The Green Book of Zurich by Hayal Oezkan

The Grünbuch Green Book ofStadt ZurichZürich Das der Inteeggral ral ppllan anen n i n–g wi – orkun utcogsorientier me-oriented action int t handeln

The Green Book of Zurich

Int e g ral p l an n i n g – o utco me-oriented action

Grün Stadt Zürich, Office of Parks and Open Spaces Civil Engineering and Waste Management Department of the City of Zurich

Table of Contents

Preface Introduction 7 Future of the City of Zurich 12 Sustainability 16 Environment and Trends 21

Green and Open Spaces

Urban Landscape 31 Parks, Squares and Common Land 37 Designated Open Spaces 43 Cemeteries 46 Allotments and Recreational Gardens 48 Sports Grounds and Swimming Facilities 50 Playgrounds and Schoolyards 52 Green in the Streets 54 Flowing Water 56 Residential and Working Environment 59 Forestry 65 Agriculture 71

Basic principles

Environmental Education

The Company

Biodiversity 79 Environment 85 Provision of Open Space 91 Utilisation of Open Space 97 Design of Open Space and Horticultural heritage 103 Participation and Partnerships 109 Green Knowledge 117 Communications Methods 120 Nature Schools 122 The Succulent Plant Collection 124 The Municipal Botanical Garden and Nursery 126 Nature Experience Park 128 Production and Maintenance in Harmony with Nature 130

The Company 135 Processs Management 136 Corporate Values 140 Resources 141

Appendix Directory of Keywords 144 Glossary and Links 145 List of Sources 151 Imprint and Photographic Credits 155

Urban Pla n n i n g i s A l w a y s G re e n P l a n n i n g Zurich is a green city – and will remain a green city. The careful handling of green spaces is not yet a matter of course in Switzerland, although constricted space in the countryside often is complained about. The city of Zurich has been consistently reinforcing its green credentials for some time now. And it has paid off, as international ranking lists regularly place Zurich in the top spot globally when the quality of life of the inhabitants is assessed. The high quality of the city’s open spaces undoubtedly plays a key role here. The city has a wide diversity of plants and animals: in Zurich nature and urban life are not contradictory. In surveys that are conducted regularly, the city’s population consistently expresses satisfaction with the green facilities on offer and has a high regard for them. However, we should not rest on these laurels as the demands placed on green spaces are constantly changing. The city will continue to grow, particularly due to densification. However there can be no development without the provision of high-quality green and open spaces. The city has again and again been presented with awards for its new parks that have been handed over to the public in recent years. Most recently the areas along the riverbanks have been enhanced substantially. Attention continues to focus on the rivers but the entire length of the riverside should be enjoyed as a local recreational area and at the same time serve as an axis for pedestrian and cycle traffic. This coexistence of land uses is what characterises the urban living space, but this also needs careful planning. This Green Book represents a comprehensive strategy for the city of Zurich’s green and open spaces and for its green knowledge. A good city-wide linking of concepts and aims is needed to ensure that the different paths of urban development do not get in the way of each other. With these stated objectives and specific statements, we will ensure the significance of green space in Zurich – for the good of the urban population and for the good of Nature.

What is more: this comprehensive environmental approach only costs the citizens of Zurich 53 centimes per day. The price of a cup of coffee per week funds all of the parks in Zurich, the riverbanks, the playgrounds, the upkeep of the municipal forests, the city's avenues, the cemeteries, the sports fields, and all other green spaces. Very little money for such a major effect! I hope that you have a lively discussion and debate about the future of green and open spaces in our urban living space.

Martin Waser, City Council

Introducti o n General Integral planning – outcome-orientated action in relation to green and open spaces, basic principles, environmental education as the new corporate culture are new challenges that Grün Stadt Zürich (GSZ), the city of Zurich's Office of Parks and Open Spaces, has set itself. Following the amalgamation of the former Offices for Horticulture, Agriculture and Forestry in 2001, the time is now ripe to take a further integration step. It was an ambitious undertaking to amalgamate these different fields to ensure that they become more transparent and understandable and to facilitate specific aims. The linking of strategic long-term objectives with shorter-term and more specific planning issues is a primary concern. The Green Book is the superior mission statement of GSZ’s concepts and products. The idea of integral planning and result-orientated action was given decisive support by three superordinate processes: > The report on financial compensation between the Confederation and the Cantons urgently recommends an integrated approach to the environmental sector as a whole. It states: “In the environmental, forestry and agriculture sectors, we should distance ourselves from the sector-based approach practised to date and encourage a more coordinated and integrated way of thinking and acting.” > Modification of the organisational structure into a so-called performance-oriented administration management or new public management structure (NPM). > The “City Council Management Model” project defines pan-urban management processes that link the different levels and instrumentally support management. Again here an orientation towards an outcome and an integrated approach is at the forefront.

Objectives and Target Audience of the Green Book The Green Book is targeted at different groups with different objectives: > > > > >

Zurich City Council for political advice and decision-making The City Parliament of Zurich for political advice and opinion-forming Employees of Grün Stadt Zürich as aims and objectives The relevant offices of the City and Canton for consideration in planning The “Verbund Lebensraum Zürich VLZ” (Association for Zurich Living Space) and other partner organisations for discussion and support > Other “environmental bodies” and interested groups for the exchange of information > Academies and research institutions for in-depth scientific consolidation and support The Green Book is therefore primarily aimed at those in positions of political responsibility, GSZ employees and interested expert groups. Excerpts will follow but the current version is available for perusal on the GSZ homepage.

The Green Book of Zurich

Introduction

Structure of the Green Book The issues described in the Green Book are intricately linked to each other. However, in order to minimise repetition of identical or similar statements, the key connections in terms of objectives and fields of action within the Green Book have been compiled in a table. The Green Book also shows for each topic area how it is arranged within the structure of GSZ and which product groups and customer groups are affected. It also shows the sustainability claims and indicators (according to MONET) that the topic area affects. The directory of keywords will help readers to find their way around selectively. Division of chapters: > The Future of the City of Zurich This chapter sets out in the form of strategic focal points the contributions and services provided by GSZ in terms of its urban development visions. > Sustainability This section sets out how the Green Book and GSZ objectives are integrated within sustainability, as prescribed by MONET. > Environment and Trends This section outlines the overall context within which the core topics of the Green Book are viewed and which exogenic factors should be taken into consideration. The trends indicate key general developments. > Green and Open Spaces This section discusses specific land-related topics, describing their current state, target state in 10 years time, key indicators and fields of action. > Basic Principles This section sets out the objectives and fields of action that affect green and open spaces, environmental education and the company itself. > Environmental Education This section outlines the objectives and fields of action of Green Knowledge. > The Company This section describes how the objectives and strategies are implemented across the process management, which resources are available and how the companyâ&#x20AC;şs corporate values are defined.

Development of the Green Book The Green Book corresponds to the culture of GSZ, defining the future by involving employees and in discussion with key partners. A large number of GSZ employees and external experts were involved in this book in three project groups. Interfaces became transparent and had to be discussed. Different approaches and terms had to be reassessed. The broad support structure within GSZ guarantees that this undertaking will be completed, in that it has been continuously examined in terms of viability and there is also a high degree of emotional commitment on the part of those involved. A draft of the report has been discussed in detail and a number of suggestions have been added. The following groups have been invited for consultation: > Zurich Committee for Nature and Open Spaces (Natur- und Freiraumkommission NFK), Wildlife Park Committee (Wildparkkommission), Wildlife Conservation Area Committee (Wildschonrevierkommission) > Executive Board of the Zurich Living Space Association (Verbund Lebensraum ZĂźrich VLZ) > Farmers and forest owners > Affected authorities > Management, personnel with responsibility for products and other management personnel within GSZ > Specialist experts > Other interested persons

The Green Book of Zurich

Introduction

How the Green Book Was Established

GSZ development of objectives and strategy

Sector-based planning

Analysis

Office for Horticulture Office for Agriculture Forestry Office

Merger to form GSZ

Starting position

Adaptation

1st draft

Resultat Adaptation Product group Product

Specifications

Green and open spaces

Environment, trends

Basic principles

Strategies, concepts

Environmental education

Sustainability

The Company

Objectives

2nd draft

Adaptation

3rd draft

Integral planning

Consultation Statement The City of Zurich's Green Book

Annual planning Balance of effects

Further development of the 1986 and 1999 Open Space Concepts The Green Book represents a further development of earlier planning documents. The 1986 Open Space Concept was a key basis for securing areas by legal regulations in the the Building and Zoning Ordinance (Bau- und Zonenordnung BZO). The 1999 Open Space Concept initiated in particular the enhancing of the river areas and the landscape development concepts. Today’s high standard of green and open space within the city and the environmental awareness resulting from this are based on these basic documents. Innovation factor In general the comprehensive and integral handling of green and open spaces, as well as environmental education about mandatory processes for their implementation by the company is regarded as being innovative. New aspects that complete the circle include the dovetailing of strategic, concept-based and operational levels, as well as the systematic monitoring of success using effect balances and benchmarking. The innovation factor is very different within the individual issues, as there are already very high standards in certain areas that will not change markedly in ten years. Thus, for instance, the city of Zurich has a significantly higher percentage of organic agricultural land than BUWAL (the Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape, today: BAFU, Office for the Environment) was generally aiming for with its “Landscape 2020” report.

There is still much to be done In spite of all of the positive aspects, we should not overlook the fact that it continues to be a challenge to uphold the outcome of greenery as well as its appreciation. There is, however, the political will to offer the population a high level of environmental services. As a whole, it is and remains an exciting challenge to design a high quality of life for the future.

The Green Book of Zurich

T h e Fu t u re o f t h e C i t y o f Z urich

The Future o f t h e C i t y o f Z u r i c h The City Council’s strategic thrust for sustainable urban development Zürich is … … a cosmopolitan and tolerant city that is globally networked and has excellent connections. … an internationally important innovative and dynamic knowledge and economic centre with solid finances … an attractive city in which to live with a stable population that is equal to the number of available jobs. … a city with the highest quality of living, owing to its location, culture, infrastructure and environmental conditions. … an environmentally and socially responsible city and a strong partner for its neighbours and Switzerland as a whole.

The Green Book of Zurich

The Future of the City of Zurich

The Future o f G r ü n St a d t Z u r i c h Ten strategic priorities for a sustainable environmental outcome The following strategic focal areas have been defined based on the City Council’s “Vision 2025” and summarising the following objectives and fields of action specified in the Green Book. These are key functions for a continued successful green outcome. > Quality of life: GSZ will make available high-quality green and open spaces in the ever more densely-built city. These will offer the residential and working population, as well as visitors to the city, many opportunities for recreation, exercise, meeting up as well as experiences with nature and will therefore be much appreciated by the population. > Biodiversity: GSZ will promote the diversity of species by environmental friendly maintenance and production in harmony with nature, by linking habitats and targeted protection measures. These measures will be highly accepted within the population. > Green Knowledge: By means of its “Green Knowledge” approach, GSZ will promote an understanding of Nature, starting in kindergartens and progressing right through to teaching and research in universities. Attractive education about nature will be a fixed element within Zurich, the city of knowledge. Nature Schools, the Succulent Plant Collection, the Municipal Botanical Garden and Nursery and Zurich Wilderness Park (Wildnispark Zürich) will all be popular and well-known green educational centres. > I nfluence on external land: GSZ will improve the quality of green space in possession of other authorities, residential builders, and private individuals with consultancy, partnerships and project support. > C onservation of soil fertility: GSZ will prevent further contamination of soil to maintain its fertility by means of consultation and environmentally-friendly maintenance and production. > Adequate and varied recreational space: GSZ will provide an attractive range of open spaces to meet the needs of the population. In underserved areas, hitherto designated open spaces will be opened up for further recreational use or new park facilities will be created. > Social responsibility: Green spaces will contribute to the integration of the different population groups and social strata. As an employer, GSZ will create integration jobs for skilled craftsmen and women. > Communication and participation: Within the population itself, understanding will be promoted for different environmental issues and pleasure will be taken in the variety of green spaces around the city. The development of the green spaces will take place with the involvement of those affected by it. > I ntegral planning: GSZ will strive for a long-term holistic development of green spaces by means of interdisciplinary planning within the city and also beyond the boundaries of the city. This integral planning will ensure the transfer from the different planning levels through to implementation within GSZ. > Outcome-orientated approach: GSZ will cost-effectively provide green services to meet the demand and will systematically measure the outcome to continuously improve benefits to customers.

The Green Book of Zurich

S u s t a i n a bility

The scope of sustainable development according to MONET:

Sustainable development

Social solidarity

Postulations for Objective and subjective living conditions Distributive justice, equal opportunities Social coherence Development of human capital International solidarity

Economic performance

Postulations for Economic system Performance and competitiveness Flexibility / stability Production / consumption Employment International trade

Ecological responsibility

Postulations for Consumption of resources Materials and waste Risks Speed of change Nature and cultivated land

Indicators

The Green Book of Zurich

Sustainab i l i t y By ratifying Agenda 21, based on the declaration issued by the 1992 UN Environmental Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Switzerland undertook to define and implement a strategy of sustainable development. Since this has been incorporated into the Swiss Federal Constitution, the Confederation has an obligation to develop ways and means to develop and monitor sustainability. To achieve this objective, a number of federal agencies and 24 experts defined in 2003 a system of indicators called “MONET” (Monitoring der nachhaltigen Entwicklung) to monitor and assess sustainable development. Definition of sustainable development According to the Brundtland Commission’s definition, sustainable development is a “development meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. MONET is also based on this globally recognised definition.

Sustainability is measurable and can be tested MONET describes over 160 indicators, of which around 120 are currently applied. They relate to 45 assertions that act as pointers specifying the target scope of sustainable development. In 2005 the system was successfully applied in 8 cantons and 14 cities. However, as with all systems, the fact should not be ignored that the individual indicators only permit point-based statements, contradict each other to a certain extent and are weighted differently. It is essential to consider sustainability in a joined-up and interdisciplinary manner. The assessment of its effectiveness is an open, developing entity. Sustainability in the Green Book It stands to reason that GSZ also regards its spheres of influence within the context of sustainable development. This should also be seen against the background that the City Council defined sustainable development as a strategic focal area in 2002 and that the effectiveness of the municipal administration is measured against this. A first Sustainability Report was produced for the City of Zurich in 2003, based on 21 indicators that highlighted the global developments of the city. The claims and indicators to comply with MONET were only developed after this and tested in practice. As these are based on an essentially broader set of indicators, they better meet the range of services provided by GSZ. The Green Book presents the link to the MONET postulates and indicators in a table for each topic area. GSZ has also implemented an environmental management system, certified to ISO 14001, to improve its own internal sustainability.

The Green Book of Zurich

E n v i ro n m e n t a n d Trends

Environme n t a n d Tre n d s The population’s demands for quality of life and to Grün Stadt Zürich (GSZ) Surveys conducted every two years among the inhabitants of Zurich regularly present a similar picture: Zurich’s inhabitants love their city, with 90% of those surveyed being either happy or very happy to live in Zurich. In terms of their quality of life, those surveyed refer most frequently to the intact environment, the residential environment and leisure and recreation – services provided for the most part by GSZ. Admittedly the population is satisfied with the green spaces and parks but rates their importance higher than their satisfaction. This demonstrates that there is still potential for improvement. 88% of those surveyed are very satisfied or satisfied with the services provided by GSZ, 7% are dissatisfied and 5% have no opinion.

From spatial planning to spatial design The call for new forms of spatial development and in accordance with appropriate guidelines can be heard from many different quarters. There is a demand, for instance, for structural densification, fiscal incentives to lessen land consumption, the definition of priority land uses, prevention of urban sprawl in the countryside, systematic enforcement of laws and the channelling of mobility demands. The Federal Office for Spatial Development (Bundesamt für Raumentwicklung ARE) is attempting to accommodate the many and varied needs. It used its “2005 Spatial Development Report” (Raumentwicklungsbericht 2005) to outline the main lines of attack for the future. The key statements that affect the city of Zurich are as follows: > > > >

T he development to becoming a service society is one of the main reasons for increasing urbanisation. The number of commuters in the metropolitan cities has almost tripled in the last 30 years. There are significant shortfalls in cooperation between the agglomerations and their core towns. L and continues to be consumed at a rate of approximately one square metre per second, with around two-thirds being used for buildings and change of use and one third for transport. > T he 60,000 ha of building zone that is still to be developed throughout Switzerland could be used to provide living space and infrastructure for around 2,5 million people without requiring additional structural densification. > Around half a million people live outside of the building zone. Approximately 13% of all building projects also affect land outside of the building zone. > The biggest challenge to spatial planning is increased and systematic cooperation at all levels of politics.

Value added levy and reverse zoning These two requirements will shape political discussions on spatial development in the next few years. However, it is uncertain to what extent they can be implemented. The recommendation of the Spatial Planning Act (Raumplanungsgesetz RPG) Art. 5 to the cantons is as follows: Consistently strive for a value added levy and planning yields with regard to sustainability. Even clearer are the demands from environmental associations that are increasingly discussing this topic.

Spatial and residential development in the Canton and in the City of Zurich Around one sixth of the land area of the Canton of Zurich lies within the building zone and today approximately 62% of it is developed. The utilisation figure of the building zone is significantly higher in the city of Zurich than in the rural areas; the percentage of developed land is 93% here and the percentage of expansion is 72%. On average over the last 15 years, consumption of the building zone is approximately 160 hectares per year in the Canton and just under 8 hectares per year in the city. If this level of consumption remains constant, the reserves of building land throughout the Canton will only last for approximately 25 years, while they will last for around 40 years in the city. The volume of developed floor area can still be extended by around 50% above all by means of densification. According to data provided by the cantonal building insurance company, approx. 800 buildings or approx 0,7% of the volume of buildings lie on agricultural or forestry land. Throughout the entire Canton of Zurich this figure rises to approx. 30,000 buildings or approx. 6%. In the last 20 years, the take-up of square footage in the Canton has risen by 11% to 122 m2 per resident or worker. In the city of Zurich, every person living or working here encroaches on less than half of the cantonal average – namely 60 m2.

The Green Book of Zurich

Environment and Trends

The Canton of Zurich defines the following objectives for sustainable residential development, among others: > The land should be used economically by inward building development. > Means of transport should be low-emission and efficient in terms of resources. > Habitats and the countryside should be maintained and promoted; the growth of buildings outside of the building zone should be minimised.

Urban Space 2010 Internationally renowned experts produced a report on behalf of the Economic Delegation of the Zurich’s City Council that evaluated public space. The experts provided a positive image and produced the following findings: > The attractive landscape can be well experienced by the wonderful view and favourable location. > The seasons and changing climate can be experienced in public spaces. > The city of Zurich has all of the qualities of a city and comes across as being larger than it actually is. > Thanks to its public spaces and surrounding landscape, Zurich is a “green” city. > The identity of the city of Zurich is markedly shaped by its history, buildings, open spaces and transport network. A number of different tools were created within the municipality to ensure that these good values continue to be upheld in the future, such as a land-related relevancy plan, normative design standards, a catalogue for equipment, checklists to ensure the quality of amenities, and guidelines for the use of art in public places.

What has the Building and Zoning Ordinance (BZO) achieved in terms of open space? The Building and Zoning Ordinance BZO 99 supported with tools, like the Open Space Concept, Nature Inventories, Stream Concept etc. and with different action programmes, brought about an overall satisfactory development of the green space and open space, although some loss of land had to be accepted. The main problems are and remain the very different provision of green space in the various quarters and the continuing great need for designated open spaces, for instance for sport. The defined percentage of open space for the industrial or service zone is too low at 10 – 15%, as these are essentially service companies, whose employees utilise the open space intensively. Rooftop greenery, now firmly enshrined in law since the last BZO revision, has a positive effect on the climate and water supply, a particularly important factor in view of the increasing sealing of soil. Land use can be kept within limits through more compact building and the continued exhaustion of utilisation rates. What is all the more important is a high quality of structural densification that also takes into consideration the need for open spaces.

The planning of green and open spaces in other towns How do other towns and cities plan their green and open spaces? Where does Zurich come in an international comparison? To discover this, planning documents from the cities of Berlin, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Freiburg and Stuttgart were analysed by the University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil (Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil HSR) and proposals have been incorporated in the Green Book from these examples. An analysis of the German cities showed the following: the outer conurbation area is involved to a much greater extent in planning than is the case in Zurich. This implies that planning should extend far beyond the municipal boundaries in Zurich; the “Regional Planning for Zurich and Surroundings” project (Regionalplanung Zürich und Umgebung RZU) points in the right direction when it talks about “Housing and Transport”. Regional cooperation on green and open spaces can be advantageous for everyone, for instance within the framework of an Association for Open Spaces or in connection with landscape development concepts.

The Green Book of Zurich

Environment and Trends

The population is generally encouraged to become involved in Germany as well as in Zurich. There, too, the quality of open spaces is gaining importance over the quantity. Our proximity to implementation is a plus point compared with the German cities, where prescribed closed planning regulations have less of a cohesive relationship with implementation. The significance of green spaces in terms of locational competition appears to have had significantly greater importance in Germany for some time than is the case in Switzerland. The use of strong marketing campaigns, images and labels, such as “GrünesNetzHamburg” (Hamburg Green Network) or “Grüngürtel Frankfurt” (Frankfurt Green Belt) succinctly communicate the message and create an identity.

Comparison of the demand for green spaces between the cities In Zurich, the City Council has defined as a guideline figure an area of 8 m2 of publicly accessible open space that can be reached on foot per inhabitant. It is significantly less for approximately one quarter of the residential population. Compared with other cities, this guideline figure is low; Hamburg aims for an area of 13 m2 and Munich as much as 25 m2 of open space. These figures play an increasingly important role in competitions between cities. It is a well-known fact that public open space is a scarce commodity in Zurich. As demand exceeds supply there are inevitably conflicts – and the challenging balancing of interests, for instance between sports grounds and allotment gardens. In order to plan for these demands and for the provision of open space for the future, GSZ has developed a specific model entitled “Open Space Provision for the City of Zurich” (Freiraumversorgung der Stadt Zürich) that it is using to analyse the current state, simulate developments and generate forecasts. What is the value of green space? The State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (Staatssekretariat für Wirtschaft SECO) in Berne has identified the benefits of the landscape for the Swiss trourism industry and has valued it, conservatively, at 2.5 billion francs per year. The value of forestry is also calculated in different ways. According to the Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forestry and Agriculture’s (BUWAL) 2005 report “The Monetary Value of Forests” (Der monetäre Wert des Waldes), the recreational benefits of the forests alone amount to approximately 10 billion francs or 1,778 francs per adult per year for Switzerland. A study by the Swiss Research Centre for Forestry, Snow and Landscape (Eidg. Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL) quantifies the recreational value of forests in the city of Zurich at around 30 million francs per year. Of course it may appear strange if monetary values are calculated for forests and the landscape and if a price is sought for everything. The environmental pioneer Frederic Vester provoked controversy in the 1980s when he stated that a bluethroat had a value of 237 francs and 15 centimes. The interesting thing in this is the derivation about what “services” provided by the bluethroat, such as rodent combating, seed distribution, bio indicator, feast for the ears and eyes etc., have been included. This is even more specific with regard to CO2 emissions. If Switzerland does not reach its climate target by 2012, the Kyoto Protocol will force Switzerland to compensate for the shortfall with the purchase of emission certificates. Based on estimations from the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (Eidg. Departement für Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und Kommunikation UVEK) and the ÖBU Network for Sustainable Business (Netzwerk für nachhaltiges Wirtschaften) this could amount to between 200 and 300 million francs per year. The increase in the value of property close to green spaces is well known but is hard to prove in individual cases. Landscape 2020, BUWAL Analysis and Trends – where does Zurich stand? BUWAL, the Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forestry and Agriculture, published a comprehensive report at the end of 2003 on the development of the countryside in Switzerland that also identified key trends in the development of influences shaping the landscape. It defined indicators and targets that were to be achieved in Switzerland by the year 2020. It highlighted the fact that there are a number of critical indicators and developments in Zurich – for instance the degree of soil sealing, contaminated sites, and the interweaving of ecological areas. However, Zurich performed well, in parts even very well, with other indicators and developments: the accessibility of the lake and rivers, diversity of species, recreational amenities in residential areas, the interlinking of footpaths and hiking routes all came off positively in the self-assessment. The relatively low percentage of buildings outside of the building zone, the importance of organic agriculture, the forest reserves, quality of The Green Book of Zurich

Environment and Trends

water, appearance of the landscape, participatory processes in rural development, our sustainability tools, low living space per inhabitant and the opening up of streams were also viewed very positively. The comparison of the BUWAL indicators with the current situation in Zurich was positive overall. It is essential to hold onto this finding and improve on it wherever possible.

Maintaining and promoting biodiversity The diversity of species is significantly higher in the city than in rural areas with its numerous monocultures. A wide and varied flora and fauna is and remains a key aim. Genetically modified seed results in farming methods based on even more monocultures with the known opportunities and risks that this presents. The diversity of species can be maintained and extended with a range of different species support measures, a high percentage of organically cultivated agricultural land, large areas of natural forests, diverse planting of green roofs among other measures.

Environmental conservation becomes an economic factor Environmental conservation is a booming branch of the economy, as highlighted by different WWF, Pusch (Stiftung praktischer Umweltschutz Schweiz) and BUWAL studies. The deep-rooted misconception that environmental conservation is paralysing the economy with its regulations, wastes money and devours subsidies is contradicted in many cases. The GDP growth of environmental products has risen at an above-average rate in the last 8 years and the number of jobs has risen significantly. In spite of this positive trend, the Swiss economy has not been able to keep pace in the pioneering role it has held for a long time. Switzerland is no longer the pioneering country for economical environmental conservation. Some of its neighbouring countries are much more advanced now.

Greenhouse gases Environmental physicists at the University of Berne have been able to reconstruct greenhouse gases over the last 8 ice ages. This has been able to prove with some certainty that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is 27% higher today than during the last 650,000 years.

Bio filters for fine dust Fine particle dust emission is increasingly recognised and discussed as being an environmental problem. Vegetation in the city takes on even greater importance in this respect. The Universities of KarlsÂ ruhe and Essen are conducting research into the filtering effect of trees and other vegetation systems along the side of streets on air pollutants. Clearly the potential has been considerably underestimated up to now. A fully-grown deciduous tree can thus bind up to 1,000 kg of dust thanks to the surface of its leaves that is around 10 times greater than its base area. Both reports indicate that the effects of lush vegetation significantly exceed the technical capacities of particle filters and should not replace them but rather add to their effectiveness.

Manifesto NATURE Congress The first â&#x20AC;&#x153;NATURE Congressâ&#x20AC;? held in February 2006 in Basle with international participation was intended to be the start of a regular examination of environmental developments. The manifesto that was published included 8 primary demands, of which the following, summarised below, were of special importance for Zurich: > Nature parcs: There is a need for new national parks and regional nature parks. They need adequate funding. There needs to be credible criteria to maintain biological variety and diversity of landscapes. > Natural residential areas in the city: The planning of settlement development and construction activity should benefit both nature and the population. > Biodiversity: The population, politics and industry must become aware of the importance of biodiversity. Switzerland needs a biodiversity strategy and the necessary funding for its fast implementation. > Climate: Greenhouse gases must be reduced to half of their 1990 level by the year 2050. This needs massive cuts in CO2 emissions and voluntary action by companies. The effects on the climate should be declared on products so that the consumers can act in a more climate-aware manner. The Green Book of Zurich

Environment and Trends

> A griculture: The promotion of biodiversity in cultivated land must be paid for. Agriculture that conserves nature must become a priority amongst the scientific community. Trade agreements should promote global environmental methods of production. > Information and education: There needs to be a new wave of information, awareness and education. Public authorities must provide the funding for this. The research community must provide practice-orientated principles.

Federal financing A study published in 2001 by the Swiss Foundation for Landscape Protection (Stiftung Landschafts schutz Schweiz) highlighted the fact that around 90% of direct or indirect regionally effective subsidies from the Confederation, amounting to around 90 billion francs, tend to have a negative effect on the landscape. The study “Landscape 2020” (Landschaft 2020) demands unambiguous federal subsidies from all political departments that affect the regions to have concern for nature and the landscape. Changes are needed within the Confederation’s subsidy, finance and tax policies or a new direction in terms of a comprehensive land use policy is called for. Bioenergy is on the advance in Europe In 1997 the European Commission published its white paper “Energy for the Future: Renewable Sources of Energy” and set itself the aim of doubling the percentage of renewable energy to 12% by the year 2010. Industrial experience has been gained in the field of bioenergy, particularly in Scandinavia and Austria, with biomass power stations. In the Swiss heating market, biomass, with a percentage of 10%, is the most important renewable energy carrier, although mainly with small and very small power plants. The trend is increasing and more and more even medium-sized and larger plants are being set up. The exploitation of biomass for energy may become a new pillar for primary production. The European Commission estimates that, in the long term in Europe and with improved energy efficiency, around one third of all energy will be able to be generated from renewable primary products.

