science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6542/566/suppl/DC1
Supplementary Materials for
Mapping out a future for ungulate migrations
Matthew J. Kauffman1*, Francesca Cagnacci2, Simon Chamaillé-Jammes3,4,5, Mark Hebblewhite6, J. Grant C. Hopcraft7, Jerod A. Merkle8, Thomas Mueller9,10, Atle Mysterud11 , Wibke Peters12,13, Christiane Roettger14, Alethea Steingisser15, James E. Meacham15, Kasahun Abera16, Jan Adamczewski17, Ellen O. Aikens18,19,20, Hattie Bartlam-Brooks21, Emily Bennitt22 , Joel Berger23,24, Charlotte Boyd25, Steeve D. Côté26, Lucie Debeffe27, Andrea S. Dekrout14 , Nandintsetseg Dejid9, Emiliano Donadio28, Luthando Dziba29, William F. Fagan30, Claude Fischer31, Stefano Focardi32, John M. Fryxell33, Richard W.S. Fynn22 , Chris Geremia34, Benito
A. González35, Anne Gunn36, Elie Gurarie30, Marco Heurich37,38, Jodi Hilty39, Mark Hurley40 , Aran Johnson41, Kyle Joly42, Petra Kaczensky43,44,45, Corinne J. Kendall46, Pavel Kochkarev47 , Leonid Kolpaschikov48, Rafał Kowalczyk49, Frank van Langevelde50, Binbin V. Li51, Alex L. Lobora52, Anne Loison53, Tinaapi H. Madiri54, David Mallon55,56, Pascal Marchand57, Rodrigo A. Medellin14,58, Erling Meisingset59, Evelyn Merrill60, Arthur D. Middleton61, Kevin L. Monteith62 , Malik Morjan63,64, Thomas A. Morrison7, Steffen Mumme2,65, Robin Naidoo66, Andres Novaro67 , Joseph O. Ogutu68,69, Kirk A. Olson70, Alfred Oteng-Yeboah14,71, Ramiro J.A. Ovejero72,73 , Norman Owen-Smith74, Antti Paasivaara75, Craig Packer76, Danila Panchenko77, Luca Pedrotti78 , Andrew J. Plumptre79, Christer M. Rolandsen43, Sonia Said80, Albert Salemgareyev81, Aleksandr Savchenko82, Piotr Savchenko82, Hall Sawyer83, Moses Selebatso84, Matthew Skroch85, Erling Solberg43, Jared A. Stabach86, Olav Strand43, Michael J. Suitor87, Yasuyuki Tachiki88, Anne Trainor89, Arnold Tshipa90,91, Munir Z. Virani92, Carly Vynne93, Stephanie Ward94, George Wittemyer23, Wenjing Xu61, Steffen Zuther94
*Corresponding author: Email: mkauffm1@uwyo.edu
Published 7 May 2021, Science 372, 566 (2021) DOI: 10.1126/science.abf0998
This PDF file includes:
Author Affiliations
Materials and Methods
Supplementary Text
Figs. S1 and S2
References
Acknowledgments
Affiliations:
1U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
2Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy.
3CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France.
4Department of Zoology & Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
5LTSER France, Zone Atelier “Hwange”, Hwange National Park, Bag 62, Dete, Zimbabwe.
6Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
7Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine (IBAHCM), University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
8Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
9Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
10Department of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60323 Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
11Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
12Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Department for Conservation, Biodiversity and Wildlife Management, 85354 Freising, Germany.
13Technical University of Munich, Wildlife Biology and Management Unit, Hans-Carl-vonCarlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
14Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), 53113 Bonn, Germany.
15InfoGraphics Lab, Department of Geography, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
16German Technical Cooperation (GIZ), Biodiversity and Forestry Programme in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
17Wildlife Division, Environment and Natural Resources, Government of Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT, X1A 2L9 Canada.
18Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany.
19Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
20Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78468 Konstanz, Germany.
21Structure and Motion Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK.
22Okavango Research Institute, University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana.
23Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
24Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, 10460, USA.
25International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), North America Office, Washington, DC 20009, USA.
26Département de biologie, Caribou Ungava & Centre d'études nordiques, Université Laval, Québec (QC), G1V 0A6, Canada.
27Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
28Fundación Rewilding Argentina, Estancia La Ascensión, Los Antiguos, Santa Cruz 9041, Argentina.
29Conservation Services, South African National Parks, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
30Department of Biology, University of Maryland, MD, 20742, USA.
31University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Department of Nature Management, 1274, Jussy, Switzerland.
32Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi del CNR, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
33Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario (BIO), Center for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2WI, Canada.
34Yellowstone Center for Resources, Yellowstone National Park, Mammoth Hot Springs, WY 82190, USA.
35Laboratorio de Ecología de Vida Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
36Circum-Arctic Rangifer Monitoring and Assessment, Salt Spring Island, British Columbia, V8K 1V1, Canada.
37Department of Visitor Management and National Park Monitoring, Bavarian Forest National Park, 94481, Grafenau, Germany.
38Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
39Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, Canmore, AB T1W 1P6, Canada.
40Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Boise, ID, 83712, USA.
41Southern Ute Indian Tribe, Division of Wildlife Resource Management, Ignacio, CO, 81137 USA.
42Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve, Arctic Inventory and Monitoring Network, National Park Service, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99709, USA.
43Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway.
44Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
45Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, NO-2480, Koppang, Norway.
46North Carolina Zoo Department of Conservation, Education, and Science, 4401 Zoo Parkway, Asheboro, NC, 27205, USA.
47Central Siberia Nature Reserve "Tsentralnosibirsky", Krasnoyarsk Krai, 648368, Russia.
48Federal State Budgetary Institution "Reserves of Taimyr", Norilsk, 663305, Russia.
49Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland.
50Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
51Environmental Research Centre, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, 215316, China.
52Directorate of Research Development and Coordination, Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, P.O Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania.
53Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France.
54Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe.
55Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
56IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland.
57Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui Scientifique, Unité Ongules Sauvages, "Les portes du Soleil", F-34990 Juvignac, France.
58Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
59Department of Forestry and Forestry resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, NO-6630, Tingvoll, Norway.
60Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada.
61Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94709, USA.
62Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82072, USA.
63Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism, Jebel Lemon, Juba, South Sudan.
64Department of Environmental Studies, School of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan.
65Department of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
66WWF-US, 1250 24th Street NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
67 Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente (INIBIOMA)-Consejo
Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET)-Universidad del Comahue and Wildlife Conservation Society-Argentina, 8371 Neuquén, Argentina.
68Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
69Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, Tanzania.
70Wildlife Conservation Society, Mongolia Country Program, Ulaanbaatar-14200, Mongolia.
71Council for Scientific and Industrial Research - Ghana, Wildlife Division, Forestry Commission of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
72Instituto de Ecología Regional (IER), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas (CONICET), CCT-CONICET-TUCUMAN, Tucumán, Argentina.
73Laboratorio de Ecología Conductual, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Austral de Chile (UACH)-Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT), Valdivia, Chile.
74Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050 South Africa.
75Natural Resources Institute Finland, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland.
76Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
77Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 185910 Petrozavodsk, Russia.
78Stelvio National Park, 23032 Bormio (SO), Italy.
79Key Biodiversity Area Secretariat, c/o BirdLife International, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK.
80Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction de la Recherche et de l'Appui Scientifique, “Montfort”, 01330 Birieux, France.
81Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan (ACBK), Nur-Sultan, 010000 Kazakhstan.
82Department of Wildlife Resource Studies and Reserve Management, Institute of Ecology and Geography, Siberian Federal University, 660041, Krasnoyarsk, pr. Svobodnyi, Russia.
83Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Laramie, WY, 82072, USA.
84Kalahari Research and Conservation Trust, Gaborone, Botswana.
85The Pew Charitable Trusts, Portland, OR, 97201, USA.
86Smithsonian National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Conservation Ecology Center, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
87Fish and Wildlife Branch, Environment Yukon, Government of Yukon, Dawson City, Yukon, Y0B 1G0, Canada.
88Rakuno Gakuen University, 069-8501 Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.
89The Nature Conservancy, Africa Program, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
90Wilderness Safaris, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.
91Department of Forestry Resources and Wildlife Management, National University of Science and Technology, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe.
