitment Manager; Accountant

Love, Life & Lobsters

Population, Proposed How many people will live in the proposed â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;? With a contemporary population of ~21000 (National Records of Scotland, 2012) and a migrative population of 200 per annum (UrbiStat, 2020), Orkneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population was rising at roughly 1% in the years following the EU Referndum. 200 people is a figure to note, as it has been previously been used as the optimum number of residents for a successful, tight-knit and social community. With reference to previous designs for model communities, Reynolds (1983) describes that model town Saltaire consisted of a series of streets that boasted roughly 200 residents each, which led to common street parties and positive close-quarter living (Reynolds, 1983). Thus, the design proposed in this report will ultimately provide design for a test model community of 200 inhabitants (one post-Brexit yearly migration population).

200-Refugee Community

4 HAPPY:The People

Stromness

Kirkwall

Population: 1,760

Population: 7,190

ORKNEY ISLES

MAINLAND

Population: 21,349

Population: 17,162

Figure 12: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, drawn using data from City Population (2019)

Figure 13: Orkney Fisheries (n.d.)

WELL-FED: The Fuel

Love, Life & Lobsters

Sustainable Fishing Merging Science & Commerce Body â&#x20AC;&#x153;Marine

research and commercial fishing were two different worlds, for nearly a century the relationship between scientists and lobstermen ... had been one of open hostility. But with many ... fisheries decimated by overfishing, [they] had joined forces in the hope of averting a similar disaster in [the] lobster [fishery].â&#x20AC;? - Corson, 2004, p6

5 WELL-FED:The Fuel

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Aquaculture Sustainable Seafood

Figure 15: Orkney Lobster Hatchery (2012)

Aquaculture cultivates a species in laboratory conditions that would otherwise be vulnerable in the wild. Lobsters are hardy creatures once in adulthood, however are likely to be eaten when in their early stages of life. Aquaculture increases lobster survival rate by 25,000% (Corson, 2004).

Stage 2 (15-28 days) Stage 1 (0-14 days)

Stage 3 (29-48 days) Stage 4 (49-96 days)

Eggs (-9-12 months)

Mature Lobster (6 months - 50+ years)

Love, Life & Lobsters

Orkney Lobster Releases Sustaining the Nation’s Favourite Crustacean Orkney Aquaculture, in the decade before the EU Referendum, saw over half a million lobsters released into its waters (Orkney Lobster Hatchery, 2012). Orkney Lobster Hatchery produces hundreds of thousands of lobsters each year. Releasing these juveniles into the North Sea is allowing Orkney’s lobster population to increase each year, making Orcadian lobster fishing, sustainable (ibid.).

AREA OF LOBSTER RELEASE

6000 released

3000 released

65000 released

67000 released

65000 released

68000 released

56000 released

46000 released

100000 released

60000 released

2000

2005

2001

2006

2002

2007

Figure 16: Author’s own, drawn using data from Orkney Lobster Hatchery (2012)

2003

2008

2004

2009

5 WELL-FED:The Fuel

105

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Seabed to Saucer i nt

o baited creel

u le

L ob

ed ur

The Production Line Required To Get Lobster To Our Plates

d up

2 Pa ck e

weed and ice sea

Sh i

st re

rant

to l a n d

o rt d s

we i

ers

s po

Lo bst

Tran

4 ed ar

Pr ep

u ns

m ed

and burne d

Fu e

om fr

sea

5 WELL-FED:The Fuel

oked d co

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Seabed to Saucer Eight Steps in Three Locations

1 2 3

• Creel storage • Crates for caught lobsters, storage. • As above. • Transferred from sea to land, storage for live crates.

4 • Weighing scale area. 5 6 7

• Storage for crates (unsorted). • Storage for crates (sorted). • Packing area. • Seaweed, ice, crate storage. • Storage of packed lobster crates. • Storage for utensils, ingredients. • Preparation area. • Wash-down area. • Refrigeration. • Cooking area. • Table / fuel consumption assistor. • Fuel (prepared).

Stages 1 - 3

BOAT

Stages 4 - 6

WAREHOUSE

Stages 7 - 8

RESTAURANT

Love, Life & Lobsters

The Lobster Van A Mobile Seabed to Saucer? Reusing the charette method from the initial Mobile Studio design, I was able to consider the van in the political context of the year 2046, considering the production lines necessary to sustain two people, using lobster as sustenance.

The Lobster Van A Prototype of a Model Community For Two

Love, Life & Lobsters

The Lobster Van Four Zones (4) : A Production Line and a Home (3+1) This sequential cycle will provide near self-sufficiency for the two people that live in the Lobster Van. BOAT

WAREHOUSE

RESTAURANT

PRIVATE DWELLING

5 WELL-FED:The Fuel

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Love, Life & Lobsters

Spaces for the Community Volumes of the Lobster Van

Vessel / Store

5m3

Eating / Living Space

Personal Storage

1.5m2 Personal Items 5m

Wash-down / Refrigeration / Cooking area

Prep. area

0.5m3 Store

20m3 1 p.

2m2 Store

40m3 2 Persons

8m3

2m2 Store

The large volume of the van allows for multiple layers of storage, helping spatial efficiency.

0.5m3 Store

5m2 Sleeping Space

0.5m3 Store

5 WELL-FED:The Fuel

Volumes for the Community The lobster community will be constructed from a ratio of spaces similar to that required to live in the lobster van. Further research is required to ascertain how the lobster van ratio of spaces upscales to a full community.

?m3 BOAT

?m3 WAREHOUSE

?m3 RESTAURANT

?m3 DWELLING

117

Love, Life & Lobsters

Spaces for the Community Community Spaces The Community will be built of four categories. Further research will define their overlaps and intricacies. What is emerging at this stage is that the restautant provides a meeting point between industry and residence. This makes it important for shared community spaces in and around the restaurant area, in order for multiple populations to meet. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Restaurantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; will serve as a hub. It will take on a larger, community role than what restaurant is usually defined as.

BOAT

WAREHOUSE

Creel Storage Landing Space Live Lobster Storage Rest Area Map Room

Creel Storage Landing Space Live Lobster Storage Rest Area Packaging Area Seaweed/Ice Store Refrigeration Unit Plant Space (Tidal) Hatchery/Laboratories

5 WELL-FED:The Fuel

RESTAURANT

PRIVATE DWELLING

Live Lobster Storage Rest Area Preparation Area Cooking Area Eating Space Servery Cold & Dry Stores Community Rooms School Support Businesses Recreation Space

Individual Homes of various scales, ranging in capacity Shared outdoor spaces Shared indoor spaces Recreation Space

119

Love, Life & Lobsters

Reinterpreting the Lobster Van Bringing the Lobsters Inland The community should reflect the process of living in the lobster van and not depart from this method of living. A logical move is to generate the community outward from a central pier.

5 WELL-FED:The Fuel

121

LOCALISED: The Site

Love, Life & Lobsters

MAINLAND ORKNEY

6 LOCALISED:The Site

ORKNEY ISLANDS

SKARA BRAE

ST MARGARETâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S HOPE

THURSO

GILLS BAY

DORNOCH

INVERNESS

ISLE OF SKYE ABERDEEN

FORT WILLIAM

SCOTLAND

MAINLAND ORKNEY

GLENCOE DUNDEE

EDINBURGH

GLASGOW

NORTHERN IRELAND

WINDERMERE

ENGLAND SHEFFIELD

125

Love, Life & Lobsters

Heart of Neolithic Orkney UNESCO World Heritage Centre (WHC) Orkneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s WHC entry lists the four sites opposite (Wickham-Jones, 1998). These are linked through prehistoric pathways. They connect the life of Skara Brae, through the faith of the standing stones and finish with the mortality of Maeshowe Chambered Cairn. There is a poetry in this production line of life that could prove a valuable addition to the project narrative.

6 LOCALISED:The Site Ma

we ho

1 Hour, walking

Br ae

ng of

St o

s of St

enn

o d ga r

e ss 127

Love, Life & Lobsters

Skara Brae Europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Oldest Homes Uncovered in a storm in 1850, this well-preserved cluster of homes demonstrates an ancient way of life uncannily similar to the life we live today.

Figure 17: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, drawn using Odyssey: Adventures in Archaeology (n.d.)

6 LOCALISED:The Site “When you see it, it’s breathtaking.” “The first time that we see in Britain... a shared common culture. There’s an awareness of what you’re supposed to have, how you’re supposed to live, what shape your house should be and what the furniture in your house should look like.” - Neil Oliver, in Britain’s Ancient Capital: Secrets of Orkney (2017)

129

Love, Life & Lobsters

Timeline for the Community Nomads to Farmers; Spears to Axes Around 13,000 years ago, people on Orkney were hunter-gatherers. 6,000 years ago, these hunters settled and chose to cultivate crops and rear animals rather than find their food (Wickham-Jones, 1998). I predict that a similar trend will happen in Modern Orkney, whereby refugees will live a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, before giving in to human necessity and forming settled communities to fulfil social needs (Maslow, 1943).

6 LOCALISED:The Site

Palaeolithic

Hunter gatherers

Refugee from UK

Hunter Gatherer travelling in Lobster Van

Neolithic

First farmers - Skara Brae, Brodgar

Democratic Lobstermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Republic of Orkney Settled in lobster farming community

131

Love, Life & Lobsters

Why change from Nomad to Settled? THREE things prevented the Mobile Studio from being Self-Sustainable

Fuel

(Mechanical)

(Biological)

The Mobile Studio lacked the diesel required to fuel the engine. A lack of trade agreement would mean society becomes stationary.

This stationary society would need to settle close to a food source. Lobster is bountiful in Orkneyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waters.

Waste

(Biological) A modernised society would require a toilet and the organic growth of community around a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;pit-stopâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; such as this toilet would be a prime setting for the anchoring of the model community.

Love, Life & Lobsters

SITE Anchored by the Public Toilet A predictable spot for the travelling community to settle will be at Skara Brae Beach Car Park. The site will quickly become overwhelmed by lack of structure. This project will provide possible solution for this issue, as stage 3 below.

STAGE 1 Sporadic

STAGE 2 Overwhelmed

Skara Brae

Figure 18: Photograph from Google (2020)

STAGE 3 Rationalised

6 LOCALISED:The Site

135

Love, Life & Lobsters

Site Analysis Salient Points •

Cold, prevailing winds coming from Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Must mitigate cold climate through design and material choice. i.e. building must weather well and be resistant to high rainfall and strong gusts

•

Low-lying land close to water table means high volume of surface water. Land often flooded

•

Close proximity to UNESCO World Heritage Site and Category A Scottish Listed Buildings

•

Prehistoric quarries within site boundary and will prompt design integration

•

Rural setting has little existing grain to tie project in to. Any proposed structure will impact greatly on the existing context

in la ru nd, ra l

6 LOCALISED:The Site

B9 05 6

No r

Scale: 200m

North

Arctic Maritime Air Mass

Polar Maritime Air Mass Skara Brae Beach Car Park, Toilet and Wash-Down Returning Polar Maritime

LIFE, LOVE & LOBSTERS Community, site

BAY OF SKAILL

Area of likely surface flooding

Skara Brae Prehistoric Village Skaill House (Cat A Listed)

05 6

(10 Str mi om n n dr ess iv e)

Aberdeen Angus Farm 137 LOCH OF SKAILL

Love, Life & Lobsters

Around the Bay of Skaill Views Around the Site The Bay of Skaill is located on the west coast of Orkney Mainland. It has remnants of prehistoric settlement to the south and rural farmland to the north.

5 4

Figure 19: Photograph from Orkney.com (2020)

1 Heavy surface water inland due to saturated ground 2 Stromness Flagstones on the beach. Strong tides bring in debris 3 Skaill House, a Category A Listed Building 4 Skara Brae, Scheduled Monument and UNESCO World Heritage Site 5 Heavy-duty, monolithic, concrete sea defences 6 Prehistoric homes and modern agricultural industry 7 Skara Brae Visitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Centre

8 Beef farming buildings in use

Love, Life & Lobsters

Around the Bay of Skaill Materials Around the Site The site evokes a windswept pallet of hardy and mostly-natural materials. What materials are manmade, are on the whole of natural properties that will resist the climate.

6 LOCALISED:The Site

141

Love, Life & Lobsters

Spatial Syntax Joining the Production Line with the Home The Lobster Van general arrangement and process dictates that the private dwelling space is entered from the restaurant. Dovey (1999) considers this transition between public and private to be one of an awkward nature. Considering spatial syntax, it is imperative that there is a semi-public space between these two polarised spaces.

BOAT

WAREHOUSE

RESTAURANT

PRIVATE DWELLING

6 LOCALISED:The Site

143

Love, Life & Lobsters

Spatial Syntax The Production Line of Living The industrial elements (Boat & Warehouse) are integral to the running of the community. They make this presence felt through manifestation of a prominent pier. Whilst an asset to the poets of the project, the pier serves functionally to connect the boats to the land. The Restaurant is a key connector between the residential and industrial elements of this project and must be investigrated further.

6 LOCALISED:The Site

145

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Site Response Developing a Language

6 LOCALISED:The Site

147

Materiality

Love, Life & Lobsters

Materials From The Expedition Studio Material Amendmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Catalogue The Mobile Studio was a machine designed to collect vernacular materials from Scotland. Many of these are either from or also native to Orkney and will prove a good resource moving forward.