10% of Swiss land is contaminated Due to the fact that land contaminated with harmful substances cannot or can scarcely regenerate itself, it is important to deal with it very carefully; further damage should be avoided. Estimations assume that around 10% of the total area of Switzerland is contaminated with at least one of the four heavy metals – lead, copper, cadmium and zinc. All attempts to remediate this land in a gentle way with plants, like sunflowers, corn or tobacco, have all ended in disillusionment. It will take centuries before a significant improvement can be seen.

Less fertilizer, fewer pesticides The trend towards the continued contamination of soil seems to have been halted in Switzerland: the use of phosphorus mineral fertilizers has fallen by 75% in Swiss agriculture between 1990 and 2000; today its consumption is only half what it was in 1950. The use of nitrogen mineral fertilizer has also fallen by 14% between 1990 and 1998 yet still lies considerably above target figures. The use of pesticides has also fallen by around 30% in the last 10 years in Switzerland.

Agriculture The number of farms will continue to decline significantly due to the current economic climate whereas the size of each farm is growing accordingly. Many abandoned areas will be overgrown with bushes and later become forests. The Swiss Federal Research Insitute for Agricultural Economics and Land Engineering (Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Agrarwirtschaft und Landtechnik FAT) in Tänikon has developed scenarios for agricultural structural models. One of them assumes that if agriculture is fully liberalised, then around one fifth of the cultivated land will either disappear or will for the most part run to seed. However, there are also counter-trends: around 2,5 billion euros have been reserved for agricultural research as part of the Seventh framework programme for research and technological development (2007 – 2013). The aim is to achieve improved products and processes for sustainability, for biotechnologies and for the health and well-being of humans and livestock. Perhaps an indication of a realignment between quality-based objectives and the quantity-based aims that currently dominate?

The Green Book of Zurich

Environment and Trends

Forests and water The forest area in Switzerland is increasing at a rate of approx. 1,5 m2 per second, particularly in the Alps. It is mostly due to encroachment upon unused agricultural land. This is a development that may possibly increase. Around 42% of the groundwater zones in Switzerland lie within forests. Approximately 3,000 m3 of water forms under a hectare of wood every year due to the infiltration of rainfall. Around 80% of drinking water comes from source water and groundwater, a high percentage of it from sources within forests. Drinking water in Switzerland is generally excellent and is almost never contaminated with undesirable impurities. Ecologically managed forestry supports the good quality of water. The consumption of drinking water has fallen in Switzerland since 1981 from 500 to 400 litres per person per day.

Light pollution – a new environmental problem Excessive artificial lighting at biologically wrong times has a negative effect on the ecosystem and can damage the diversity of species. Scientists have established that in lakes close to residential areas that are exposed to a lot of light, the species of algae and biocoenoses in the water are disturbed. Trees in heavily lit areas often blossom earlier and are therefore exposed to a higher risk of frost, or also keep their leaves in the autumn. With its “Plan Lumière”, the city of Zurich wants to prevent an increase in the amount of light and undesirable light emissions by means of intelligent lighting and improved quality of light. Understanding of Nature and environmental education A relationship with Nature is no longer a matter of course with younger generations. GSZ recognised this fact at an early stage and launched its Forest and Nature Schools some 20 years ago. GSZ wishes to extend this provision and to create additional bridges between the urban population and Nature.

Green laboratory for the city of education Nature-based teaching and research has a long tradition in Switzerland and enjoys an international reputation. There is now new and attractive potential within education about Nature thanks to restructuring in the education system. The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich ETH), University of Zurich, WSL, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eidg. Anstalt für Wasserversorgung, Abwasserreinigung und Gewässerschutz EAWAG) and the Wädenswil and Rapperswil Universities of Applied Sciences form a circle of nature-based and landscape-based education and research institutes. The city of Zurich and the agglomeration form an attractive “Green Laboratory” for these issues right on their doorstep and researchers are very interested in this.

Green is healthy A large percentage of the population is overweight today and the trend is rising. An increasing lack of exercise among children and young people is particularly worrying. Modern society is suffering from well-known threats harmful to health. The city of Zurich is developing a strategy for health promotion for its population and also for its employees and regularly publishes a health report. Healthy eating, adequate green spaces, a connection with Nature, and protection from environmental pollution are key aspects of this health promotion. Various studies describe how people can relax and slow down more quickly in green spaces than in spaces where there is no green. Hospital stays are significantly shorter if patients can look out into the green outdoors and fewer drugs are needed. Students concentrate better in green surroundings and perform significantly better in their examinations. The Federal Ministry for Health (Bundesamt für Gesundheit BAG) has produced its “Action Plan for the Environment and Health” (Aktionsplan Umwelt und Gesundheit APUG) that admittedly was closed in 2007. Even Swiss universities have taken up the issue. It will be interesting to see what new findings come from this.

Healthy eating Fresh fruit and vegetables taste better than fruit and vegetables from greenhouses. Meat from animals that have been reared appropriate to ethical husbandry has been shown to be healthier than meat reared using conventional production methods. BSE, bird flu and other epidemics are accelerating consumers’ demands for the designation of origin of their food. The quality and freshness, animals reared according to species-appropriate husbandry, ecological cultivation mehtods, short distances to market and expert advice are gaining in importance as a balance to the lowest price for food. The public sector, with its strong market forces, can set the standard here to underpin this positive trend. The Green Book of Zurich

Environment and Trends

10,000 fruit trees for Zurich Over 80% of all standard high-stem fruit trees have disappeared in Switzerland over the last 50 years. Traditional orchards and meadows with scattered fruit trees have been replaced by intensive cultivation with dwarf trees. A large percentage of the fruit that we eat is produced on the other side of the planet. There are around 5,000 standard fruit trees in the city of Zurich, more than half of which are age-old. We intend to increase this number to 10,000 fruit trees in the medium term, thereby enriching the appearance of the landscape and biodiversity The well-being of animals is important The city’s involvement in the well-being of animals is pioneering in many cases and this should remain the case. Livestock is reared predominantly in an exemplary manner. The Langenberg Wildlife Park with its generous habitats and enclosures is setting new standards in the animal husbandry of zoological gardens. The Wildlife Conservation Area in the city of Zurich has been in existence for 75 years; professional gamekeepers look after and care for the wildlife. The keeping of dogs in the city is a particularly challenging problem. Conflicts between dog-keepers and other visitors of open spaces are inevitable. However, it is only a small minority of dog-owners who do not adhere to social ground rules. By far the majority of dog-owners dispose of dog faeces in the bins provided for this purpose. What is becoming problematic is a misconstrued love of animals, whereby people are starting to feed wild animals, like foxes, pigeons and waterfowl.

Consumer behaviour in public spaces Littering, the unpleasant habit of dropping waste or leaving it lying around in public places, is becoming more widespread. The time, effort and cost of keeping open spaces clean continue to increase and the manners to leave a place clean seam no longer to exist.

Green and transport Transport and open spaces have different demands that sometimes come into conflict with each other and have to be properly coordinated. Green issues are well incorporated in transport planning and in the mobility culture. The functional integration of pedestrian routes and hiking trails, as well as cycle routes, into the system of open spaces is very important. Green space is duly taken into consideration in long-term transport strategies. 5 hectares of green space could be reclaimed by covering the motorway in the Entlisberg. A similar gain could be obtained by enclosing the motorway in the Schwamendingen disctrict, and possibly also near the lakes Katzenseen.

Identification and tradition Thousands of bundles of wood for the annual “Sechseläuten” bonfire, firewood auctions, the wood corporations’ and land associations’ voluntary services, farmers’ livestock shows, voluntary work by bird watchers, the work of embellishment associations – all this is part and parcel of life in Zurich and ensures the strong link between the population and their green spaces. The annual “Green tour” also helps to foster a link with the urban landscape.

Integration in green spaces The work performed by asylum-seekers in looking after our green spaces, intercultural groups on sports grounds, mixed groups in allotments and recreational gardens: this is how different groups within society and cultures can be integrated naturally. People help each other, swap information, offer other people home-grown vegetables – this is socio-culture being lived and breathed. It is a generally accepted fact that the individualisation and loneliness of people in individual households increase their longing for social interaction and public open spaces and green spaces provide an ideal platform for this. Learning and jobs in the outdoors More apprenticeships, projects like JOB PLUS, community service, supplementary job market, voluntary work are all important activities for the so-called “work integration”. Learning opportunities and jobs outdoors offer practically skilled people, especially young people, opportunities to develop. This is an additional and important social and socio-political role in maintaining our green spaces

The Green Book of Zurich

G re e n a n d O p e n S p aces

Green and Open Spaces

Urban Lan d s c a p e The population of Zurich appreciates its qualities, above all its diverse and varied urban landscape and its attractive lakeside location. The easily accessible, high-quality urban open space infrastructure and local recreational areas in the agglomeration play a major role in the inhabitants’ good quality of life – they are an asset that must be secured inter-regionally and must be further developed on a partnership basis.

Linking of subject areas within The Green Book, the Structure of GSZ and Sustainability THE GREEN BOOK Subject areas

Page

Green and Open Spaces Parks, squares and common land Designated open spaces Forests Agriculture

37 43 65 71

Basic principles Biodiversity Environment

79 85

Environmental Education Green Knowledge > Nature Experience Park

117 128

The Company

135

STRUCTURE OF GSZ

SUSTAINABILITY ( MONET )

Product Groups and Products

Claims

Understanding and promotion of nature Promotion of species and habitats Natural forest / Sihl Forest

Social solidarity Satisfaction and happiness Developments that take into account well-being

Natural areas / open spaces Recreational forest Agriculture Planning of green / open spaces

Economic performance Economic system in the service of the common good

Support products

Customer Groups Researchers Recreational users Residents / workers Developers / planners

Environmental responsibility Conservation of livelihood Conservation of biodiversity Ecological balance Values of the natural and cultivated landscape

Indicators Social solidarity General satisfaction with life Identity-forming environment  Satisfaction with the residential environment Recreational amenities in the residential environment Participation options in local processes Environmental responsibility Utilised agricultural area (UAA) Diversity of agriculture and appearance of the landscape Separate building zones Diversity of land use and soil cover National nature reserves Ecological compensation areas

The Green Book of Zurich

Urban Landscape Green and Open Spaces

Today… … the term urban landscape is used to describe the interaction of developed and undeveloped space and its topography. Zurich is very fortunate to have a very privileged setting and an attractive landscape. The city nestles amidst an outstanding backdrop of open space including large bodies of water, hill ranges, forests and agricultural land. Around 19% of the land area of the canton is included in the Federal Inventory of Landscapes and Natural Monuments of National Importance (BLN). The topography and the diverse and varied landforms provide a unique residential area and local recreational amenity that is further enhanced by the backdrop of the Alps. Zurich is very popular as a place to live and the location of the city is often ranked in first place in public opinion surveys in terms of its positive aspects.

Lake, rivers and wooded slopes Unlike many other European cities, Zurich did not create a continuous green belt when the baroque fortifications were razed to the ground. The image of Zurich’s urban landscape is today essentially shaped by Lake Zurich, the Rivers Sihl and Limmat, by the wooded moraine hills – the Uetliberg, Käferberg, Zürichberg and the Zimmerberg and by areas of agricultural land, such as in Unter-Affoltern as well. The urban space is divided up by large areas of open space, such as the common land Allmend Brunau, allotment gardens and the railyards of the main station, large cemeteries and other landscape elements, like streams, green belts and tree-lined avenues. The urban landscape has a positive effect on the image of Zurich. It gives a face to the different districts and plays a key role in helping the inhabitants to identify with their district of the city. Combined with the attractive range of recreational amenities, it also improves the quality of life. Residential areas on inclined slopes and close to forests are particularly attractive, as is the presence of water. All of these factors are assets that cannot be underestimated by the city’s marketing department.

Active construction activity outside of the building zones Many areas and elements that are key for the cross-regional framework of open spaces are currently secured by planning law but are coming under increasing pressure by building development. Between 1970 and 1998, the volume of building on agricultural and forestry land in the canton has risen by a third. Out of the total building volume of 32 million m3, only 62% was used for agricultural purposes in 1998. The massive construction activity in the canton continues unabated and, following the revision of the Spatial Planning Act in 1999, is increasingly extending to areas outside of the building zone. It is essential that the encroachmment of the building zone across the canton is stabilised and reduced to retained undeveloped rural countryside. The most dominant influence on the appearance of the landscape and on the loss of land is due to the transport infrastructure.

Increasing regional cooperation The cantonal structure plan is for the main spatial policy tool ensuring spatial protection of the cross-regional open space and the corresponding natural and recreational values. Inter-community or inter-regional cooperation on the planning of open spaces is not yet institutionalised today but is more usually project-based, for instance as part of Landscape Development Concepts (LEK) and Forest Development Plans (WEP). Examples of this include the regional Limmatraum Landscape Development Concept, the Pfannenstiel Nature Network or the Sihl Forest Development Plan. Negotiations are currently underway with the Horgen local authorities for the joint development of a Nature Experience Park in the Sihl Forest.

The Green Book of Zurich

Urban Landscape Green and Open Spaces

I n 1 0 Y e a r s … … Zurich will still be appreciated because of its outstandingly attractive urban landscape. The lake and rivers, the view across the Alps, its urban open spaces and the cultivated and natural landscapes will provide a unique environment and characterise the good quality of life in the city. The city’s surroundings will have a high quality framework of open spaces that meet the need of the population, are well connected and ensure the large-scale ecological interlinking of habitats of flora and fauna. The landscape will be much appreciated as public property. Thanks to inter-regional cooperation, the valuable areas of landscape will be secured for the long term and will be developed in a very specific manner. The Nature Experience Park will be a key component of this.

“Green” city on the waterfront The city’s green spaces will to a large extent form a functionally important green belt around the city. Within the city, the streams, the large-scale open spaces, the linear green elements and the geomorphology of the forested hills will form a striking framework of open spaces. This will shape the appearance of the city and the green image of Zurich. The city’s marketing department will actively market the city using Its “green qualities”. The district-specific open spaces and infrastructure – including, for instance, rows of trees, streams and front gardens – will give the individual districts of the city an unmistakeable character. The population living in these districts will appreciate the excellent quality of design and land-use. Proximity to water will be able to be experienced in many places. Attractive locations on the slopes of hills or with views improve the quality of life. Different lines of sight and many view points will create an exciting urban experience and will make it easier for people to find their way about. Targeted development Edificial densification will guarantee that land is maintained in an sustainable manner and will make use of the adequate existing reserves of building zone. The buffer zones and recreational zones within the residential area will meet the increasing needs of the residential and working population for recreation, will provide superior habitats for flora and fauna and will act as reserves for the land-use requirements of future generations. The boundaries of housing developments to the open countryside will be carefully designed. The cultivated and natural landscape will be attractive and characterised by typical local elements, for instance orchards, hedgerows or streams. Structural intrusions by transport infrastructure work for instance, will be done carefully, taking into consideration the appearance of the landscape and by weighing up all interests and benefits. The increase of buildings outside of the building zone and built-up area will be minimal.

The Green Book of Zurich

Urban Landscape Green and Open Spaces

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

32,604 ha, 18,9% of the area of the canton, of which 702 ha are in the metropolitan area, 7,6% of the urban land area

Land retained, good quality of land

80,507 ha are on agricultural land (46,6% of the land area of the canton) 49,625 ha of forest (28,7%) 1,815 ha of recreational area (1%) 2,752 ha of nature conservation area (1,6%) of this: 20,075 ha of landscape conservation area 69,329 ha of landscape redevelopment area

Implementation of structure plan, good quality of land

946 ha of agricultural land (10,3% of the metropolitan land area) 2,182 ha of forest (23,7%) 619 ha of recreational area (6,7%) 77 ha of nature conservation area (0,8%) of this: 738 ha of landscape conservation area (8%) 2,533 ha of landscape regeneration area (27,6%) 18 ha of defined nature conservation (orchards) 614 ha of ecological interlinking (6,7%)

Concerns enshrined in the structure plan Implementation of structure plan, good quality of land

Public green space (parks, forest, agriculture): Importance 5,33 (out of a maximum of 6) Satisfaction 4,98 (out of a maximum of 6) 72,6% very much like living in Zurich 25,2% like living in Zurich 1,9% do not like living in Zurich 0,2% really do not like living in Zurich

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

approx. 800 in the city of Zurich, 0,7% of the total building volume (cf. Canton of Zurich 5,9%)

Reduced

Distinctive elements in the landscape in the agglomeration, city and districts

little data available

Retained, assured, enhanced

Landscape Development Concepts (LEK) and Forest Development Plans (WEP)

Adliswil Landscape Development Concept (LEK) Regional Limmattal LEK and communal Limmatraum LEK Hönggerberg Affoltern LEK/WEP (in process) Uetliberg LEK/WEP (planned for around 2008–2010) Zürichberg LEK/WEP (planned for around 2010–2012)

Consensus for landscape development, planned LEKs and WEPs passed, measures being implemented

BLN areas Land in the Federal Inventory of Landscapes and Natural Monuments within the canton of Zurich Based on 2006 figures

The structure plan of the Canton of Zurich Based on 2001 figures

Structure plans relating to the City of Zurich Based on 2000 figures

Appreciation 2003/2005 Public opinion survey

Buildings on agricultural and forestry land

High value retained

Based on 2004 figures

The Green Book of Zurich

Urban Landscapeâ&#x20AC;&#x192; Green and Open Spaces

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Cross-local authority cooperation We are involved in partnership-based, cross-local authority cooperation on the planning of open spaces to conserve and enhance the overall framework of open space and appearance of the landscape.

Nature Experience Park We are developing the Nature Experience Park together with Horgen local authority, the Canton and Pro Natura.

Participatory LEKs and WEPs We are developing the urban landscape with Landscape Development Concepts (LEK) and Forest Development Plans or Open Space Concepts, taking into consideration the wide range of demands within the framework of a sustainable policy for the agglomeration. Distinctive open space elements We are developing basic principles for distinctive urban open space elements and working towards retaining and reinforcing them.

Lakeside and riverbank We are developing and maintaining the land around the lake and the riverbanks as image carriers and visiting cards for the city as a matter of priority.

Interconnections We are working towards the excellent networking of open spaces in the city and agglomeration, both from an ecological point of view but also in terms of their use by pedestrians and cyclists.

Building development We are committed to ensuring that building development and redensification takes place using reserves within the designated building zones and retaining the buffer zones and agricultural zones. Open spaces and residential areas will by developed by fairly and transparently balancing all interests and benefits. Public relations work We will ensure that the importance of open space in terms of the urban landscape, image and identification of the city is incorporated into all considerations of interests. We are working to persuade the public to value their framework of open spaces.

Legal basis We are committed, within the framework of structure and land use plans, to the concerns of agriculture, to forestry, the landscape, open space and recreational space, as well as to ecology, in particular to the formal protection of sensitive rural land.

The Green Book of Zurich

Green and Open Spaces

Parks, Squ a re s a n d C o m m o n L a n d Thanks to the wide provision of public multifunctional open spaces, Zurich is effectively a green city with a wide and diverse range of recreational amenities. The areas around the lake are the city’s calling card. The distribution parks varies among districts. In recent years additional parks and squares have been created in the new residential and service areas. There is constant pressure on land use on certain land requiring it to adapt to the needs of the populations, particularly in the Brunau Allmend, by the lake and on the riverbanks.

Linking of subject areas within The Green Book, the Structure of GSZ and Sustainability THE GREEN BOOK Subject areas Green and Open Spaces Urban landscape Basic principles Provision of open space Use of open space Design of open space and Horticultural heritage Participation and partnerships

Page 31 91 97

STRUCTURE OF GSZ

SUSTAINABILITY (MONET)

Product groups and products

Claims

Understanding and promotion of nature Education / Experiences Promotion of species and habitats

Social solidarity Meeting needs Promoting health Satisfaction and happiness Developments that take into account well-being Integration of disadvantaged people Intercultural and interpersonal understanding Social and political participation Child-friendly surroundings

103 109

Natural areas / open spaces Parks Planning of green / open spaces Planning and construction of green and open spaces

117

Services Consultancy / Monitoring

Environmental Education Green Knowledge > Production and maintenance in harmony with nature

130

The Company

135

Support products

Customer groups Recreational users Residents / workers Sportsmen and women Developers / planners

Economic performance Economic system in the service of the common good Environmental responsibility Conservation of biodiversity Ecological balance Values of the natural and cultivated landscape

Indicators Social solidarity Mental well-being Health-relevant behaviour, physical activities General satisfaction with life Identity-forming environment  Satisfaction with the residential environment Recreational amenities in the residential environment Option to participate in local processes Environmental responsibility People affected by noise Residential land in general and per head of population Diversity of agriculture and appearance of the landscape Separate building zones Diversity of land use and soil cover Ecological compensation areas

The Green Book of Zurich

Parks, Squares and Common Land Green and Open Spaces

Today… … the population of Zurich considers the parks and squares in the city to have a very positive effect on their quality of life: green space and parks are among their three most important needs. The frequency with which they are used depends essentially on their location and accessibility. Younger people, the inhabitants of the densely populated districts of the city that lie close to the centre and families with small children are the groups that use the parks most frequently. The trend in society towards isolation further increases the importance of parks and squares as places to meet other people, communicate and to be active as the open spaces promote encounters and encourage interaction. Satisfaction with parks has increased slightly since the 2003 public opinion survey. A good two-thirds of those surveyed rate them as being good or very good. However, the survey also indicated that the importance that the population attaches to parks is greater than their satisfaction with the facilities currently on offer.

Wide range There is a wide range of parks in Zurich: Historical and modern parks, former villa gardens or oases of nature in the countryside. Traffic-free or at least trafficcalmed pedestrian zones and squares encourage people to stroll along and spend time there and can double as a market place or events location. Major significance of the lakeside The extensive and attractive parks on the lakefront, with their historical quay facilities that have been artificially raised, are the most appealing of all open spaces. They represent the city’s calling card. When asked about the positive aspects of Zurich, in 2005 the population rated the location of the city in first place, particularly its location on the banks of the lake. The districts of the city that lie directly on the lake use this facility most of all: 61% of the inhabitants of district 8 use them daily or several times a week. The lakeside facilities are used by over two-thirds of the population of the city, but also attract many people from outside of the city – up to 100,000 visitors can be counted on nice spring or summer days. The right bank of the lake serves as a regional local recreational area. The satisfaction of users with the lakeside facilities and their mutual acceptance is generally very good. Over 90% of those surveyed admit that there is adequate space available in summer. Individuals complain about the lack of toilet facilities and eating facilities and a lack of sufficient places for access to the water. Two-thirds are satisfied with the police presence and feel safe. Over

60% of those surveyed are of the opinion that there is not too much litter and over 70% are not troubled by it. Just under half are troubled by dogs running freely, but almost no-one is disturbed by dogs on leashes. There is large-scale acceptance amongst locals of large events, like the Orange Cinema or the Zürcher Theater Spektakel (Zurich Theatre Festival), both staged on the banks of Lake Zurich.

New parks and squares Parks and squares and their interconnection as a key element of urban development is ensured when districts of the city are regenerated. Thus, for instance, in the former industrial area of Oerlikon, four new parks have been created within four years and a privately-owned historical garden has been handed over to the public authorities. The inhabitants already living in these areas use these new parks as frequently as the rest of the population of the city use their parks. Since 2003, satisfaction levels have risen markedly and are now above the urban average. In West Zurich, the Turbinenplatz was created at the same time and further areas of open space are currently being planned. These massive improvements in the facilities on offer have been made possible by year-long cooperative planning.

The potential of the riverbanks The potential of the banks of the rivers Sihl and Limmat have not been exploited for many years. Thanks to the redevelopment of the Letten area, the Wipkinger Park and the area around the Gessnerallee, new and attractive, high-quality parks have been created alongside the rivers. The inhabitants of districts 1, 10 and especially 5 are the main users of the riverside areas. The increasing needs of the users will continue to keep exert pressure on the riverbanks and will require further change.

The changing Brunau Allmend Brunau Allmend offers the population a large area of attractive local recreational space that is of regional importance. Threequarters of its users live in the city, with the majority living in the adjoining districts. Demands from all sides have increasingly led in recent years to conflicts, particularly with dog-owners. The constantly increasing pressure on land use, new transport infrastructures and the removal of building site installations have caused GSZ to define the type and scope of future land use by means of a process of participation. The Green Book of Zurich

Parks, Squares and Common Land Green and Open Spaces

In 10 Year s … … the wide and varied range of public multifunctional open spaces will play a key role in maintaining the quality of life in Zurich at a very high level when compared internationally. The high quality design of site-specific parks, squares, pedestrian zones, riverbanks or common land will shape the urban landscape and play a major role in helping the population to identify with their own district of the city. Public open spaces will be fundamentally accessible free of charge, will meet the most diverse requirements and provide the inhabitants with adequate space for a range of different uses. The parks and squares will be important meeting points in public life where people will like to spend time and this will enable them to actively relax but also retreat or experience nature.

Waterside recreational space The lakeside parks will be Zurich›s most important and attractive parks and will provide large-scale and well-tended recreational space with attractive access to the water, a range of experiences, a unique view across to the mountains and city frontage, and an ideal infrastructure as well. The coexistence and cooperation of different uses and events by and on the water will increase the quality of the experience and will be based on mutual respect and coexistence without this impairing use by the public. In addition to the intensively used lake shore, the riverbanks will also offer extensive high-quality recreational areas. Pedestrians, joggers and cyclists will be able to find attractive and continuous linear connections on the riverbanks, as well as recreational areas with a high level of experience and recreation.

Diverse common land The Brunau Allmend will be used collectively, flexibly and in a diverse way and will be well connected as a local recreational area directly adjacent to the edge of the city. The coexistence of different leisure activities as well as specific key uses, like freestyle, will be popular and enhance the quality of recreation for a wide cross-section of the population. The bounteousness of the landscape and the diversity and dynamism of nature will be able to be experienced.

Parks create identification The district parks and squares will meet the population’s needs for recreation and provide a high quality of use. The open spaces will be interconnected for an easy and safe accessibilty The parks will be carefully further developed and adapted to the changing needs of the users together with the population according to their needs – and will take into account their cultural and historical value. This will also apply to the innovative parks and squares that will be created in the new residential and service districts and will belong to the city’s calling cards. The parks and squares will characterise the appearance and image of these districts and will promote the residential and working population’s identification with their environment. The population will feel at home and safe in its public open spaces. High esteem Both the population, as well as landowners and political decision-makers, will be aware that parks and squares play a major role in the quality of life in these districts and that they shape social development and the image of the city – and that they will also be of significance for the monetary value of the adjacent property and for tourism as a whole.

The Green Book of Zurich

Parks, Squares and Common Land Green and Open Spaces

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Importance: 5,44 (out of a maximum of 6) (Single parents: 6,00 / Families with small children: 5,74) Satisfaction: 4,83 (out of a maximum of 6)

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

Importance: 5,2 (out of a maximum of 6) Satisfaction: 4,8 (out of a maximum of 6) Importance of recreational value: 5,3 (out of a max. of 6) Satisfaction with recreational value: 4,7 (out of a maximum of 6)

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

Parks, squares and common land

361 parks of 129 ha 44 ha of Green belts / recreational axes 5 ha of Squares with a high amenity value around 100 ha of free land at the Brunau Allmend (without forests, shooting and sports facilities)

Retained, increased if necessary Retained, increased if necessary Wide range to suit demand Retained

Lakeside amenities

Users: 64% of the urban population in summer (75% in winter) of which 17% (38% in winter) come from districts 2 and 8

Very high level of satisfaction with lakeside amenities retained

Green areas or parks 2005 Public opinion survey

Parks GSZ 2005 Balance of effects

2005 User survey

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

Frequency of use: 68% of the urban population at least several times per month 8% never Dogs: 43% are troubled by free-running dogs 3% are disturbed by dogs on leads Satisfaction of visitors with the police presence: 67% are satisfied 8% find it too little 17% find it too much Litter: Waste disposal is very good: 81% Volume of litter is too great: 35% Litter is a problem: 26% Safety / Lighting: Over 90% of those surveyed feel safe Lighting is good or very good: over 80% Sihl and Limmat riverbanks 2005 Public opinion survey

New Parks in Oerlikon 2003/2005 Public opinion survey

Brunau Allmend 1999 Study of land use of common land

Usage at least once per week: people living closer than 400 m: 53% people living further away than 1 km: 25%

Recreational value increased

2003 survey: satisfaction 4,57 (cf. City of Zurich 4,63) 2005 survey: satisfaction 4,95 (cf. City of Zurich 4,83) Satisfaction with parks among people living closer than 400 m: Very good: 34% (cf. City of Zurich 24%) Good: 45% (cf. City of Zurich 44%) Satisfactory: 18% (cf. City of Zurich 24%) Unsatisfactory: 3% (cf. City of Zurich 8%)

Above-average satisfaction retained

Visitors from the city of Zurich: 76%, of which District 2: 28% District 3: 39% District 4: 9% Age structure: 48% 26 – to 50-year olds

High value for urban population, especially for adjacent districts

Attractive range of uses for all age categories

The Green Book of Zurich

Parks, Squares and Common Landâ&#x20AC;&#x192; Green and Open Spaces

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Emphasising the lakeside amenities We assign top priority to the lakeside amenities as image carriers for the city and as the most frequently used park facilities. We are improving the linear connections along the lake shore and access to the water. We are defusing conflicts within the lakeside areas by separation of uses on recreational land with different focal areas and by the provision of a differentiated infrastructure and appropriate maintenance. We will retain contemporary witnesses from the Gâ&#x20AC;&#x2030;59 Exhibition of Horticulture as far as possible. Enhancing of riverside areas We are carefully enhancing the riverside areas in accordance with our mission statements and concepts by increasingly providing more open spaces that offer extensive recreational quality where people like to spend time. We are improving the linear connections along the riverbanks and access to the water. Common land We are enhancing the extensive multifunctional character of the common land and creating focal uses to defuse conflict. We are improving the accessibility of the Brunau Allmend and enhancing access and connected routes. We are managing and looking after common land according to its use in order to promote natural experiences and enhance its natural value. Provision of new district parks We are extending the provision of high-quality parks and squares in under-served areas and implementing open space schemes in developing areas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; also by the provision of public recreational space on private land within the framework of Public Private Partnership projects. In order to enshrine their use in the district, we are carrying out publicity work, involving, where possible, the population in the decision-making process and promoting the holding of district-related events on the land. Maintenance and development We are maintaining parks and squares to a high standard in accordance with their use and are continuing to develop them carefully and in a targeted way based on maintenance plans.