92The Peregrine Fund, Boise, ID 83709, USA.
93Osprey Insights, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA.
94Frankfurt Zoological Society, Altyn Dala Conservation Initiative, 60316 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Supplementary Text: Threats to wildebeest migration in Kenya
In Kenya’s Kajiado County the wildebeest population migrating between the Nairobi National Park (117 km2, 1º 20′ -1º 26′ S and 36º 50′-36º 58′ E) and the adjoining Athi-Kaputiei Plains (2200 km2) decreased by 98% from 30,000 animals by 1978 to 509 by 2014 (1, 2). Migratory wildebeest in the neighbouring Amboseli ecosystem also declined by 83% from 16,292 in 1977 to 2,738 in 2011 (3). The collapse of both wildebeest migrations was concurrent with range contractions driven by extreme land fragmentation and transformations. Wildebeest were especially vulnerable to the anthropogenic impacts in their wet season dispersal ranges located outside the four protected areas in Kajiado County (1, 2)
Materials and Methods:
Collection of wildlife movement data
Barren-ground caribou Barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) have been monitored by the Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT) with GPS/ARGOS satellite radio collars since 1996. Collaring takes place in late winter (usually March), primarily via helicopter net gunning; no drugs are used. The captures are under a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) and capture permits are supervised by an Animal Care Committee that includes a wildlife veterinarian. Over the period of monitoring, the duty cycles have ranged from one per day or every 3-5 days (early satellite collars), to every hour (more recent collars). The map in Figure S2 aggregates the tracks of 937 individuals from seven major herds spanning 1996 km west to east in northern North America. The data are archived and regularly updated on Movebank (https://www.movebank.org/cms/movebank-content/arctic-animal-movementarchive#citation) and as part of the Arctic Animal Movement Archive (AAMA) (4) Information on existing and proposed roads in the NWT was provided by the GNWT Department of Infrastructure.
Red deer Red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Switzerland (Fig. 1) were captured in autumn and winter with a dart gun from a vehicle. All individuals were fitted with an ear tag and a GPS collar (5). Deer were captured by official gamekeepers based on standard protocols approved by
the Federal office of the environment. The single individual trajectory is archived in Movebank (https://www.movebank.org/cms/webapp?gwt_fragment=page=studies,path=study1469693468) The red deer in Stelvio National Park (Italy) was captured in October 2009 by free range darting from a vehicle. The female deer was marked with an ear tag and a GPS collar with reflectors, according to standard protocols approved by the National Wildlife Institute. The single individual trajectory (Fig. S2) is archived on Movebank (https://www.movebank.org/cms/webapp?gwt_fragment=page=studies,path=study1469680858)
African elephant
The elephant (Loxodonta africana) shown in Figure S2 was anesthetized by a veterinarian from the ground and equipped with a GPS collar in November 2012, under permit #15/2012 from the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife. Data are available on Movebank (Study ID: "African elephant (Migration) Chamaillé-Jammes Hwange NP", Animal ID: "AWT_545", https://www.movebank.org/cms/webapp?gwt_fragment=page=studies,path=study307786785).
Mule deer The mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) movement data shown in Figure 1 were first collected in 2011 for a study of migration tactics (6). The high-use corridor was delineated from movement data following the approach of Sawyer et al. (7). In 2016, the Wyoming Game and Fish Department designated this corridor as vital habitat according to state policy (8). A description of the spatial data and analyses necessary to generate the migration lines and designated corridor files are available in a 2020 report by the US Geological Survey (9), and the data are publically available through the USGS ScienceBase archive (10) These migration data are also viewable as a dynamic map at https://westernmigrations.net.
Oil and gas leasing data displayed in Figure 1 were compiled by The Wilderness Society, sourced from the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Navigator (11) and EnergyNet (12), which is a marketplace for oil and gas transactions. In the 3rd quarter of 2019, the BLM deferred 5674 ha (14,020 acres) of oil and gas leases within this high-use mule deer corridor (13)
Pronghorn The pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) corridor depicted in Figure 1 has been a focal point for the conservation of migration in the western U.S. for nearly two decades (14, 15). The corridor delineation was included in a revision to the Bridger-Teton Forest Plan in 2008 (16) and is redrawn from (17) with permission.