WOVEN POLYPROPYLENE Location Found:

Aberdeen Beach

Textural Properties:

Rough woven plastic

How durable is it?:

Durable

Where was the material Unknown produced and can it be traced back to its source?: Typical construction usage:

Used to transport and store materials

Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Not sustainalbe to reproduce but existing products can be reused and recycled

SAND

MEMBRANE

Collected sample

Found location of collected sample

FOUNDATION FLOORING

EXT. FINISH

GRANITE

STRUCTURE EXT. FINISH

Location Found:

Aberdeen Beach

Location Found:

Aberdeen

Textural Properties:

Fine, abrasive grains

Textural Properties:

Hard

How durable is it?:

Becomes finer when disturbed over time

How durable is it?:

Very durable

Where was the material Natural process produced and can it be traced back to its source?:

Collected sample

Where was the material Likely mined in Scotland produced and can it be local material traced back to its source?:

Typical construction usage:

Used in glass, concrete, brick, cob, as abrasive

Typical construction usage:

Walls and floors

Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Yes in moderation

Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Yes - as long as we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t oversource

Found location of collected sample

WALL TIE

STEEL MESH

Location Found:

Portree, Isle of Skye

Location Found:

Textural Properties:

Rough rusted and eroded surface

Textural Properties:

Rough, rusted

How durable is it?:

Very durable but oxidises over time

How durable is it?:

Flexible and strong but oxidises over time

Where was the material Unknown produced and can it be traced back to its source?:

Collected sample

FLOORING

Footdee granite architecture

MEMBRANE

Portree, Isle of Skye

Where was the material Unknown produced and can it be traced back to its source?:

Typical construction usage:

Tieing back parts of structure

Typical construction usage:

As a permeable barrier, as reinforcing in concrete

Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Yes if reused/recycled

Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Yes if reused/recycled

Found location of collected sample

GROUND TREATMENT

Collected sample

Found location of collected sample

Aggregate in cement

FIXING

INT. FINISH

Collected sample

Found location of collected sample

Seen on railing in Portree

SHEEPS WOOL

INSULATION

CEMENT

FIXING

Location Found:

Maeshowe, Orkney

Location Found:

Aberdeen Beach

Textural Properties:

Strands entangled to form soft insulative material

Textural Properties:

Rough, jagged

How durable is it?:

Insulative with water resistant qualities

How durable is it?:

Very

Where was the material Natural process produced and can it be traced back to its source?: Typical construction usage: Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Collected sample

Where was the material Unknown produced and can it be traced back to its source?:

Insulation

Typical construction usage:

Yes, however if dairy/meat industry declines it may be less available

Will this material be sustainable in 2071 Found location of collected sample

CLAY BRICK Location Found:

Textural Properties:

How durable is it?:

INT. FINISH

EXT. FINISH FOUNDATION

Abrasive, weathered. Different aggregated in each sample Durable

Where was the material Could be traced back to produced and can it be Scotland mine traced back to its source?:

Collected sample

No - required high heat and chemical processes to produce Found location of collected sample

DRIFTWOOD Location Found:

Various

Textural Properties:

Various - textured and smooth

How durable is it?:

Weakened through water content

Where was the material Unknown produced and can it be traced back to its source?:

Typical construction usage:

Walls

Typical construction usage:

Furniture, decoration

Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Clay is sustainable but heating process in unsustainable

Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Yes

Found location of collected sample

MOSS Location Found:

Brick in Aberdeen

INSULATION

FIXING

Aberdeen Beach

Textural Properties:

Fluffy, soft

Textural Properties:

Twisted polythylene strands

How durable is it?:

Not durable

How durable is it?:

Durable but frays over time

Where was the material Unknown produced and can it be traced back to its source?:

Typical construction usage:

Insulation (occasionally)

Typical construction usage:

In tension and securing joints

Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Yes

Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Natural material alternatives

Found location of collected sample

SEAWEED Location Found:

Application in Orkney

ROOFING

SLATE Aberdeen Beach

Textural Properties:

Slimy at sea, papery when dried

Textural Properties:

Hard smooth surface with jagged edges

How durable is it?:

Relatively durable depending on use

How durable is it?:

Very durable

Where was the material North Sea produced and can it be traced back to its source?:

Collected sample

Where was the material Could have been mined in produced and can it be Scotland - local material traced back to its source?:

Typical construction usage:

Thatched roofs in Skara Brae

Typical construction usage:

Roof Shingles

Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Yes in moderation

Will this material be sustainable in 2071

Yes - as long as we donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t oversource

Found location of collected sample

Seaweed thatch

Brick in Aberdeen

FLOORING

Collected sample

ROOFING

Location Found:

EXT. FINISH

STRUCTURE

Found location of collected sample

Aberdeen Beach

Sheeps wool as insulation

Collected sample

ROPE Location Found:

Collected sample

INT. FINISH

Found location of collected sample

Orkney

Where was the material Orkney produced and can it be traced back to its source?:

Collected sample

Bonding stone/brick

Sheeps wool as insulation

Aberdeen Beach

EXT. FINISH

Application in Footdee

INT. FINISH

FLOORING

Collected sample

Found location of collected sample

Footdee slate roof shingles

Love, Life & Lobsters

The Bedrock Beneath Us Stromness Flagstone Seams Much of the Orkney Isles sit on a bed of Flagstone. It is these flagstones that have been used through history to create the neolithic structures such as Skara Brae and the Ring of Brodgar.

Lower Old Red Sandstone Carboniferous sandstones, mudstones, limestones and coles Sleat Group Silurian, Devonian and older Granites

Old Red Sandstone Supergroup Torridon Group

Sandstone Quarry (Buff) Sandstone Quarry (Orange) Sandstone Quarry (Grey) Sandstone and Siltstone Quarry Granite Quarry Marble Quarry Slate Quarry Tour Stops

Figure 20: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, drawn using data from Digimap (2020)

7 Materiality Bedrock Upper Stromness Flagstone Lower Stromness Flagstone Harra Ebb Flagstone Sandwick Fish Bed Superficial Deposits Blown Sand Peat Till Alluvium

Maeshowe Ring of Brodgar

Skara Brae

Stones of Stenness

153

Love, Life & Lobsters

Stromness Flagstone Rubbings at the Ring of Brodgar There is a beauty to the rubbings opposite, that such a heavy-duty mass may produce an intricate texture as this. I envisage the materials in this project will cater to the urgency of the migrant crisis in the UK - an urgency that stone cannot assist with. However, it must not forget its heritage. These patterns will be used in the embellishment of lighter finishings.

Standing Stone 24 of 36

Standing Stone 23 of 36

Standing Stone 25 of 36

Love, Life & Lobsters

Orcadian Sheeps Wool Wool in the Walls A readily-available resource on the Mainland of Orkney is sheeps wool. A trade deal will be struck with the mass of lamb farmers to purchase the shearings of their sheep in order to insulate the proposed structures.

SHEEPS WOOL INSULATION

Location Found:

Maeshowe, Orkney

Textural Properties:

Strands entangle d to form soft insula tive material

How durable is it?

Insulative with water resistant qualit ies

Where was the mater ial produced and can it be traced back to its sou rce

Natural process

Typical construction usage:

Insulation

Will this material be sustainable in 2071?

Yes, however if da iry/ meat industry de clines it may be less av ailable

Collected sample

Sample location

Sheeps Wool as insul ation

Love, Life & Lobsters

Larch Timber A Material That May Clad and Construct â&#x20AC;&#x153;... larch is valued for its stength and durability. It has good allround properties suitable for construction and cladding, making it one of the most economically significant softwoods. The resinous timber protects itself from rotting, even in damp conditions. The heartwood is a yellowish- to reddish- brown, turning to silvery-grey over time.â&#x20AC;? - Thompson, 2017, p.310

313.

on, 2017, p, 312-

Figure 21: Thomps

Figure 22: Diagram taken from Thompson, 2017, p, 310.

Love, Life & Lobsters

Tabby Concrete Concrete Made Using Seafood Industry By-Product An ancient technique, tabby concrete is made from crushing oyster shells to make quicklime. It is then used in a concrete process. The inclusion of shells as aggregate makes for a rough mixture. However, stuccos and smoother concretes can be made by changing the ratio of aggregate (Atlanta Preservation, n.d.). Tabby is versatile and may be used for floors, load-bearing walls and plasters - though the thicknesses vary.

Figure 23: Tabby Concrete, (n.d.).

Love, Life & Lobsters

Mechanical Fuel? Offshore Machinery: Existing Hydroelectric & Wind Farms A lack of oil in the year 2046 means the community will need alternative and renewable sources of mechanical fuel. I propose that this come from the rough tides that arrive in the Bay of Skaill.

7 Materiality

Operational Windpower Farms Planned Windpower Farms Hydro-electric Plants Wave, Tidal & Biofuels Facilities Coal-fired Power Stations Oil- & Gas-fired Power Stations Nuclear Power Stations

163

SHEEPS WOOL Location Found:

Textural Properties:

How durable is it?

INSULATION

Maeshowe, Orkney Strands entangled to form soft insulative material Insulative with water resistant qualities

Where was the material produced and can it be traced back to its source?

Natural process

Typical construction usage:

Insulation

Will this material be sustainable in 2071?

Yes, however if dairy/ meat industry declines it may be less available

Collected sample

Sample location

Sheeps Wool as insulation

Architectural Precedent

Love, Life & Lobsters

Montana Earth Home Generational Homestead, built from the homes before Part of Discovery Channel’s “Building Off the Grid” series, the Montana Earth Home is a pure frontiersman’s homestead. It is born out of the land that surrounds it and utilises found and acquired materials to the maximum, echoing the build type at Skara Brae.

Figure 24: Stills from Montana Earth Home (2017)

8 Architectural Precedent

Figure 25: Photograph from Discovery Channel (2020)

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Findhorn Foundation Transient to Static The Findhorn Foundation is a self-sufficient community founded in 1962. It began as a collection of caravans and has put down roots over time. The first settlers were transient due to lack of employment in their native area. They relied on self-sufficiency to support their family, which led to an emphasis on horticulture (Findhorn Foundation, n.d.).

Figure 26: Photograph from McLaren (2012)

8 Architectural Precedent

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Lobster Architecture ‘Plywood’ Atomic Structure Whilst not a typical buidling, the lobster forms an interesting architectural precedent in that the anatomic structure of a lobster is comparable to the build-up of plywood: a material that sequesters carbon and provides opportunity for use in Modern Methods of Construction (Thompson, 2017).

N-acetylglucosamine Molecule

Fibre Layer

alpha-chitin

Chitin Nanofibril coated with proteins

A stack of fibre layers formed in the “twisted plywood principle”

Figure 27: Illustration taken from Stirn, A. (n.d.)

Three-layered Cuticle

Chitin Fibres

Skeletal Element

8 Architectural Precedent

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Windermere Jetty Museum & Boathouse Industry and Heritage, respected This precedent provides a key insight into an architecture appropriate for rural shorelines.

Figure 28: Illustration from Carmody Groarke (2019)

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LILAC: Leeds Harmonious Community Living This model community provides opportunity for informal meetings in shared spaces between residents, which encourages close, positive relationships (Montgomery, 2013).

Figure 29: Photograph from LILAC (2017)

8 Architectural Precedent

Figure 30: Photograph from LILAC (2017)

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Organic ‘Bay’ Growth How Reliance on the Sea Shapes our Places Whilst at the opposite end of the former United Kingdom to the Orkney Isles - Margate Bay provides insight into the development of Bays. Homogenous in environmental structure, bays generally develop sporadically before mass magnetisation. This magnetisation results in a rationalisation of the locality, which restores order. Sporadic Site-specific

Overcrowded Waterfront-focused

Rationalised Syntax-based

Rationalisation sees shared buildings occupy the waterfront and residential buildings move further inland.

Figure 31: van Overbeek (ca. 1663–66)

8 Architectural Precedent Figure 32: Turner (c. 1822)

Figure 33: Hall (1777)

Figure 34: Lewis, J. (1736)

Figure 35: England, C. (2016)

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Architectural Language

Love, Life & Lobsters

Straight from the Sea Warehouse/Production Line Space The first part of the production line on dry land. The warehouse is part of a pier type that draws inspiration from the Windermere Jetty Museum & Boathouse and other industrial sites.

9 Architectural Language

Out of the Frying Pan Shared Eating Space Inspired strongly by the Mobile Studio, the Shared Eating Space provides a close atmosphere for social contact.

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Inside the Home Private Dwelling Space The private home is a space for quiet reflection, where items procured through Modern Methods of Construction can meet ancient crafts.

9 Architectural Language

Around the Home Shared Dwelling Space Shared residential spaces can provide informal meeting spots inspired by LILAC: Leeds, whilst offering connection to the prehistoric remnants around the site.

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Next Steps

Love, Life & Lobsters

Next Steps Moving Forward... •

Experimentation in the making of Tabby Concrete will be valuable to the project. Being able to test the material quality and its properties, by altering the ratios to get different finishes will provide insight into the opportunity to use this material in design.

•

Refine the spatial relationships between the industrial and residential aspects of the project. Do they have a more complex and intertwined relationship that may be explored through design?

•

Integrate further the aquaculture/research element into the production line. Establish the specialist spaces in each category of the project.