The Green Book of Zurich

Green and Open Spaces

Designate d O p e n S p a c e s Zurich has a balanced range of designated open spaces tailored to user needs, including sports grounds, cemeteries or allotment gardens. The different claims on land use are constantly changing and must also be accommodated in the future. These designated open spaces should also increasingly meet different recreational needs. Linking of subject areas within The Green Book, the Structure of GSZ and Sustainability THE GREEN BOOK Subject areas Green and Open Spaces Urban landscape Basic principles Biodiversity Environment Provision of open space Use of open space Design of open space and Horticultural heritage Participation and partnerships

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Environmental Education Green Knowledge > Production and maintenance in harmony with nature

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The Company

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STRUCTURE OF GSZ

SUSTAINABILITY (MONET)

Product groups and products

Claims

Understanding and promotion of nature Education / experiences Promotion of species and habitats

Natural areas / open spaces Cemeteries Green in the streets Schoolyards Sports grounds Swimming facilities Extensive green spaces Planning of green / open spaces Planning and construction of green and open spaces Land / building management Leased land Services Consultancy / Monitoring Support products

Customer groups Recreational users Residents / workers Sportsmen and women Lessees / tenants Developers / planners

Environmental responsibility Conservation of livelihood Conservation of biodiversity Ecological balance Values of the natural and cultivated landscape

Indicators Social solidarity Life expectancy in good  health  Mental well-being         Health-relevant behaviour, physical activities General satisfaction with life Identity-forming environment  Satisfaction with the residential environment Recreational amenities in the residential environment Option to participate in local processes Environmental responsibility People affected by noise Contamination of the soil with heavy metals and PAH Soil compaction Spatial requirement of flowing water Fine dust concentration Diversity of agriculture and appearance of the landscape Diversity of species Diversity of land use and soil cover Ecological compensation areas

The Green Book of Zurich

Designated open spaces Green and Open Spaces

Today… … there is a very wide range of designated open spaces that have a specific use and are not primarily for general public recreational use and there is a great need for additional space. This again and again creates conflicts of use as the claims are often exclusive. Certain areas, like schoolyards or cemeteries, are accessible to the public and provide the population with additional recreational space. Other areas, such as swimming facilities and allotment gardens, cannot be freely used by everybody and are only accessible on payment of an entry fee or membership of an association of society.

Balancing interests and benefits is challenging when creating, maintaining or changing the use of designated open spaces. Securing the good quality of land use is a key role of the GSZ.

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

City-owned designated green and open spaces

20 cemeteries around 6,900 allotments and recreational gardens 46 sports grounds 17 swimming facilities with green spaces 520 open-air grounds around schools and nurseries 148 public playgrounds 20,500 trees alongside roads and 44 km of hedges 108 km of streams 8,5 ha of grounds around municipal hospitals (Waid and Triemli) 27 grounds around elderly care homes 10 grounds around care centres

Number and areas are meeting demands

Third party-owned designated green and open spaces

Sports and shooting grounds Allotments and recreational gardens Grounds around hospitals Grounds around elderly care homes 7 cemeteries Grounds around churches Zurich Zoo

Total surface area retained

Public use of designated open spaces

Different public usage is often prohibited

Many synergies, high level of public recreational use, especially in under-served areas

The Green Book of Zurich

Designated open spaces Green and Open Spaces

In 10 Year s … … Zurich will have a broad, balanced, adequate and well-connected range of designated open spaces with a good quality of land use. The provision will be based on current and proven needs. Should demand change, land use will be adapted to a justifiable extent. Land use needs will be taken into account by fairly and transparently balancing legally protected interests. Designated open spaces will be used, wherever possible, for other uses – especially for public recreation.

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Maintenance We are maintaining legally protected designated open spaces as buffer and recreational zones in favour of a wide range of land use and as land use reserves for the coming generations.

Change of use We are examining conversion of designated open spaces based on qualified proof of use whilst balancing interests and benefits.

Enhancing We are improving designated open spaces with regard to their public recreational use – especially in areas under-served by recreational space.

Flexibility We are reacting flexibly and in a forward-looking manner to changing land use needs and new demands, for instance by new types of sports.

The Green Book of Zurich

Designated open spaces Green and Open Spaces

Cemeterie s To d a y … All of the 27 district cemeteries. are designed in line with customers› wishes and are well maintained. Burials take place in 25 cemeteries, 2 are no longer in use. 7 cemeteries are operated by private individuals – often these are Jewish cemeteries. Various forms of burial are possible in the 20 city-owned cemeteries, for instance burial of ashes in a wood. Due to the increasing burial of urns in communal graves, there is now less need for burial grounds. The cemeteries are used and appreciated by the population as parks for tranquil relaxation and contemplation. The Funeral and Cemeteries Office is responsible for burials. The Office cooperates with GSZ in a well-coordinated manner to meet the needs of customers.

The Green Book of Zurich

Designated open spaces Green and Open Spaces

Cemeterie s i n 1 0 Ye a r s … District cemeteries will offer the bereaved a contemplative environment full of piety. The provision of different forms of burial will be based on social and cultural needs. Cemeteries will be carefully looked after and further developed as a valuable cultural asset. The population will appreciate these expansive and quiet open spaces in harmony with nature and will use them respectfully. The areas of cemeteries that will not be used for burials in the foreseeable future will be available to the public as quiet and extensive areas of parkland. No commercial land use, no events inappropriate to the surroundings will be allowed to take place there.

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Number of cemeteries, ownership

27, of which: 20 are city-owned (1 unused) 7 are privately-owned (1 unused)

Extent of city-owned cemeteries

121 ha

Retained

Burials in city-owned cemeteries

Burials: approx. 3,400, of which: around 600 are burials around 2,800 are burials of urns Common graves: 31% Percentage of cremations: 84%

Provision to suit demands

Forms of burial

Possible burial in 14 classes of grave The most important of these are: (burials in 2005) Family graves – leased graves (260) Burial row graves (638) Urn row graves (854) Urn niches (251) Common graves (1,106) Ash burials in the wood (60)

Different forms of burial retained to meet demands

Number of graves

59 000

Based on 2005 figures

Appreciation GSZ 2005 Balance of effects

Importance of cemeteries in the district: 5,7 (out of a max. of 6) Satisfaction with cemeteries: 5,7 (out of a max. of 6)

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Adaptation to requirements We are continually adapting the range of burial options to the needs of the population. Land use concept for reserve land Together with the Funeral and Cemeteries Office, we are developing a concept for the careful management of land no longer needed for burial and for reserve space.

The Green Book of Zurich

Designated open spaces Green and Open Spaces

Allotment s a n d Re c re a t i o n a l G a rd e n s To d a y … The areas of allotments and recreational gardens in the city of Zurich make up around 250 hectares and around 6,900 individual gardens. The 78 areas of allotment gardens are leased by the Local Allotment Gardens Associations, which manage their allocation and use. Since 1995, their maintenance and production in harmony with nature is regulated by an Administrative Regulation (VVO) and is adhered to for the most part. Soil examinations have been conducted on various allotments and the risks evaluated. In a small number of individual cases alterations of use were needed. The recreational gardens are leased out directly by GSZ. While allotment gardens are primarily aimed at horticultural use, there is a wide range of uses in recreational gardens. The sizes of the plots of land vary and the percentage of extensively used land is higher. Allotments and recreational gardens are coming under pressure again and again by urban development and the desire for conversion. The “Allotment Master Plan” highlights the situation and potential for development.

The Green Book of Zurich

Designated open spaces Green and Open Spaces

Allotment s a n d Re c re a t i o n a l G a rd e n s i n 1 0 Ye a r s … Allotments and recreational gardens will offer lessees needs-oriented, varied options for use for cultivation and relaxation and will have a socio-integrational effect. Thanks to paths and recreational areas, the open areas will enhance the scope of recreational land available for the population of the district. The allotment areas will be visible and the elements in them, like garden sheds, hedges or fruit trees, will be well integrated into the overall appearance of the landscape. These areas that are managed solely in harmony with nature, with their wide and varied structures on a small space, will make a significant contribution to flora and fauna as ecologically very high-quality habitats.

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Allotment garden areas

145 ha, of which 90% is legally zonally secured

Secured land retained

Recreational garden areas

40 ha, of which 88% is legally zonally secured

Secured land retained

Other leased-out land

55 ha (meadows, club grounds, nurseries etc.)

Number of lessees Figures based on 2004 Master Plan

6,033 in allotments 385 in recreational gardens 375 in other leased land

needs-oriented, “Allotment Master Plan” implemented

Number of fruit trees

not recorded

Number of fruit trees corresponds at least to the number of gardens

Public paths in accordance with Communal Transport Structure Plan

not completed in 5 allotment garden areas

Implemented in all allotment garden areas

Management of green areas in harmony with nature in accordance with the Administrative Regulation (VVO)

Guidelines are attached to lease contract

Guidelines are a mandatory part of the contract

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Enhancing the land use options We are committed to ensuring that the gardens provide the lessees with a broad and varied range of uses and offer the population as a whole with an enhanced recreational value.

Needs-oriented provision Where there is a proven requirement, we are replacing legally secured areas released for other land uses, after evaluating the legally protected interests.

Gardening in harmony with nature We are supporting gardening in harmony with nature by expanding relevant training and advice sessions. The Administrative Regulation (VVO) guidelines are a mandatory element of the lease contracts.

Clarification of cooperation We are regulating future cooperation together with the Local Allotment Gardens Associations.

The Green Book of Zurich

Designated open spaces Green and Open Spaces

Spor ts Gro u n d s a n d Swi m m i n g Fa c i l i t i e s To d a y … Sport and exercise in the open air – irrespective of whether this is done alone or organised – has an important role to play in the city and is heavily promoted. Individual sports, like cycling, jogging or toboganning, are popular and green spaces and forests provide excellent locations for this. Not all needs can be fully met in the city however. GSZ has created and looks after around 200 sports grounds, half of which are football pitches or tennis courts, with a total area of approx. 70 hectares on behalf of the Office for Sport. Due to the fact that the needs of sports enthusiasts are constantly changing, alterations of use, for instance of tennis courts, are needed from time to time. New sports facilities for popular amateur sport are being planned. Intensive care of lawns and innovative advances, like Astroturf pitches and courts, enable far above-average frequency of use. With larger sports grounds, for instance at Hardhof or Buchlern, the environment is designed in such a way that it can also be used for recreation at times when little sport is being played.

Many of the private sports facilities, especially corporate sports grounds, are currently undergoing a change of use, increasing pressure on public facilities. It is possible to swim at various locations along Lake Zurich or the Katzen Lake as well as in the River Sihl and Limmat. The banks require intensive management due to the heavy use. The city of Zurich has a total of 17 summer swimming facilities spread across the entire city, with 14 being located in park-like green spaces. Two of the open-air pools are managed by private operating companies. The remainder are managed by the Office for Sport when they are in use and by GSZ outside of the swimming season. In the colder months, the Mythenquai and Tiefenbrunnen lidos are open to the public as parks. Six swimming facilities constitute valuable horticultural heritage gardens.

The Green Book of Zurich

Designated open spaces Green and Open Spaces

Spor ts Gro u n d s a n d Swi m m i n g Fa c i l i t i e s i n 1 0 Ye a r s … Thanks to their high standards, the sports facilities will provide excellent facilities for elite sport as well popular amateur sport. Changing needs will have to be accommodated constantly; new up-and-coming sports will be supported where this is possible and feasible. Equipment for specific uses will be reversible and, where possible, will be erected only temporarily. Large sport facilities will also meet the needs of the population at large for recreation. The green spaces in the swimming facilities will be well-managed, safe and meet the needs of the users during the bathing season. Outside of the bathing season, they will whenever possible be made available to the population as parks, particularly the facilities along the lakeside and along the Limmat riverbank. The swimming facilities that also double as horticultural monuments, will be carefully looked after and further developed as a valuable cultural asset.

Number and land area

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

17 swimming facilities, of which 14 have green land (24 ha)

Needs-oriented, winter use implemented, at least with lakeside and riverside swimming facilities

46 sports facilities (151 ha), of which:

Provision oriented on demand where possible, Sport Facilities Strategy Report implemented

Based on 2006 figures

Football pitches (61 ha): 83 regulation playing fields, 25 smaller training pitches Tennis courts: 92 courts run by the public authorities, 12 courts run by third parties Annual frequency of use of sports facilities for training or competitions

approx. 630,000 on grass fields approx. 130,000 on tennis courts

High frequency of use per facility

Annual frequency of use of summer swimming facilities

over 1 million entries

Retained Facilities with a good quality of use

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Meeting needs We work closely together with the Office for Sport in order to meet the proven needs and guarantee intensive use. We support the implementation of the Sport Facilities Strategic Report and the Sports Concept. Opening for winter use We are adapting the swimming facilities on the lake and rivers to the requirements of winter use.

The Green Book of Zurich

Designated open spaces Green and Open Spaces

Playgroun d s a n d S c h o o l y a rd s To d a y … GSZ operates and manages 148 public children’s playgrounds in parks, in community centres or in forests and around 490 playing areas in sports facilities and schoolyards. These facilities supplement the recreational space and play areas in the immediate vicinity of children’s and young people’s homes. Traffic-calmed streets are other areas that may be used by children and young people. Play is actively permitted in streets that have been declared meeting zones. It has been shown that in high-density and heavily-used residential areas, the need for playing areas is not always adequately met – this is the case, for instance, with the Limmat West residential development. The grounds around 120 public schools and 400 kindergartens within the city of Zurich provide facilities for children and young people for play, sport and meeting up during break times. Under the “Natur ums Schulhaus” (Nature Around Schools) initiative, around 40 facilities have been assessed as being fit for purpose since 1991. Out of school hours, these facilities are open to the public. The open spaces around schools and kindergartens are being reduced due to expansion of school buildings; at the same time the need for use is increasing.

The Green Book of Zurich

Designated open spaces Green and Open Spaces

Playgroun d s a n d S c h o o l y a rd s i n 1 0 Ye a r s … The surroundings of private homes will largely meet the needs of children and their parents. In addition to this, public playing fields and schoolyards will offer valuable space for play, exercise and adventure for children and young people and places for their carers to meet up. The play equipment will meet safety standards. All traffic-free public green spaces and open spaces will be able to be played on in principle. Meeting zones in residential estates and around schools will ensure freedom of movement and will be able to be used as places for play and to meet up. The grounds of schools and kindergartens will offer children and young people an adequate, varied and safe environment to learn and exercise in with a high quality of experience. The attractive play and sports facilities adjacent to schools will be actively used by the population beyond of the school day.

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Number and area of open spaces around municipal schools and nursery schools

520 facilities, 89 ha

Retained to meet demands

Quality of open spaces around municipal schools and nursery schools

Guidelines available

Guidelines implemented project-specifically

Municipal playgrounds

148 public playgrounds, of which 15 are located in community centres

Needs-oriented, high quality of experience

Play equipment in municipal facilities and nursery schools

approx. 660 are in children’s playgrounds approx. 1,470 are in school/nursery school grounds

Needs-oriented, high quality of experience, safety standards met

Appreciation

Public playing fields Importance: 5,2 (out of a maximum of 6) Satisfaction: 4,6 (out of a maximum of 6) Number of playgrounds in the residential environment Importance: 5,3 (out of a maximum of 6) Satisfaction: 4,2 (out of a maximum of 6)

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

GSZ 2005 Balance of effects

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Adequate and safe playgrounds Where possible, we are meeting the needs for children’s play in denselypopulated districts of the city and are complying with EU safety standards for play equipment in public facilities. We are providing advice to promote play equipment in private residential areas.

Enhancing schoolyards and kindergartens We are improving the grounds of schools and kindergartens to meet specified needs to provide an attractive, educational environment for play, sport and education that is also attractive to the inhabitants of the district.

The Green Book of Zurich

Designated open spaces Green and Open Spaces

Green in t h e St re e t s To d a y … Traffic-calmed streets and squares are important areas in which people can meet up. With schemes to relieve traffic congestion, the edges of streets are often dismantled to enhance the quality of movement and encounters. Existing trees and front gardens characterise a district, but often come under pressure from construction development and transport infrastructures. There are around 20,500 trees lining the roads in Zurich’s public spaces, with evergreens, perennials, flowering shrubs or wild plants sprouting up in borders covering an area of just under 50 hectares. They improve the microclimate by binding dust and providing shade. Regrettably they are often misused for the disposal of litter and fouling by dogs. Around 350 old trees are replaced by new young trees every year and a further 300 new trees are planted to achieve the “Alleenkonzept” (Tree-Lined Avenue Scheme) and provide a sustainable age structure. Increasingly new pests and diseases are coming to light that also have a negative effect on the health of already dilapidated trees. GSZ largely avoids the use of chemicals to combat pests and aims to encourage the life of the trees, where possible, with large tree beds and a good soil substrate. Experiences with grassed tram tracks have shown that they attenuate noise and bind fine dust.

The Green Book of Zurich

Designated open spaces Green and Open Spaces

Green in t h e St re e t s i n 1 0 Ye a r s … The good design of street space and pedestrian zones will guarantee their excellent quality for all users. Streets will offer, where possible, high quality space to spend time in and attractive routes for cyclists and pedestrians, in coexistence with motorised traffic. Individual trees, tree-lined avenues, borders and front gardens along the streets, as well as the many grassed tram tracks, will shape the urban landscape and the design and identity of the individual districts. They will promote a sense of well-being in the city and improve the microclimate. The trees lining the streets will enjoy good growing conditions and will be healthy.

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Number of trees lining streets

20 500

Tree-Lined Avenue Scheme implemented

New plantings per year

around 300

Tree-Lined Avenue Scheme implemented, tree species compatible with the urban environment

Replacement trees per year

350

Healthy tree stock

Hedges

44,2 km, of which 12,7 km are cut

Retained

Borders

142,584 m2, of which 821 m2 are perennials

Retained

Groves

55 749 m

Retained

Grassed tram tracks

41 627 m2

Increased, Zurich Public Transport Operator’s (VBZ) Concept implemented

Street spaces

Implementation of Mobility Strategy and Tree-Lined Avenue Scheme, and “2010 Urban Space” strategy planned

Strategies and GSZ concepts implemented, highest quality space in which to spend time

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Tree planting We are implementing the Tree-Lined Avenue Scheme and attach great value to the use of trees appropriate to the habitat and compatible with an urban environment.

Upkeep of green spaces in the streets We are maintaining hedges, borders and groves along the streets and are managing them in harmony with nature. We support the construction of grassed tram tracks in accordance with the Zurich Public Transport Operator’s (VBZ) inspection plan. Front gardens in the districts By advising private landowners, we are working towards ensuring that front gardens retain their distinctive formative structures. Recovery of recreational space We work in an interdisciplinary manner when deconstructing heavily used streets in favour of higher quality recreational space.

The Green Book of Zurich

Designated open spaces Green and Open Spaces

Watercou r s e s To d a y … A total length of 108 km of streams run through the metropolitan area, 64 km of which run through forests and 34 km through residential areas. The municipal Stream Concept has the intention of opening up as many culverted streams as possible – since 1998 over 16 km have been opened up, creating attractive natural and recreational spaces. A further 10 km are still in culverts. GSZ also manages the banks of the streams on behalf of ERZ, the Zurich Disposal and Recycling Services. Some streams do not yet meet flood protection requirements. The Disposal and Recycling Services are continually working to reduce this risk with its renovation programme.

The areas of river under the care of the Canton were, up until recently, only accessible in parts and were only accessible to a limited extent for recreational use. By developing an overall concept with targeted renaturation in conjunction with the cantonal authorities, as was the case with the Werd Island, Wipkinger Park and the Letten area or the Gessnerallee, considerable improvements have been made in terms of their recreational use. Further projects, such as the “Sihlallmend” in the Brunau common land or the “Auenpark” in Altstetten, are in preparation. The quality of water in the rivers has improved. The issue of flood protection is still very topical, as individual sections of the rivers Sihl and Glatt are not adequately constructed. The freeboard is also inadequate along certain sections of the Limmat; however regulation of Lake Zurich should prevent larger-scale damage. The Canton Risk Map that is currently being prepared shows the potential dangers from flooding and forms the basis for further action. Climate change and increasing soil sealing are resulting in flood protection becoming more important.

The Green Book of Zurich

Designated open spaces Green and Open Spaces

Watercou r s e s i n 1 0 Ye a r s … The rivers and streams in the city of Zurich will provide attractive and easily accessible recreational spaces and places to experience nature close to clean water. They will provide habitats of excellent quality and will play a major role for ecological interconnections . They will shape and divide up the urban landscape and the districts of the city. Flood protection will have been solved in accordance with the individual situations. The design and upkeep of the rivers and streams will be based on the needs of safety, recreational values, ecology and efficiency. The streams in the city of Zurich will run openly wherever this is possible and sensible. The potential of the surroundings of the rivers Sihl, Limmat and Glatt for the quality of life, urban landscape and environment will be used.

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Streams

108 km of streams: 64 km in woods 44 km in residential areas, of which 34 km are open streams

Retained, Stream Concept implemented

Upkeep and enhancing of streams

The Stream Concept has been produced, streams in woods are recorded in detail

Stream Concept implemented, a care plan has been produced for every stream

Enhancing of rivers within the city area

Limmat: overall concept, Landscape Development Project and “Auenpark” project have been produced Sihl: overall concept and “Sihlallmend” project have been produced Glatt: Glattraum Schwamendingen study has been produced

Concepts implemented, high quality Concepts implemented, high quality Overall scheme developed, enhancing being implemented

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Management of streams Working closely with the Disposal and Recycling Services, we are developing a scheme for stream management in residential areas and in forests. There is a maintenance plan for every stream. Enhancing river environments By means of Landscape Development Concepts and overall schemes, we are developing interdisciplinary concepts for improving river environments and, together with the Canton, are implementing projects like the “Sihlallmend” and “Auenpark”.

The Green Book of Zurich

Green and Open Spaces

Living and Wo r k i n g E n vi ro n m e n t Our living and working environment has enormous significance for the quality of life and property values. However the quality of land use and recreation is very varied. The densification of urban districts that is being pursued, puts the corresponding open spaces under some pressure.

Linking of subject areas within The Green Book, the Structure of GSZ and Sustainability THE GREEN BOOK Subject areas Green and Open Spaces Urban landscape Basic principles Biodiversity Provision of open space Use of open space Design of open space and Horticultural heritage Participation and partnerships Environmental Education Green Knowledge > Teaching methods > Production and maintenance in harmony with nature The Company

Page 31 79 91 97 103 109 117 120 130 135

STRUCTURE OF GSZ

SUSTAINABILITY (MONET)

Product groups and products

Claims

Understanding and promotion of nature Promotion of species and habitats

Natural areas / open spaces Planning of green/open spaces Services Consultancy / Monitoring Services to other bodies Support products

Customer groups Recreational users Residents / workers Developers/planners

Environmental responsibility Conservation of livelihood Conservation of biodiversity Ecological balance Values of the natural and cultivated landscape

Indicators Social solidarity Life expectancy in good  health  Mental well-being Health-relevant behaviour, physical activities General satisfaction with life Identity-forming environment  Satisfaction with the residential environment Recreational amenities in the residential environment Option to participate in local processes Environmental responsibility People affected by noise Residential land in general and per head of population Diversity of agriculture and appearance of the landscape Separate building zones Diversity of species Diversity of land use and soil cover Ecological compensation areas

The Green Book of Zurich

Living and working environment Green and Open Spaces

Today … … the city of Zurich has many districts with extensive private and semi-public open spaces. The recreational areas within the living and working environment are greater than the public and designated green and open spaces within the residential area. In many cooperative and municipal housing estates, the quality of the living environment has improved significantly in recent years, thanks to specific structural renovations. Private and semi-public open spaces are coming increasingly under pressure as inward residential densification is needed for sustainability in terms of spatial planning. The Bau- und Zonenordnung BZO (Building and Zoning Ordinance) indicates greater or lesser potential for redensification in each different district.

Key factor for the quality of life The quality of housing is a key factor in determining the quality of life, as indicated by the 2005 Public Opinion Survey. The inhabitants of Zurich rate their living environment in first place on a scale of importance in terms of their quality of life, together with public transport. Their level of satisfaction is slightly lower than the importance rating, but all of 92% are nevertheless satisfied with their living environment. A reduction in the quality of private and semi-public open spaces would therefore have a significant effect. Justification for moving to another district is more often than not cited as being because of the living environment. Traffic and traffic noise have a negative impact on the inhabitants’ level of satisfaction.

The environment influences the image and real estate prices The environment is not only important for the residential population but also for the working population. Companies are increasingly attaching value to a good working environment; on the one hand it provides their employees with valuable recreational space but also makes a key contribution to a company’s image. The environment generally has a decisive influence on the value of a property; increasingly, landowners are marketing their residential projects on the basis of the living environment

Understanding has increased GSZ can only exert limited influence on the quantity and quality of new private and semi-public open spaces, as the corresponding legal basis is not in place. The success of consultancy often depends on the understanding of the builder within the building permit process. In comparison, the influence that can be exerted with special land use plans and largescale construction is enshrined in law. The understanding for the importance of design quality amongst planners and builders has grown significantly in recent years – as demonstrated by good examples, such as the Regina-KägiHof, the Röntgenareal and many others. Competitions and studies are now increasingly held for construction projects of this magnitude and importance to ensure the quality of the environment, and often GSZ and landscape architects are involved on the jury.

Importance of the living environment The living environment plays a decisive role in the choice of residential area particularly for less mobile groups of people, such as older people or single parents with small children. Various indices show that the importance of the living environment will increase further in the next few years. This is also because the percentage of older people and the unemployed among the total population is on the increase owing to demographic and social developments.

The Green Book of Zurich

Living and working environment Green and Open Spaces

In 10 Year s … … the living and working environment in a greener Zurich will play an important role in the overall excellent image of the city and will play a key role in the exceptionally high quality of life of the people who live and work in the city. Every district will have an unmistakeable character, which will lead to the inhabitants having a stronger sense of identity with their environment. Zurich will be an attractive residential location especially for families.

Recreation and relaxation right on the doorstep In areas where there are very few public open spaces, the living environment will play a key role in providing the inhabitants with adequate opportunities for recreation and relaxation and valuable places to meet up socially. The majority of the inhabitants of the city will be able to experience nature just outside their front doors. Private and semi-public open spaces will be able to be used in many different ways for recreation and will invite people to simply spend time there. They will be attractively designed, safe and environmentally valuable. The streets in the various districts will improve the quality of life as they play an important role in encouraging people spending time there, as children, in particular, will be able to play safely and unaccompanied directly adjacent to their homes. Dedicated traffic calming measures, such as speed limits or meeting areas will be introduced across the city.

Dedicated redensification If redensification is to take place in districts, this will be of a high quality in terms of the design and use of open spaces and the environment. The most valuable private and semi-public open space elements that shape the character of a district, such as trees or front gardens, will be maintained and green spaces will therefore be as freed as possible from basements or underground car parks. The living environment and surroundings of the residential buildings will be designed to a high quality in new-build projects. The inhabitants, landowners and planners will recognise the importance of the living and working environment for the quality of life, image and property values.