Wildebeest The wildebeest data in this article (Fig S1, panel 1) represent a selection of animals from a long-term GPS collaring study (1999-present) managed by the Serengeti Biodiversity Program. Reproductively active female wildebeest from the Serengeti ecosystem were fitted with GPS collars (Followit, formerly ‘Televilt,’ GSM or Iridium transmitters). Animals were immobilized by professional wildlife veterinarians from the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI) and the Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA) using an injectable dart containing 4-6 mg of etorphine and 80–100 mg of azaperone, shot from a stationary vehicle using a CO2 charged Tel-Inject rifle. Professional wildlife veterinarians followed the handling and animal care protocols established by TAWIRI with permissions from the Tanzania Commission of Science and Technology (permit no: 2021-033-NA-2007-034). The datasets presented in this study are available on the Movebank Data Repository (www.movebank.org, Study ID 409031855) with approval from JGC Hopcraft.
Lions The lion data presented in this article (Fig. S1, panel 2) come from the long-term Serengeti Lion Project managed by Craig Packer. The data represent the movement of a nomadic male lion (CV37) who was GPS tracked from 16-Apr-06 to 3-Mar-07. The animal was immobilized by veterinarians from the Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI) and Tanzania National Parks (TANAPA) with permission from the Tanzania Commission of Science and Technology and IACUC permit 0801A24001 from the University of Minnesota. The lion was captured using an injectable dart using a DanInject rifle from a stationary research vehicle. The collar was removed after the study using the same procedure. The data are available on Movebank (www.movebank.org, Study ID 1473348957).
Vultures The vulture data presented in this article (Fig. S1, panel 3) come from research conducted by Corinne Kendall and Munir Virani in the Masai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. All vultures were captured at baited carcass sites using nooses by qualified animal handlers from Princeton University and the Peregrine Fund. Vultures were fitted with backpack-attached GSMGPS transmitters providing 4-6 points per day between May 2009 and March 2011. Backpack harnesses perish over time and drop off the animal, leaving it free to live naturally. Permission for the research was granted from the Kenya National Commission for Science, Technology & Innovation (NACOSTI, permit no NCST/5/002/R/448), and received IACUC approval from Princeton University protocol no 1751. Data were previously published in Kendall et al. (18) and can be accessed on the Movebank Data Repository (www.movebank.org, Study ID 5465787) by request to C. Kendall.
Base Map Data Base data for maps were sourced from Esri, Natural Earth Data, and Open Street Map. Protected area data were sourced from UNEP-WCMC and IUCN, Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA)/The Global Database on Protected Areas Management Effectiveness, Cambridge, UK. Available online at: www.protectedplanet.net.
References and Notes
1. Ogutu, J.O., Owen-Smith, N., Piepho, H. P., Said, M. Y., Kifugo, S. C., Reid, R. S., & Andanje, S.. Changing wildlife populations in Nairobi National Park and adjoining AthiKaputiei Plains: collapse of the migratory wildebeest. The Open Conservation Biology Journal, 7(1) (2013
2. Said, M. Y., Ogutu, J. O., Kifugo, S. C., Makui, O., Reid, R. S., & de Leeuw, J., Effects of extreme land fragmentation on wildlife and livestock population abundance and distribution. Journal for Nature Conservation, 34, 151-164 (2016).
3. Ogutu, J. O., Piepho, H. P., Said, M. Y., & Kifugo, S. C., Herbivore dynamics and range contraction in Kajiado County Kenya: climate and land use changes, population pressures, governance, policy and human-wildlife conflicts. The Open Ecology Journal, 7(1) (2014)
4. Davidson SC, Bohrer G, Gurarie E, LaPoint S, Mahoney PJ, Boelman NT, Eitel JUH, Prugh LR, Vierling LA, Jennewein J, et al., Ecological insights from three decades of animal movement tracking across a changing Arctic. Science 370:712–715 (2020).