•

Interpret, through design, how the production line may feed into the individual private dwelling. Does this idea alter the way that the home looks?

Next Steps

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Reflection

Love, Life & Lobsters

Working Methods Developing and Enhancing Skills Writing this document, I have been able to develop skills practised in Y5 of the MArch. Recently I have been working in mixed media, which allows for faster and more creative working. Drawing by hand, then interpreting digitally is a working method that complements my Hermeneutic methodology.

Skara Brae Beach Car Park, Toilet and Wash-Down LIFE, LOVE & LOBSTERS Community, site

Area of likely surface flooding B9

05 6

Reflection

Lense of Focus This manifesto has considered each part of the below diagram. At this preliminary stage of design, refining the narrative has been the focus. A well-thought-out narrative will provide good structure when investigating more specialist elements of the project in later design stages.

NARRATIVE

SITE & RESPONSE

MATERIALS

PRECEDENT

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ENVIRONMENT & TECHNOLOGY

Love, Life & Lobsters

Environment & Technology

Contents

200 1 TECHNOLOGY IN ‘LOVE, LIFE & LOBSTERS’ 201 2 SPECIFIC PERSONAL TECHNOLOGY APPROACH 202 3 PROJECT SPECIFIC PRECEPTS OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN 204 4 SITE SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY ISSUES 206 5 SITE SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY DATA 207 6 ENERGY STRATEGY 208 7 CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION & ADAPTATION

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Technology in ‘Love, Life & Lobsters’ I propose a live/work, model eco-community, where the work element focuses on food production. The community will be located in the Bay of Skaill, close to the prehistoric village of Skara Brae and will be home to two-hundred refugees, following outbreak of civil war in the Brexit aftermath. To become self-sufficient, one must utilise local resource. This project seeks to learn from Orkney’s prehistoric civilisations to reintepret true vernacular in a form that may facilitate HAPPY, modern life. The model community will be WELL-FED, with work revolving around food production and trading, specifically the production and trading of the lobster; abundant in Orkney and being currently being farmed and rewilded from hatcheries on the archipelago. The core of the workforce will be within the on-site lobster-farming industry, with others working in support businesses. This proposal provides hope for new methods of LOCALISED, rural living in an otherwise bleak, urban present.

Environment & Technology

Specific Personal Technology Approach STUDIO

PERSONAL

TECHNOLOGY INTERESTS

Stories & Journeys

Testing Materials

How can the life cycles of people, materials and other resources enrich the holistic sustainability of design?

How can materials be used in different and unorthodox ways that could benefit sustainable design?

Social, Cultural & Economic Wellbeing

Addressing Transience

How can values and resources be enriched through sustainable design application?

In an increasingly-transient society, how can sense of community be maintained through design?

Material Usage

Looking Into The Past

How may we consider the embodied energy within applied materials and the wider social and environmental impact that has upon design?

Can we learn from historic energy usage and methods of building construction in the pre-industrial era?

Contextual Appropriateness

Mobile Studio

How may design be derived from and rooted within place help to connect with the wider setting?

How can we learn from the symbiosis between sustainable design theory and lived experience, and can that develop our understanding of sustainable design practice?

SPECIFIC PROJECT TECHNOLOGY APPROACH

Happy, Well-Fed & Localised Architecture A socially and environmentally sustainable community Social Sustainability

In the times of social hostility that has followed Brexit, it is imperative that new communities can enable social sustainablility through design application. This project must provide its residents with such opportunity.

Figure 1:

Life Cycles

People, building materials and other resources each gather an embodied energy throughout their lifetime. The less embodied energy, the better it is for the planet. Ingenuity through reduction, reuse, and recycle can limit the embodied energy of material throughout its lifetime.

The invention of modern technologies, post-Industrial Revolution has contributed to the climate crisis we are currently experiencing. Considering how people lived pre-Industrial Revolution and the technologies they utilised may help to allieviate the current crisis.

Figure 2:

Pavilion at Earth Centre, Doncaster (1999) LILAC, Leeds (2006) Composting toilets provide symbolic cradle to cradle process in a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;museum to sustainabilityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; setting

Looking Into The Past

Shared residential space gathered around bio-diverse, self-tended landscaping

Self-Sufficiency

Inhabitants of self-sufficient communities generally have a greater social connection than those in dependent communities (Montgomery, 2013). In addition, self-sufficiency eliminates the carbon cost of product travel. For instance, growing your own produce reduces 1.8kgCO2 per kg of produce per year (Pelsmakers, 2015, p.111).

Skara Brae, Orkney (2500BC)

Truly site-specific, sustainable architecture. Contemporarily: Happy;Well-Fed & Localised.

Figure 3:

Localised Response

New communities are successful when they are able to knit into the existing surrounding environment in which they are situated. It is important for this project to provide design for a community that enables self-identity, yet connects into the existing social, cultural and environmental eco-system.

Montana Earth Home (2017)

Figure 4:

Shelter at Chur, Switzerland

Re-used building material in self-build context (1985) Respectful archaeology

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Project Specific Precepts of Sustainable Design X

Replenish natural, physical, social, cultural and economic resources through design

‘Historic and cultural heritage instils a sense of pride, belonging and ownership’ (Pelsmakers, 2015, p.24). Orkney is renowned for its cultural heritage, specifically that of its Neolithic settlements and places of worship that are scattered across its Isles.

Figure 5: Walter Segal’s 1980s eco-selfbuild project provides an island of environmental relief in the centre of Greater London. Choice of sustainable building material allows for a uniting of like-minded, environmentally-conscious people to form a tight-knit and supportive neighbourhood (Grahame, 2015).

Self-build and architecture with end-user agency inherently instil this same emotion and deeprooted connection. This can be seen in the case of Walter Segal’s self-build neighbourhood in Lewisham, London. In my own experience of self-build/construction (in the form of the Mobile Studio), I can confirm that the pride and sense of ownership generated through this process outweighs any of time or labour convinience. Connecting cultural heritage and sense of locality through a multi-pronged approach of historic sites and vernacular material, in a self-build context, will help build social capital in a project set in the context of the demise of the United Kingdom, post-Brexit. In addition, usage of local materials and established skillsets will be key to building social cohesion between the newly-arriving migrant community and the Orcadian-born locals. The locals with knowledge of working materials such as flagstone walling and the packing of Sheeps Wool insulation will contribute to the construction of the community buildings and inherit the sense of ownership and pride generated through the self-build process - though they may not physically inhabit these buildings.

Mobile Studio, constructed by the author and eleven colleagues in November 2019. The Mobile Studio was taken on expedition to explore and collect vernacular building materials in Mainland Scotland and Orkney. Materials collected now form a library within the Arts Tower, for reference in going forward with this project.

Evaluate environmental impact of specifications including minimising embodied energy, minimising pollution at source, and minimising waste in production, recycling and landfill where possible It is accepted that cradle to cradle is the ‘ideal approach’ (Pelsmakers, 2015, p.197). By reusing a material in a second cycle prevents it going to landfill and through specifying materials that practice cradle to cradle helps to tie in the sense of pride users have for their built environment described in precept one (above).

2 Figure 6: Oyster shells, following consumption of the oyster by humans to burn as energy, may be c burned at a high temperature of 825˚ to create a lime (Atlanta Preservation, n.d.). This lime may be used in a concrete mix, where the aggregate is unburned shells and ash (leftover from burning shells), to create a thermally massive material that has little embodied energy.

Such a material is tabby concrete. This material is incredibly efficient, only causing carbon emission through the burning of a fuel to turn oyster shells into lime. Once the building made from tabby concrete is no longer required, or has run its course, the concrete may be ground up to make a recycled aggregate useful for Sustainable Drainage Systems - an appropriate byproduct in the Orcadian climate, where localised flooding and surface flooding is common. With oyster farming currently practiced on Orkney and an abundance of beach sand and fresh water from the lochs, tabby concrete is a material that encapsulates the values of this precept. In addition, other byproducts may be used such as Orcadian Sheeps Wool or recycled Stromness Flagstone, harvested from the archipelago’s bedrock. There is however a balance to be struck, whereby local materials may not provide the most sustainable building resource. For example, it will be more environmentally beneficial to import SIPS made from Scottish or Siberian larch than to create the building structure from Orcadian materials (the only such materials would be a tabby concrete, stone, or rammed earth). The balance of the embodied energy in extracting and working with a material like stone, including the longer working hours in construction, must be evaluated against the convinience of the Modern Methods of Construction.

Material testing: experimenting with different ratios of tabby concrete to find different uses: eg. polished tabletop, external wall, render/stucco

Environment & Technology

Design for comfort – provide appropriate thermal, visual, acoustic, humidity, ventilation levels

Use renewable materials where appropriate, ensuring they can be replaced

To facilitate a population with positive health and wellbeing, it is important to feel comfortable in a space - the two are directly linked (Pelsmakers, 2015). Thus it is important to maximise natural daylight in times of scarcity, such as the winter months. Therefore, increasing the transparency of southern and east/west facades - with horizontal louvres or brise-soleils to the south and vertical shutters to the east/west - would be beneficial to the overall design. These solar shading devices would need to be adaptable to the changing sun position to allow for passive heating through solar gain in colder moments, otherwise relying on the low-winter sun.

Utilising the Mobile Studio’s Material Catalogue, this project will incorporate renewable, vernacular materials. Where not available locally, renewable materials will be sourced according to their embodied energies from further afield.

This passive heating may be used to warm northern parts of the buildings, by means of conduction: dragging warmer air through into the cooler, northern spaces. In addition, thermal stability may be achieved by utilising materials with a high thermal mass. The buildings will be highly insulated, with emphasis on airtightness. Figure 7: The Enterprise Centre uses solar shading devices to keep the building facade cool during summer months when the sun is high. In winter, the low-level sun is able to pass beneath these shades to provide passive heating. In addition, ventilation panels are able to provide passive ventilation to assist in making the thermal and ventilation qualities of the space comfortable. A large heavyweight floor slab serves to provide stability through 3 thermal mass (Architype, 2015).

Use renewable energy where appropriate – including passive means such as solar gain

The primary construction material I aim to use in this project is timber. Timber has a high carbon sequestration - approximately 1.5-1.8kgCO2 per kg of wood (Pelsmakers, 2015, p.214) and has a good strength to weight ratio. Larch is a versatile timber that may be used to both provide structure and clad buidlings. As a cladding, larch heartwood weathers well when exposed to the elements producing an aesthetically-pleasing, silvery-grey finish - the sapwood however requires a protective coating to prevent rot and fungus growth (Thompson, 2017, p.310). Referring to precept 2, the waste product of larch would be minimal as, in this species, sapwood quickly turns to heartwood, leaving a greater ratio of the more useful heartwood. Siberian larch is typically stronger than Scottish larch, as it is grown at a slower rate and thus is both stronger and denser and produces fewer knots and imperfections (ibid.). Findhorn Foundation encompasses this precept. Renewable materials are used where appropriate to reach maximum sustainability, within reason. A balance is struck between the pure sustainability of materials and their performance. For example, the photograph (left) shows how Findhorn homes utilise plastic rainwater 4 goods and concrete paving slabs.

‘In 2017 Orkney produced 130.5% of its electricity needs.’ (Avantaggiato, 2019) This is an encouraging statistic in the context of the ongoing climate crisis. However, this project seeks to provide refuge on Orkney for those wishing to flee civil war following the Brexit fallout on Mainland Britain. With a high influx of people expected to arrive on Orkney in the imminent future, it is important that additional energy generation is provided for this inflated population. Positioned on the west coast of Mainland Orkney, this project is in a good position to harness natural, renewable energy from solar, wind and tidal powers. These three renewables will form a trichotomy of energy supply that will allow for periodic; daily, monthly and seasonal symbiosis, ensuring uninterrupted power throughout the proposed development. This electricity may be used in the powering of water-source heat pumps to heat the proposed development, using water from the adjacent Bay and potentially smaller, more intensive solar ponds in-land. Whilst electricity may be supplied to the proposed development by this trichotomy of renewables, Pelsmakers (2015) recommends not to provide heating using electricity by means of heat pumps. This is due to the fuel intensity of electricity being much greater than a fossil fuel such as gas (Pelsmakers, 2015, p.437). However given Orkney’s ability to harness natural power, more renewable electricity may be fed into a centralised system, such as a District Heating System (or on a larger scale, the electrical grid), which, over time, will contribute to carbon reduction (ibid.).