The Green Book of Zurich

Living and working environment Green and Open Spaces

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Importance for the quality of housing and life: 1st place: Living environment 5,6 (out of a maximum of 6) 1st place: Public transport 5,6 (out of a maximum of 6) 3rd place: Green areas and parks: 5,4 (out of a maximum of 6) Satisfaction: 5,1 (out of a maximum of 6), 92% are satisfied with their living environment

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

1,560 ha (without transport development and car parks)

High quality of use; land is retained in areas under-served by public recreational space

Quality-based processes for the living and working environment

No data available

Data is available High percentage with a good influence, particularly in under-served areas

Quality-based renovation projects in the residential environment with municipal housing estates and community housing

No data available

Data is available High quality, especially in under-served areas

Building applications for the living and working environment

No data available

Data is available Building applications are resulting in a higher quality of open spaces amongst completed buildings

Open space elements that characterise a district

Analysis only available for the individual districts

Analysis available for key districts, Formative elements in open spaces are retained

Tempo 30 (Speed 30)

120 zones legally introduced across the city, structural implementation under the control of the Civil Engineering Office TAZ

Where possible throughout all of the streets in the districts

23 zones existing, 4 others will follow in 2006 Introduction and implementation under the control of the Civil Engineering Office TAZ

promoted, especially in the living environment, around school buildings and in central areas

Appreciation 2005 Public opinion survey

Living and working environment for recreational purposes Provision of Open Spaces by the City of Zurich in 2005

Based on 2004 figures

Zones for meeting up

The Green Book of Zurich

Living and working environment Green and Open Spaces

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Maintaining elements in open spaces We are maintaining and safeguarding elements in the residential and working environment that shape and give character to a district – especially in those areas that are inadequately provided with public open spaces.

Redensification requirements Based on the differing typologies, such as the garden city of Schwamendingen, suburban block areas or less densely built properties on the Zürichberg, we define requirements for redensification to maintain the key open space elements in the district.

Cooperation We offer advice in the enhancement of existing open spaces in residential and working environments – particularly with municipal and community properties – and assist the Civil Engineering Office in improving streets in the districts.

Quality We are aiming for a high quality of land use, good design and good environmental values when creating new open spaces in residential and working environments.

Public uses We support public use of private open spaces, specifically in areas under-served by public open spaces.

Reporting We are setting up a reporting process relating to the impact of advice in building applications and special land use plans. Public relations work We are sensitising landowners, investors and planners to the importance of the residential and working environment as a natural and recreational space and demonstrating its value for properties – particularly in areas that are unders-erved by public open space.

Legal basis We are working towards improving the legal principles by means of which the quality of the residential and working environment can be influenced particularly in building permit processes.

The Green Book of Zurich

Green and Open Spaces

Forestry Forests are not only the largest area of publicly accessible open space in the city but are also a diverse habitat that is managed in harmony with nature. The wooded hills shape the character of the urban landscape of the city of Zurich. The forests will grow in importance as an attractive recreational area in years to come. Moreover, the “Wildnispark Zürich” (Zurich Wilderness Park) is a new type of Nature Experience Park close to the city.

Linking of subject areas within The Green Book, the Structure of GSZ and Sustainability THE GREEN BOOK Subject areas Green and Open Spaces Urban landscape Basic principles Biodiversity Environment Provision of open space Use of open space Participation and partnerships Environmental Education Green Knowledge > Communications methods > Nature Schools > Nature Experience Park > Production and maintenance in harmony with nature The Company

Page 31 79 85 91 97 109 117 120 122 128 130 135

STRUCTURE OF GSZ

SUSTAINABILITY (MONET

Product groups and products

Claims

Understanding and promotion of nature Education / Experiences Game rearing Protection of game / birds Promotion of species and habitats Natural forest / Sihl Forest

Social solidarity Meeting needs Promoting health Satisfaction and happiness Developments that take into account well-being Child-friendly surroundings

Natural areas/open spaces Recreational forest Planning of green / open spaces Planning and construction of green and open spaces

Economic performance Promotion of research Environmentally-friendly production

Natural products Forestry products Christmas trees Services Consultancy / Monitoring Services for third parties Support products

Customer groups Teachers / schoolchildren Researchers Recreational users Residents / workers Sportsmen and women Buyers of goods

Environmental responsibility Conservation of livelihood Conservation of biodiversity Consumption limits for renewable resources Ecological balance Minimisation of environmental risks Regard for the time scale of natural resources Values of the natural and cultivated landscape

Indicators Social solidarity Life expectation in good health Mental well-being Health-relevant behaviour, physical activities General satisfaction with life Identity-forming environment Option to participate in local processes Economic performance Environmentally-based subsidies Expenditure for research and development Ecological responsibility Market percentage of non-food products with “eco” labels Soil compaction Spatial requirement of flowing water Fine dust concentration Diversity of agriculture and appearance of the landscape Diversity of species Diversity of land use and soil cover National nature reserves Ecological compensation areas

The Green Book of Zurich

Forest Green and Open Spaces

Today … … around one quarter of the city area of Zurich is covered by forests – forests are therefore the largest publicly accessible open space. Around one half of the forest belongs to various corporations, private forest owners, the ETH – Zurich Science and Technology University and the Canton. Work undertaken in private forests that is of benefit for the public is supported by the public authorities.

D i ve r s e f u n c t i o n s o f f o re s t s Forests fulfil diverse and varied functions. They serve as attractive recreational space for the population, provide protection from natural hazards and are a valuable habitat for many plants and animals. However, forests have lost their importance as a supplier of timber. The forests have a positive effect on the urban climate and, thanks to the filtration effect of the soil and their water sources, they act as a reservoir for the drinking water supply system. They also help to protect against erosion, rock fall and landslides and bind significant quantities of nitrogen and fine dust as well. The city forests are managed based on the criteria of the Forest Stewardship Council FSC in order to fulfil their various functions as best as possible.

Recreational forests Forests that can be easily reached and are densely developed are an excellent asset in terms of recreation and natural experiences. Half of the people living in Zurich visit the forest at least once per week, with older people visiting significantly more frequently. When this figure is extrapolated, this means that there are over 400,000 visits to the forests around the city every week. A study indicated that that the majority of visitors to forests in Zurich were prepared to pay 110 francs for an annual entry ticket. Similar figures are also known for other cities. The most important motive for visiting a forest is to take exercise in the open air and in natural surroundings. Visitors regard the recreational function of forests as being very important and are very satisfied with the current provision. Around one half go on foot to the woods.

land. The city has been a wildlife conservation area for 75 years, in which the care of the wildlife stocks is protected by municipal gamekeepers, meaning that there is no free hunting.

Timber harvesting The economical value of forests and income from timber has fallen significantly in recent years. Less valuable wood is used for energy in environmentallyfriendly wood-fired heating – for instance the zoo’s heating system is fuelled in this way. The production potential of forests is also no longer fully exploited in Zurich, something that leads in part to large stocks of timber and an ageing of existing forests. Earlier economic support of forest owners by the Confederation and the Canton has been seriously reduced. It will be possible in future to charge the positive effects of these forests to reduce greenhouse gases in implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. This could improve the economic balance of forests.

Increasing pressure on use In forests, as in other green and open spaces, there are conflicts among different groups of users and these disturb the wildlife. It is very expensive to keep the forests clean and tidy. Acts of vandalism are regrettably becoming more and more frequent.

Sihl Forest – natural forest The 1,000 hectare Sihl Forest, owned by and situated in the vicinity of the city, is the largest continuous area of forest in the Mittelland region of Switzerland. It has not been used for forestry purposes for some years and is to be transformed into a natural forest. Here the protection of natural processes and the formation of nature is at the very forefront. The City of Zurich also owns the Langenberg Wildlife Park, which is based on a modern zoo concept. A broad-based concept has been developed for the Sihl Forest and the Langenberg Wildlife Park involving the neighbouring municipalities and the Canton of Zurich, along with other partners, to create a nationally recognised Nature Experience Park.

Habitat for animals and plants Around 10% of the total forest area is of particular value in terms of nature. These are areas with protected or endangered species of plants and animals and forest communities worth protecting. The importance of forests as a habitat for wild animals is increasing due to the continuous loss of open The Green Book of Zurich

Forest Green and Open Spaces

In 10 Year s … ... the forests within the urban area will be meeting diverse and varied complementary requirements and functions. The forests will be used for recreational purposes by the inhabitants of the city as well as providing habitat for native flora and fauna, supply of timber and providing a protective function as a reservoir of water and climate regulator. The area of forest will remain constant and the edges of the forest will be of superior environmental value. The percentage of priority natural land, together with reserved land in the Nature Experience Park, will be aboveaverage, as will be the diversity of species. The potential habitats at specific locations, such as moorland, will be sensitively exploited with due care.

Stocks of wildlife Forests will provide stocks of wildlife with good habitat conditions and adequate opportunities to retreat. Disturbances to wild animals will have been reduced in the most important areas of habitat. The Silver Fir, as an indicator of stock of wildlife, will be reproducing naturally with an adequate number of saplings and will be allowed to grow without the need for protection against browsing damages by deers.

Actively tackling diverse claims for land use The recreational facilities in the forests will be needs-orientated. Land use conflicts between various functions of the forests and between user groups will be tackled through participatory processes and will thus be defused. Common aims will be defined using tools, like Landscape Development Concepts (LEK) and Forest Development Plans (WEP).

Appreciation The inhabitants of the city will highly appreciate the forests; forests will serve as places where people from all age groups can experience nature. The population will be aware of the litter problem and there will now be significantly less litter. Sustainable management If private owners of forests undertake work that will benefit the public, they will receive subsidies from the public authorities. Forests will be managed sustainably, based on the criteria of the FSC label, in close collaboration between forest-owners and timber processors. The various types of wood will preferably be used economically with short distances to market. Tree species appropriate to the habitat and natural regeneration will be preferred, with larger regeneration programmes being needed tor the upkeep of native species of trees, like larch and oak. Timber harvesting in the urban area will correspond at least to the net growth of timber. Thanks to their reservoir function, forests will make a significant contribution to the CO2 balance.

“Wildnispark Zürich” The Sihl Forest and Langenberg Wildlife Park will be the jewels in a nationally recognised Nature Experience Park. The adjacent forests of the Albis region and the Uetliberg will be managed in harmony with nature and in this way will become part of the nature park. The coexistence of the protection of natural processes, species protection, natural experiences and recreation will be possible with the aid of different land use zones. The “Sihl Forest” cantonal protection order will be in force and the Sihltal road will be reclassified as a rural road in the Sihl Forest region. The park centres in the Sihl Forest and in the Langenberg Wildlife Park will be well-known educational sites for people from all age groups who are interested in nature.

The Green Book of Zurich

Forest Green and Open Spaces

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Area of recreational forest within the city boundary

2,231 ha, of which: City: 1,138 ha Confederation/ETH Zurich: 192 ha Canton of Zurich: 226 ha Corporations: 449 ha Private forest associations: 226 ha

Retained

GSZ forests outside of the city of Zurich

Sihl Forest forestry reserve: 1,070 ha Langenberg Wildlife Park: 40 ha

Wildnispark Zürich as Nature Experiencee Park

Priority uses in the recreational forest within the city area

City ownership: Intensive recreation: 128 ha or 12% Management: 670 ha or 59%, of which Mittelwald 7 ha Promotion of nature: 340 ha or 29% Other forest owners: no data available

Priority uses determined by LEK, WEP

Importance of recreational value: 5,7 (out of a max. of 6) Satisfaction with recreational value: 5,3 (out of a max. of 6) Importance of the experience value: 5,3 (out of a max. of 6) Satisfaction with the experience value: 5,1 (out of a max. of 6) Importance of cleanliness: 5,6 (out of a max. of 6) Satisfaction with cleanliness: 4,3 (out of a max. of 6)

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

Almost daily: 8% Several times per week: 18% Once per week: 24% Several times per month: 20% Less often: 21% Never: 9%

High land-use retained

Wild animals within the urban area

Deers: approx. 240 Foxes: approx. 1000 Badgers: approx. 160 Hares: approx. 60 Wild pigs: approx. 25

Reduced, stocks compatible with habitat Reduced, stocks compatible with habitat Retained Promoted Retained

Paths and trails

City of Zurich recreational forest: 253 km Sihl Forest and Langenberg Wildlife Park: 76 km

Adapted to needs, LEK/WEP implementedt

Specific infrastructures and equipment

In the city area: Trim trails and jogging trails: 10 Bike trails: 3 Camp fires: 150 Benches: around 1,050 Viewing tower: 1 Source taps: 342 (193 ha of forest in the water protection zone)

Adapted to needs, LEK/WEP implemented

Sihl Forest and Langenberg Wildlife Park: Camp fires: 17 Benches: around 230 Viewing tower: 1 Fountains with their own source: 20

Wildnispark Zürich, operating concept implemented

Forest edges

Around 130 km without crossing roads, of which approx. 20 km are of environmental value

Retained, high percentage with environmentally high-quality structure in accordance with LEK/WEP

Percentage of FSC management of the forests within the city area

In the city-owned forests: 100% In forests owned by others: 95%

100% 100%

Annual timber harvesting

In the city-owned forests: 8,970 m3, corresponding to net growth In forests owned by others: 8,543 m3

At least net growth At least net growth

Production of Christmas trees

GSZ: 4,500 per year Other forest owners: around 500

Retained Retained

Streams in forests within the city area

64 km

Retained

Appreciation GSZ 2004 Balance of effects

Use of the forest and edges of the forest 2005 Public opinion survey

Priority uses determined by LEK, WEP Data is available

Satisfaction corresponds to importance Satisfaction corresponds to importance

The Green Book of Zurich

Forestâ&#x20AC;&#x192; Green and Open Spaces

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Enhancement of forest functions We are assessing and linking the different functions of the forests with innovative approaches by means of Landscape Development Concepts (LEK) and Forest Development Plans (WEP) and working closely with all affected parties to this end. The balancing of interests and benefits and the determination of priority functions is done together with the owners of the forests. Promotion of species diversity We are creating the possibilities for special locations with potential as particularly good habitats, such as inclined moorland, the edges of forests and natural forests, by targeted maintenance and management. We are looking after the forest edges in accordance with environmental specifications and preventing the natural expansion of the forest area.

Timber harvesting We are using at least the net growth of the forest and involving the forest ownes and the woodindustry enterprises for the regional marketing of the timber products, as economically as possible with short distances to market. Within the framework of the City Councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sustainability objectives, we are promoting the use of timber for energy generation and for municipal buildings. Forestry We are promoting forestry in harmony with nature with tree species appropriate to the habitat and working towards healthy, vital tree stocks.

Wildnispark ZĂźrich We are transforming the Sihl Forest and the Langenberg Wildlife Park into a national Nature Experience Park. To this end, we are developing the required concepts and ensuring that the region and the canton are involved. The development process of the Sihl Forest is accompanied and documented by research. We are developing the park centres into recognised nature education sites. Public relations work We are promoting an understanding of the value of forests and creating a choice of appropriate educational and experience activities.

The Green Book of Zurich

Green and Open Spaces

Ag riculture Approx. 10% of the surface area of Zurich is used by agriculture although this percentage is declining steadily. The landscape of meadows and fields shapes the character of the landscape with its changing cultivated fields, hedges and fruit trees. The land is coming under increasing pressure by rising competing claims for land use. Agriculture as the cost-effective management of green spaces will essentially be provided in future by organic farming and exemplary animal rearing.

Linking of subject areas within The Green Book, the Structure of GSZ and Sustainability THE GREEN BOOK Subject areas Green and Open Spaces Urban landscape Basic principles Biodiversity Environment Provision of open space Use of open space Participation and partnerships Environmental Education Green Knowledge > Communications methods > Nature Schools > Production and maintenance in harmony with nature The Company

Page 31 79 85 91 97 109 117 120 122 130 135

STRUCTURE OF GSZ

SUSTAINABILITY (MONET)

Product groups and products

Claims

Understanding and promotion of nature Education/Experiences Promotion of species and habitats

Social solidarity Meeting needs Promoting health Developments that take into account well-being

Natural areas / open spaces Extensive green spaces Agriculture Planning of green/open spaces Land / building management Leased land Agricultural leases Leased property

Economic performance System-compatible market intervention Environmentally-friendly production Environmentally-friendly and socially-acceptable consumption

Services Consultancy/Monitoring

Environmental responsibility Conservation of livelihood Conservation of biodiversity Consumption limits for renewable resources Ecological balance Precaution in the event of uncertainty Values of nature and the cultivated landscape

Support products

Indicators

Customer groups

Social solidarity Life expectancy in good  health  Mental well-being         Health-relevant behaviour, physical activities General satisfaction with life Identity-forming environment  Option to participate in local processes

Natural products Agricultural products

Recreational users Lessees/tenants Purchasers of goods

Economic performance Environmentally-based subsidies Ecological responsibility Utilised agricultural area (UAA) Organic agriculture  Consumption of organic products Contamination of the soil with heavy metals and PAH Soil compaction Fine dust concentration Diversity of agriculture and appearance of the landscape Separate building zones Diversity of species Diversity of land use and soil cover National nature reserves Ecological compensation areas

The Green Book of Zurich

Agriculture

Green and Open Spaces

Today … … Zurich is distinguished by the attractive coexistence of managed agricultural land with a high degree of recreational value on the one hand, and densely built-up residential zones on the other hand. Approx. 10% of the city area is used agriculturally by a total of 36 farms; 12 farms belong to the city and are leased, with the exception of the Juchhof which is run by GSZ, the Office of Parks and Open Spaces.

Intensively used recreational space Agricultural land structures the agglomeration and shapes the appearance of the scenery. The varied meadows and arable land areas with their intact network of field paths form also an attractive local recreational space, the importance of which is constantly growing due to structural densification in the residential areas. With corresponding consequences: Even today there is enormous pressure on agricultural land due to the high level of visitors and the wide and varied demands on land use. Contamination by dog dirt and litter make management and livestock farming more difficult.

Ecological, species-appropriate, diverse The majority of farms in Zurich combine animal husbandry with arable farming. Utilised agricultural areas (UAA) are fully managed in accordance with the Ecological Proof of Performance (öLN), with a third of it managed in accordance with the more demanding organic guidelines. Animal husbandry on all farms complies, as a minimum, with current animal welfare policies, with a majority of productive livestock kept in loose housing sheds or with run outs. Individual farmers mainly practise arable farming, but also perform additional salaried work in landscape management or grow special crops. There are also specialist farms growing fruit, berries, vegetables or grapes. Part-time farmers primarily keep suckling cows, horses, sheep and small animals. Often farms work together by maintaining machinery jointly, for instance, or swapping products for direct sale on the farm. Many farms are also successfully involved with projects, such as “Schule auf dem Bauernhof ” (School on the Farm) or “Offene Stalltüre” (Open Stall Doors) to foster relationship to nature to the urban population. In terms of health promotion, the raising of awareness and access to healthier food production is growing in importance.

Favourable management of land The agricultural use of green spaces is a beneficial form of management for the city. One reason for this are the direct payments from the Confederation and Canton for specific environmental work that can amount to almost half of the farms’ income, as well as income from direct sales. However, prices for agricultural products are continuously falling and are matching EU prices, thereby increasing economic pressure on the farms. In this situation, local farming, in harmony with nature, that produces high-quality and healthy food products pays for itself - as the relevant labels, for instance ZüriChornBrot, promote the sale of these products. For some farms, direct sales make up around one quarter of their total income today. Available farmland reduced The average size of a city farm is above Swiss average. Owing to urban development and agricultural policy, agriculture in Zurich has had to accept significant losses of land in the last 10 years. The available farmland in the city area has fallen by around 15% and the number of farms has dropped by around 20%. A further reduction agricultural land and in the number of farms is foreseeable.

The multifaceted Juchhof estate The Juchhof fulfils many roles as a municipal farm. Its land serves as a land pool for exchange and cannot therefore be farmed organically. This guarantees the availability of farmland. Milk and wine from the Juchhof are primarily sold in the city. Arable farming produces cereal crops and the excess is used as pig feed. The farm is carrying out pioneering work in pig farming by fattening young boars without castration.

The Green Book of Zurich

Agriculture

Green and Open Spaces

In 10 Year s … … agricultural land, together with forests and other green spaces, will largely form a functionally important green belt in the Zurich landscape perceived by the inhabitants. Orchards and hedgerows will characterise the open cultivated landscape. As agricultural land presents a valuable reserve of productive land for coming generations, alterations of land-use will always be done by carefully balancing all interests and benefits. Infrastructure installations for intensive agricultural use will not be found in areas with an outstanding scenery.

Organic farming and animal welfare All agricultural land will be managed in an environmentally-friendly manner adapted to the location in accordance with minimum Swiss environmental standards (öLN), an above-average percentage will be managed in accordance with organic farming regulations. Animals will not only be reared in compliance with animal welfare regulations but rather their care will be exceptional. No genetically modified organisms will be used on all farms within the city area. Fruit will be used and agricultural products marketed within a close radius of the farm – by direct sale on the farm or within municipal facilities, such as care homes for the elderly. The sale of these products will be assisted by quality and product labels. Health promotion The population will be aware of the importance of nutrition for their health and will have direct access to healthy foods by the direct sale of organic products. GSZ will support the promotion of good health among children and young people in Nature Schools and Schools on the Farm – by exercising in the open air and by practical involvement in the production of food, for instance the joint production of fruit juice. Versatile functions of farms Farms will be much appreciated by the inhabitants of the city. The farms will make a significant contribution to Green Knowledge and allow people to experience nature in a meaningful way. Additional outlay for environmental or community work will be compensated. Larger farms, often family-run, will form stand-alone economic businesses. Part-time run qualified farms are reasonable as well and will be very desirable. Farmers will be aware of their unique work as environmental land-users, as carers for the environment and service providers on the periphery of the city. Economic conditions will dictate that, as entrepreneurs, they will find new and innovative opportunities for income, for instance producing bioenergy or involvement with tourism. Marginal revenue land will therefore be able to be managed in this way.

Juchhof estate As a municipal business, the Juchhof will be involved with agricultural production but will also provide agriculturally-related services – for instance in the use of agricultural products, management of green spaces and innovational socio-cultural services. The Juchhof will also act as a land pool, in that it will guarantee a high degree of flexibility in the exchange of land which is in the interests of the city as a whole.

The Green Book of Zurich

Agriculture

Green and Open Spaces

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Utilised agricultural area (UAA) within the city area

939 ha, of which: 2 /3 municipal 1 /3 private/Confederation / Cantons 10 % within the building zone

Retained

GSZ-managed UAA outside of the city area

approx. 80 ha

Land pool maintained

Ecological compensation areas (ECA)

177 ha or 18% of the UAA is used as ecological compensation areas in accordance with Art. 76, of which 16 ha or 9% is in compliance with the Ecological Quality Ordinance (ÖQV)

High percentage in UAA maintained

Farms

36 farms within the city area, of which: 11 are owned by the City of Zurich, leased 1 owned by the city, Juchhof estate

Structure geared towards long-term existence

Average farm size in the Canton of Zurich

17,5 ha 36 farms within the city: 26,8 ha 12 city-owned farms: 43,8 ha

1 GSZ-managed farm outside of the city area (Horgenberg)

Based on 2004/2005 figures

Management

10 city-owned farms: approx 60 ha

250 ha are managed organically (27% of UAA), the remainder in accordance with the Ecological Proof of Performance (öLN)

Ecological Proof of Performance (öLN) is standard, above-average percentage is organically farmed

9 out of 36 farms produce organically, 8 of which are municipal leased farms

All municipal leased farms comply with organic guidelines. Organic farms are preferred when leasing UAA to third parties.

Cattle: approx. 650 Horses: approx. 60 Sheep: approx. 2,200 Chickens: approx. 2,600 Pigs: approx. 900

Diversity retained

Animal husbandry

Over 70% of cows and cattle and 50% of pigs are kept in animal-friendly loose houseing and are regularly allowed to run outside. Over 80% of chickens have an animal-friendly stall and can run around outside (BTS and RAUS supplementary programmes)

80% of cows and cattle and 80% of pigs are reared in an exemplary manner 90% of chickens are reared in an exemplary manner

Number of standard fruit trees within the city area

4,750, of which around 3,000 on UAA

10,000, of which around 5,000 on UAA

Direct sales

Up to 1/4 of the turnover of a farm

Constitutes on average 1/3 of the income

Sales via other labels

Current labels: ZüriChornBrot (bread), FSC Holz (timber), Bio (organic products)

Established, regional marketing encouraged

Direct payments (DZ) to farms in the city

CHF 1,5 million from the Confederation and Canton

Ecological Quality Ordinance ÖQV networking projects currently being implemented municipal subsidies made

Juchhof

Farmland: approx. 155 ha Wine: approx. 18,000 bottles per year Cereal: approx. 200 t Milk production: approx. 400,000 kg Fatted pig production: approx. 1,100

Operates as a combined agricultural and service business Land and production volume depends on the new direction

Number of animals on farms Based on 2005 figures

The Green Book of Zurich

Agriculture

Green and Open Spaces

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Maintenance We are working towards the maintenance of a significant area of available farmland in the nobuilding and agricultural zones. We examine requests for alterations of land use on the basis of qualified proof of need. Enhancemen We ensure that the needs identified by Landscape Development Plans (LEK) – for instance recreation, scenery and ecology – are met in agriculture with appropriate measures. We promote the planting and upkeep of fruit trees and hedgerows. Ecology and the environment We support ecological networks in accordance with Ecological Quality Ordinance (ÖQV) and are expanding organic farming to the maximum amount feasible with the market. We are also campaigning for animal husbandry in compliance with BTS and RAUS definitions. We promote measures to reduce emissions, particularly carbon dioxide, carbon black particles and nitrogen. Inter-farm cooperation We advocate sustained, inter-farm cooperation in the upkeep of green spaces and of the exploitaton of yard waste.

Marketing We promote the use and marketing of agricultural products within a close radius to the farms, especially by direct sales on the farm and within municipal facilities, such as restaurants, hospitals and care homes. Strong, well-known quality and product labels support sales. Compensation for community services We are developing a concept for compensation for community work. Land policy We lease municipal land on the basis of clearly defined, economic, ecological and social criteria. Public relations work We promote with “Green Knowledge” campaigns an understanding and appreciation of farms in the city and reinforce an awareness of their importance.

Legal basis We campaign by means of structure and land use plans for regulations in the interests of agriculture, nature conservation and protection of the countryside. Juchhof We are repositioning the Juchhof estate as a service provider for the city: for the use of agricultural products, for the specific upkeep of green spaces and innovational socio-cultural services. The Juchhof guarantees cost-effectively land for coming generations.

The Green Book of Zurich

Basic principles

Biodivers i t y Zurich offers a wide variety of habitats and is therefore home to a large number of species of wildlife. The existing habitats have to be maintained and added to in a targeted manner to ensure that the city can also make an important contribution to biodiversity in the future. It is essential to awaken and reinforce an awareness and appreciation of the diversity of species and habitats.

Linking of subject areas within The Green Book, the Structure of GSZ and Sustainability THE GREEN BOOK Subject areas Green and Open Spaces Urban landscape Parks, squares and common land Designated open spaces Living and working environment Forests Agriculture Basic principles Environment

Page 31 37 43 59 65 71 85

Environmental Education Green Knowledge

117

The Company

135

STRUCTURE OF GSZ

SUSTAINABILITY (MONET)

Product groups and products

Claims

Understanding and promotion of nature Education / Experiences Exhibitions Game rearing Protection of game / birds Promotion of species and habitats Natural forest / Sihl Forest

Social solidarity Meeting needs Developments that take into account well-being

Natural areas / open spaces Recreational forest Cemeteries Parks School grounds Extensive green spaces Agriculture Planning and construction of green and open spaces Land / building management Leased land Agricultural leases Services Consultancy / Monitoring Support products

Customer groups Teachers / schoolchildren Researchers Recreational users Residents / workers Lessees / tenants Developers / planners

Economic performance Environmentally-friendly production Environmental responsibility Conservation of livelihood Conservation of biodiversity Ecological balance Minimisation of environmental risks Values of nature and the cultivated landscape

Indicators Social solidarity Mental well-being         Identity-forming environment  Satisfaction with the residential environment Economic performance Environment management systems Environmentally-based subsidies Ecological responsibility Utilised agricultural area (UAA) Organic agriculture  Consumption of organic products Spatial requirement of flowing water Diversity of species Diversity of land use and soil cover National nature reserves Ecological compensation areas

The Green Book of Zurich

Biodiversity Basic principles

Today … … Zurich provides a large variety of different habitats – with microclimatic extremes and an ample provision of food – and many niche habitats thanks to dynamic transformation processes. In structurally poor, agriculturally intensively utilised areas there are not as much habitats for wildlife as there are in the city of Zurich, with over 1,200 species of plant growing in the region. There are around 300 proven species of wildlife - with the number of animals living in the region being estimated as being around 10,000 ! Some endangered species have been found in larger numbers in recent years.

Many areas of high Fundamentally all unsealed soil and hollows in roofs and walls are potential habitats for plants and animals. Areas of high natural value in Zurich are extensively managed farmland, orchards, south-facing rough pasture, wetlands and all streams with slopes. Vineyards and woods on the Uetliberg, as well as the railtrack yard of the main railway station, are among the most valuable habitats that form a reservoir of municipal flora and fauna within the residential area. They are listed in the Inventory of Municipal Nature Conservation and Landscape Preservation Areas and are expertly maintained and enhanced in a targeted manner. 18 valuable core areas in the buffer zone, with an area of 98 hectares, are legally protected – their upkeep is therefore assured. These protected areas are for the most part on agricultural land.