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5. Fischer, C., Ranzoni, J., Assessment of the functionality of wildlife corridors used by red deer in the Geneva basin Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen, 168: 299–304 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3188/szf.2017.0299
6. Sawyer, H., A. D. Middleton, M. M. Hayes, M. J. Kauffman, and K. L. Monteith, The extra mile: Ungulate migration distance alters the use of seasonal range and exposure to anthropogenic risk. Ecosphere 7(10):e01534 (2016) https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1534
7. Sawyer, H., M. J. Kauffman, R. N. Nielson, and J. S. Horne, Identifying and prioritizing ungulate migration routes for landscape-level conservation. Ecological Applications
19:2016–2025 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2034.1
8. Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD), Ungulate migration corridor strategy. Cheyenne, WY: WGFD (2016) Available at
https://wgfd.wyo.gov/WGFD/media/content/PDF/Habitat/Habitat%20Information/Ungul ate-Migration-Corridor-Strategy_Final_012819.pdf
9. Kauffman, M.J., Copeland, H.E., Berg, J., Bergen, S., Cole, E., Cuzzocreo, M., Dewey, S., Fattebert, J., Gagnon, Gelzer, E., Geremia, C., Graves, T., Hersey, K., Hurley, M., Kaiser, J., Meacham, J., Merkle, J., Middleton, A., Nuñez, T., Oates, B., Olson, D., Olson, L., Sawyer, H., Schroeder, C., Sprague, S., Steingisser, A., Thonhoff, M., Ungulate migrations of the western United States, Volume 1: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2020–5101, 119 p. (2020)
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13. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 2019: https://eplanning.blm.gov/public_projects/nepa/117392/169043/205654/Protest_Decision .Signed.pdf accessed 11.April 2021.
14. Berger, J., The longest mile: how to sustain long distance migration in mammals. Conservation Biology 18:320–332 (2004).
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17. M. J. Kauffman et al., Wild Migrations: Atlas of Wyoming’s Ungulates, Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR (2018).
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Acknowledgments: We are grateful to Natalie Latysh, Emilene Ostlind, Greg Nickerson, and Emily Reed for reading early drafts; Julia Olson for cartographic assistance; Ken Lay for early discussions about GIUM; Ralph Buij for vulture data; and the Government of the Northwest Territories for caribou data. Work in Kenya supported by the Director of the Directorate of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing. Work in Zimbabwe supported by the Director General of the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife ManagementAuthority, the ZoneAtelier LTSER program, and H. Fritz. Red deer data were provided by the Euromammals and Euroreddeer initiatives. Work of DP was carried out under State Order №0218-2019-0080.Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Funding: The GIUM is financially supported by the Knobloch Family Foundation, George B. Storer Foundation, and the Bole and Klingenstein Foundation. Field studies funded by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program #641918 (AfricanBioServices), French ‘Agence Nationale de la Recherche’#ANR-16-CE02-0001-01, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (MORESTEP, #01LC1710Aand #01LC1820A), German Research Foundation (Grant #257734638), Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, NASA#NNX15AW71A, NSF LTREB #1556248, NSF DBI1915347, NSF DEB-9903416, NSF DEB-0343960, NSF DEB1020479, The Peregrine Fund, Princeton University, and the Robert Bosch Foundation. Author contributions: MJK, FC, SCJ, MH, JGCH, JAM, TM,AM, WP and CR conceived of the study and wrote the original manuscript; MJK, SCJ, JGCH, TM, KA, JA, ND, CF,AG, CJK, SM, TAM, KAO, CP, HS,AT, and MZV collected the data; MJK,AS, JEM and EG designed the maps.All others reviewed and edited the manuscript. Competing interests:Authors declare no competing interests. Data and materials availability: none
Migration underpins terrestrial ecosystems. The annual migration of 1.3 million wildebeest, plus several hundred thousand zebra, gazelle, and eland, influence ecological dynamics in the Serengeti ecosystem. This mass migration of herbivores supports a diverse predator and scavenger community that tracks their year-round movements. Migrating wildebeest routinely spill out beyond the boundaries of Serengeti National Park and Masai Mara National Reserve, which were established to protect the ecosystem.
Fig. S2 (additional panels to main map figure)
Ungulate migrations around the world. Animal tracking studies are being conducted around the world, facilitating discovery of previously unknown movements and making it possible to map migration and identify threats with precision.