Situated on the Orcadian coastline, the project is in good position to harness three renewable energies: solar; tidal & wind

203

Site Specific Technology Issues Situated on the West coast of Mainland Orkney, in the Bay of Skaill, the project has specific technology issues involving: noise, wind, sunlight, shadows and rainfall. In such a rural setting, noise is generally limited to that coming from the crashing of the waves and the howling of the winds. These winds will bring a mass of cold air from the Arctic and northern Atlantic, which suggests need for a thick and well-insulated skin to proposed structures. The site currently experiences heavy amounts of rainfall, brought in by those westerly winds, which often leave the ground saturated with localised surface flooding. There are no existing structures within close proximity of the site, meaning there is no chance of overshadowing. However, the solar attributes of this northern latitude should be taken into account, as this will mean a greater fluxuation in daylight hours throughout the year. This means daylight will range from around six hours of in winter, to eighteen hours in summer. The knock-on effect of this fluxuation is that it will result in end users requiring electricity to light for a more sustained period in winter, resulting in higher running costs. Therefore, a surcharge in upfront capital costs to implement energy-generating equipment on-site would

Figure 8: Bay of Skaill (Orkney.com, 2020).

costs. Strong to the running sunlight lend provide relief of s se as m d es an -site energy winds, heavy tid on of on isi the prov l technology themselves to ra tu na addition to s through ge generation. In en all e presents ch sit e th Neolithic s, ue to iss imity mediate prox rt of the pa h close and im at ne Be d ruins. main settlements an arries that re prehistoric qu the le up co to s site are two ek The project se age d. rit te he va of ca es ex un t piec these importan n, sustainable er excavation of od m a ilding of d to with the bu ld be develope chnology shou their m fro n ar le community. Te ay generations m ese respect for th ensure future maintaining a st hil w g, rin n. uncove tio up sr minimal di ruins through

in la ru nd, ra l

Environment & Technology

B9 05 6

No r

Scale: 200m

North

Arctic Maritime Air Mass

Polar Maritime Air Mass Skara Brae Beach Car Park, 6am and Wash-Down Toilet Returning Polar Maritime

LIFE, LOVE & LOBSTERS Community, site

BAY OF SKAILL

6am

6pm

6am

6pm

Area of likely surface flooding

r me Sum

Skaill House (Cat A Listed)

x no ui q E

er nt Wi

12pm

Aberdeen Angus Farm

12pm

05 6

st ic e

Skara Brae Prehistoric Village

ce ti ls o S

(10 Str mi om n n dr ess iv e)

l So

205 LOCH OF SKAILL

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Site Specific Technology Data Wind Analysis Figure 9: Prevailing westerly winds and their effect on the Bay of Skaill when they make landfall, drawn rly using data from Autodesk Flow Design. n ste we ing i tic g an on om Str ds c e Atl n wi m th fro

Figure 10: Bay of Skaill’s current prevailing winds (Meteoblue, 2020).

As such, any development in the Bay of Skaill should take into account these strong winds and use materials that can withstand its regular gales and storms without need to be replaced - such as stone. This brings a conversation regarding the initial embodied energy of a material versus its functioning lifespan. Well-maintained, a modern stone wall can be expected to stand for 60 years (Pelsmakers, 2015, p.201), with an embodied energy of 3.7kgCO2/m2 (ibid., p.236). With Stromness Flagstone quarries surrounding the site (and a prehistoric one beneath it!), we can expect the embodied energy value stated above to reduce due to less required transportation. However the severe weather conditions it will be exposed to may also reduce its functioning lifespan.

Shadow Analysis

25 °C

This preliminary massing demonstrates how Orkney’s northern latitude requires courtyard typologies to be shaped to the sun’s arch so not to overshadow the central microclimate space created within. In addition, the solar analysis below suggests that north-facing rooms may need artificial lighting outside of summer months, during daytime - unless diffused northern daylight can be harvested.

20 °C

100 mm

35 mph 30 mph

75 mm 15 °C

25 mph 20 mph

10 °C

9am

50 mm 15 mph

5 °C 25 mm 0 °C

-5 °C

12pm

10 mph 5 mph

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Feb

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Jun

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Precipitation

Mean daily maximum

Hot days

Mean daily minimum

Cold nights

Wind speed

0 mm

0 mph

Orkney’s Current Climate Orkney currently experiences a fluxuation of between 4˚c and 25˚c throughout the year, with wind speeds and precipitation generally mirroring eachother, i.e. windy, relatively drier winters and calmer, relatively wetter summers. However to benchmark Orkney’s preciptation, London receives on average 50mm of rainfall per month, throughout the year (Meteoblue, 2020).

3pm

Winter Solstice

Equinox

Figure 12: Solar and shadow analysis for preliminary massing, drawn using data from Autodesk Formit.

Summer Solstice

Figure 11: Bay of Skaill’s current annual climate (Meteoblue, 2020).

The Bay of Skaill currently experiences strong westerly winds from the Polar Maritime Air Mass. The Bay is an unprotected geographic feature that bares the full force of the Atlantic Ocean in summer and, often, the Arctic Circle in winter - with winds reaching the Bay from the Arctic Maritime Air Mass.

Environment & Technology

Energy Strategy The PowerHouse So

la r

Wind

What does it look like?

Layered solar panels to create elegant â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;nodâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rather than be so garish as to scallop the facade!

Tidal Turn lighthouse into 3-in-1 PowerHouse?

A lobster tail?

Biomimicry is an architectural design tool that seeks to improve project sustainability through understanding how living organisms have evolved through time to survive in their environments (Pawlyn, 2016). Whilst this applicaiton (opposite) of architectural biomicicry is a veneer, it provides a symbolic vehicle to convey the project energy strategy to the wider context linking with the values encouraged in precept one.

Water-source Heat Pump

Applied District Heating System The PowerHouse Electricity pumps water to homes Electricity fed to Heat Pumps Closed heating loop specific to each cluster of buildings

Excess water returned to sea and cooled to safe conditions, as not to impact ecosystem Water pumped from sea

Heat Pump dedicated to each cluster of buildings - minimise heat loss over distance travelled

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High E missions RCP 8.5 40 Change in Precipitation (%)

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RCP 8.5

4 2 0 -2 1960

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-40

-80 1960

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Winter Precipi tation High E missions RCP 8.5

+2.2˚ C

40 Change in Precipitation (%)

Annual Mean Tempe rature High E missions RCP 8.5

RCP 2.6

Change in Mean Temperature (°C)

Average Temperature

+42%

Winter Precipitation

Year 2100:

-40 -80 1960

1980

2000

2020

2040

2060

2080

2100

It is predicted that Orkney will become hotter year-round, drier in summer, wetter in winter, with more extreme temperature fluxuation.

r ClimateSumme Change Mitigation Aspirations & Applied Sustainable Design Approach

Precipi tation a holistically sustainable environment whereby residents can live happy, well-fed and localised lives. With ‘happy’ in particular being a difficult measure to quantify, we may start by considering the effects of design on wellbeing, as 80 seeks This project to create High missions discussed by the likesEof Pelsmakers (2015). Designing in cultivation spaces,recycling of rainwater,taking pride in local heritage and making comfortable spaces all impact positively on our wellbeing. The below diagram represents a the general applied sustainable RCP design approach to 8.5 be implemented in this project. Change in Precipitation (%)

0 Diffused Northern Daylight

-40

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-80 1960

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Solar shading over Winter external resi. space Precipi tation 80 Cultivation Personal High E missions Space RCP 8.5 Space Heating 40

Change in Precipitation (%)

Figure 13 & 14: Predictions for Orkney’s Climate up to 2100AD (Historic Environment Scotland, 2019).

Climate Change Mitigation & Adaptation

Warm air out Winter Sun

Electricity provided by PowerHouse/water0 source heat pump combination

-40 Conduction into cooler spaces -80 Thermal 1980 Wall 1960

Solar Gain

Stilts double as geothermal piles

Heat rising through building

Residential Promenade around dig-site/flooded area

2000

2020

2040

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Conduction from southern, watmer rooms

2100

Roof eaves extend to water crops provide solar shade on south side

Central Residential Courtyard (shielded from the wind)

Thermal Mass

Stilts to protect from flooding - tie into architectural offshore language

Smaller openings, heavier building mass on north face

Sacrificial Shaded Crop Space Mushrooms, Beetroot, etc. . .

Surface Flooding Prehistoric Quarry Excavation

NORTH

SOUTH

Environment & Technology Design Tactics to combat Climate Change

Precept & Tactic Application Collages

The below collages demonstrate an application of the design precepts and climate change combat tactics discussed in this report. These collages seek to create a socially, environmentally and culturally sustainable environment.

Stilted Development

Raised construction will allow floodwater to run underneath the buildings. Where stilts are not appropriate, alternative provision would be to incorporate sacrificial basements/ground floors or tank ground floor areas to waterproof. Stilted language will tie together onshore and offshore elements of the project to unite as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;one architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

2 3

Increased Temperature Passive Heating & Cooling

In addition to heating via thermal mass (below), the project should utilise passive heating and cooling methods such as cross-ventilation and conduction. Conducting warm air heated in southern rooms through solar gain into cooler northern rooms via internal vents will provide comfort throughout the building. Overheating may be prevented by cross-ventilating.

6 3

More Flooding

More Winter Rainfall Weathering Strategy

Strong south and west winds and increased winter rainfall may cause damage to these facades. It is important to build out of hardy materials here and use materials more susceptible to weather elsewhere (east and north). For this, we must Look To The Past and use the vernacular flagstone.

Less Summer Rainfall On-site Water Storage

Located adjacent to the sea, a decrease in summer rainfall could mean a scarcity of fresh water in summer months if no desalination plant is provided (very expensive, not necessary). Storing of rainfall would allow residents to: water crops, fill washing machines and flush toilets. A typical household may reduce CO2 emissions by 100% by recycling water via a gravity-fed system (Pelsmakers, 2015, p.141).

Thermal Mass

Dense, heavyweight materials may be utilised to gather heat energy throughout the day and release it at night. In the context of rural Orkney, night cooling would be achievable through ventilating the building with little concern of noise pollution, external to the proposal, entering the buildings. However acoustically attenuated vents should be used to prevent noise disturbing occupants from around the development.

1 4 5

More Temperature Fluxuation

More Sunlight Hours Solar Shading

Summer and south-facing solar gain may be controlled via horizontal louvres (may use roof overhangs, although this provides less adaptability/versatility). Vertical shutters will control east/west solar gain. Solar shading should control the solar energy gained by the building in order not to overheat in summer, whilst allowing enough solar energy to enter in winter as to provide a heat source.

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MANAGEMENT, PRACTICE & LAW

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Management, Practice & Law

Contents Contents 216 1 CLIENT CONSIDERATIONS

The Big Win Who is the Project ‘for’? Initial Client Strategy Discussions What;s the Budget? Benchmarking Whole-life Costing Which Contract? Risk Management Project Team Relationships Construction Design & Management Regs.

2 PROJECT-SPECIFIC DESIGN ISSUES 238 Project ‘Cost’ Index & Evaluation Seeking Additional Funding Stilted Development 246 3 NEXT STEPS

Gantt Chart: Mapped Against RIBA Plan of Work

215

Please note that this Management, Practice & Law Report, whilst set in the context of a new Orcadian Republic, refers to current Scottish Government policies and guidance for purpose of ease in the educational environment in which it has been written. It is probable that upon the formation of the Democratic People’s Republic of Orkney, Scottish law would be transferred to the archipelago to maintain legislative structure during a period of transition. These laws would then be refined over a lengthy period to suit the needs of the people of the new nation of the Democratic People’s Republic of Orkney. In real terms, this project would need to abide by the laws set by the Democratic People’s Republic of Orkney, whatever they may be.

PART I Client Considerations

Love, Life & Lobsters

The Big Win

To:

michela.papini@materialamendment.studio; alex.pelaez@materialamendment.studio

cc: Subject:

0146_460917_WE DID IT!!!!

From:

joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio

Hi Michela & Alex, Just had a phone call from President Sampson’s office - we won!! We can expect to be appointed to carry out works on the Bay of Skaill masterplan up to the completion of the equivalent of RIBA Plan of Work Stage 4, Technical Design (pre-construction). Given we are a relatively young, small practice, our resources and portfolio do not yet certify to insurers that we are experienced enough to warrant a higher level of Personal Indemnity Insurance. This means we currently cannot take on projects of this scale throughout the construction process of Stages 5-8. We could engage in a project-based insurance that would possibly allow us to partake in the construction stages, but this is usually done at the expense of our fees! (RIBA, 2010). Unfortunately, I don’t think this is a sustainable path for us to take! We will re-evaluate our position with insurers once we have reached close to the end of our appointment. We have our initial client meeting later this week where we’ll discuss our scope and responsibilities (Lupton, 2000), with Mr Neil Hodgson, Projects Minister. Will update further when I get back to the office, but for now refresh yourselves about the project... the initial brief and cover letter submitted with the competition entry should be on the corkboard above my desk, along with the stakeholder mapping. Should also be a copy of the Love, Life & Lobsters Design Manifesto on the bookshelf - we can start fleshing that out and thinking about build sequencing further tomorrow. Well done again guys! - Joe

To:

joe.bradley@materialamendme...

cc:

To:

michela.papini@materialamendme...

cc:

Subject:

re: 0146_460917_WE DID IT!!!!

Subject:

re: 0146_460917_WE DID IT!!!!

From:

michela.papini@materialamendme...

From:

joe.bradley@materialamendme...

Ciao Joe - what great news!!

Hi Miki,

We should let the Orkney refugee community we consulted when producing the Manifesto know! They’ll be so excited!