Interconnecting and improving habitats Habitats must be maintained in a manner that the species populations can survive in the long term and must also be linked to each other – for instance by green belts, zones along the side of roads, streams or hedgerows. Largescale ecological corridors, ecological compensation areas and targeted interconnecting concepts form the basis for agricultural subsidies. The basic prerequisites for habitats of high ecological value are wildlife corridors and the upkeep and maintenance of green spaces in harmony with nature.

the existing green spaces are increasingly coming under pressure from leisure activities. Many wild animals – deer or hares for instance – are disturbed in their habitats. Other species, such as foxes or pigeons, cope well with conditions in the urban area. The growth in their populations and their changes of behaviour – triggered by feeding, a misdirected love for animals – can be problematic and a potential danger in terms of disease and epidemics.

Advancement of the existing diversity There have been many programmes promoting the diversity of species and habitats for many years. Thanks to them, endangered species of birds and reptiles have been saved, which might have disappeared without these initiatives. Hedgerows and especially fruit trees have declined in number. In contrast deadwood in forests is on the increase, and habitats along the many open streams have become more numerous and larger. Native species are increasingly threatened by invasive neophytes and neobiota that include pests and diseases.

Appreciation by the inhabitants The diversity of plant species is appreciated by the population and is perceived as being something wonderful. Nevertheless knowledge about the issue of biodiversity is still inadequate. The biodiversity of natural habitats is massively overestimated and little importance is attached to the loss of species. It is therefore necessary to have a broad-based information and awareness programme among different groups of the population, such as consumers, political decision-makers and young people.

Habitats in the city Zurich is a city that gives a lot of room to nature. Ecologically diverse green spaces are not just of benefit to plants and animals but make a considerable contribution to the quality of life of the people who live and work in the city. Maintaining the current diversity of habitats is increasingly coming into conflict with structural densification, which is putting pressure on and sealing over other areas of open space. Moreover, The Green Book of Zurich

Biodiversity Basic principles

In 10 Year s … … the city of Zurich will be making an important contribution to biodiversity with its large variety of agricultural and urban habitats – even beyond the city limits. There will be adequate, good-quality and well-connected spaces within the residential areas and in the open countryside and in forests to preserve the variety of flora and fauna. Legally protected municipal and inter-municipal habitats will be preserved in the long term. There will be adequate replacement offered wherever habitats worth protecting have to be relinquished. This will retain the excellent level. Ecological, design-related, use-specific and economical aspects will be weighed against each other with a comprehensive planning approach; the “nature value index” tool will provide a good basis for this.

Interconnecting Those habitats critical for biological and rural diversity – including running water, forests and the edges of forests – will be connected to a large extent. The habitats worth protecting will be connected on a small scale, taking into specific account the diversity of elements typical for the city. Ecological compensation areas will ensure that nature can also thrive in residential areas and will promote the diversity of species. Multifaceted habitats Green roofs will be very common will be of a high environmental quality. 10,000 fruit trees with old and new varieties will be cultivated to produce and form a habitat at one and the same time. The appreciation of older varieties will be high. Widespread native hedgerows and woods will form a common element in the cultivated landscape. Maintenance of green spaces in harmony with nature will protect and promote habitats, even if this should cause additional costs.

Livelihood secured Wild animals and birds will find a livelihood to suit their needs and their stocks will be healthy and will have adapted to the habitats. Key corridors for wild animals will be able to be passed through. Invasive species, as well as pests and diseases, that may harm native species of animals and plants, will be under control. Diversity of species recorded There will be a large diversity of species in the city. It will be regularly recorded, assessed using the nature value index, presented in the ecological network map and the population will be aware of it. The following species are currently recorded in the list of “Ziel- und Leitarten der Stadt Zürich” (Target and Indicator Species of the City of Zurich): > > > > >

Endangered species (red list) Successfully promoted species (blue list) Rare species or species with special habitat requirements Species where its occurrence is noteworthy for Zurich Neophytes and neobiota (black list).

Valued natural experience The city’s nature will be of great significance for the quality of life. There will be a very high percentage of the population that appreciates the diversity of nature. There will be a range of nature experiences offered that appeals to the primary preferences of the target groups. Surprisingly and unconventionally, these preferences will often be linked to natural topics, with the issue of biodiversity being placed in an urban and global context.

Involvement in teaching nature values A network of volunteers will support GSZ in promoting the perception and appreciation of biodiversity. People with a strong relationship with nature will have an opportunity to take on an active communication role.

The Green Book of Zurich

Biodiversity Basic principles

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Nature reserves without forests

98 ha, of which 71 ha are inter-municipal

Approx. 240 ha, the most valuable land will be protected

Municipal conservation areas without forests

500 ha are municipal, of which 15 ha are inter-municipal (without conservation orders) 150 ha are city-owned, 350 ha are not city-owned 150 ha are in the building zone, 350 ha are in the buffer zone 1,230 niche sites

Quality will be maintained, the most valuable land will have been designated as nature reserve

Maintenance in harmony with nature based on the Administrative Regulation (VVO)

GSZ: 100% Other municipal services: approx. 70% Landlords of allotments and recreational gardens: approx. 60% Private landowners: No data available

Retained 100% 100% Cultivation will be in harmony with nature

Ecological compensation areas

Percentage of ecological compensation areas in the total utilised agricultural area: 18%

High percentage maintained, assured by networking projects and conservation orders

Percentage of ecologically valuable land in residential land: approx. 15%

Retained at 15%

Implementation established with special land use plans and overbuilding of areas Reporting within the framework of all building law-related processes

Implementation established with individual construction projects, appropriate legal basis exists

Species of plants within the city area: approx. 1,200 (in Switzerland around 2,700) Vertebrates within the city area: 174 (in Switzerland 404)

Retained

Proven species of animal in the city area: Mammals: 32 (incl. 9 bats) Fish: 28 Amphibians: 11 Reptiles: 5 Birds: Species of breeding birds 98 Butterflies and moths: 53 Grasshoppers and crickets: 27 Dragonflies: 36 Fireflies: 2 (Around 40,000 species of animal live in Switzerland)

Retained

Problematical stocks of animals

Pigeons in the city centre: 5200 Foxes within the city area: 1000

3,000 reduced in the city centre

Number of standard fruit trees within the city area

4,750, of which around 3,000 are on UAA

10,000, of which around 5,000 are on UAA

Biodiversity

Retained

The Green Book of Zurich

Biodiversity Basic principles

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Preserving biodiversity We are developing a “Nature Promotion” scheme in which we define how GSZ will guarantee biodiversity in the long term and develop the livelihood for flora and fauna in a targeted manner. We are fostering selected endangered species of plant and animals in accordance with the inventory of Target and Indicator Species of the City of Zurich and are developing a corresponding monitoring tool (Nature Value Index). Adding to nature reserves We are extending legally secured conservation areas by an outstanding number of 40 areas amounting to around 140 hectares and are maintaining them.

Advancing the planting of fruit trees We are providing incentives for the planting of fruit trees of old and new varieties to ensure that the number exceeds 10,000. We will attain this target by maintaining, supporting and harvesting and by further projects. Interconnecting habitats We are initiating new interconnecting structures and improving existing ones. We are developing a scheme for ecological interconnections based on the Ecological Quality Ordinance (ÖQV) and are involved in implementing them. Improving compensation areas We are promoting ecological compensation areas, even in planning and construction projects in the building zone. Land of little ecological value with no serious land use pressure will be enhanced. We are working towards agreements for the upkeep of key private land. Green roofs We are promoting green roofs as valuable habitats for flora and fauna as part of our consultation work for building projects. Dealing with neophytes and neobiota We are defining how we deal with invasive neophytes and neobiota in the city and are promoting an understanding among the population about how to deal correctly with them. Advising gardeners We are increasing the use of older varieties of fruit and vegetables and native wild plants by targeted advice to families and hobby gardeners. The Municipal Botanical Garden is established as an education centre for horticultural knowledge and offers a range of further education classes to suit specific target groups and also increases the stock of and sale of older varieties.

Legal basis We campaign by means of structure plans and land use planning for regulations to promote nature conservation and protection of the countryside.

The Green Book of Zurich

Basic principles

Environme n t Environmental conservation has been top priority in the city of Zurich for some time. This has resulted in an improved quality of air and clean water. However, air pollution by soot particles (fine dust), ozone and nitrogen oxides has remained a problem, as has the high level of contamination and sealing of the soil. Significant commitment is needed to ensure that environmental conditions continue to improve.

Linking of subject areas within The Green Book, the Structure of GSZ and Sustainability THE GREEN BOOK Subject areas

Page

Green and Open Spaces Urban landscape Parks, squares and common land Designated open spaces Living and working environment Forests Agriculture

31 37 43 59 65 71

Basic principles Biodiversity

Environmental Education Green Knowledge

117

The Company

135

STRUCTURE OF GSZ

SUSTAINABILITY (MONET)

Product groups and products

Claims

Understanding and promotion of nature Education / Experiences Exhibitions Promotion of species and habitats Natural forest / Sihl Forest

Social solidarity Meeting needs Promoting health Developments that take into account well-being

Natural areas / open spaces Recreational forest Cemeteries Parks Green on the roads Schoolyards Sports grounds Swimming facilities Extensive green spaces Agriculture Planning of green / open spaces Planning and construction of green and open spaces Land / building management Leased land Agricultural leases Natural products Forestry products Christmas trees Horticultural products Agricultural products Services Consultancy / Monitoring Support products

Customer groups Teachers / schoolchildren Researchers Recreational users Residents / employees Lessees / tenants Purchasers of goods Developers / planners

Economic performance Environmentally-friendly production Environmental-friendly and socially-compatible global trade Environmental responsibility Conservation of nature Conservation of biodiversity Consumption limits for renewable resources Consumption limits for non-renewable resources Limit on degradable waste and toxic substances Avoidance of non-degradable toxic substances Minimisation of environmental risks Values of nature and the cultivated landscape

Indicators Social solidarity Life expectancy in good  health  Mental well-being         General satisfaction with life Economic performance Environment management systems Environmentally-based subsidies Expenditure for research and development Ecological responsibility Utilised agricultural area (UAA) Organic agriculture  Consumption of organic products Environmentally-related expenditure Market percentage of non-food products with “eco” labels People affected by noise Contamination of the soil with heavy metals and PAH Soil compaction Spatial requirement of flowing water Fine dust concentration Diversity of species Diversity of land use and soil cover National nature reserves Ecological compensation areas

The Green Book of Zurich

Umwelt Grundhaltungen

Today… ... environmental conservation is very important in the city of Zurich. Its position as an “energy and water city” and its reports on the environment and sustainability set clear signposts. This corresponds to the concerns of the population, who have rated the relevance of environmental problems higher in the 2005 survey than in the 2003 survey. 49% of people surveyed want the municipality to make more effort to improve the environmental situation.

Maintenance

green

high and often exceeds the threshold values in summer. Pollution by soot particles is also significantly above the limit values. In order to meet these figures, the emission of fine dust would have to be reduced to less than half its current value. As with the flora and fauna, climate changes or heat islands in the city’s microclimate also cause stress amongst the people living there and have an effect on their well-being. Excess artificial lighting at biologically incorrect times also has a negative effect on the ecosystem.

spaces The 1995

Administrative Regulation (VVO) “Naturnahe Grünflächenpflege” (Maintenance of Green Spaces in Harmony with Nature) is decisive for the upkeep of city-owned green spaces. It has the aim of improving this land in terms of biodiversity and natural experiences. The Administrative Regulation specifies the use of plants, the use of fertilizers and pesticides and the consumption of resources. The Administrative Regulation is complied with on all GSZ land. GSZ uses an environmental management system which facilitated certification in accordance with ISO 14001.

Soil In various allotment garden areas within the city of Zurich, pioneering research has been undertaken on the extent of soil pollution and its causes and the risks have also been assessed. In a small number of individual cases, changes of use were needed. Tests have shown that consumption of vegetables planted on contaminated soil is associated with few risks. However, it is dangerous if small children eat heavily contaminated soil. The fertility of soil is not only impaired by pollution with toxic substances and over-fertilisation, but also by compaction of soils by, for instance, the use of heavy machinery or by various public events. The use of salt to clear snow also has a polluting effect. A new land register of polluted sites is now available for the entire canton that also includes a number of green spaces within the city. Contaminated soil is examined during building projects and appropriate measures are undertaken.

Urban climate and air quality Overall Zurich has a somewhat sensitive climate with a poor exchange of air masses. The wooded hills, the lake and the rivers, the minimally built-up slopes and the railtrack yard of the main station are the key sources and corridors of fresh air that affect the climatic situation in the city of Zurich. Plants have a significant role to play as dust filters. In recent years, the quality of air in the city has significantly improved, however pollution through nitrogen oxide and ozone remains

Water Around one third of the soil in the city of Zurich is sealed and the percentage is rising. The sealed area of land per inhabitant is only half as large as the Swiss average owing to the high level of building density. Sealing not only means a loss of habitat for flora and fauna but also has a negative effect on the water cycle. Meteoric water cannot seep away through sealed land. This means that large sewage ducts are needed. The effectiveness of the water treatment works is reduced and makes retention measures necessary. Zurich is a privileged by its lake and the quality of the water is very good. The forests provide an important reservoir for water too. Over 70% of the city’s drinking water is made up of treated lake water. Water consumption has fallen markedly in the last 20 years. Regular quality controls are undertaken to safeguard the groundwater. The restoration of streams and renaturation of rivers, as has been done the last 20 years, constitute key enhancements for the environment and for recreation.

Noise Green spaces and open spaces are used in a variety of different ways. On the one hand they are popular places of calm, silence, slowing down and contemplation – especially cemeteries and woods. On the other hand, the intensive use of recreational land often leads to complaints about noise pollution by those living close to these areas. Noise emissions, like heavy road and air traffic, are stress factors that have a negative effect on the quality of life and health of the inhabitants and the recreational value in green and open spaces.

The Green Book of Zurich

Environment Basic principles

In 10 Year s … ... Zurich will enjoy the reputation of being an environmentally-friendly, sustainable city. Green spaces and open spaces will be designed and maintained ecologically. They will have a positive effect on the climate and air in Zurich as they will be reservoirs of fresh air, serve as corridors for air exchange and reduce heat by providing shade and evaporation. Trees and bushes will act as powerful dust filters along the sides of roads. The planning and management of green spaces and open spaces will be designed to ensure positive effects in terms of the urban climate, the sealing of soil, soil conservation, water balance and noise. Green spaces and open spaces of important recreational value will preferably be emission-free and noise-free and their use will be compatible with the district in which they find themselves.

Management Areas of forestry and agriculture will be ecologically managed. Fertilizers and pesticides will be used in a restrained manner in the green spaces. If their use is unavoidable, they will be used selectively with very few spreading losses. Biological methods will preferably be used to combat pests. The management methods in harmony with nature practised by GSZ will also be used on land that is not owned by the city. Soil Fertile soil will be the prerequisite for meeting the most elementary basic need – nutrition. Further soil contamination should be avoided. The upkeep of soils and maintenance of their fertility will be top priority for those charged with managing the land. Polluted and contaminated soil will be reclaimed in an environmentally-friendly and cost-effective manner. Local solutions will have priority, with groundwork only taking place in exceptional and unavoidable cases. Additional sealing of soil by structural densification will be minimal.

Light pollution Thanks to its “Plan Lumière” (Lighting Plan), the increase in the volume of light will be reduced in the city of Zurich and the quality of light will be improved to the benefit of the ecosystem. Air quality GSZ will support all activities to improve air quality and will play an exemplary role in relation to its own emissions.

Water A high level of attention will be paid to the conservation of soil and groundwater based on the following principle: Seepage, otherwise retention, will be ensured where possible. Underground construction under green spaces, so-called indirect sealing, will be kept at low level. Seepage will be advanced by the public authorities or will be attractive due to lower meteoric water fees. The supply of emergency water that functions without the supply of energy and is fed by over 80 sources in the forests will enjoy maximum protection in land management. Running water will be environmentally improved. The quality of lake water will be good.

Renewable energy Timber and organic waste will contribute to supply in accordance with the Energy Master Plan. Bioenergy will be an important branch of industry for agriculture and forestry.

The Green Book of Zurich

Environment Basic principles

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Forestry management

City-owned forest: 100% FSC Forest owned by others: 95% FSC Agriculture: 100% Ecological Proof of Performance (öLN) 9 of 36 farms comply with the BIO standard Allotments: isolated plots removed from cultivation

Retained 100% FSC Retained Preferably high organic percentage Land use of polluted plots changed

Management in harmony with nature based on the Administrative Regulation (VVO)

GSZ: 100% Other municipal offices: approx. 70% Private landowners: no data available

Retained 100% Management in harmony with nature

Gardening in harmony with nature

Widespread among allotment gardeners

100% gardening in harmony with nature

Pollution of agricultural soil with toxic substances

Low, due to öLN and BIO

Low, organic percentage increased

Sealed land

35% of the municipal area (excl. water) or 55% of the residential area

Increase avoided

Underground construction under green spaces

Data not known

Data collected, increase avoided

Contaminated soils

157 landfill sites in the KbS 1,500 operational and accident sites as potentially contaminated areas

Cleaned up in an environmentally-friendly and economical manner where necessary

Soil movement

60% of the city area within the test perimeter

Restored in an environmentally-friendly and economical manner where necessary

Timber/chips for energy

GSZ forest: 5,000 m3 Non-GSZ forest: 3,000 m3

7,000 m3 7,000 m3

Street trees

20,500, Avenue Concept available

Avenue Scheme implemented

Streams

Stream Concept being implemented Stream Maintenance Concept in preparation

Concepts implementedt

Environmental sensitivity

Major problems in Zurich: 2003: 4% mention the environment 2005: 8% mention the environment

Mention of problems reduced

City Council efforts on the environmental situation: Far too little: 5% Too little: 44% Just right: 46% Too much, much too much: 2% Don’t know, no information: 3%

Satisfaction higher

2003/2005 Public opinion surveys

The Green Book of Zurich

Environmentâ&#x20AC;&#x192; Basic principles

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Participation We are working closely with the Zurich Environmental Health department (UGZ) in producing an Environmental Atlas, are involved in developing a scheme for dealing with polluted soils and are supporting the implementation of the Mobility Strategy and the Streams Management Scheme. Emissions We are campaigning for a further reduction of emissions in agriculture and forestry. Maintenance in harmony with nature We are extending upkeep in harmony with nature to private land, by expanding relevant training courses and advice. The use of road salt will be kept as low as possible. Environmentally-friendly management We are promoting environmentally-friendly forms of management, such as organic cultivation, FSC in forestry and gardening in harmony with nature.

Contribution to the urban climate We are fostering a healthy urban climate by implementing the Avenue Concept, making green spaces available and ensuring fresh air corridors. Counselling We are campaigning, by means of consultation, to ensure that the sealing of land is kept to a minimum or is compensated for at least by seepage or open retention. We are also working towards ensuring that there are no basements or underground garages under green spaces or by demanding adequate cover for tree plantings.

The Green Book of Zurich

Basic principles

Provision o f O p e n S p a ce The residential population of Zurich and the people who work in the city are provided to a varying extent with good public, multifunctional open spaces. The City Council of Zurich wishes to make good provision in all districts of the city – either by the provision of new parks or the improving and opening up of designated open spaces.

Linking of subject areas within The Green Book, the Structure of GSZ and Sustainability THE GREEN BOOK Subject areas Green and Open Spaces Parks, squares and common land Designated open spaces > Cemeteries > Allotments and recreational gardens > Sports grounds and swimming facilities > Playgrounds and schoolyards Living and working environment Forests Agriculture The Company

Page 37 43 46 48 50 52 59 65 71 135

STRUCTURE OF GSZ

SUSTAINABILITY (MONET)

Product groups and products

Claims

Natural areas / open spaces Planning of green/open spaces Planning and construction of green and open spaces

Social solidarity Meeting needs Satisfaction and happiness Developments that take into account well-being

Services Consultancy/Monitoring

Environmental responsibility Caution in the event of uncertainty Values of nature and the cultivated landscape

Customer groups Recreational users Residents/employees Developers/planners

Indicators Social solidarity Mental well-being         General satisfaction with life Identity-forming environment  Satisfaction with the residential environment Recreational amenities in the residential environment Economic performance Job satisfaction   Ecological responsibility Residential land in general and per head of population Level of use Separate building zones

The Green Book of Zurich

Provision of Open Space Basic principles

Today… … the City Council of Zurich is still pursuing the lofty aim that it stated in its 1986 and 1999 Open Space Concepts: the City Council wishes to provide the population and employees who work in the city with adequate public open spaces that are easily accessible on foot – thereby satisfying the district-specific basic need for recreational space that can be used every day. This aim has not yet been fully met, as today only around two-thirds of the residential population and half of employees in the city have adequate or good provision.

Large differences in the districts The degree of provision varies significantly from district to district for historical reasons and also due to residential typology today in the different districts of the city. The districts close to the lake, forests and open countryside are well provided for. The planning guideline figures of 8 or 5 square metres are not achieved in the dense inner-city mixed districts nor in the residential districts where there is scarcely any public open space. Often, however, a sufficiently large-scale residential environment provides a certain degree of balance, as it the case for instance on the Zurichberg.

Analysis of the degree of provision The provision with green and open spaces is calculated on the basis of demand from the population and the provision of recreational space and is a purely quantitative figure. The degree of provision will reach 100% when each person living in the city has 8 square metres of publicly accessible multifunctional open space available within a radius of 15 minutes on foot – or when there is a corresponding area of other open space available, for instance schoolyards, that have only limited suitability for recreation. The guideline figure for people employed or studying in the city is 5 square metres per person Different user groups have different demands: for instance open spaces play a key role especially around lunchtime for employees and students. In comparison, the residential population uses the open spaces throughout the whole day and also at weekends. Less mobile people – like the elderly or families with small children – are dependent on the open spaces being in their vicinity and easily accessible. The degree of provision is sub-divided into 4 categories and is classified as follows: Degree of provision; over 75% 50–75% 25 –50% below 25%

Rating: good satisfactory unsatisfactory poor

The documentation “Freiraumversorgung der Stadt Zürich” (Provision of Open Space by the City of Zurich) contains detailed information on the calculation.

Structural

densification Private and semi-public land is coming under increasing pressure from structural densification. The degree of provision for the population threatens to deteriorate in two respects: recreational space is becoming smaller due to additional building and at the same time the demand for open space is rising due to the growing population. The situation is particularly problematic in those districts where there is too little public open space but also very little private and semi-public open space. This affects, for instance, areas in districts 4 and 5, in Letzi or in Schwamendingen along the Überlandstrasse. A population growth rate of 3% is assumed for Zurich by 2025

Possibilities for enhancements It is possible to counteract a lack of provision of open space in a variety of different ways. In the majority of existing and underserved residential districts there is very little room for new parks; improvements can be made by improving designated open spaces, like schoolyards or sports facilities. There is more scope in so-called development areas, where the open spaces are intended to meet the needs of a future residential population. Thanks to early involvement in the planning of open spaces, it has been possible, for instance, to secure land in Oerlikon for four new parks. The degree of provision for the population and employees in the city can be improved by making recreational space more easily accessible and thus more strongly connected to the districts in which they are located. Attractive open spaces have become more accessible to visitors thanks to the Letten viaduct or the Ampèresteg bridge.

The Green Book of Zurich

Provision of Open Space Basic principles

In 10 Year s … … the residential and working population, schoolchildren and students will appreciate the city of Zurich as an attractive place in which to live and work. It will offer outdoor recreational facilities in all districts that can be reached quickly and safely even by less mobile people. The degree of provision for the population will be good overall and provision for short-term relaxation and recreation for employees at lunchtime will be at least satisfactory. 8 or 5 square metres of public multifunctional open space per inhabitant or employee will be stated planning guidelines figures. An adequate residential environment will have a compensatory role. Areas secured by legal regulations will be a fundamental principle thanks to which a high quality of land use and design will be able to be guaranteed.

Interconnected open spaces with recreational potential There will also be designated open spaces available as general public open spaces over and above the parks, forests and open countryside. They will be easily accessible via a dense and safe network of paths and will be linked to each other.

Structural densification Where there is structural densification, the demands of a high level of use will be balanced by the need for adequate recreational space. Priorities will be appropriately set in relation to sustainabilty and the quality of life.

The Green Book of Zurich

Provision of Open Spaceâ&#x20AC;&#x192; Basic principles

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Planning guidelines figures for public multifunctional open spaces

8 m2 of open space per inhabitant 5 m2 of open space per worker

Guideline figures applied Guideline figures applied

Planning guidelines figures for the residential population compared

Zurich: 8 m2: Recreational land within 400 m, incl. designated open spaces Recommendation of the German Association of Cities and Towns (Deutscher StĂ¤dtetag): 13 m2: Parks within 1,000 m, incl. designated open spaces Applied in Berlin and Hamburg among others Munich: 25 m22: Recreational land within 2,000 m, excl. designated open spaces 10 m2: Parks within 500 m

Degree of provision for the residential population

Degree of provision good: 52% Degree of provision adequate: 14% Degree of provision inadequate: 21% Degree of provision poor: 13%

Provision maintained Provision improved as much as possible Provision improved Provision urgently improved

Degree of provision good: 43% Degree of provision adequate: 13% Degree of provision inadequate: 23% Degree of provision poor: 21%

Provision maintained Provision maintained, improved as much as possible Provision improved Provision improved

Public green space (parks, forest, agriculture): Importance: 5,33 (out of a maximum of 6) Satisfaction: 4,98 (out of a maximum of 6) Area of green space in the district: Importance: 5,2 (out of a maximum of 6) Satisfaction: 4,3 (out of a maximum of 6)

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

52 ha of superior open space (e.g. lakeside facilities, common land) 114 ha of district-appropriate open space 434 ha of designed open space 44 ha of linear open space (green belts, riverbanks) 803 ha of open countryside (1,084 out of the total 2,230 ha of forest is calculated as the outskirts of the forest)

Facilities maintained, increased in underserved areas

Accessibility and networking of recreational space

Varying, obstacles are known

Improved, obstacles reduced

Nature and Cultural Heritage Conservation Act NHG, Art. 2

Situation in Zurich: around 43 m2 of recreational space per inhabitant (excluding forests)

Specified by the Nature and Cultural Heritage Protection Act: 45 m2

Based on the 2004 residential population

Degree of provision for employees, schoolchildren and students Based on the 2001 employee figure

Appreciation 2003 Public opinion survey GSZ 2005 Balance of effects

Provision of recreationallyrelevant open space Based on 2005 figures

Satisfaction corresponds to importancet

Based on 2003 Building and Zoning Ordinance, AV 2005

The Green Book of Zurich

Provision of Open Spaceâ&#x20AC;&#x192; Basic principles

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Improved provision We are improving, as a matter of priority, the provision of open space in poorly and inadequately served areas. We are creating, where possible, new parks or enhancing designated public open spaces, such as allotments and sports facilities, to become general recreational spaces. With cooperative planning, we are working towards the needs-based, legally secured, public recreational use of private areas. Consultation on structural densification We support redensification on a consultative basis with the aim of maintaining as high a quality of open space as possible on private land, especially in residential areas where there is little public recreational space.

Application of planning guideline figures We are campaigning for the implementation of the planning guidelines figures of 8 square metres of public multifunctional open space per inhabitant and 5 square metres per employed person in development projects and the use of qualitative processes.

Improving accessibility We are campaigning to continually improve accessibility to recreational spaces along municipal paths. As a priority, we are closing gaps, eliminating obstacles and opening up areas hitherto impassable.

Provision analysis We regularly produce provision analyses and evaluate them. We produce prognosis calculations on a region-by-region basis, thereby actively influencing future provision of open spaces.

The Green Book of Zurich

Basic principles

Use of Op e n S p a c e s The diverse, sometimes very intensive use of green and open spaces is a key factor of life in Zurich. The current provision offers options for a range of sporting, exercise ad recreational activities. Organised outdoor events are also very popular. The pressure on land use requires new methods of dealing with conflict, intensive maintenance and an adaptation of the infrastructure. The use of green spaces and open spaces is based on respectful coexistence.

Page 31 37 43 59 65 71

Basic principles Provision of open space Design of open space and Horticultural heritage Participation and partnerships

103 109

Environmental Education Green Knowledge > The Succulent Collection > The Municipal Botanical Garden > Nature Experience Park

117 124 126 128

The Company

135

STRUCTURE OF GSZ

SUSTAINABILITY (MONET)

Product groups and products

Claims

Understanding and promotion of nature Education / Experiences Natural forest / Sihl Forest

Social solidarity Limits of individual freedom Meeting needs Promoting health Satisfaction and happiness Developments that take into account well-being Intercultural and interpersonal understanding Social and political participation Child-friendly surroundings

Natural areas / open spaces Recreational forest Cemeteries Parks Green on the roads Schoolyards Sports grounds Swimming facilities Extensive green spaces Agriculture Planning of green / open spaces Planning and construction of green and open spaces Services Consultancy / Monitoring Services to other bodies Support products

Customer groups Teachers / schoolchildren Researchers Recreational users Residents / employees Sportsmen and women Lessees / tenants Developers / planners

Environmental responsibility Values of nature and the cultivated landscape

Indicators Social solidarity Life expectancy in good  health  Mental well-being         Health-relevant behaviour, physical activities General satisfaction with life Identity-forming environment  Satisfaction with the residential environment Recreational amenities in the residential environment Option to participate in local processes Ecological responsibility Utilised agricultural area (UAA) People affected by noise Soil compaction Spatial requirement of flowing water Diversity of agriculture and appearance of the landscape Diversity of land use and soil cover National nature reserves

The Green Book of Zurich

Use of Open Spaces Basic principles

Today … … leisure time and recreation are important for the population of Zurich and are crucial for their quality of life. The people of Zurich state that they are very satisfied with their leisure time. Walking and hiking, as well as active involvement in sport, are the most popular leisure activities. The relevance of leisure time is still increasing, particularly due to higher life expectancy. Each and every user group places its own demands on day-to-day relaxation, and just as diverse and varied is the need for open spaces to offer appropriate amenities. Attractive multi-use parks or playgrounds and sports grounds for active participation in sport are as much in demand as oases of calm and natural experiences. The population of Zurich intensively uses the full range of public green spaces on offer: over 80% spend time there several times a month in summer and the majority several times a week.