I’m sure they will be - let’s hold off for the moment though. We must always be respectful of our client’s privacy - and if the client has not yet made their choice to appoint us public, we will be in breach of the RIBA Code of Practice - not good! (RIBA, 2019)

Miki

Speak soon - Joe

D R EM EP O U CR BL A IC TI C OF P E OR OP K LE N EY ’S

r ettet L r en ve n Co Amendm o i t peti rial Com io Mate d Stu

Dear President Samp

son,

46 EMENT: 21st June 20 ICE ANNOUNC PUBLIC SERV ited ar, the Un an ier this ye rl rb u ea s , as IT BREX ing in m Following come ved, result be ol ss to di ed os as op Kingdom h les are pr d ongoing e Orkney Is ing to avoi h is w exodus. Th e os en for th Mainland. a safe hav the British on ar w civil itons will sands of Br ou th ago. A at th icted d archipel It is pred venty-islan ed to se ir e qu th re in living is y seek refuge it n u m m of co new model abitance. flated inh in t or pp su vered, partners se er trading selfrm a fo e m l co al be to itself to With ties e iate is ed an m rg st re-o in the im Orkney mu c Republic urces. ti so ra re oc m l De ca lo sufficient, utilising be selfmeans of nity must u m m co future, by el od m ed os op Thus any pr sustaining. tic People’s the Democra of t en on all id ed Pres on, calls Newly-elect John Samps , r such ey fo n k gn Or si Republic of itects to provide de arch available y. f it n u m com ial/Competition Brie

Init

ic of Orkney President Sampson, Republ

20th July 2046 Mr Joe Bradley Skara Brae Sandwick, Stromness Orkney Mainland DLR of Orkney KW16 3LR

The following pages document my respo nse to your call for enclose your advertise architects. I ment on the previous page. I propose a live/w or k, model eco-co mmunity, where the element focuses on work food production. Th e community will be in the Bay of Skaill located , close to the prehis tor ic village of Skara Br will be home to tw ae and o-hundred refugee s. To become self-suffi cient, one must utilise local resource. This seeks to learn fro project m Or kney’s prehis toric civilisations to true vernacular in reintepret a form that may fac ilitate HAPPY, mo dern life. The model comm unity will be WELL -FED, with work around food pro revolving duction and tradin g, specifically the and trading of the production lobster; abundant in Or kney and be being farmed in ha ing currently tcheries on the arc hipelago. The major inhabitants will be ity of the employed by the on -site lobster-farming industry. This proposal pro vides hope for ne w methods of LO rural living in an oth CALISED, erwise bleak, urban present. Kind regards, Joe Bradley ARB RIBA

Director, Studio Materi

al Amendment

Love, Life & Lobsters

Who is the Project ‘for’? Client & User Groups The main client and land owner for the project is the governing body of the newly-formed Democratic People’s Republic of Orkney. Budget has remained static, unreactive to inflation, since the years immediately following the European Referendum and its subsequent fallout - leading to high austerity. Orkney’s annual allowance from central UK government has not reacted to inflation and remained at £84.1m since 2019/20, with £16.2m allocated to Development & Infrastructure (Orkney Islands Council, 2019) each year. It is these figures which the project should respect, in the present year: 2046. Lacking in capital investment, the Government has sought private investment from stakeholders. These stakeholders include the Orkney Shellfish Hatchery, which will require expansion upon the arrival of new refugees. With this private investment, the Lobster Industry and Hatchery operators potentially become a client/user-group combination.

User Group

Client? / User Group

Existing Refugees & Old Orcadians • Seeking to retain and enhance good sense of community • Respectful of their environment • Comfortable in their new/home-land

User Group

Lobster Industry & Research/Hatchery Love, Life & Lobsters Model Community

Client

• Seeking profit, commercial bodies • Employers of local population • Will invest heavily, where there is incentive

User Group

New Refugees

Local Government

Support Businesses

• Seeking refuge and safe haven in time of political dispair • Require stable home, employment and sense of community

• Seeking to provide for local inhabitants, new and old • Elected members of local population

• Service providers to local population • Employers of local population • Lack resources to invest heavily

(Agriculture, Schools, Services)

ng appi al M r b oldenal, Glo h e Stakl, Natio a

Loc

Love, Life & Lobsters

Initial Client Strategy Discussions

To:

neil.hodgson@DPROProjects.gov.orc

cc:

michela.papini@materialamendment.studio; alex.pelaez@materialamendment.studio

Subject:

0146_460921_Generating Contract Profile & Construction Sequencing

From:

joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio

Dear Neil, Good to speak with you this morning - looking forward to progressing procurement discussions, however there are some considerations to be made beforehand that will help us develop an appropriate contract profile (Lupton, 2007). It’s important to develop a contract profile so that we can choose a contract that works best for us and what we need out of it (ibid.). Starting with construction strategy, I’ve attached some of the work we’ve done since the competition regarding how the project may be broken down and sequenced through a phased construction. We would advise a phased construction because of the scale of the overall project, which is more akin to a masterplan that breaks the project down into more manageable parts (RIBA, 2018). In our case we have three constituent parts to the competition design: Industrial

Residential

Community

We’ve illustrated our construction sequencing advice in the attachment, numbered with their phase sequencing. We look forward to hearing your thoughts and please do feel free to give me a call if you wish to discuss anything over the phone - if that’s easier. P.S. I’ve copied Michela Papini & Alex Pelaez into this email, they’ll be working alongside me in the office on this project. Please could you make sure you copy them into all of our correspondence - thanks! Kind regards, Joe Joe Bradley Director @ Studio Material Amendment Email: joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio Web: www.materialamendment.studio Tel: 07879994097

Temporary housing currently on shoreline

Industrial phase constructed and inhabited

Residential phase constructed

Residents moved from temporary housing into permanent accommodation

Temporary housing deconstructed

Community phase constructed; masterplan finished

ng Phasing & Sequenci s rt THREE Constituent Pa

Construction Sequencing

Love, Life & Lobsters

What’s the budget?

To:

neil.hodgson@DPROProjects.gov.orc

cc:

michela.papini@materialamendment.studio; alex.pelaez@materialamendment.studio

Subject:

0146_461006_Private Investment Profiling

From:

joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio

Dear Neil, Please see attached some of the benchmark costing we carried out earlier this year. Here you will see some precedent examples of similarly functioning projects with varying degrees of finish and their respective price tags. This should help the Government in allocating budget and determining a private investment target. Using two methods of estimation (precedent comparison and live modelling), the competition scheme (10950m2) costs between £3,080/m2 and £3,570/m2, meaning that the total cost for the project is estimated between £33.7m and £39.1m. A breakdown of this estimate costing can be found in the attachments to this email. ---OTHER METHODS OF COSTING The benchmarking uses LILAC as a precedent for dwellings. LILAC is an example of a well-built, socially sustainable development. However, whilst well-built, the homes do not achieve Passivhaus standards (Hopkins, 2014). Should the Government desire the homes to be built to this exemplar standard of energy-efficiency, it should expect to see a 15-20% increase in capital cost for the residential portion of the project (. Please note that benchmarking through precedent examples is one method of preliminary costing a project. When developing a more advanced costing estimate of a project, there are several resources available to those seeking valuation of proposed works. One example is online cost-modelling software, which may be found via the following link: https://costmodelling.com/building-costs Websites such as this are live and take into account current building costs for types of construction and account for the location of the build (this free software shows ‘Scotland’ to have a cost coefficient of 0.97, though we can expect to use a higher coefficient given the transport of materials and services across the sea to Orkney (Costmodelling, 2020). At this stage, we would recommend bringing a Quantity Surveyor into the team in order to provide their expertise to matters of this nature. They should be able to advise in a more detailed manner. ----TWO-STAGE TENDER AS WAY TO REDUCE OVERALL COST? Facing the budget deficit, we may consider how to reduce the project cost through various procurement routes. For example, assembling

Benchmarking Sustainable Systems

Dwellings

Community Core

Figure 1:

Figure 2:

Figure 3:

Composting toilets provide symbolic cradle to cradle process in a ‘museum to sustainability’ setting Architect: Alsop & Stormer Location: Doncaster, England Year of Completion: 1999 Cost/m2: £1,550 Adjusted Cost/m2: £2,706

20no. tight-knit community dwellings with shared social spaces Architect: White Design Location: Leeds, England Year of Completion: 2013 Cost/m2: £1,743 Adjusted Cost/m2: £2,013

Calming environment with attributes to nurture wellbeing Architect: Garbers & James Location: Forth Valley, Scotland Year of Completion: 2017 Cost/m2: £3,846 Adjusted Cost/m2: £4,076

Pavilion at Earth Centre, Doncaster

LILAC, Leeds

Source: Hopkins (2014)

Forth Valley Maggie’s Centre

Source: Welch (2020)

Source: Detail (2000)

Industrial Hub

Figure 4:

Stilted Development

Factory Building

Windermere Jetty Museum & Boathouse

Source: Hopkirk (2017)

Source: Priest (2019)

Single-volume production space for light industry Architect: Waugh Thistleton Architects Location: Leamington Spa, England Year of Completion: 2017 Cost/m2: £1,564 Adjusted Cost/m2: £1,658

Stilted technological architecture, with very high-end finish Architect: Carmody Groarke Location: Windermere, England Year of Completion: 2019 Cost/m2: £7,812 Adjusted Cost/m2: £7,812

All adjusted costs have been calculated using an inflation calculator through: Bank of England (2020).

Love, Life & Lobsters

Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the budget? (continued)... an experienced team at an early stage is likely to raise pre-construction costs, but lower construction costs to a point that will reduce the overall capital cost. Such a team can be assembled by means of direct appointment of specialist consultants chosen on base of their expert knowledge and a Pre-Construction Service Agreement (PCSA) (Lupton, 2007). Using a PCSA usually directs one toward a two-stage tender process. In this case, the second tender process would probably be at the end of the scope of work of our current appointment (between RIBA Stages 4 & 5). The first process would be as soon as possible! Early Contractor Involvement (ECI), by utilising PCSAs and the two-stage tender process usually sees a reduction in variations (additions/ subtractions/alterations to agreed scope of work in building contract) and claims/disputes. A disadvantage is that the contractor chosen to enter the team through the first tender is likely to become an integral team member and thus will reduce competition at the second stage. This said, it is widely accepted that the additional expense at the second stage in a two-stage tender process is more cost-effective to the project than a single-stage tender (ibid.). Furthermore, we can expect to have several specialist contractors working with us on this project - for example the renewable energy production will require a high level of integration to the design. It is key that these expensive works packages can be efficiently constructed between the specialist sub-contractors and the main contractor. Kind regards, Joe Joe Bradley Director @ Studio Material Amendment Email: joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio Web: www.materialamendment.studio Tel: 07879994097

n tio are a l u Sim Softw

t Cos edent & ec Pr

300m3 Live Storage

100m2

Offices

60m2 (average)

250m3

50m2

Refrig.

Equipment Storage

1000m

75 Dwellings (range 1-3 bedrooms)

Living Area

300m3 Landing Area

100m2 Packag.

100m2 6 Support Business Units 200m2 Preparation Area

200m2 Cooking Area

500m

500m2 Hatchery 100m2 Plant

AREA Industrial Community Residential Specialised (Energy Production & Hatchery)

500m2

+50%

School (+ Community Learning Fac.)

Resi. Social Spaces

DESCRIPTION High bay warehouse including office accommodation Community centre Apartment Block High-technology plant space

ADDITIONAL VALUES

TOTAL Location Coefficient Project Value Construction Start Date Ground Works External Works Risk ADJUSTED TOTAL

Eating Area

1.2 0.86 1.023 1.1 1.1 1.15

PROJECT £m (COSTMODELLING) £2,140,000 £5,900,000 £13,162,500 £1,750,000 £22,952,500 £27,543,000 £23,686,980 £24,231,781 £26,654,959 £29,320,454 £33,718,523 £33,718,523

COSTMODELLING AV. £/sqm £2,140 £2,360 £1,950 £2,500

ADDITIONAL VALUES

TOTAL Ancillary Spaces Risk ADJUSTED TOTAL

PRECEDENT Factory Building Forth Valley Maggie's Centre LILAC, Leeds Pavillion at Earth Centre

PRECEDENT £/sqm PROJECT sqm £1,658 1000 £4,076 2500 £2,013 6750 £2,706 700

PROJECT £m (PRECEDENT) £1,658,000 £10,190,000 £13,587,750 £1,894,200 £27,329,950 1.3 £35,528,935 1.1 £39,081,829 £39,081,829

Love, Life & Lobsters

Whole-Life Costing

To:

joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio

cc:

michela.papini@materialamendment.studio; alex.pelaez@materialamendment.studio

Subject:

0146_461010_Project Cost Reduction

From:

neil.hodgson@DPROProjects.gov.orc

Dear Joe, Thanks for your email. We’ve spoken at here in the office and we feel that cost may be reduced by using some other materials. The larch you’ve specified in your Environment & Technology Report looks awfully expensive? We’ve been looking around at cheaper alternatives - could we not use something like a Trespa Wood Effect Exterior Cladding instead? Best, Neil

To:

neil.hodgson@DPROProjects.gov.orc

cc:

michela.papini@materialamendment.studio; alex.pelaez@materialamendment.studio

Subject:

re: 0146_461010_Project Cost Reduction

From:

joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio

Hi Neil, You certainly make a good point. We chose larch because of its ability to withstand the harsh conditions the building will face on Orkney. These conditions will accelerate any material degradation and we do not know the longevity of Trespa cladding in the real world. The website spec sheet states it has undergone ‘artificial weathering’, which leaves an element of risk that the material could not perform properly when exposed to real-world conditions (Trespa, 2020). This would require you, as client, replacing the building cladding if and when it fails. We should at this point consider the term ‘cost’. For example, at the moment, we are speaking about cost, as in reducing ‘capital cost’. However, a typical building will have a capital cost of approximately one quarter of that of its lifetime cost. Estimates place general maintenance, repairs and upkeep at around 50% of the lifetime cost of a building (McCoy, 2019). Given that you will retain possession of the building upon completion, it is in your best interest to specify materials that will achieve the best compromise between capital cost and long-term durability, so to keep maintenance costs to a minimum. This premise transfers from building material through to operational systems. Please see the attached for a brief study of capital versus running costs of lobster hatcheries. Whilst you discuss this in the office, we will continue to search for methods of lowering the capital cost of the project. Kind regards - Joe

Figure 5:

on cti s u r t Cost ons

C ng cal s. Runni i p Ty al v

Trespa cl

adding

it Cap

25~30%

~15% ~10%

Figure 8: Naturally-weathering larch cladding

Figure 6: Naturally-weathering larch cladding

Aquaculture

Capital vs. Running Costs

45~50%

Figure 9

: Orkne

y Lobst

er Hatch

ery

Figure 7: C apital vers us lobster ha tcheries in running costs of the UK, us Lobster H ing atcher y as a preceden Orkney t model

Love, Life & Lobsters

Which Contract?