Health is becoming a mega-trend Daily life has never required less movement and exercise as it does today. Some of the population compensate for this lack of movement by undertaking some form of sporting activity. However, with more and more people, the lack of movement and exercise is increasing. When linked to problematic dietary habits, this can often lead to obesity with associated consequences for a person’s health. There is a broad range of green spaces and open spaces available for movement and exercise and for active use. Attractive paths and trails in forests and along riverbanks, on sports fields and schoolyards etc.

Competition between user demands The most varied and diverse demands on limited areas are increasingly leading to conflicts of use, both on green spaces and open spaces, as well as on the water. Conflicts with dog-owners and cyclists are problems often cited. For this reason, multifunctional open spaces where it is possible to react quickly to the current needs of our leisure society are becoming increasingly important.

the population. According to the 2004 survey, a majority of 72% regards the number of large-scale events as being just right. For those living adjacent to the lake, the limit is reached especially towards the end of the season. Waste disposal and coordination by the «Züri-Event» association are judged to be well resolved although noise and traffic pollution come off less well.

Litter and vandalism Littering and vandalism are negative occurrences associated with the intensive use of open spaces. The intensified cleaning of recent years by the Disposal and Recycling Services is taking effect. According to the 2005 public opinion survey, litter, dirt and graffiti have been disappearing from the list of urban problems since 2001. Only 7% now regard issues of cleanliness as the most important problem. GSZ looks after the cleaning of forests and agricultural areas. The heedful dealing with litter is promoted by involving classes of schoolchildren in annual “Forest cleans”. Safety in open spaces Since 1999, the population’s perception of its safety in open spaces has also improved. Around 70% of those surveyed feel safe out and about on foot at night in their own district. There are marked differences depending on the age or sex of the person surveyed, however the location is less important. Feelings of uncertainty increase with age. Whereas over one third of women feels unsafe at night or does not go out and about at night for reasons of safety, only 12% of men have similar feelings of insecurity. Demand for infrastructure There is an increasing demand for infrastructure facilities in open spaces, such as eating facilities or toilets. There is also a need for improved furnishings and the provision of open spaces with play and sports equipment, as well as seating. Diverse wishes for trend sports facilities, like bike trails etc., cannot all be satisfied.

Increasing pressure on land use by events The wish to use green spaces and open spaces, as well as the lake, for public and commercial events, has increased significantly in recent years. However, this often gives rise to problems due to overuse and compatibility with the neighbourhoods. Large-scale events, like the “Züri Fest” or “Streetparade” attract hundreds of thousands of visitors to Zurich, yet enjoy a high level of acceptance amongst The Green Book of Zurich

Use of Open Spaces Basic principles

In 10 Year s … …the population within the metropolitan area and in the region will have a wide, balanced and easily accessible range of leisure amenities of a high quality. Open spaces will be primarily geared towards general public and multifaceted use. Specific designated facilities that will be only be partially accessible or not at all accessible to the public, will meet a proven need. Specific uses will be able to be easily reversed. Fashion-orientated, markedly changing leisure needs will be met in the short term by the use of reversible temporary land use.

Differentiated, healthy range of facilities A wide, varied and adequate range of facilities will meet the differing recreational needs of the population: from active and intensive use to islands of peace and calm and experiences in the natural world. The open spaces will invite people to integrate physical exercise into their daily lives in healthy and safe conditions. It will be attractive to go around on foot or by bike in the city on a daily basis. The population will feel safe in these facilities. A demand-led and well maintained infrastructure will enhance the high quality of the intensively used recreational land, along with land in the forests. The riverbanks will add to the provision for extensive recreational use. Public multifunctional open spaces will be available to users free of charge on principle and will be unrestrictedly accessible wherever possible. Living Zurich Zurich will be lively and attractive thanks to a wide range of events. Appropriate initiatives on the part of the population will be welcomed. Public interests will take priority over private interests in approving events and private land use. Events needing authorisation will be compensated for. Events, functions and commercial uses will be district-appropriate and will correspond to the character of the site and increase its value. The the lakeside used for commercial purposes will meet public interests and will neither impair the urban image nor general recreational use. Solutions will be sought outside of the metropolitan area for designated land use needs that cannot be met within the metropolitan area. A new events ground will enable further large-scale events.

Respectful, joint use Leisure facilities will be geared in principle to social strata. There will be particular focus, however, on the needs of children, young people and older people. Land use conflicts and the risks of overuse will be recognised at an early stage and – wherever this is sensible – will be defused by participatory processes and targetorientated, cross-departmental cooperation. Coexistence and mutual acceptance will be worked towards; options will also be examined in relation to the decentralisation of land use by the specific provision of leisure facilities. The respectful handling of nature by the users and other user groups will be a matter of course. Litter will therefore be dealt with responsibly and the conflict between people looking for recreation and dog-owners will be defused.

The Green Book of Zurich

Use of Open Spaces Basic principles

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Parks, forests, agriculture Importance 5,33 (out of a maximum of 6) Satisfaction 4,98 (out of a maximum of 6)

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

Frequency distribution of leisure activities: 1. Walking and hiking: 65% at least once per week 2. Undertaking sport yourself: 59% at least once per week

High level of activity maintained

Widespread use: 40% Selective use: 43% Singular specific use: 10% Constant no/little use: 7%

Widespread use maintained

Health-promoting effect of green spaces

Little data available

Data sets available, concept developed

Safety

Around one third feels very safe alone at night, 40% safer, 20% more or very unsafe 8% do not go out at night Women, especially older women, feel significantly less safe than men The perception of safety has improved since 1999

High feeling of safety, particularly among women

Problems of litter/dirt: drastically declined since 2001 Only 7% regard it as an important problem

Low value maintained

Survey of demand

Research work, participatory process, individual surveys

Excellent knowledge of need

Land use conflicts in green and open spaces

Project-related data sets available

Data available, conflicts reduced, defused

Infrastructure and facilities, maintained by GSZ

Around 4,000 benches Over 660 items of play equipment on children›s playgrounds Around 1,470 items of play equipment in schoolyards/nurseries

Adapted to needs, in good state

Events and occasions

Visitors/volume of litter: Züri Fest approx. 1.8 million/240 tonnes Street Parade almost 1 million/100 tonnes Theatrical performance: over 100,000 Züri marathon: 80,000 Freestyle: around 50,000

District-appropriate, Events Strategy implemented in the city of Zurich

7,800

Conflicts defused

Significance of open green spaces 2003 Public opinion survey

Leisure behaviour 2005 Public opinion survey

Breadth of use of the total provision of public green space 2005 Public opinion survey

2005 Public opinion survey

Cleanliness/Litter 2005 Public opinion survey

Acceptance of large-scale events in the city of Zurich in 2004

Registered dogs

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Use of Open Spacesâ&#x20AC;&#x192; Basic principles

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Usability We are constantly improving the usability of open spaces. We are adapting open spaces to needs, taking into account design-led and cultural aspects and the demands of native animals and plants. We are working towards the principle of coexistence. We are controlling the intensity of land use, taking into account compatibility with land and districts â&#x20AC;&#x201C; especially along the lakeside and along the riverbank.

Assessment of demand We are assessing the differing needs of the open space through participatory processes or qualified surveys.

Conflict solution We recognise conflicts at an early stage and defuse them in a qualified, innovative and manner coordinated between the different administrationi departments.

Dogs in the city We are developing a broad-based approach to the proper keeping of dogs in the city and are implementing this accordingly.

Littering We support the ERZ Zurich Disposal and Recycling Services in solving litter problems in intensively used green spaces and open spaces. Flexible use We are dealing flexibly with the requirements of trend sports enthusiasts and young people, if this requirement is based on a qualified proof of need, promoting temporary and interim use and ensuring that the facilities are reversible.

Health promotion We are creating incentives for relaxing, healthy and safe exercise in the open countryside. Approval practices We define the approval practices of the City Police, in terms of the termination of contracts. We maintain customer-orientated approval processes tailored to the open spaces available and matching with the established usage management plans. We formulate the necessary requirements to protect green spaces for large-scale events. Regional cooperation We are improving regional recreational facilities and promoting cooperation in the agglomeration. If needs cannot be met in the city, then we will look for solutions in neighbouring municipalities.

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Basic principles

Design of O p e n S p a c e s a n d H o r t i c u l t u ra l H e r i t a g e In Zurich there are both high-quality contemporary open spaces as well as a number of historically important horticultural heritage gardens. Many of these new or historical grounds are privately owned – the population’s awareness of well-designed open spaces is especially important.

Page 31 37 43 59

Basic principles Use of open space Participation and partnerships

97 109

Environmental Education Green Knowledge > Communications methods

117 120

The Company

135

STRUCTURE OF GSZ

SUSTAINABILITY (MONET)

Product groups and products

Claims

Understanding and promotion of nature Education/Experiences Exhibitions

Social solidarity Developments that take into account well-being Social and political participation Child-friendly surroundings

Natural areas / open spaces Recreational forest Cemeteries Parks Green on the roads Schoolyards Sports grounds Swimming facilities Planning of green/open spaces Planning and construction of green and open spaces Services Consultancy/Monitoring Services to other bodies Services for third parties

Environmental responsibility Values of nature and the cultivated landscape

Indicators Social solidarity General satisfaction with life Identity-forming environment  Satisfaction with the residential environment Recreational amenities in the residential environment Option to participate in local processes Ecological responsibility Diversity of agriculture and appearance of the landscape Diversity of land use and soil cover Ecological compensation areas

Support products

Customer groups Residents/employees Developers/planners

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Design of Open Spaces and Horticultural Heritage Basic principles

Today… … over two-thirds of the Swiss population live in cities and urban agglomerations. The increasing structural densification of residential areas increases the need for high-quality outstanding open spaces. At the same time demand is also increasing for the respectful handling of our built cultural heritage – this is also demonstrated by the increasing demand by the population for a say in building projects.

Open spaces as contemporary witnesses Designed open spaces – both historical as well as contemporary – document natural and cultural historical developments, characterise the atmosphere of a place thereby making it unmistakable. Zurich is rich with historical heritage gardens and is aware of their importance as contemporary witnesses. It is therefore, that the City Council has set up a specialist body for the care and upkeep of horticultural heritage gardens, still being the only institution of its kind in Switzerland . European, cantonal and municipal awards for the new parks in Oerlikon, as well as for the work in the maintenance and upkeep of heritage gardens, document the fact that commitment to outstanding contemporary design and the care of it is bearing fruit.

Preservation of heritage gardens 65% of heritage gardens are privately-owned. Historical public open spaces – including the large number of parks, cemeteries and swimming facilities – are maintained by GSZ and renovated and further developed if necessary. Reports and care manuals for long-term and targeted quality assurance are available for selected heritage gardens. Many garden owners are not aware of the value of their garden as the inventory is not public. Only when they submit building applications do the owners become aware of the registration. The trend towards redensification is exerting significant pressure on stately villas and their gardens. The gardens are subject to the balancing of legally protected interests and are only very seldom placed under integral protection. GSZ is campaigning for the most important horticultural heritage gardens to be maintained and highly valued.

existing open spaces are ensured by qualitative processes or contracts to proven experts. Favourable attention in terms of contemporary design has been paid in recent years to parks created in Oerlikon and the amenities to enhance the riverbanks, which have received many awards for exceptional contemporary design quality, both from within Switzerland and abroad.

Limited influence within private gardens and land GSZ has a consultative role within building application processes; its effective influence on the quality of design of private open spaces, both in residential and business areas, remains limited within the framework of proper processes. In comparison, its influence is adequately specified in law with regard to special land usage schemes. With larger private building projects of municipal significance, GSZ proposes quality processes for outside space and is willing to sit on juries.

Communication of horticultural heritage GSZ offers knowledge transfer in relation to the design quality of contemporary or historical green spaces and open spaces. Tours and exhibitions are successful and very popular among older people. Publications, as well as brochures and information sheets, that are distributed on tours or offered online are mainly aimed at people who are already interested, meaning that they often only reach an already sympathetic audience. Usually individual amenities are presented singly, without an overall view of the urban area or entire landscapes. Only very few green spaces are known beyond the city boundaries, although precisely the new park facilities have been greeted with a high degree of respect by experts throughout Europe. In spite of their recognised high quality, they still play no role in tourist marketing.

Design quality The involvement of GSZ is now well established in terms of the design of open spaces in municipal projects, such as schoolyards and sports facilities, squares, elderly care homes or hospitals. The high quality of new municipal open spaces and the enhancement of The Green Book of Zurich

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Design of Open Spaces and Horticultural Heritage Basic principles

In 10 Year s … … the high design quality of Zurich’s green spaces and open spaces will be setting benchmarks on a national and international stage. Public green spaces and, if possible, also those that are privately owned, will be characterised by a clear and contemporary design. The needs of users will be met by a qualified and sustained structural implementation. The concerns and requirements of the disabled, aged and children will be on an equal footing to those of other users in planning and project management. The design of an open space will relate to the history and character of a location, will blend into the surroundings in terms of the urban building concept and will leave room for adaptation of use and further development.

Art and culture High-quality designed green and open spaces will offer a platform for art to be experienced in public places. The interrelationship between art and the design of open spaces will be an enriching and important element of Zurich as a city of culture. The cultural heritage of historical open spaces will be guaranteed. The most valuable witnesses for landscape architecture will be cautiously maintained and will be further development in a targeted way. High level of appreciation Horticultural heritage will have overall significance for the urban landscape, history and architecture and for the environment of the inhabitants. The grounds will be free or accessible for tours – this will also apply to private-owned facilities. The people of Zurich will perceive horticultural heritage as a living part of the city’s history and urban development.

City’s image Historical and contemporary designed open spaces will underpin the image of Zurich and radiate beyond the city’s boundaries. They will be attractive places to visit for tourists and the Zurich Tourist Office and the city marketing will advertise using the green and open spaces.

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Design of Open Spaces and Horticultural Heritage Basic principles

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Inventory of Gardens and Grounds Worth Protecting (GDP heritage gardens)

850 projects, of which: approx. 560 are private 155 are maintained by GSZ, of which: 6 are swimming facilities 44 are schoolyards 14 are cemeteries 128 of the 850 objects on the inventory are formally protected, 90% of which are private objects

The most valuable monuments on the list – both municipal and private – will be maintained and overhauled

Special inventory

Inventory of swimming facilities Inventory of schools Inventory of Protestant churches (in preparation)

Maintenance manuals, reports

82, of which: 17 for schools 5 for cemeteries 22 for private villa gardens 19 for municipal public grounds 15 for other objects

for all new parks for all municipal protected objects for the most valuable private heritage gardens

New high-quality GSZ objects and enhancements of open spaces

Various awards have been presented

The excellent and exemplary design quality will be internationally recognised

Number of private-owned garden monuments that can be maintained in spite of redensification

No data available

Data obtained, high maintenance rating

GSZ consultation with municipal or private building projects

No data available

Good influence, high design quality assured, reporting set up

Quality-based processes for municipal or private open space projects

No data available

For all important municipal projects, for building applications for private land on the GDP inventory, for all open spaces covered by special building regulations

Design of city image and public spaces

25 GDP publications (books, data sheets) Approx. 20 annual GDP tours Approx. 10 annual tours in new grounds

Appreciation of the high quality of open spaces will be enshrined Number of tours in valuable grounds will have increased

2010 Urban Space Strategy is available

Strategy and measures implemented

Public urban spaces

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Design of Open Spaces and Horticultural Heritageâ&#x20AC;&#x192; Basic principles

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Heritage gardens maintained We are campaigning for the most important municipal and private heritage gardens to be maintained and overhauled if necessary. Quality and targeted care is secured by heritage garden maintenance reports and maintenance documents.

Awareness of design We are making landowners, builders and planners aware of the importance of quality in the design of open spaces and drawing attention to historical, architectural and urban development references. We are ensuring a high quality of design with municipal and private open spaces â&#x20AC;&#x201C; on the one hand by means of quality processes and on the other hand by targeted consultancy services.

Consultancy for private individuals We are setting up broad-based consultation for landowners and planners in terms of the design and targeted development of their green spaces. The owners of listed historical gardens will obtain support in dealing with their heritage gardens.

Focussing on children and young people We are developing a concept for knowledge transfer that will appeal appropriately to children and young people. Children are accessing horticulture in a fun and exciting way.

Public relations work We are communicating the contemporary and historical design of open spaces in Zurich to a broad audience and maintaining cooperation with the Zurich Tourist Office. Together with the respective designers, we are applying for international design awards for exemplary open spaces. Building up networks We are campaigning for the establishment of a Swiss network for horticulture.

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Basic principles

Par ticipat i o n a n d Pa r t n e r s h i p s How can green spaces and open spaces be developed sustainably? The participation of those involved is an important basic principle in the planning and implementation of local projects. In the Zurich conurbation, the institutionalisation of interdisciplinary cooperation – relating also to open space – will be a key task over the following years.

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Basic principles Biodiversity Environment Provision of Open Space Use of open space Design of open space and Horticultural heritage

103

Environmental Education Green Knowledge

117

The Company

135

79 85 91 97

STRUCTURE OF GSZ

SUSTAINABILITY (MONET)

Product groups and products

Claims

Understanding and promotion of nature Education/Experiences Exhibitions Natural forest / Sihl Forest

Social solidarity Meeting needs Developments that take into account well-being Integration of disadvantaged people Intercultural and interpersonal understanding Social and political participation Child-friendly surroundings

Natural areas / open spaces Recreational forest Cemeteries Parks Green on the roads Schoolyards Sports grounds Swimming facilities Extensive green spaces Agriculture Planning of green/open spaces Planning and construction of green and open spaces Land / building management Leased land Services Consultancy/Monitoring Services to other bodies Services for third parties Support products

Customer groups Teachers/schoolchildren Researchers Recreational users Residents/employees Sportsmen and women Lessees/tenants Developers/planners

Economic performance Promotion of research Environmental responsibility Conservation of nature Conservation of biodiversity Ecological compensation Values of nature and the cultivated landscape

Indicators Social solidarity Mental well-being         General satisfaction with life Identity-forming environment  Satisfaction with the residential environment Recreational amenities in the residential environment Voluntary work Option to participate in local processes Economic performance Expenditure for research and development Ecological responsibility Utilised agricultural area (UAA) Organic agriculture  Consumption of organic products Diversity of agriculture and appearance of the landscape Diversity of land use and soil cover National nature reserves Ecological compensation areas

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Participation and Partnerships Basic principles

Today … … green and open spaces are a scarce resource in the city of Zurich and the conurbation. The demands on it are many and diverse and the increasing pressure on land use heightens the conflicts of objectives. Participatory processes help to broadly support developments and to gear them to meet needs. The experiences and demands of user groups and the population are taken into consideration at an early stage in the planning processes. By involving them, the responsibility borne by those involved also increases. Participation promotes mutual understanding for cohabitation within an ever narrower space in the long term. Zurich City Council stipulates that schemes and projects must take place within a cooperative and participatory climate.

Experience with cooperative involvement GSZ has gathered a great deal of experience in cooperation processes, for instance in the improvement of residential surroundings. In recent years, large-scale developments of open spaces have increasingly been planned using cooperation processes, producing sustainable strategies. Examples of large-scale participatory processes include the Limmat area Landscape Development Concept and the Brunau Allmend land use scheme. Opportunities, as well as risks Experience with open planning processes has shown that they offer major opportunities but can also conceal certain risks. The will to become involved is significant among the population – but sometimes the willingness to find a consensus is not evident to the same extent. Particular individual interests can massively hinder such a process and the search for a solution. Nevertheless, cooperation processes will continue to be consciously used as the success and acceptance of spatial development is based in the long term not only on its design but also on the approach itself.

Interdisciplinary cooperation The conventional sectoral procedures among the individual planning disciplines are no longer enough. Spatial planning is increasingly reaching its limits in densely populated conurbations. The strong growth of residential areas and the increasing complexity of demands require more comprehensive ways of looking at the problem. To some extent there are good project-related signs of this already. The exchange is becoming more intensive in Landscape Development Concepts and other cross-community projects. This applies particularly to the Sihltal, where all

of the communities in the district are involved in the Zurich Wilderness Park. However systematic, overall agglomeration planning is still lacking, something that can have a negative effect on the landscape.

Partnerships GSZ maintains a broad-based network with different partner groups, such as forest and land owners, property investors, educational and research institutions, district associations, neighbourhood watch groups etc. The many different organisations involved with the city’s green spaces were integrated into the Verbund Lebensraum Zürich VLZ (Zurich Living Space Association). They represent around 10,000 individual members. Further partners include environmental organisations, animal welfare groups, lobby groups, zoos and specifically also the committees that advise the City Council. Voluntary work is an important part of GSZ partnerships as well.

Successful cooperation GSZ works together with all of these partner organisations for the green and natural values of the urban landscape. Landowners and investors are involved with parks, an Ecology Compensation Model with Swiss Railways (SBB) and joint projects with environmental organisations. Committees advise the City Council in matters concerning natural and open spaces, hunting and the Langenberg Wildlife Park. Individual associations have a performance-related mandate that they undertake for public green spaces. Universities are continually submitting projects that they wish to develop with and for GSZ. The Zurich Living Space Association VLZ is developing into an opinion-forming organisation for living space in Zurich and represents the interests of its member associations.

Trust and acceptance One fundamental rule remains unchanged in open planning processes, irrespective of the form of cooperation of partnership: success is only possible if there is mutual trust and a high degree of acceptance of the differing concerns. This in turn requires active and open communication.

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Participation and Partnerships Basic principles

In 10 Year s … … the planning of open space in the city of Zurich will be integrated and outcome-orientated. By conducting itself openly and constructively, GSZ will be an equal planning partner in all relevant urban development processes. Private investors will take into account in their planning consultancy provided by GSZ on open spaces. Partner’s concerns will be integrated by GSZ at an early stage into the planning process. The planning of the landscape, natural and recreational areas will be enshrined in the agglomeration of Zurich. Different land use planning interests will be observed in the long term by fairly balancing benefits and interests. Latitude in terms of planning will be retained for future generations.

Appreciation by means of joint developments Plans will conform to needs and will be broad-based, decisions will be transparent and made on the basis of openly declared criteria. Coexistence will have priority with conflicts of usage. The population will be conscious of the value of green spaces as a limited resource. Dealing with public property will be based on responsibility. The participatory development of ideas and projects that affect the common good will become the universal standard. Objectives will be continuously examined and updated and measures will be balanced. Subsidies by the city, for instance to landowners and forest owners, will require cooperatively devised work that will serve the common good.

Strategic partnerships Cooperation with partners will be diverse and mutual interests and benefits for both sides will be the prerequisites. Environmental work will be aimed in the first instance at the residential population, employees and visitors to the city. They will experience GSZ as a qualified service provider. Cooperation with committees, environmental organisations and project planners will be expert, professional and constructive. GSZ will offer research topics to educational and research institutions in the Zurich conurbation and, with its green space, GIS data and its Green Knowledge, will provide a wide range of services in the sense of a «green laboratory». Important and innovative projects will be financially supported. GSZ’s excellent work with associations, societies, landowners and forest-owners will be target-orientated and sustainable and they will receive support for work that will benefit the community. Voluntary work will be established in a number of different fields and will be much appreciated as such. GSZ will be involved in interest groups, if this is instrumental in terms of their work and concerns. The Zurich Tourist Office and the City Marketing department will use the “green environment” to advertise the city of Zurich. Maintaining the network The network of partnerships will be up to date and partnerships will be selected on the basis of their benefit-orientation and common goals and will be subject to regular monitoring of their outcomes.

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Participation and Partnershipsâ&#x20AC;&#x192; Basic principles

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Involvement of GSZ in spatial planning within urban development

Largely institutionalised, in all regeneration and urban development areas

Early, with all planning relevant to open spaces

Inter-community planning of open space

Project-related with LEKs, WEPs and NEPs

Large-scale institutionalised

Percentage of participatory processes in planning processes and GSZ projects

High percentage

High percentage, high quality Zurich Urban Development cooperation mission statement taken into account

Implementation of objectives from participatory projects and review of performance

Not systematically recorded, available project-related

Systematically recorded, high degree of influence

Consultancy for investors

No data available

Effective consultation, builders aware of nature and open space issues

Network of partnerships

Diverse network

Network continuously updated, strategic partners involved

PPP projects

No data available

High percentage, high quality on green land

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Participation and Partnershipsâ&#x20AC;&#x192; Basic principles

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Participation We are developing suitable projects in public open spaces by means of integrated participation processes. We are approaching conflicts of objectives and competing claims among interest groups in an open manner. Precise framework conditions and expertise and decision-making processes are known.

Communication We are maintaining active communication with all affected parties. Performance analysis We are analysing the efficiency of cooperation and measures taken and are continuously improving them.

Subsidies We are linking public subsidies to participatory and cooperatively developed objectives; work for the common good is supported.

Representation of open space issues We are involved at a early stage in all key urban development planning processes, even involving larger private investments. Cooperation in the agglomeration We promote interregional cooperation with our neighbours in relation to open space and the landscape and support the Regionalplanung ZĂźrich und Umgebung RZU (Zurich Regional Planning body) in its work. Expansion of partnerships We are extending our network with key strategic partners who share the same objectives, particularly building cooperatives.

PPP projects We are seeking to cooperate to work towards the common good through public-private partnership projects and are increasing our influence on the quality of green spaces.

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E n v i ro n m e n t a l E d u c ation

Environmental Education

Green Know l e d g e As the importance of education for social development increases, so too does knowledge about sustainability get an ever incresing importance. The active and contemporary communication of knowledge is right at the heart of the GSZ’s Green Knowledge programme: awareness of biodiversity, awareness of green issues, the environment and health, the maintenance of green space in harmony with nature and design expertise for sustainable development. GSZ focuses the implementation of these objectives on Nature Schools, the Zurich Wildnerness Park, the Municipal Botanical Garden and the Succulent Plant Collection.

STRUCTURE OF GSZ

SUSTAINABILITY (MONET)

Product groups and products

Claims

37 43 59 65 71

Understanding and promotion of nature Education/Experiences Exhibitions Game husbandry Protection of game/birds Promotion of species and habitats Natural forest / Sihl Forest

Social solidarity Promoting health Satisfaction and happiness Intercultural and interpersonal understanding Development of human capital Promotion of learning ability Child-friendly surroundings

79 85 97

Natural areas / open spaces Recreational forest Agriculture

Economic performance Promotion of research Environmentally-friendly production

Services Consultancy/Monitoring

Environmental responsibility Conservation of nature Conservation of biodiversity Ecological compensation Values of nature and the cultivated landscape

Page

Basic principles Biodiversity Environment Use of open space Design of open space and horticultural heritage Participation and partnerships

103 109

The Company

135

Support products

Customer groups Teachers/schoolchildren Researchers Recreational users Residents/employees

Indicators Social solidarity Life expectancy in good health         Health-relevant behaviour, physical activities Identity-forming environment  Voluntary work Economic performance Expenditure for research and development Ecological responsibility Organic agriculture  Consumption of organic products Market percentage of non-food products with «eco» labels Contamination of the soil with heavy metals and PAH Diversity of species National nature reserves Ecological compensation areas

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Green Knowledge Environmental Education

Green Know l e d g e To d a y … Green Knowledge is a collective term for the different activities provided by GSZ relating to environmental education and the communication of nature and horticulture in all its possible facets. Over and above the planning, design and maintenance of green spaces and open spaces, Green Knowledge plays a further important strategic role. Its pioneering work includes so-called Nature Schools, which have been offering education on the environment to children and young people for over 20 years. In our knowledge-based society, attractively communicated information about the interrelationships in nature and audience-appropriate experiences and communication provide a pivotal social challenge. Life-long learning, combined with recreation, enjoyment and experiences in the natural world, form the basis for being able to communicate the importance of sustainable development.

Modern forms of environmental education are not based on threat scenarios. In the forefront are design options and people’s respectful attitude to Nature. To this end GSZ offers a broad range of attractive options for many groups from all walks of life. A very recent field of involvement by GSZ is the conscious and targeted handling of “green emotions”. The often close relationship of individuals with a tree, allotment, a species of animal or plant etc., again and again triggers intensive feelings. The constructive and cooperative dealing with these feelings is a challenging duty that we set ourselves. GSZ’s specialist knowledge covers around 25 different “green” environmental job descriptions – a unique diversity of knowledge that is worth maintaining and developing. Systematic analysis has produced the following performance factors for Green Knowledge: relationship to a person’s living space in Zurich, sensitivity to biodiversity, awareness of green issues and health, production and maintenance in harmony with nature, responsible actions and involvement.

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Knowledge transfer

Customer contacts: approx. 150,000/year Internet hits: 235,000/year “Grünzeit” magazine: 4 times per year, 18,000 copies

Approx. 300,000/year 500,000/year Retained

Biodiversity gfs. bern 2005

227% of the Swiss population regards biodiversity as being important

50% of the population of the city of Zurich regards biodiversity as being meaningful

Greenness and health

No data available on awareness

Awareness reinforced

Involvement

Donations: CHF 150,000.00 (sponsorship, contributions to projects) Funding/sponsorship associations: 1,200 members

CHF 750,000.00 4,000 members

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Green Knowledge Environmental Education

Green Know l e d g e i n 1 0 Ye a r s … Green Knowledge will be firmly enshrined as a socially-relevant concept within the framework of education for sustainable development. With its Green Knowledge, the city of Zurich will play a pioneering role as a city of knowledge and education and will play an exemplary role. There will be regular discussions between the population and GSZ employees. With their specialist knowledge, all employees of GSZ will become appreciated communicators of nature by the population. This applies especially to their sensitive, serious dealing with green emotions. The range of content and communications processes in terms of Green Knowledge will be up to date. The use of modern media will be just as much a matter of course as close local experiences. All age groups will be appealed to, with special regard for people who, to date have had little interest in environmental issues. Relationship with their living space: Zurich’s inhabitants will know and appreciate the wide and diverse range of “green” products and services. Their relationship to green spaces will be strong and they will identify highly with the urban landscape. Sensitivity to biodiversity: The inhabitants of the city will have a high degree of awareness of biodiversity and know its various aspects. The city of Zurich will be appreciated for its different habitats with its diversity of animal and plant species. Regard for environmental issues and health: Residents and the working population will know and appreciate the opportunities for exercise in the green spaces. The function and importance of forests and other green land for clean air and clean water will also be known. Production and maintenance in harmony with nature: Local natural products from organic farms will be known and popular as a contribution to an intact environment and healthy nutrition. The awareness of the upkeep of green spaces in harmony with nature and the value of healthy soils will be enshrined. Responsible actions and involvement: There will be excellent expertise on the part of the population in dealing with their living environment in a sustainable way. Many volunteers and residents will support environmentally conscious and responsible behaviour.

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Target groups We appeal to different target groups using suitable methods. City of education We are making a key contribution to Zurich as a city of education and knowledge. Healthy city We are positioning our efforts to promote health as an integral part of the overall strategy for a “Healthy City”.

Partnerships We are specifically seeking new partnerships to communicate Green Knowledge and encourage the involvement of volunteers.

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Knowledg e Tra n s f e r To d a y … GSZ is drawing attention to hidden beauties and important interrelationships in dealing with nature with a wide range of services. Unsupervised facilities: Exhibitions, learning and experience paths and other facilities can be used independently and individually. Events: In the classroom, children can enjoy a number of different nature experience days, take advantage of holiday pass offers and enjoy animals in the Langenberg Wildlife Park with their families. Adults can choose from a wide range of tours, talks and excursions. The annual “Grünumgang” organised specifically for politicians and the “GrünForum” for a general audience are well-established events. Partnership events, such as the “Glow Worm Festival” with people involved in the cultural sector tap a broader audience. Steering measures, such as “respect” in the Letten riverside area demonstrate behaviour in line with nature without the need for prohibitions.

Advice: Builder-owners and gardeners are advised on the topics of nature and horticulture. Further education and training: Internal further training ensures the expertise of all employees. The transfer of Green Knowledge to landowners, vocational schools and an exchange with research and teaching is beneficial for both sides. Partnership and support: “Nahreisen” (lit. Journeys in the Neighbourhood) or “Schule auf dem Bauernhof ” (lit. School on the Farm) are activities that are supported by partnerships involved. GSZ supports organisations that communicate Green Knowledge, such as “Natur liegt nahe” (lit. Nature lies Close) or the Hedgehog Centre.

Campaigns: Bundling branches for the burning of the Böögg, forest clean-ups with classes of schoolchildren or planting, maintenance and weeding activities offer the opportunity for people to become specifically involved. Media: The quarterly “Grünzeit” (lit. Green Times) magazine, a regularly updated website with the popular “Falcon live cam”, fact sheets and books communicate the concerns of GSZ.

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Knowledg e Tra n s f e r i n 1 0 Ye a r s … GSZ will offer innovative services that will appeal to the primary preferences of the most diverse and varied target groups in order to link these in surprising and unconventional ways to issues of nature. A network of voluntary helpers will support these efforts. Horticultural heritage will be perceived and appreciated as a living part of urban history and development. School and schoolchildren’s gardens, School on the Farm and an area of forest for each school building will create a direct link to natural products. Expertise in dealing with Nature will come from working in nature. Content on Green Knowledge and a summary of current events will be clearly laid out online.

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Tours and excursions

80 annually

100 annually

Exhibitions

Approx. 10 annually

Retained

Cooperation with partners and volunteers

Partnerships with School on the Farm, Pro Natura, Nature lies Close, Hedgehog Centre etc.

Cooperation strengthened Involvement of volunteers increased

School gardens and school forests

School gardens: 37 School forest: no land to date

Maintained, activity increased Land within school premises: 5

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Exhibitions We are drawing attention to the unique features of Nature with permanent and changing exhibitions in our education centres. Tours, excursions We offer tours and excursions in order to bring Green Knowledge closer to the people. School forest We are promoting emotional links, responsibilities and design expertise by transferring the rights and work on an allocated area of forest to schools. Events We are linking Green Knowledge to the most wide and varied topics, in order to appeal to the public in an attractive and surprising way.

Support We support organisations and associations and work closely together with volunteers. Preservation of heritage gardens We are making available information schemes and inventory lists and are setting up specialist consultation in terms of maintenance and design for private owners of listed gardens.

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Green Knowledge Environmental Education

Nature Sc h o o l s To d a y … With its well-established Nature Schools, GSZ offers a well-respected schedule of environmental education and teaching about Nature. Every year over 10,000 children from Zurich spend one day in the natural world, usually in the forest. This direct contact allows them to enjoy lasting emotional, social and ecological experiences. Children and young people can gather their own experiences and deepen their relationship with Nature and their understanding of natural processes. The discovery of the diversity of animals and plants and their specific needs encourages them to deal with Nature in a respectful manner. Nature Schools are aimed at schoolchildren in the city of Zurich – from kindergarten right through to school-leavers. This ensures that children from all walks of life are included. School on the Farm, a joint project with the Teacher Training College, the Swiss Farmers’ Association and the Canton, allows schoolchildren to have contact with animals and work on a farm.

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Nature Sc h o o l s i n 1 0 Ye a r s … Schoolchildren will be able to have direct experiences in the local countryside. Regard for the ecosystems of animals and plants, as well as respectful dealing with Nature and resources, will make a fundamental contribution to education about sustainable development. The various Nature Schools will be set up to be modular and will be coordinated with each other. Age-appropriate preparation of the topics will ensure that it will be successfully communicated. Pre-school children will improve their balance and motor skills in uneven natural spaces full of obstacles, whilst at the same time their interest in Nature will be awakened. In the early years at school, play-based experiences will deepen children’s relationship with nature and will awaken their empathy. Primary school children will learn about the idiosyncrasies and cycles of nature through investigation and analysis. Evaluation and judgement will lead upper school children to a greater understanding of fundamental interrelationships. Teachers and assistants will benefit from the knowledge and expertise of the Nature Schools, thereby enhancing the effects of their teaching about nature.

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Forest schools

Sihl Forest since 1986 Adlisberg since 1989 Hönggerberg since 1992 Daily provision per year: 389

Retained

Common land school

since 1994 in the warmer months Day/half-day provision per year: 69

Annual operating times lengthened extended

Wildlife Park school

since 1998 Half-day provision per year: 102

Retained, integrated into the Nature Experience Park

School on the Farm

Daily provision per year: 6 Half-day provision per year: 27

Extended Extended

Mobile Nature Schools

since 2002 Day/half-day provision per year: 76

Extended

Offers for teachers and assistants

Courses: 15

Extended

Appreciation of Nature Schools

Experience value for schoolchildren: Importance: 5,8 (out of a maximum of 6) Satisfaction: 5,5 (out of a maximum of 6)

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

Learning value for schoolchildren: Importance: 5,3 (out of a maximum of 6) Satisfaction: 5,2 (out of a maximum of 6)

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

2004 GSZ Balance of effects

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Provision We are extending the educational content and the range of teaching units of the Nature Schools on offer. Development We are developing a scheme for ideally linking the individual teaching units in order to achieve as large an overall effect as possible.

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The Succu l e n t P l a n t C o l l e c t i o n To d a y … The city of Zurich has a globally unique institution with its Succulent Plant Collection. The care of a large number of threatened succulent plants and the scientific standards practised there have helped it to achieve high international acclaim. The Succulent Plant Collection is increasingly moving toward the more modern demands of experience and education. Amongst the 35,000 visitors to the collection every year, many are interested people from abroad.

The future design will offer an opportunity to utilise the potential of the Succulent Plant Collection to enhance the left bank of the lake. The supporting association provides support in terms of ideas, materials and information.

It has been located on the Mythenquai for 75 years and has been extended in several phases to its current state. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that the lack of space makes it impossible to provide attractive amenities for a wider public and therefore a large potential for varied activities and economic marketing lies untapped. Both the state of the facilities, as well as the infrastructure, are inadequate for contemporary exhibitions and efficient working. A more large-scale redesign is in the planning.

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The Succu l e n t P l a n t C o l l e c t i o n i n 1 0 Ye a r s … A uniquely fascinating world of succulent plants will be displayed at a unique location by the lake. It will offer visitors an outstanding experience in a modern glazed architecturally-designed building. With the addition of cultural events and eating facilities, the Succulent Plant Collection will be attractive to the population and visitors from throughout the world. As a unique centre of excellence, the Succulent Plant Collection will look after and cultivate plants in accordance with scientific criteria. It will work by involving the countries of origin in maintaining global biodiversity and will communicate the importance of this. The natural science-based backbone of the herbarium and the specialist library will be open to the public.

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Annual visitor figures

35,000

80,000 In accordance with reorientation, incl. eating facilities

Number of threatened species

80% of the most threatened succulent plants worldwide

Retained

Supporting association members

400

600

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Operating concept We are developing an operating concept for the restructuring of the Succulent Plant Collection. Exhibitions We are creating experience landscapes in different climatic zones that can be visited on foot. We are presenting the communities of species based on in-depth science and with massive potential for discovery.

Experiences We celebrate special events, such as the flowering of the Queen of the Night, for visitors. Infrastructure We support the project for the construction of a new facility with integral eating and conference amenities.

Networking with universities We maintain close national and international cooperation, particularly in terms of the preparation of plant material for the purpose of scientific studies.

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The Munic i p a l B o t a n i c a l G a rd e n To d a y … The Municipal Botanical Garden is unique in many respects: The Palm Garden and display houses are a secret location for people looking for rest and relaxation in the Albisrieden district. The production areas in the greenhouses and the large area of cultivated land are used for the production of specialist plants. This unusual link between plant production and recreation unfolds a special charm of its own. Significant parts of the grounds are of importance as listed monuments and horticultural heritage. A large number of the greenhouses no longer meet current standards in terms of safety and environmental friendliness and are in need of renovation. The site is not suitable for competitive plant production. It is therefore essential to develop new and opportune forms of use. The planned redirection is aiming for a closer link between education and production and the existing infrastructure could be adapted for this at relatively low cost. There is also a major need for an educational site, in which the theory can be taught and practical work can be undertaken.

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The Munic i p a l B o t a n i c a l G a rd e n i n 1 0 Ye a r s … Plant production closely linked to further education and training will be established. The Municipal Botanical Garden will be a well-known location, used in many different ways for a variety of horticultural educational purposes. Families and leisure gardeners, householders, trainees and private individuals interested in horticulture will find a range of practical further education courses here. The cultivation of traditional and rare varieties of fruit, ornamental plants and vegetables will meet with widespread interest. With certain species of plant, it will be possible to sow and look after ones “own” seedlings, for instance for school gardens. Seedling markets with old varieties will be popular and known throughout a wide area. There will be special courses and final apprenticeship examinations for “green” professions. Young people embarking on a career or taking a gap year will find opportunities here to gain practical horticultural experience, at best combined with other courses. There will be a wide range of pick-your-own in the herb and tea garden, providing an incentive to imitate this at other locations throughout the city. The Garden will be looked after by students and volunteers. The inhabitants of the district will appreciate and use the unique relaxation space in the Palm Garden and the various display houses.

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Education days

Approx. 25

150, of which 100 by external providers

External education partners

Migros Club Schools, Professional Gardeners Guild (Gärtnermeisterverband), ProSpecieRara, Bioterra

Extended

Visitors per year to display houses and Palm Garden

20,000

25,000

Events

Events and exhibitions: approx. 15

Value of exhibitions

Importance: 5.3 (out of a maximum of 6) Satisfaction: 5.4 (out of a maximum of 6)

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

GSZ 2004 Balance of effects

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Range of courses We are organising further education and training courses combining theory and practical work. The range of courses is aimed primarily at adults but also at young people in education.

Expert advice We offer advice and publications to communicate Green Knowledge, particularly in relation to the upkeep and maintenance of green spaces in harmony with nature.

Exhibitions We are presenting attractive exhibitions about crops and ornamental plants to the public. Redesign We are developing an operating scheme for structurally adapting the infrastructure.

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Green Knowledge Environmental Education

Sihl Fores t a n d L a n g e n b e rg Wi l d l i f e Pa r k To d a y … A natural forest scarcely affected by man has grown on an area of around 1,000 ha in the Sihl Forest – a total forest reserve, in which the free dynamic of nature can be experienced and observed. The conservation area is known across Europe as the “wilderness at the gates of the city”. The wildlife that lives today and formerly lived in our countryside can be seen in the Langenberg Wildlife Park. Experiences in nature, relaxation and education about Nature all play a key role in the Sihl Forest and in the Wildlife Park. Research projects promote knowledge about the untouched dynamic of natural spaces and wild animals.

Around 20,000 visitors every year are informed about the Sihl Forest and are made aware of concerns about Nature by exhibitions and an attractive annual programme in the Sihl Forest Visitor Centre. The animal enclosures in the Wildlife Park and Nature Centre offer around 300,000 visitors per year an impressive experience of Nature and bring people out into the natural world.

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Green Knowledge Environmental Education

Nature E x p e r i e n c e Pa r k i n 1 0 Ye a r s … The Sihl Forest and Langenberg Wildlife Park will jointly form the Wildnispark Zürich (Zurich Wilderness Park), a nationally recognised Nature Experience Park over an area of 1,100 ha with additional potential for expanding. At its very core will be unique experiences in nature for the population in a natural forest and in dealing with wild animals. Attention will be drawn to the free dynamic of Nature and the livelihoods and ecosystems of animals and plants. In addition the Nature Experience Park will be a large-scale peaceful area for relaxation and slowing down – a contrast to the hustle and bustle of the city. The Zurich Wilderness Park will be involved in education for sustainable development. The Visitor Centre and Wildlife Park will represent transition zones and entry ports to the wilderness. A wide range of cultural events and restaurants and “nature shops” will draw in the urban population.

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Research work

Dissertations: 3 per year Theses: 1 in 10 years

3 per year 1 every 2 years

Educational courses

Courses: 25 Tours and excursions: 160 Animal messengers: 40 days Visitors to exhibitions: 6,000

Retained 300 Extended with forest visits/rangers Increased

Animal enclosures

Species of wild animal: 17

Appreciation of the Langenberg Wildlife Park

Experience value: 5.2 (out of a maximum of 6) Satisfaction: 5.1 (out of a maximum of 6)

Satisfaction corresponds to importance

Partnerships

Pro Natura, Sihl Forest Natural Landscape Foundation, Swiss Zoo Society, Locational and Business Promotion Zimmerberg-Sihltal

Increased with most important strategic partners

Voluntary involvement in the Zurich Wilderness Park ZWP

Animal sponsorship: 240 Donations to the ZWP: CHF 30,000.00/year Members of support associations: 800

350 CHF 500,000/year 3,000

GSZ 2004 Balance of effects

Our Field s o f A c t i o n National recognition We are campaigning jointly with our partners for national recognition as a Nature Experience Park.

Experiences in Nature and education We are opening visitors’ eyes to new outlooks about nature and adventure. We offer an attractive education programme and special courses for school classes. Habitats We show how the landscape is affected by wild animals, such as elk and European bison etc. Research We are analysing together with universities and the Zurich Wilderness Park Research Committee natural processes scarcely influenced by people and the value of species and experiences in the Wilderness Park. A long-term scientific monitoring process is being set up for this purpose. We present visitors with the content and results of the research.

Innovation by partnerships We are opening up innovative fields with new strategic partnerships. Information centres We are further developing the Visitor Centre and Langenberg Nature Park to become multifaceted, interactive worlds of experience for urban people. The Green Book of Zurich

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Productio n a n d M a i n t e n a n c e i n H a r m o n y w i t h N a t u re … The management of municipal green and open spaces in harmony with nature was defined in 1995 by the City Council in an Administrative Regulation (Verwaltungsverordnung VVO) and was put into practice. Over and above GSZ, the regulation obliges around a dozen other municipal departments, as well as leisure gardeners and allotment gardeners, to maintain the city’s green spaces in harmony with nature. Many changes have taken place since then, nevertheless there remains, now as before, a need for training and advice, in order to implement the objectives contained in the regulation.

Training courses are organised within GSZ, as only by understanding the interrelationships are people able to go the extra mile for chemical-free maintenance and care. Volunteers are also employed for time-consuming weeding. Organic agriculture and forestry management in compliance with the standards of Forest Stewardship Council FSC have been at a very high level for quite some time.

Private green spaces in the city are not affected by the Administrative Regulation as there is no legal basis for enforcing management in harmony with nature. In spite of this much can be achieved by good specialist consultancy being given. Much of the information provided demonstrates the correlations of maintenance in harmony with nature and the population generally accepts these very well. Generally there is awareness of the significance and value of indigenous plants and animals. Pleasing success of the efforts already undertaken is the increased prevalence of glow worms, celebrated in 2005 with thousands of visitors to the Glow Worm Festival.

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Productio n a n d M a i n t e n a n c e i n H a r m o n y with Natu re i n 1 0 Ye a r s … Landowners and land managers, especially tenants and the municipal offices and departments, will recognise the importance of the upkeep of green spaces in harmony with nature and will comply with the guidelines of the Administrative Regulation. GSZ will support with consultancy and information. Vocational training and ongoing further training will guarantee an excellent quality of ecological orientation. Knowledge about organic agriculture and FSC forestry management will be enshrined. The retention of soil fertility will be assured by training and advice to ensure careful dealing with the soil.

INDICATORS TODAY

OBJECTIVES FOR 10 YEARS FROM NOW

Cultivation in harmony with nature based on the Administrative Regulation (VVO)

GSZ: 100% Other municipal departments: approx. 70% Tenants of allotments and recreational gardens: approx. 60% Private landowners: No data available

Retained 100% 100% Cultivation in harmony with nature

Further education courses for the maintenance of green spaces in harmony with nature

Course days/year: 5

Percentage of FSC management of the forests within the metropolitan area

In the city-owned forests: 100% In forests owned by others: 95%

100% 100%

Management

250 ha are managed organically (27% of UAA), the remainder in accordance with the Ecological Proof of Performance (öLN) 9 out of 36 farms produce organically, 8 of which are municipal leased farms

Ecological Proof of Performance (öLN) will be standard, an above-average percentage is organically managed, all municipal leased farms will be managed in line with organic guidelines,organic farms are preferred when leasing UAA to third parties

Our Fields o f A c t i o n Allotments and recreational gardens We train and advise our tenants in the management of land in harmony with nature and implement the guidelines contractually.

Municipal departments We are working closely with municipal departments to ensure the consistent maintenance of green spaces in harmony with nature.

Private land management We are motivating private landowners to manage and maintain their land in harmony with nature by means of a range of active information and training activities. Employees We are promoting the expertise of GSZ employees in the maintenance and management of land in harmony with nature. Teaching We are enshrining the “green” maintenance of land by vocational further education and training.

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T h e C o m pany

The Company

GSZ – The C o m p a n y The political agenda of the Head of the Civil Engineering and Waste Disposal Department for Grün Stadt Zürich (GSZ) is as follows:

“Green and open spaces play a significant role in the quality of life in the city of Zurich. GSZ is responsible for ensuring the required quality of green city space and will guarantee the following: > Relaxation > Leisure and recreation > Experiences in Nature > Conservation of nature and the countryside > Securing of land reserves The strategic and operational tasks of GSZ and its various business units are derived from these overriding objectives. Within this framework, GSZ optimises its profitability and works towards providing benefits to its customers.” Since its amalgamation in 2001, GSZ has continued to develop its organisational form. Together with over 300 employees, corporate and management mission statements have been defined at a number of different group events. These have also given rise to the slogan:

“Zurich blossoms where we are working – we create quality of life.” Wo wir arbeiten, blüht Zürich – wir schaffen Lebensqualität. The Green Book is the systematic continuation of this process with formulated objectives for the next 10 years and strategic fields of action to implement them.

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Process Management The Company

Integral Planning Specifications from Confederation/Canton Structure planning Forestry Act (Waldgesetz, WAG) Agriculture Act (Landwirtschaftsgesetz LWG) Nature and Heritage Conservation Act (NHG) Biodiversity/Rural landscape 2020 Spatial Planning Act (RPG) Environmental Conservation Act (USG) Planning/Building Act (PBG) Future of Environmental Education in Switzerland (EDK) Overall Nature Conservation Concept Hunting Act Other specifications

External Influences Economic situation Environmental pollution Changing needs Appreciation of nature Leisure behaviour Quality and attractiveness of location Other external influences

Zurich City Council Specifications By-laws Legislature focal points Political order VTE/Legislature objectives TED Global budget/Financial plan/IAFP Zurich Vision 2025 Housekeeping Manual City Council resolution tasks DA Building/Zoning Ordinance (BZO) Urban Spaces 2010 Employee law Other specifications

Objectives/Strategies

BU = Business unit PG = Product group CG = Client group NPM = New public management structure

Green and Open Spaces Basic principles Environmental Education The Company GSZ Concepts Landscape Development Concept (LEK) Development/Regeneration areas Forest Development Plan (WEP) Nature Around Schools (NUS) Use of Parks / Brunau Allmend Natural Experience Park Horticultural Heritage (GDP) Promotion of Nature/Ecological Networking Green Knowledge Avenues/Trees in the Streets/Green on the Roads

Agriculture The Succulent Plant Collection The Municipal Botanical Garden and Nursery Healthy Soils Riverbanks / Lakeside Allotments / Recreational Gardens Cemeteries Occupational safety / Health Further education / Training Partnerships / Network Environmental management Financial planning / Investment planning Communication / Exhibitions Subsidies Promotion of the planting of fruit trees GIS Concept The Company Vehicles / Equipment Other Concepts

Concepts/Strategies outside GSZ Stream Concept ERZ Mobility Culture TAZ Urban Development Concepts AfS Sports Strategy SPA Safety/Cleanliness Events Strategy PD Energy Master Plan Environment Policy UGZ Züri-WC Master Plan UGZ Health Policy UGZ Enhancement of District Centres Other Concepts

NPM Products PG Understanding and promotion of nature Education/Experiences Exhibitions Rearing of wild animals Protection of wild animals/birds Promotion of species and habitats Natural forest / Sihl Forest PG Natural areas / open spaces Recreational forest Cemeteries Parks Green on the roads Schoolyards Sports grounds Swimming facilities Extensive cultivation of green spaces Agriculture Planning of green/open spaces Planning and construction PG Land / building management Leased land Agricultural leases Leased property PG Natural products Forestry products Christmas trees Horticultural products Agricultural products PG Services Consultancy/Monitoring Services to other bodies Services for third parties Support products Personnel management Financial management Quality management Legal advice Public Relations work

GSZ Bases/ databases Inventory of green land Inventory of street trees Inventory of fruit trees Inventory of playgrounds Inventory of Gardens Worth Protection Inventory of Nature Conservation (KSO) Inventory of Meadow/Forest Roads Lessees/Tenants Address files Provision of Open Spaces by the City of Zurich Nature value index Archives Succulent Plant Collection Maintenance documents GSZ library Inventory of building applications Inventory of circulations Report on Ecological Compensation Management Information Systems (MIS) Cost/Performance Calculation Inventory of benches Inventory of vehicles/equipment Inventory of Property Contracts/Service agreements Corporate Handbook Other bases/databases

External Bases/Databases Noise Register Official Survey Municipal Properties Public opinion surveys Statistical data Geo Server Confederation/Canton inventories Sustainability model (MONET) SBB Ecological Compensation Model Environmental Atlas Directory of Paths and Trails Other bases/databases

Balance of effects Satisfaction/Importance

Benchmarking/EFQM/ISO 14 001

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The Company

Process M a n a g e m e n t Integral planning – what does it mean? Cemeteries, forests and wildlife, horticulture, landscape development, sports grounds, species promotion, Nature Schools, tree-lined avenues – all of these specialist areas have their own planning regulations. The time periods and content vary but the planning regulations are standardised. Why then plan integrally? The reasons for this are as follows: > The processes are more effective if they are designed in an integral manner and are completed in closed cycles. > If specialist planning documents are coordinated with each other unambiguously, the disadvantages of the sectoral method employed to date can be overcome. > Integral planning and action promotes interlinked thinking and is geared towards the needs of the users. The most important process steps are outlined in the “Integral Planning” process management. The darker arrows indicate the main directions, with the lighter arrows indicating feedback.

Overriding specifications and external influences GSZ bases its work on overriding guidelines, observes changes with external influences and is actively involved in the design of the guidelines where this is sensible

Objectives/Strategies Long-term objectives, together with strategic focal points and fields of action, specify the most important ways forward into the future. They serve as guidelines for the shorter-term schemes and are implemented by the product managers. Concepts Concepts encompass specific technical and subject areas over a period of 4 to 6 years. These stipulate guidelines for product management and indicate links within integral planning. GSZ continuously examines its own concepts and updates them in accordance with changing requirements.

Principles/Databases Qualified principles are needed for qualified planning. Databases and GIS applications are systematically updated in accordance with internal GSZ specifications. Municipal employees can access the key data directly. New public management structure products GSZ products are the key elements of annual planning and financial control. They serve as accounting units in which the contract and profit can be identified. The products are controlled by product-performance agreements which are agreed annually anew with specific target and measurement figures. The products are divided into five product groups. The global budget is submitted at this level and the annual financial statement generated.

Effects balance Success has various dimensions for GSZ. It is judged by customer satisfaction and the quality achieved, taking into account profitability. GSZ regularly monitors outcomes for the most important products and their most significant stakeholders. This defines the satisfaction and importance of the work performed and defines principles for improvement where quality exceeds or falls below what is required. Findings flow into product control and into the company’s strategies.

Benchmarking / EFQM / ISO Benchmarks and operating comparisons are important for self evaluation and act as stimuli for changes. Generally used tools, such as EFQM and ISO 14110, are used over and above sector-specific exchanges of experiences. The findings flow into the company’s strategies.

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Process Management The Company

Outcome-orientated action Customers City’s inhabitants City Parliament City Council/Government Department Head

Grün Stadt Zürich, Management Primary process

BU = Business unit PG = Product group CG = Client group NPM = New public management structure

Service provider (who)

Services (what) (NPM products) Input

BU Promotion of nature ature schools N Conservation of nature Succulent Plant Collection BU Wilderness/Animals Sihl Forest Wildlife conservation reserves Langenberg Wildlife Park: BU Planning/Construction Project management/Construction Open space planning Consultation on open spaces Maintenance of heritage gardens BU Maintenance Höngg/Grünau Affoltern/Seebach Oerlikon/Schwamendingen Nordheim Cemetery Wipkingen/Fluntern/Unter-/Oberstrass Old town on the left bank of the Limmat/Enge Hottingen/Riesbach Witikon/Enzenbühl Cemetery/Rehalp Wollishofen/Leimbach Altstetten/Albisrieden Sihlfeld Wiedikon/Aussersihl BU Operations Agriculture/Leased property/Rented property Juchhof estate Uetliberg Forest North Forest Municipal Botanical Garden Decoration/Indoor greenery Workshops/Logistics

Output

Clients (for whom) Offers

PG Understanding and promotion of nature Education/Experiences Exhibitions Rearing of wild animals Protection of wild animals/birds Promotion of species and habitats Natural forest / Sihl Forest PG Natural areas / open spaces Recreational forest Cemeteries Parks Green on the roads Schoolyards Sports grounds Swimming facilities Extensive green spaces Agriculture Planning of green/open spaces Planning and construction of green and open spaces

Demand CG Teachers/schoolchildren Teachers/schoolchildren Children/young people Societies/People interested in nature School authorities/Office for Schools CG Researchers Universities/Research centres CG People seeking peace and relaxation Individual people/families Associations Tourists CG Residents/employees Office for Population People living in the district Employees/Commuters CG Sports people Office for Sport/Sports associations Individual sportsmen and women

PG Spatial and building management Leased land Agricultural leases Leased property

CG Lessees/tenants Tenants/Travellers Leaseholders/Landlords Garden tenants District groups

PG Natural products Forestry products Christmas trees Horticultural products Agricultural products

CG Purchasers of goods Purchasers of agricultural products Purchasers of timber products Purchasers of plants/flowers

PG Services Consultancy/Monitoring Services to other bodies Services for third parties

CG Developers/Planners Planners/Investors Municipality Confederation/Canton/Conurbation

Support process Support (back office) Personnel management Financial management Quality management Legal advice Public relations work

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Process Managementâ&#x20AC;&#x192; The Company

Outcome-orientated management â&#x20AC;&#x201C; what is it all about? New public management and the overall budget have a major influence on performance targets. The question as to what demands must be satisfied is at the very forefront and replaces the budget-optimisation mentality. GSZ has sought binding comprehensible processes for its organisational development. The main process is based on provision and demand, that is to say the interplay between performance and those on the receiving end of the performance: > Provision: Who does what for whom? > Demand: Who wants what from whom? The management tools are parts of this cycle and support this transmission.