To:

neil.hodgson@DPROProjects.gov.orc

cc:

michela.papini@materialamendment.studio; alex.pelaez@materialamendment.studio

Subject:

0146_461017_Determining Building Contract

From:

joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio

Dear Neil, Following our discussions over the past couple of weeks, we have generated the attached contract profiling. PROCUREMENT We think that the project would be best suited to a series of three Scottish Building Contract Committee (SBCC) contracts, where two use Traditional procurement and one uses Design & Build (D&B). The scale of the project lends itself to a Management Contract, which would allow the constituent parts of the project to be easily packaged and more workable. However, Management Contracts typically provide little cost certainty, a key factor in this project. Therefore, our suggestion would be to use the premise of a Management Contract, by separating the project into multiple parts, but procuring them through different contracts. Separating into individual contracts would mean that specialist consultants and contractors could be appointed and contracted to work on the specific parts of the project where their needs are best suited. As previously mentioned in my email dated 21st September 2046, this approach considers the project as a masterplan, with three key parts: industrial, residential and community. We advise that Traditional procurement be used for the ‘residential’ and ‘community’ parts. This will allow for the desired quality, whilst still maintaining a good level of cost-certainty. Traditional procurement typically takes a longer amount of time than either D&B or Management. The shed-like structures proposed for the industrial part of the competition scheme lends itself to a D&B contract, given its relative simplicity. Inherently, this simplicity would result in little quality being lost when the construction-design responsibility is transferred over to a contractor, following technical design at RIBA Stage 4.

Traditional

Quality Cost

Management

Time

Design & Build

TENDERING In my email dated 6th October 2046, we suggested using a two-stage tender, by means of a Pre-Construction Service Agreement, to bring about Early Contractor Involvement. We advise that this decision is taken in each of the three contracts, with respect to main contractors and specialist contractors, in order to provide further cost certainty to the project.

Time

Ri sk

ze Si

Comp lex

Ri sk

Ri sk y

ility

b exi Fl

ze Si

Traditional

Comp lex

ility

Qualit

Qualit y

Qualit

Comp lex

Design & Build

Novation of the design team to work for the contractor in D&B procurement generally sees a drop in finished quality due to the direct link between architect and client being severed.

st Co

b exi Fl

Time

ze Si

Time

Management

Traditional procurement is the most common method. It is a sequential process, which can elongate the process. There are methods of overlapping stages, going to tender with an approximate bill of quantities. This presents risk to the client.

Management procurement is the most complex of the three common procurement methods. It is generally reserved for large projects that have several parts. A Management Contractor is employed to coordinate different works packages and with no fixed fee, cost certainty is low within this procurement method.

Time

Ri sk

st Co

b exi Fl

Comp lex

ility

b exi Fl

ze Si

Traditional & D&B chosen

Qualit

Contract Profiling

‘Industrial’ contract

ze Si

‘Residential’ and ‘Community’ contracts

ility

Love, Life & Lobsters

Figure 10: Contract Profiling, using the three most-common procurement methods and positioning the project

Comp lex

Love, Life & Lobsters

Risk Management RISK Two-stage tendering in a traditional procurement and D&B contracts tend to move risk toward the contractor. In your situation, as a relatively-new developer, this is sensible as the Contractor is expected to be more experienced. The downside to this is that the contractor could then take advantage of the lack of specific knowledge within the client body in order to make design easier and more cost efficient on their part. Resultantly, for project continuity, which would limit risk to you, the client - we would like to propose that we stay involved with the project, following the commencement of construction. This would be in an executive advisory role, where we would serve as your agent in the construction stages. Our scope would be Contract Administrator and Executive Design Consultant. This would ensure design integrity once the design team has novated to the D&B Contractor in the industrial contract and provide a sounding board for newly-appointed architects on the traditional contracts. We look forward to hearing from you. Kind regards, Joe Joe Bradley Director @ Studio Material Amendment Email: joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio Web: www.materialamendment.studio Tel: 07879994097

Associated Risk

ated risk Contracts and their associ Procurement Type

Less Risk Contractor

More Risk Contractor

More Risk Client

Less Risk Client

D&B: Complete â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;packageâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; by supplier D&B: Design input by contractor Trad. Lump Sum: Fixed price Trad. Lump Sum: Fluctuations Trad. Measurement: Bill of Approx. Quantities Trad. Measurement: Fixed fee prime cost Trad. Measurement: Percentage fee prime cost Management contracting

Figure 11: Risk associated with each procurement type

Cost, Relat iv

Optimum Window of Cost Reduction to Design Process

e to Progre Opportunity ss for cost reduct ion

Design Alteration Cost Potential Environmental Impact / Cost Reduction

Outline Design

Detail Design

Construction

Figure 12: Risk associated with project progression and associated cost with alterations at that stage

Operation

Love, Life & Lobsters

Project Team Relationships

To:

joe.bradley@materialamendme...

cc:

alex.pelaez@materialamendme...

Subject:

0146_461020__D&BvsTraditional?

From:

michela.papini@materialamendme...

Ciao Joe, Alex & I were speaking and we are unsure of how having different procurement methods for different parts of the same project will work? It sounds really confusing - how does it affect what we do? Miki

To:

michela.papini@materialamendment.studio

cc:

alex.pelaez@materialamendment.studio

Subject:

re: 0146_461020__D&BvsTraditional?

From:

joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio

Hi Miki, Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t worry, at present our appointment is to reach the equivalent of Stage 4 of the RIBA Plan of Work, procurements either Traditional or D&B will commence after this. Should we remain architect in the construction stages of the traditional contracts, we will work directly for the client and provide information for the contractor and sub-contractors to build from. In the event we were to work as architect in the D&B contract, then we would be novated to work for the Design & Build Contractor. This would mean that we take instruction from the contractor and have less design power (Lupton, 2007). We are hoping to enter be appointed as Executive Design Consultant for the duration of the Building Contracts, this will be an advisory role for us to sense-check architectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and D&B contractor drawings against the ethos of the original competition scheme. Joe

rategy Long-Term Funding St ght Additional Funding Sou

= Our position in the project team

Pre-Contract

In this project team model, our scope would be to develop design in a coordinated effort with all other appointed consultants and contractors. The Main Contractor and Nominated Specialist Contractors would be appointed with a PCSA.

Client

Architect

QS / Project Manager

Structural Engineer

Main Contractor

Nominated Sub-Contractors

Structural Engineer

MEP Engineer

Architect

Client

Traditional

Following commencement of the building contract, our role in this situation would be in design advice. Additionally, it would include Contract Administrator.

MEP Engineer

Executive Design Consultant

QS / Project Manager

Sub-Contractors

Main Contractor

Nominated Sub-Contractors

Nominated Suppliers

Client

Design & Build

Clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Agent

Following commencement of the building contract, our role in this situation would be in providing design advice to a D&B Contractor. In this role, we are likely to accept responsibility for Contract Administration.

D&B Contractor

Architect Figure 13: Project team relations within likely models for the project

Structural Engineer

QS / Project Manager

MEP Engineer

Sub-Contractors

Love, Life & Lobsters

Construction Design & Management Regs.

To:

barry.sheene@OrkneyBuildingContractors.co.orc

cc:

neil.hodgson@DPROProjects.gov.orc; michela.papini@materialamendment.studio; alex.pelaez@mate...

Subject:

re: 0146_461025_Project Cost Reduction

From:

joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio

Hi Barry, In advance of our meeting next week, we have drafted some considerations regarding health and safety on site, with respect to the Construction (Design & Management) Regulations 2015 (UK Government, 2015). Our role as Principal Designer in the project sees us responsible health and safety before, during and after construction. Upon commencement of the building contract, this responsibility transfers to the Principal Contractor, which, as Main Contractor, will be you (Lupton, 2007). We have been instructed by the client to formalise some of our present CDM considerations and precautions. Discussing theese potential issues with you in the pre-construction stage will mitigate client risk and improve cost certainty - potentially reducing overall capital cost through avoidance of variations in later construction. ----INCLUSIVITY Barry, a slight side-note, but relevant to this conversation... Part of our Design Management of the project should include inclusivity. I attach a copy of Lifetime Homes (2010). This document, though not legislative, provides best practice for designing comfortably for an ageing population - something this should aspire to. PS.... had a thought that we could use spoil to build up ramps to the elevated home decks to provide step-free access. Building from spoil would reduce muck-away costs, but let me know how feasible this may be with regard to settling earth, etc...Thanks ---Please do give me a call if you wish to discuss any of the above. Kind regards, Joe

CDM and

Health & S afety Marked-up si te area

NOTE: Pass on CDM Meeting notes to Miki to draft a prelim inary site management plan to be marked up in next cli ent/ contractor meeting

Throughout this report, I have made reference to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;costâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. The sustainable project premise and rural site both come at a social, economic and environmental cost. It is these costs associated with the manifestation of the project which I will continue to investigate in this next section.

PART II Project-Specific Design Issues

Love, Life & Lobsters

Project ‘Cost’ Index & Evaluation

To:

joe.bradley@materialamendme...

cc:

neil.hodgson@DPROProjects.gov.orc; +2

Subject:

0146_461104_Cost Index

From:

barry.sheene@OrkneyBuildingCon...

Joe, Thanks for introducing me to the team at Studio Material Amendment yesterday. Could I ask you to please send through the marked-up drawing of the ‘key cost areas to watch’? Thanks, Barry

To:

barry.sheene@OrkneyBuildingContractors.co.orc

cc:

neil.hodgson@DPROProjects.gov.orc; michela.papini@materialamendment.studio; alex.pelaez@mate...

Subject:

re: 0146_461104_Cost Index

From:

joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio

Hi Barry, As we discussed yesterday, the project team has an good understanding of the above ground costs and potential risks. We are less sure about the below ground situation due to the many unknowns. To answer some of these unknowns, Ww should contact a specialist contractor to drill sample boreholes as soon as possible so that we may better understand the earth’s makeup onsite. Unstable earth will require deeper foundations which will incur a cost for our client. Simultaneously, we must contact an Archaeological Surveyor to map the prehistoric quarries east of the coast road. This survey is integral to developing the structural design for the raised residential deck. Without it, the structural engineer cannot proceed. I will discuss these issues with Neil and recommend the appointing of the aforementioned team members so to progress the project. Joe

x Associated Costs Inde ic nom Social, Environmental, Eco

Love, Life & Lobsters

Seeking Additional Funding

To:

neil.hodgson@DPROProjects.gov.orc

cc:

michela.papini@materialamendment.studio; alex.pelaez@materialamendment.studio

Subject:

0146_461110_Additional Funding

From:

joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio

Hi Neil, Weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been in discussion here in the office about ways of gaining additional funding. One of the suggestions was to approach like-minded organisations that would benefit from seeing the project realised (e.g. LILAC received grant for straw-bale wall testing). Additionally, archaeology-related organisations such as the Highlands University will most definitely be interested in the site. As noted in the Manifesto, there are many digs ongoing on Orkney, which operate through receipt of grants. An extensive archaeological dig will be mandatory and our current design will preserve the finds of that dig. We suggest that through providing incentive of a permanent learning/resource centre within our project, archaeology-related organisations may be interested in providing grants for the project. We should expect these grants will come with conditions, such as the provision of seasonal dig-volunteer accommodation on-site. This example will require programmatic design development between us, the architects and the stakeholders. Joe

To:

joe.bradley@materialamendme...

cc:

michela.papini@materialamendme...; +1

Subject:

re: 0146_461110_Additional Funding

From:

neil.hodgson@DPROProjects.gov.orc

Joe, Thanks for your idea about the funding paths. Weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve been in touch with the Orkney Archaeological Society and they are open to the idea of providing a grant with some terms, including on-site accommodation. Neil

rategy Long-Term Funding St ght Additional Funding Sou

Democratic People’s Republic of Orkney Local Business Investors, seeking commercial opportunity

Former Central UK Government

Council Tax & Other Internal Streams

‘Development & Infrastructure’ Budget

Additional Grants & Investments

Archaeology & Sustainability Grants LIFE, LOVE & LOBSTERS Model Community Pre-Construction Post-Construction

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ey Current ‘Digs’ on Orknthem??? e for Revenue Stream - provid

Sale of byproducts

Home-Rental/ Community Membership

Love, Life & Lobsters

Stilted Development

To:

neil.hodgson@DPROProjects.gov.orc

cc:

michela.papini@materialamendment.studio; alex.pelaez@materialamendment.studio

Subject:

0146_461115_Stilts & Piling

From:

joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio

Dear Neil, We’ve been in touch with a specialist who has practised the use of stilted architecture before. Please read the following for a summary of our findings... • Must specify material choice and talk with structural engineer in order for them to ascertain pile loading. This will more refined decision of foundation type. • If we choose to use piled foundations, we need to use two different types for the onshore and offshore buildings. The onshore buildings are close to archaeological remains and will be easily damaged by vibration. Bored pile foundations have cause less vibration, but are not useful underwater. Offshore we must use driven piles, which are more easily installed in unstable ground (O’Sullivan, 2010). • We advise you to approach a borehole sampling contractor in order to make drill test holes. Structural engineer will then analyse and quantify. • We advise ASAP that you approach an archaeological surveyor to carry out extensive, measured survey of the onshore site. • We must engage with relevant stakeholders, UNESCO, Historic Environment Scotland to gather their thoughts on our approach and whether we are desigining in a sensitive-enough manner that will not cause ‘harm’. Kind regards, Joe Joe Bradley Director @ Studio Material Amendment Email: joe.bradley@materialamendment.studio Web: www.materialamendment.studio Tel: 07879994097

Figure 15: Examples of stilted architecture by this specialist

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Figure 14: Me

levels of with varying

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Meeting the Ground blocks tion through Residential Sec

PART III Next Steps

2046

2047

2048

2049

Strategic Development

Preparation & Brief

1 2 Concept Design 3 Spatial Coordination

Competition Period

4 Technical Design Site Prep.

Ground Works

5 Manuf. & Construction

Handover

Revise according to pre-app feedback

Use

4 Technical Design Archaeological Dig & Ground Sampling

Site Prep.

Check archaeology and finalise permissions

Resubmit PA?

Revised Submission Granted

Extended Consultation Period w. Refugees

Allow for time for Material Amendment that come from consultation

Submit Outline Planning Application

Pre-app feedback, ECI through PCSA

Submit for pre-app advice

3 Spatial Coordination Appoint core project team

Internal Client Brief Development

Ground Works

5 Manuf. & Constr

n of Mapped Against RIBA Pla

Work (2020)

2050

Pre Building-Contract Works

INDUSTRIAL WORKS SBCC Design & Build Contract, with ECI through PCSA

RESIDENTIAL WORKS SBCC Traditional Lump Sum (Fixed Price) Contract, with ECI through PCSA

Handover

Use

7 4 Technical Design Site Prep.

Ground Works

5 Manuf. & Construction

Handover

Use

Begin deconstructing temporary housing

7 Move refugees to permanent housing

ruction

Gantt Chart:

COMMUNITY WORKS SBCC Traditional Lump Sum (Fixed Price) Contract, with ECI through PCSA * Stage 4 of this contract to commence 2 calendar months following practical completion of ‘Residential’ contract

Concluding Summary Love, Life & Lobsters demonstrates the need for happy, well-fed and localised communities, in the current (and worsening) socio-political climate. The project premise is set in a fantastical, far-away context. However, Volume 1 examines the social, political and environmental issues that have led to this scenario. Volume 2 provides a sustainable strategy for the physical manifestation of the project. Volume 3 explains the logistics behind the delivery of the project. From presenting the initial ‘call for architects’ and brief on the first page of the Volume 1, each page thereafter develops upon and refines the previous in a manner that makes this fantastical, far-away project, very real. Since completing the Design Manifesto, the project has naturally developed through both architectural and programmatic design. This includes, various material testing, physical modelling and a refinement of the spatial programme, traces of which can be found in the second and third Volumes of this Combined Thesis Report. This project seeks to provide design for a self-sufficient community. As detailed in the Environment & Technology Report (Volume 2), this self-sufficiency is not limited to human sustenance, but includes building material, energy consumption and construction processes. Self-sufficiency neglects the time and financial efficiency of mass production, to preserve good environmental conscience. In the architectural profession, time and money are often our client’s main concerns. Thus, it was important to detail the associated costs of design decisions throughout the course of the Management, Practice & Law Report (Volume 3). These ‘costs’ have social, political and environmental (as well as financial) implications and it is during the design process that we may assemble project requirements from all stakeholders to produce the best proposed outcome for all.

The next stage of this project will be to bring together the investigate strands presented throughout this document, to form a composed architectural design response. This will begin in the form of spatial sequence testing and massing experimentation. Symbiosis between these two design tools is key to developing a well-considered, holistic response that will consider the prior research into self-sufficient design, stakeholder requirements and project premise. I would like to finish this document by stating that whilst Love, Life & Lobsters is set in a near-dystopian world, we should acknowledge that the principles of HAPPY, WELL-FED and LOCALISED design discussed are integral to the harmonious living we strive to achieve in the present. No matter the scenario - we have a responsibility, as design professionals, to make places that enable inhabitants to be happy. The subsequent design project that will follow this document will respect this responsibility.

Bibliography

Love, Life & Lobsters

Chapter 1: Design Manifesto Atlanta Preservation (n.d.) An Introduction to Tabby. Available at: http://atlantapreservation.com/buildingmaterials/TabbyInfo.pdf (Acccessed: 10 January 2020). Berners-Lee, M. (2010) How Bad Are Bananas? The Carbon Footprint of Everyything. Great Britain: Profile Books. Bowie, D. (2017) Radical Solutions to the Housing Supply Crisis. Bristol: Policy Press. Bradley, J. (2019) The Pursuit of Happiness. Unpublished MArch dissertation. University of Sheffield. Corson, T. (2004) The Secret Life of Lobsters. USA: HarperCollins. Dovey, K. (1999) Framing Places: Mediating power in built form. London: Routledge. Ellard, C. (2015) Places of the heart: The psychogeography of everyday life. USA: BLP. ‘Episode One’ (2017) Britain’s Ancient Capital: Secrets of Orkney, BBC Television, 2 January. [Online] Available at: https://vimeo.com/222585082 (Accessed: 24 December 2019). Findhorn Foundation (n.d.) About the Findhorn Foundation. Available at:https://www.findhorn.org/about-us/ (Accessed: 10 January 2020). Groat, L. & Wang, D. (2013) Architectural Research Methods. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Historic Scotland (2012) Skara Brae. Scotland: Historic Scotland. Jacobs,J. (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities.Reprint,NewYork:Modern Library,2011. Maslow, A. (1943) ‘A Theor y of Human Motivation’ Psychological Review. 50(4), pp.370-396. Ovid [Online]. Available at: https://www.ovid.com/site/ catalog/journals/index.jsp (Accessed: 28 December 2019). Montgomery, C. (2013) Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design. Reprint, London: Penguin, 2015. National Records of Scotland (2012) 2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland - Release 1C (Part Two). Available at: https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/statistical-bulletins (Accessed: 5 January 2020). Newman, O. (1972) Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design. New York: Macmillan. Oldenburg, R. (1989) The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons, and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community. 3rd Ed, New York: Marlowe & Company, 1999. Orkney Lobster Hatchery (2012) Welcome. Available at: http://www.orkneylobsterhatchery.co.uk/index.html (Accessed: 2 January 2020). Osborne, S. (2017) ‘Orkney Islands ‘to explore leaving UK and Scotland’ after Brexit’, Independent, 2 Jan [Online]. Available at: https://www. independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/orkney-islands-brexit-independence-uk-scotland-a7506281.html (Accessed: 10 January 2020). Reynolds, J. (1983) The Great Paternalist: Titus Salt & the Growth of Ninteenth-century Bradford. Great Britain: The Camelot Press. Snodgrass, A. & Coyne, R. (2006) Interpretation in Architecture: Design as Way of Thinking. Great Britain: Routledge. Thompson, R. (2017) The Materials Sourcebook For Design Professionals. China: Thames & Hudson.

Bibliography

UrbiStat (2020) Municipality of Orkney islands. Available at: https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/uk/demografia/dati-sintesi/orkneyislands/362/4#LnkNoteSummary2_note (Accessed: 10 January 2020). Vanek (n.d.) Available at: https://storyspeaker.wordpress.com/2013/10/20/quote-by-jac-vanek/ (Accessed: 2 January 2020). Wickham-Jones (1998) Orkney: A Historical Guide. Reprint, UK: Burlinn, 2019. Williams, F. (2017) The Nature Fix: Why Nature Makes Us Happier, Healthier and More Creative. USA: W. W. Norton & Company.

Chapter 2: Environment & Technology Atlanta Preservation (n.d.) An Introduction to Tabby. Available at: http://atlantapreservation.com/buildingmaterials/TabbyInfo.pdf (Acccessed: 10 January 2020). Avantaggio, L. (2019) In photos: Orkney’s renewable energy revolution. Available at: https://theferret.scot/orkneys-renewable-energy-revolution/ (Accessed: 04 February 2020). Grahame, A. (2015) ‘This isn’t at all like London’: life in Walter Segal’s self-build ‘anarchist’ estate. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/ sep/16/anarchism-community-walter-segal-self-build-south-london-estate (Accessed: 6 February 2020). Meteoblue (2020) Climate London. Available at: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/london_unitedkingdom_2643743 (Accessed: 04 February 2020). Montgomery, C. (2013) Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design. Reprint, London: Penguin, 2015. Palwyn, M. (2016) Biomimicry in Architecture. London: RIBA. Pelsmakers, S. (2015) The Environmental Design Pocketbook. London: RIBA. Thompson, R. (2017) The Materials Sourcebook For Design Professionals. China: Thames & Hudson.

Chapter 3: Management, Practice & Law Bank of England (2020) Inflation Calculator. [Online] Available at: https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation/inflation-calculator (Accessed: 26 February 2020). Detail (2000) Pavilion at Earth Centre, Doncaster [Online]. Available at: https://inspiration.detail.de/pavilion-at-earth-centre-doncaster-106847. html?lang=en (Accessed: 06 February 2020). Hopkins, B. (2014) Paul Chatterton on Lilac Leeds Co-housing. [Online] Available at: https://transitionnetwork.org/news-and-blog/paul-chattertonon-lilac-leeds-co-housing/ (Accessed: 26 February 2020). 259

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Hopkirk, E. (2017) Vitsoe factory, Leamington Spa [Online] Available at: http://waughthistleton.com/media/press/1710_BD_-_Vitsoe_factory_ Leamington_Spa__Technical__Building_Design.pdf (Accessed: 26 February 2020). Lifetime Homes (2010) Lifetime Homes (LTH Revised Criteria) [Online] Available at: http://www.lifetimehomes.org.uk/data/files/For_Professionals/ accessible_revisedlthstandard_final.pdf (Accessed: 26 February 2020). Lupton, S. (2000) Architect’s Job Book. 7th Edition, London: RIBA. Lupton, S., et. al. (2007) Which Contract? 4th Edition, London: RIBA. McCoy, F. (2019) Lifecycle Cost And Impact By Rczm Building Life Cycle Analysis Spread [Online] Available at: https://golagoon.com/building-lifecycle-cost-analysis-spreadsheet/lifecycle-cost-and-impact-by-rczm-building-life-cycle-analysis-spread/ (Accessed: 26 February 2020). O’Sullivan, M., et. al. (2010) Renewability of geothermal resources. Geothermics, 39, 314–320 [Online] Available at: https://www.researchgate. net/publication/251584081_Renewability_of_geothermal_resources (Accessed: 26 February 2020). Orkney Islands Council (2019) Revenue Budget: 2019/20. [Online] Available at: https://www.orkney.gov.uk/Files/Council/Performance%20and%20 Statistics/Revenue-Estimates/Revenue_Estimates_2019_2020.pdf (Accessed: 26 February 2020). Priest, I. (2019) Boating museum is a breath of fresh air in the Lake District. [Online] Available at: https://www.ribaj.com/buildings/review-carmodygroarke-windermere-jetty-museum-lake-district-boats-copper-cladding-isabelle-priest (Accessed: 26 February 2020). RIBA (2010) RIBA Handbook of Architectural Practice and Management. 8th Edition, London: RIBA. RIBA (2020) RIBA Plan of Work 2020. [Online] Available at: https://www.architecture.com/-/media/GatherContent/Test-resources-page/ Additional-Documents/2020RIBAPlanofWorkoverviewpdf.pdf (Accessed: 28 February 2020). RIBA (2018) Guide to RIBA Professional Services Contracts 2018. London: RIBA. RIBA (2019) RIBA: Code of Practice. [Online] Available at: https://www.architecture.com/-/media/GatherContent/Work-with-Us/AdditionalDocuments/RIBA-Code-of-Practice--May-2019pdf.pdf (Accessed: 26 February 2020). Rodriguez, J. (2019) Public-Private Partnership Pros and Cons. [Online] Available at: https://www.thebalancesmb.com/public-private-partnershippros-and-cons-844713 (Accessed: 26 February 2020). Trespa (2020) Meteon Material Properties Specification Sheet. [Online] Available at: https://www.trespa.info/en/documents/Meteon/Panelmaterial-properties?r=12 (Accessed: 26 February 2020). UK Government (2015) The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 [Online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ uksi/2015/51/contents/made (Accessed: 26 February 2020). Welch, A. (2020) Maggie’s Cancer Caring Centres : New Buildings. [Online] Available at: https://www.e-architect.co.uk/england/maggies-cancercaring-centres (Accessed: 26 February 2020).

Bibliography

261

List of Figures

Love, Life & Lobsters (all images without Figure reference are author’s own.)

Chapter 1: Design Manifesto Figure 1: Oldenburg, R. (1989) The Great Good Place: Cafes, Coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons, and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community. 3rd Ed, New York: Marlowe & Company, 1999. Figure 2: Collage of various book covers, author’s own. Figure 3: Google (2020) Portree Harbour [Online]. Available at: https://www.google.com/maps (Accessed: 10 January 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 4: Stoessell, F. et. al. (2012) Life Cycle Inventory and Carbon and Water Footprint of Fruits and Vegetables. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(6), 3253-3262. doi: 10.1021/es/2030577. Figure 5: Audsley, E. et. al. (2009) How Low Can We Go? An Assessment of Greenhouse Emissions From the UK Food System End and The Scope To Reduce Them By 2050. Cranfield University, UK. Figure 6: World Nuclear Association (2011) Comparison of Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Various Electricity Generation Sources. Available at: http://www.world-nuclear.org/uploadedFiles/org/WNA/Publications/Working_Group_Reports/comparison_of_lifecycle.pdf (Accessed: 20 January 2020). Figure 7: Berners-Lee, M. (2010) How Bad Are Bananas? The Carbon Footprint of Everyything. Great Britain: Profile Books, p100. Figure 8: Historic Scotland (2012) Skara Brae. Scotland: Historic Scotland. Figure 9: National Records of Scotland (2012) 2011 Census: First Results on Population and Household Estimates for Scotland - Release 1C (Part Two). Available at: https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/statistical-bulletins (Accessed: 5 January 2020). Figure 10: UrbiStat (2020) Municipality of Orkney islands. Available at: https://ugeo.urbistat.com/AdminStat/en/uk/demografia/dati-sintesi/orkneyislands/362/4#LnkNoteSummary2_note (Accessed: 10 January 2020). Figure 11: ibid. Figure 12: City Population (2019) Scotland. Available at: https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/scotland/ (Accessed: 5 January 2020). Figure 13: Orkney Fisheries (n.d.) ‘Man Holding Lobsters’, [Online]. Available at: https://www.orkneyfisheries.com/photos-from-orkney-libraryand-arch (Accessed: 10 January 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 14: Orkney Fisherman’s Society (n.d.) History Timeline. Available at: https://orkneycrab.co.uk/history-timeline/ (Accessed: 10 December 2019). Figure 15: Orkney Lobster Hatchery (2012) Aquaculture. Available at: http://www.orkneylobsterhatchery.co.uk/index.html (Accessed: 27 December 2019) [Photograph]. Figure 16: Orkney Lobster Hatchery (2012) Aquaculture. Available at: http://www.orkneylobsterhatchery.co.uk/restocking.html (Accessed: 27 December 2019) [Illust.]. Figure 17: Odyssey: Adventures in Archaeology (n.d.) ‘Plan of Skara Brae’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.odysseyadventures.ca/articles/ skarabrae/skarabrae_article.htm (Accessed: 15 December 2019) [Illust.]. Figure 18: Google (2020) Bay of Skaill [Online]. Available at: https://www.google.com/maps (Accessed: 10 January 2020) [Photograph].

List of Figures

Figure 19: Orkney.com (2020) ‘Aerial View of the Bay of Skaill’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.orkney.com/listings/bay-of-skaill (Accessed 15 January 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 20: Digimap (2020) Geology of Scotland. [Online] Available at: https://digimap.edina.ac.uk (Accessed: 10 January 2020). Figure 21: Thompson, R. (2017) The Materials Sourcebook For Design Professionals. China: Thames & Hudson, p.312-313. Figure 22: Thompson, R. (2017) The Materials Sourcebook For Design Professionals. China: Thames & Hudson, p.310. Figure 23: Tabby Concrete (n.d.) Tabby Concrete [Online]. Available at: https://www.123rf.com/photo_124069615_composed-of-primarily-oystershells--sand-this-tabby-wall-at-fort-frederica-on-st-simons-island-geor.html (Accessed: 10 January 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 24: Montana Earth Home (2017) Building Off the Grid, Discovery Channel, 12 December. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=92_wjZHPCl0 (Accessed: 10 January 2020). Figure 25: Discovery (2020) ‘Montana Earth Home’ [Online] Available at: http://sales.discovery.com/programs/building-off-the-grid-montanaearth-home (Accessed: 15 January 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 26: McLaren, T. (2012) ‘Foundation marks 50 years of alternative living’, Forres Gazette, 14 November [Online]. Available at: https://www. forres-gazette.co.uk/news/foundation-marks-50-years-of-alternative-living-113810/ (Accessed: 10 January 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 27: Stirn, A. (n.d.) The Formula for Lobster Shell [Online]. Available at: https://www.mpg.de/5720889/W004_Materials-Technology_072-079. pdf (Accessed: 10 January 2020), p.76-77 [illust.]. Figure 28: Carmody Groarke (2019) ‘Windermere Jetty Museum & Boathouse’ [Online]. Available at: https://arcspace.com/feature/windermerejetty-museum-carmody-groarke/ (Accessed: 10 January 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 29: LILAC (2017) Lilac Grove [Online]. Available at: https://www.lilac.coop/resources/ (Accessed: 17 January 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 30: ibid. Figure 31: Michiel van Overbeek, View of Margate, Kent, ca. 1663–66, drawing, 10.7 x 21.3 cm. Collection of The British Museum (11929,0511.22) Available at: https://www.britishartstudies.ac.uk/issues/issue-index/issue-10/conversation-landscape-now (Accessed: 10 January 2020) [Drawing]. Figure 32: Turner, J. M. W. (c. 1822) ‘Margate’, Painting. Collection of The Yale Centre for British Art. Available at: https://fineartamerica.com/ featured/1-margate-jmw-turner.html?product=canvas-print (Accessed: 20 January 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 33: Hall, J. (1777) ‘map of the Isle of Thanet’, [Online]. Available at: https://www.margatelocalhistory.co.uk/DocRead/Before%20seabathing%20 Chap%201.html (Accessed: 10 January 2020) [Drawing]. Figure 34: Lewis, J. (1736) ‘Margate in 1736’, [Online]. Available at: https://www.margatelocalhistory.co.uk/DocRead/Before%20seabathing%20 Chap%201.html (Accessed: 10 January 2020) [Drawing]. Figure 35: England, C. (2016) ‘Views of Margate’, [Online] Available at: https://www.insidehousing.co.uk/insight/insight/heaven-kent--margatesregeneration-50912 (Accessed: 10 January 2020) [Photograph]. 265

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Chapter 2: Environment & Technology Figure 1: Detail (2000) Pavilion at Earth Centre, Doncaster [Online]. Available at: https://inspiration.detail.de/pavilion-at-earth-centredoncaster-106847.html?lang=en (Accessed: 06 February 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 2: LILAC (2017) Lilac Grove [Online]. Available at: https://www.lilac.coop/resources/ (Accessed: 17 January 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 3: Discovery (2020) ‘Montana Earth Home’ [Online] Available at: http://sales.discovery.com/programs/building-off-the-grid-montanaearth-home (Accessed: 15 January 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 4: Atlas of Places (2018) Shelter at Chur [Online] Available at: https://www.atlasofplaces.com/architecture/shelter-roman-archaeologicalsite/ (Accessed: 05 February 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 5: Grahame, A. (2015) ‘This isn’t at all like London’: life in Walter Segal’s self-build ‘anarchist’ estate. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/ cities/2015/sep/16/anarchism-community-walter-segal-self-build-south-london-estate (Accessed: 06 February 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 6: Tabby Concrete (n.d.) Tabby Concrete [Online]. Available at: https://www.123rf.com/photo_124069615_composed-of-primarilyoyster-shells--sand-this-tabby-wall-at-fort-frederica-on-st-simons-island-geor.html (Accessed: 10 January 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 7: Architype (2015) The Enterprise Centre [Online] Available at: https://www.architype.co.uk/project/the-enterprise-centre-uea/ (Accessed: 01 February 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 8: Orkney.com (2020) ‘Aerial View of the Bay of Skaill’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.orkney.com/listings/bay-of-skaill (Accessed 15 January 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 9: Author’s own, drawn using data from Autodesk Flow Design. Figure 10: Meteoblue (2020) Climate Orkney. Available at: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/59.051N3.333E (Accessed: 06 February 2020) [Illust.]. Figure 11: Meteoblue (2020) Climate Orkney. Available at: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/orkney_ united-kingdom_8299623 (Accessed: 06 February 2020) [Illust.]. Figure 12: Author’s own, drawn using data from Autodesk Formit. Figure 13: Author’s own, drawn from: Historic Environment Scotland (2019) ‘Climate Risk Assessment for the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site’, p.34 [Online] Available at: https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/publications/ publication/?publicationId=c6f3e971-bd95-457c-a91d-aa77009aec69 (Accessed: 06 February 2020) [Illust.]. Figure 14: Author’s own, drawn from: Historic Environment Scotland (2019) ‘Climate Risk Assessment for the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site’, p.34 [Online] Available at: https://www.historicenvironment.scot/archives-and-research/publications/ publication/?publicationId=c6f3e971-bd95-457c-a91d-aa77009aec69 (Accessed: 06 February 2020) [Illust.].

List of Figures

Chapter 3: Management, Practice & Law Figure 1: Detail (2000) Pavilion at Earth Centre, Doncaster [Online]. Available at: https://inspiration.detail.de/pavilion-at-earth-centredoncaster-106847.html?lang=en (Accessed: 06 February 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 2: LILAC (2017) Lilac Grove [Online]. Available at: https://www.lilac.coop/resources/ (Accessed: 17 January 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 3: Hunter, K. (2020) ‘Unsettling approach: Maggie’s Forth Valley by Garbers & James’ [Online] Available at: https://www.architectsjournal. co.uk/buildings/unsettling-approach-maggies-forth-valley-by-garbers-and-james/10019355.article (Accessed: 26 February 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 4: Vitsœ (2017) Vitsoe factory, Leamington Spa [Online] Available at: http://waughthistleton.com/media/press/1710_BD_-_Vitsoe_ factory_Leamington_Spa__Technical__Building_Design.pdf (Accessed: 26 February 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 5: ArchDaily (2020) Trespa® Meteon® Cladding Panels - Wood Decors Collection. [Online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/catalog/ us/products/10132/trespa-meteon-cladding-panels-wood-decors-collection-trespa/93760 (Accessed: 26 February 2020) [Photograph]. Figure 6: Thompson, R. (2017) The Materials Sourcebook For Design Professionals. China: Thames & Hudson, p.313 [Photograph]. Figure 7: Author’s own, drawn from McCoy, F. (2019) Lifecycle Cost And Impact By Rczm Building Life Cycle Analysis Spread [Online] Available at: https://golagoon.com/building-life-cycle-cost-analysis-spreadsheet/lifecycle-cost-and-impact-by-rczm-building-life-cycle-analysis-spread/ (Accessed: 26 February 2020) [Illust.]. Figure 8: Author’s own, drawn using data from Burton, C. A. (2002) A Preliminary Study of the Costs of Operating a Lobster Hatchery in Orkney and the Development of an Economic Model for Future Hatchery Programmes. [Online] Available at: https://seafish.org/media/ Publications/SR486.pdf (Accessed: 26 February 2020) [Illust.]. Figure 9: Orkney Lobster Hatchery (2012) Aquaculture. Available at: http://www.orkneylobsterhatchery.co.uk/index.html (Accessed: 27 December 2019) [Photograph]. Figure 10: Author’s own, drawn using data from Lupton, S., et. al. (2007) Which Contract? 4th Edition, London: RIBA. [Illust.]. Figure 11: Author’s own, drawn from Lupton, S., et. al. (2007) Which Contract? 4th Edition, London: RIBA, p.45. [Illust.]. Figure 12: Author’s own, drawn from Pellegrini-Masini, G., et. al. (2003) ‘Whole life costing of domestic energy demand reduction technologies: Householder perspectives’ in Construction Management & Economics, 21, 345–56. [Online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/ profile/Giuseppe_Pellegrini-Masini/publication/46529066_Whole_life_costing_of_domestic_energy_demand_reduction_technologies_ Householder_perspectives/links/572c55b208aef5d48d334137.pdf?origin=publication_detail (Accessed: 25th February 2017) [Illust.]. Figure 13: Author’s own, drawn from Lupton, S., et. al. (2007) Which Contract? 4th Edition, London: RIBA, pp.40-41. [Illust.]. Figure 14: Waterstudio (2017) Inhabitat interview: Koen Olthuis of Waterstudio.nl talks about design for a Water World [Online] Available at: https://www.waterstudio.nl/tag/waterstudio/page/13/ (Accessed: 26 February 2020). [Illust.]. Figure 15: Waterstudio (2017) ‘Waterpark’ & ‘Floating Villas’ [Online] Available at: https://www.waterstudio.nl/projects/ (Accessed: 26 February 2020). [Photograph & Illust.].

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