Who provides the services? GSZ is sub-divided into six business units. One of these is the back office unit that provides support services for the entire company. The other five business units are service providers for the new public management structure products. GSZ is organised around a decentralised organisational structure and is therefore closer to customers and correspondingly flexible. The approximately 40 specialist departments and profit and service centres within the business units have clear targets, guidelines and agreed budgets against which they are measured.

What services do they provide? The range of services includes 27 products and 5 support products, for which annual product-service agreements are created. They are based on the overriding objectives, strategies and guidelines from the concepts. The support products provide the corporate infrastructure and thus support the primary process. For whom are services provided? The purchasers of the services, that is our clients, are diverse and their needs are equally varied. There are many other customer groups apart from the population itself. The challenging taskâ&#x20AC;&#x192; for GSZ is to satisfy them all at the right time with the right quality of services that they require in a cost-effective way.

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The Company

Corporate Va l u e s Expert, professional, motivated employees GSZ employees are responsible for their own work. Expertise is delegated as far as is possible. Target and employee discussions are the key management tool for agreeing and reflecting on the performance delivered. Professional expertise and interpersonal skills are excellent and further training is provided. Around 60% of employees are in daily contact with customers and are therefore image carriers for GSZ and the municipality. The company invests in the further training of all employees and is open to contemporary techniques and tools.

Social responsibility GSZ provides employment for 80â&#x20AC;&#x201C;100 people from various municipal social programmes. Close to customers The decentralised organisational structure and the associated delegation of responsibility ensure proximity to clients and guarantee a high level of benefits to customers. Financial control and the targets set support the product managers and line managers.

Health and safety The partly dangerous technical work processes demand high safety standards. GSZ is actively committed to the promotion of health and safety at work.

Communication and information Within GSZ, information and communication is of the utmost importance both internally and externally. The communication of current information increases understanding for different environmental concerns and demands dialogue. Communication takes place openly with mutual appreciation.

Quality and innovation GSZ considers as a teaching organisation that is actively involved in the continuous development process. GSZ approaches changes in a forward-looking manner and with innovative solutions in which the employees are also involved. Environmental responsibility GSZ campaigns with pressure for the conservation of the environment. All corporate decisions are examined for their environmental friendliness and effect in terms of sustainability. Efficiency GSZ employees think and act in an enterprising way. Cost-benefit thinking is a key management task. Regular benchmarking at different levels is an indicator of performance and provides the basis for improvements.

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Resources Employees today Just under 450 employees work for GSZ, of whom approximately 20% are women. Almost 30% of employees work part-time, with over 50% of women working part-time. This corresponds to an average headcount of 390 full-time equivalents. Between 25 and 30 people complete several months of internship at GSZ and there are also training positions for over 30 apprentices, the majority in manual jobs

Employees in the future In principle GSZ wants to achieve the targets specified in the Green Book with its current working capacity. GSZ will increase the effectiveness of the organisation by concentrating on the goals and strategies formulated in the Green Book. Additional positions will be justified, if > the percentage of intensively used green land in the city markedly increases; > new, significant additional services are to be provided; > the cost of additional positions is financed by third parties. The number of apprenticeship positions is between 8 and 10% of the number of employees and GSZ also offers a similar number of internships. This guarantees a serious level of training without having too great an impact on productivity.

Finances today The current annual expenditure, excluding investments, is approximately 101 million francs. It generates revenue from third parties totalling 19 million francs and charges 14 million francs for inner-city services to other municipal entities. This results in an annual balance of cost of approx. 68 million Swiss francs or 53 cents per day and inhabitant. Depreciation and interest on equipment amount to approximately 25 million francs. Between 20 and 25 million francs are invested annually in green spaces, mainly in parks and sports grounds, around 70â&#x20AC;&#x201C;80% of which is for the refurbishment of existing facilities and 20â&#x20AC;&#x201C;30% is invested in new ones. The purchase of external services for maintenance and investment is approx. 43 million francs annually, the same figure as the total salary costs.

Finances in the future With the improved efficiency sought for as a result of concentrating on the aims of the Green Book, the need for finance will not realistically change significantly. GSZ revenue from external services will fall slightly due to the decline in the price of natural products and as a result of the falling number of row graves. The chargeable figure for services to other municipal departments will increase annually by 1 to 1,5 million francs due to massive investment and expansion of land for sports facilities and schoolyards. These are largely financing costs that the affected departments can be debitted for. Investments will continue to be between 20 and 25 million francs per year and will result in rising financing costs. Spatial expansion and more intensive maintenance of green areas as a reaction to increased usage will also cause costs to rise. There will also be additional personnel costs that cannot be compensated depending of the expansion of Green Knowledge. If the key objectives and fields of action aspired to in the Green Book are to be implemented, then a moderate real increase in material and personnel costs of around 1% per year should be anticipated in the medium term. The costs of depreciation, amortisation and interest will initially rise sharply but then flatten off in line with investments.

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A p p endix

Appendix

Directory o f Ke y w o rd s In addition to the Table of Contents, the Directory of Keywords will simplify the selective search for information about GSZ targets and fields of action within the following chapters: > Green and Open Spaces > Basic principles > Environmental Education > The Company

A Animals Biodiversity 79 Forestry 65 Agriculture 71 Use of open space 97

C Cleanliness Use of open space 97 Parks, squares and common land 37 Forestry 65 Communication methods 120 Competing claims among interest groups Use of open space 97 Parks, squares and common land 37 Participation and partnerships 109 Forestry 65 Agriculture 71

Finance Resources 141

Public-Private-Partnership Participation and partnerships 109 Residential and working environment 59

Footpaths and cycle routes Use of open space 97 Provision of open space 91 Green in the streets 54

Fruit trees Biodiversity 79 Agriculture 71 Allotments and recreational gardens 48 Urban landscape 31

H Health Green Knowledge 117 Agriculture 71 Use of open space 97 Environment 85 Corporate values 140 Horticultural heritage Design of open space and Horticultural heritage 103 Communication methods 120 Cemeteries 46 Sports grounds and swimming facilities 50

I D Densification Urban landscape 85 Residential and working environment 130 Provision of open space 91 Design of open space and horticultural heritage 103 Dogs Use of open space 97 Parks, squares and common land 37 Green in the streets 54

E Efficiency Corporate values 140 Energy Environment 85 Forestry 65 Agriculture 71 Exhibitions Communication methods 120

Integral planning Process management 136 Participation and partnerships 109

L Lakeside Parks, squares and common land 37 Urban landscape 31 Litter Use of open space 97 Parks, squares and common land 37 Forestry 65 Green in the streets 54 Landscape Development Concepts and Forest Development Plan Urban landscape 31 Forestry 65 Agriculture 71 Participation and partnerships 109

R Riverbanks Parks, squares and common land 37 Watercourses 57 Urband landscape 31 Research Participation and partnerships 109 The Succulent Plant Collection 124 Nature Experience Park 128

S Safety Use of open space 97 Parks, squares and common land 37 Corporate values 140 Sihlwald Nature Experience Park 128 Forestry 65 Urban landscape 31 Participation and partnerships 109 Social responsibility Corporate values 140 Allotments and recreational gardens 48 Use of open space 97 Participation and partnerships 109 Parks, squares and common land 37 Soil Environment 85 Production and maintenance in harmony with nature 130

U Urban climate Environment 85 Forestry 65 Green in the streets 54

V Vandalism Use of open space 97 Forestry 65

O Outcome-orientated actions Process management 136 Participation and partnerships 109

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Glossary a n d L i n k s A AfS Amt für Städtebau Office for Urban Development. Agricultural zone A no-building zone that primarily used for soil-dependent is agricultural or horticultural production. The term “multifunctionality” is used to describe agricultural zones that secure the country’s nutritional base in the long term and are also used for other public interests, such as for recreation or to protect natural ecosystems. Buildings and facilities that are used for agricultural or productive horticulture are permitted under certain conditions [Art.22 and Art. 16a of the Spatial Planning Act (Raumplanungsgesetz RPG)]. These include, for instance, economic buildings, stables, greenhouses, storage space, preparation and sale of agricultural or horticultural products and living space. Exemptions can be granted on the basis of Art. 24 of the Spatial Planning Act for site-related buildings and facilities (high-voltage masts, water reservoirs, shooting facilities). Agricultural zones in the city of Zurich have been designated as buffer zones, with very few exceptions. [Art. 16 ff. Spatial Planning Act RPG; § 36 Planning and Building Act PBG] > Buffer zone > Buffer area Animal messengers Grün Stadt Zürich employees who communicate additional information to visitors to the Langenberg Wildlife Park on Wednesday afternoons and on Sundays. AWEL Amt für Abfall, Wasser, Energie und Luft, Office for Waste, Water, Energy and Air within the canton of Zurich.

B BAB Bauen ausserhalb von Bauzonen Building outside of building zones. [Art. 24–24 d and Art. 37a RPG (SR. 700)] BAFU Bundesamt für Umwelt, Federal Office for the Environment. Formerly BUWAL. Part of the Swiss Federal Department for the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communication (UVEK). > BUWAL > UVEK Balance of effects (Wirkungsbilanz WiBi) Tool for measuring the importance and satisfaction of different stakeholders with Grün Stadt Zürich products and services. Benchmarking Economic methods for comparing similar business units with each other. Benchmarking is therefore an indicator for Grün Stadt Zürich, against which its own position can be measured, with the claim to learn from the best. BFS Bundesamt für Statistik, Swiss Federal Office for Statistics

Biodiversity Diversity of life. From the Greek «bios» meaning «life» and Latin «diversitas» meaning «diversity». Measure for the number of different life forms within a habitat and thus for the diversity of flora and fauna. Here “different life forms” does not simply mean the number of species, but also their genetic diversity within the species, the diversity of ecosystems and the diversity of interrelationships between the life forms. BIP Bruttoinlandprodukt Gross domestic product (GDP) BLN Bundesinvenatr der Landschaften und Naturdenkmäler von nationaler Bedeutung Federal Inventory of Landscapes and Natural Monuments of National Importance. BSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Mad cow disease (). BTS Besonders tierfreundliche Stallhaltungssysteme Especially animal housing-friendly housing systems. An animal welfare labelling programme initiated by the Federal Office for Agriculture. Direct payment subsidy for livestock housed in particularly anima-friendly stalls and facilities. [SR. 910.132.4 (BTS Ordinance dated 7 December 1998)] [SR. 910.132.4 (BTS Ordinance dated 7 December 1998)] > RAUS Buffer zone The City Council of Zurich does not systematically differentiate in its Building and Zoning Ordinance (BZO) between buffer zones (Freihaltezone) in the sense of §§ 39 ff. of the Planning and Building Act (Planungsund Baugesetz PBG) and agricultural zones (Landwirtschaftszonen) in the sense of Art. 16 of the Spatial Planning Act (Raumplanungsgesetz RPG). Agricultural zones are no-building zones, whereas buffer zones include the full range of conservation zones in compliance with Art. 17 of the RPG to special building zones, for instance with recreational land uses. The boundary to the recreation zone is partially unclear. A significant proportion of the buffer zones designated in the BZO are counted as agricultural zones in a federal legal sense, that is outside of the residential area specified in the structure plan. Here building and facilities are only permitted in line with Art. 16a or Art. 24 of the RPG. The decision lies with the cantonal authorities (art. 25 RPG). Municipal authorities only have responsibility for the inner buffer zones, that is to say buffer zones surrounded by building zones. > Buffer area > Recreational zone BUWAL Formerly: Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft, Federal Office for the Environment, Forestry and Agriculture. Now: BAFU. > BAFU

C Conservation order Regulation for the protection of objects, particularly in the case of protection measures that relate to a larger area. The conservation order is a component of the Planning and Building Act (Planungs- und Baugesetz PBG) that also regulated nature and heritage conservation among other things. [§ 205 lit. b Planning and Building Act (Planungsund Baugesetz PBG] > Buffer area Cooperation Voluntary consensus-based form of cooperation by equal partners. Both parties hope to achieve a better common solution through cooperation. Cooperative processes are a specific form of voluntary participation processes. > Participation Crop rotation land (Fruchtfolgeflächen) Calculated minimal agricultural production land to guarantee the country’s provision in times of disrupted supply. [Art. 16 of the Spatial Planning Act RPG, especially Sect. 3; Cantonal Structure Plan Chapter 3: Landscape]. > Buffer zone Customers/customer group Recipient(s) of the products and/or services. A group of people defined by selected criteria that has a formulatable claim to the quality ad reliability of the products and services provided by GSZ. > Stakeholders

D DA Dienstabteilung Municipal (lit. Service department)

department

Degree of expansion This indicates to what extent the use of an area in the building zone is exhausted. The municipal building regulation stipulates the permitted use. Degree of soil sealing Percentage of paved and water-impermeable land within a specific plot of land, area or larger area. > Soil sealing Degree of target achievement Ratio between the prescribed target and the actual service provided and effect effectively achieved. Designated open space Open space with specific priority use, for instance schoolyards and cemeteries. Designated open spaces can also be used by the public to a limited extent. > Priority use > Open space > Semi-public open space > Monofunctional open space > Multifunctional open space > Public open space > Private open space > District-related open space

BZO Bau- und Zonenordnung Building and Zoning Ordinance. [AS 700.100] > Structure plan

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Development area District or area in which an alteration of land use is taking place or will take place. Generally these are former industrial areas that are to be converted into service and residential areas by residential densification or conversion.

District-related open space Multifunctional usable open space for the district, e.g. parks and squares. > Open space > Semi-public open space > Monofunctional open space > Multifunctional open space > Public open space > Private open space > Designated open space

FFF Fruchtfolgeflächen > Crop rotation land.

E EAWAG Eidgenössische Anstalt für Wasserversorgung, Abwasserreinigung und Gewässerschutz, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. Ecological networking Interconnected habitats that permit the dispersal of individuals and thus the genetic exchange of wild species. This must not necessarily be guaranteed by direct proximity but can also refer to landscape structures and other measures.

FAT Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Agrarwirtschaft und Landtechnik Swiss Federal Research Institute for Agricultural Economics and Land Engineering in Ettenhausen. Today: Agroscope Tänikon.

Freihaltezone > Buffer zone FSC Forest Stewardship Council Globally issues the FSC certificate for defined criteria for environmentally-friendly and sociallycompatible forest management and/or timber management. Examination of certified forestry and timber processing businesses by independent certification forms. Criteria for Switzerland: Separation of 10% of the forest area as forest conservation land, a minimum of 5% as a total reservation, no clear-cuts over 1 ha, regeneration with site-specific species of trees over a minimum 80% of the land. Zurich’s urban forest has been FSC-certified since 1999. Grün Stadt Zürich has a leading role in FSC group certification across the entire urban area.

G G59 First national Swiss horticultural show held in Zurich in 1959.

Ecological compensation Compensation for the intensive use of land (densification, alteration of land use) inside and outside of residential areas by interconnecting biotopes, promoting the diversity of species, stimulating the urban landscape and other measures. [Nature and Cultural Heritage Protection Act (Natur- und Heimatschutzgesetz NHG) (SR 451), cf. Art. 18 ff., especially Art. 18th Sect. 2]

GDP Gartendenkmalpflege Departement for the preservation of heritage gardens [Resolution by the City Council about departmental division and work dated 26 March 1997 (AS 172.110), Art. 44 litb]

Ecological compensation area Habitat or landscape with vegetation in harmony with nature and site-appropriate. Serves to balance out more intensive uses of land.

gfs.bern Berne Institute for Research Projects in the fields of Politics, Communications and Society.

EDK Schweizerische Konferenz der kantonalen Erziehungsdirektoren Swiss Conference of Cantonal Directors of Education.

GIS Geographical information system. An information system that is used to capture and edit, store and reorganise, model and analyse as well as alphanumerically and graphically present data that is linked to locations.

EFQM European Foundation for Quality Management. Model for comprehensive quality management in companies. Grün Stadt Zürich regularly examines its performance in all areas using the EFQM model. This enables comparison to be made across the different sectors. The best in Switzerland are awarded by the Prix Esprix, the best in Europe by the European Quality Award (EQA).

Geomorphology Teaching about the structure of the Earth and the processes that have shaped the surface of the Earth.

Global budget Instrument for defining and examining performance targets for product groups and products. In the forefront is the outcome sought and not the expenditurerelated control. The global budget provides the management with the freedom to determine itself the methods to fulfil the performance mandate taking into account the overriding guidelines.

ERZ Entsorgung+Recycling Zürich Zurich Disposal and Recycling Services.

GR Gemeinderat City Parliament. Legislative body of the city of Zurich.

ETH Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich.

Green belt Coherent linear green element in the city.

Green space An area of open space that is largely unsealed characterised by planting and natural cover. GrünForum (Green Forum) Public information event on current environmental issues held annual each spring jointly by Grün Stadt Zürich and the Association for Zurich Living Space (VLZ). Grünumgang (Green Tour) Information tour through municipal green spaces for members of the City Parliament and invited representatives of key stakeholders by Grün Stadt Zürich. Held annually in the autumn together with the Verbund Lebensraum Zürich VLZ (Association of Zurich Living Space). GSZ Grün Stadt Zürich Office of Parks and Open Spaces.

H Herbarium Scientific collection of dried plants and plant parts. Heritage garden A location (garden, open space), created with structural elements and planting, in which there is public interest for historical or artistic reasons. Can also be designated a contemporary witness or historical garden. Horticultural heritage Horticultural heritage describes the artistic and landscape architectural design of all created green spaces and open spaces in the city (historical and modern parks, cemeteries, schoolyards, sports grounds or public swimming facilities). Horticultural heritage is also always an expression of the zeitgeist and or a present and past understanding of nature.

I IMMO Immobilien-Bewirtschaftung Property Management, a municipal department. Indicator Characteristic that indicates the state or development of costs, services or effects. Generally indicators exist from the relationship between two indices (e.g. cost per unit of number per unit of time). Generally entire groups of indicators have to be evaluated in order to obtain a picture of a development. At least one measurable indicator is needed per target to ensure that the attainment of the target can be controlled. Indicators are an integral part of the product and service agreements of Grün Stadt Zürich and the Green Book. An indicator can be viewed with the aid of several key figures. > Key figures Integral planning Complete examination per se of all planning aspects aiming for an overall view. Joint search for complementary best possible ways within a network of dependencies. In doing so, Grün Stadt Zürich distances itself from the existing sector-based approach and promotes coordinated, customer-orientated thinking and action.

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Inventory of Objects Worth Protecting List and description of objects worth protecting and conserving (Planning and Building Act PBG and Nature Conservation and Cultural Heritage Protection Act NHG) by the authority responsible for the protection measures (federation, canton, municipality). The inventories are available for viewing in the municipal authority offices or in the cantonal building management offices if these are inter-municipal objects. Entry on the inventory itself does not accord a property protection, but simply defines the special protective character of a particular object (e.g. landscape, garden and park, geomorphologic object, monument, contemporary witness, natural conservation. It is the responsibility of the responsible community to put in place the requisite protection or conservation measures (protection) or to ensure protection by means of contractual regulations or easements. [§ 203 Planning and Building Act (LS 700.1)] ISO 14001 Globally applicable regulations by the International Standards Organisation for the introduction and operation of an Environmental Management System. The ISO 14001 certificate can be applied for if there has been an external audit by a certification company. Grün Stadt Zürich has been certified to comply with ISO 14001 since 2003.

K KbS Kataster der belasteten Standorte Land Register of Contaminated Sites in the canton of Zurich. The Ordinance on the Refurbishment of Contaminated Sites (Contamination Ordinance) obliges the cantons to produce and maintain a land register of contaminated sites. The Contamination section within the Office for Waste, Water, Energy and Air (AWEL) produces the land register on behalf of the Building Management department. It bases this on the existing Land Register of Suspected Contaminated Sites. This land register includes site where there has been a suspicion of contamination since the early 1990s. > AWEL Key figures Key figures represent figures that reflect quantitatively measureable data and present relevant facts and inter-relationships in a simple and compact form. Grün Stadt Zürich uses defined key figures to report on its targets, products and services. These are used for the quantitative measurement and presentation of indicators and are part of the Grün Stadt Zürich performance measurement process. > Indicator Key species Animals and plants that make high demands on their habitat and are typical for the habitant. The quantity and quality of conservation and regeneration measures for the habitats can be identified and evaluated by means of these biotope specialists. > Target species

Knospe/Bio-Suisse label Bio-Suisse organic farming collective brand for controlled organic agriculture. Foodstuff or a high health value is produced with maximum protection of the environment. The entire farm must be organically managed. KSO land Objects in the Inventory of Municipal Nature and Landscape Conservation Objects of the City of Zurich. The inventory was set up on 24 January 1990. [City Council Resolution no. 288 dated 24 January 1990] Kyoto Protocol A document signed by 159 countries that obliges them to reduce greenhouse gases. It essentially includes the requirements that countries reduced their emissions of six greenhouse gases by a minimum of 5% below their 1990 emission levels. Each country has its own limits; the reduction required by Switzerland (and the EU) is 8%. The Protocol has been in force since 15 February 2005.

L Label Designation/proof of voluntary compliance with specific guaranteed quality features of a product or production method. Compliance is regularly examined by an independent body. Examples of Grün Stadt Zürich labels: Engagement (M7 meat), FSC Knospe, Naturaplan, ZüriChornBrot. LEK Landschaftsentwicklungskonzept Landscape Development Concept. Light-demanding species of tree Species of tree that requires a great deal of light, such as oak, pine, birch and larch. Linear open space Open space axes, such as riverbanks or green belts that are also used by slow-moving traffic. Littering The throwing away of litter and waste. This term is used to describe the pollution of public spaces (and means of transport) by discarded or heedlessly thrown away litter. LN Landwirtschaftliche Nutzfläche Utilised agricultural area (UAA). LVZ Liegenschaftenverwaltung der Stadt Zürich Real Estate Management Office.

M Management and maintenance in harmony with nature Any type of management and maintenance that is based on legal guidelines, for instance the Organic Ordinance, Eco Quality Ordinance, the Administrative Ordinance relating to the Maintenance and Management of Green and Open Spaces in Harmony with Nature (VVO), or that comply with label programme guidelines, such as Knospe (Bio-Suisse) or IP. > VVO

Mobility strategy Procedural description relating to the handling of traffic within the city of Zurich. The Mobility Strategy was established by the Zurich City Council on 9 May 2001. > Strategy MONET Monitoring of sustainable development in Switzerland. A joint products from the Federal Office for Statistics (BFS), the Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU) and the Federal Office for Urban Development (ARE). The MONET indicator system measures and documents the current situation and development in Switzerland in relation to social, economic and ecological aspects of sustainable development. Monofunctional open space Open space with a definite designated land use, unlike multifunctional open space not used for widespread recreation. > Open space > Semi-public open space > Multifunctional open space > Public open space > Private open space > District-related open space > Designated open space Multifunctional open space Open space that can be used by different user groups in a variety of ways at the same time, unlike monofunctional open space. > Open space > Semi-public open space > Multifunctional open space > Public open space > Private open space > District-related open space > Designated open space

N Natural value index A monitoring tool developed by Grün Stadt Zürich that presents the overall view of the city of Zurich in relation to its biological environments and habitats. Nature Experience Park (NEP) An area with a high natural, cultural and landscape-based value in which the culture, social structure and native economy are in harmony with the efforts by the population for a lasting development project. Neobiota (used for neozoon) An umbrella term for the entirety of all invasive species, independently of their taxonomic rank, naturalisation status or time of introduction, without defining these by a negation (non-native) or by an evaluative approach. Examples in Switzerland include racoon, red crayfish. > Neophytes Neophytes From the Greek “neo” meaning “new” and “phyton” meaning “plant”. Species of plant foreign to an area that have been consciously or unconsciously introduced into Switzerland after the year 1500 by the action of humans and are now occurring in the wild and reproducing. Examples include goldenrod and ambrosia. > Neobiota

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NFK Natur- und Freiraumkommission Committee for Nature and Open Spaces. City Council advisory committee on “green” issues. NHG Natur- und Heimatschutzgesetz Nature and Heritage Conservation Act. [SR. 451] No-building area In contrast to buffer zones defined in a structure plan, a buffer area can serve different purposes and thus include the most diverse zones, for instance agriculture and recreational zones, where this is defined within the framework of a Conservation Order and providing this land use does not contradict the purpose of maintaining a buffer of land. > Buffer zone > Conservation order NPM New public management. Zurich City Council passed a resolution to reform its administration on 27 August 1997. The aim is to achieve more efficient management by stronger customer orientation and the introduction of business efficiency criteria, such as defining customers, products and services, describing targets and the purpose of services and defining key figures. Grün Stadt Zürich is a new public management pilot service department.

O ÖBU Schweizerische Vereinigung für ökologisch bewusste Unternehmensführung Swiss Sustainable Business Network. Office for Agriculture Specialist department working on behalf of the Head of the Department for the Economy (Department of Agriculture) and responsible for the management of stocks of animals, wildflower strips, cutting times on extensively and less intensively farmed fields and enquiries into the direction of general direct payment and much more. There is an Office for Agriculture within Grün Stadt Zürich. [Cantonal Ordinance on the Federal Legislature about Management Subsidies to Agriculture (LS 910.20] Open landscape Meadows and fields outside of the residential area. Open space Land and associated air space free from high buildings and not primarily used for traffic. > Semi-public open space > Monofunctional open space > Multifunctional open space > Public open space > Private open space > District-related open space > Designated open space Open space capacity Number of people who can use an open space at the same time without this impairing the recreational quality or the environment.

Open space infrastructure The characterising large-scale landscape forms of the city of Zurich. in the North East the Hönggerberg-KäferbergZürichberg-Adlisberg ridge, in the South West the Uetliberg, to the south of Lake Zurich. The rivers Limmat and Sihl are striking linear elements in the urban landscape.

Plan Lumière Lighting concept for the city of Zurich. The City Council approved the overall concept on 5 May 2004.

Organic farming Farming method that fully meets the requirements for organic production specified in the Swiss Organic Farming Ordinance. The fundamental principle is that the entire organic farm must be organically managed and cultivated. In order to maintain and promote the natural diversity of species, the Confederation assists ecological compensation land of particular organic quality on utilised agricultural areas and the linking of ecological compensation areas with financial aid (Eco-Quality contributions). [Swiss Organic Farming Ordinance (SR 910.18); Ordinance on Eco-Quality (ÖQV) (SR 910.14)]

PPP projects Public-Private Partnership projects. Projects involving a partnership between a public and a private institution.

ÖLN Ökologischer Leistungsnachweis Ecological Proof of Performance. Federal programme for agricultural products based on the Integrated Production (IP) guidelines. This demands a regulated fertilizer balance, a minimum of 7% ecological compensation areas, regulated crop rotation and the controlled use of plant treatment agents. Compliance with ÖLN criteria is the prerequisite for direct payments in accordance with the Federation’s Direct Payment Ordinance. [Direct Payment Ordinance (SR. 910.13) inc. Appendix] ÖQV Öko-Qualitätsverordnung Eco Quality Ordinance. Ordinance dated 4 April 2001 on the regional promotion of quality and the networking of ecological compensation areas in agriculture. [SR. 910.14]

P Park Generally accessible, multifunctional green space Participation Involvement, active participation of people, companies or interest groups, affected by sovereign decisions. A differentiation is made between formal, legally prescribed processes, that can also include legally claimable codetermination rights and voluntary participation processes (consciously selected processes for the active involvement of affected people in the sense of an additional offer). > Cooperation PBG Planungs- und Baugesetz des Kantons Zürich vom 7. September 1975 (LS 700) Planning and Building Act of the canton of Zurich.

Planning profit Increase in value of land by appreciation due to planning. > Value added levy

Primary process Portrayal of the chronological sequence of individual actions in order to describe the provision of products and performance. The two primary processes of Grün Stadt Zürich are: the provision of products and services and project management. > Support process Priority land use Primary type of land use on a specific plot of land. An example of this is in forest areas where the priority use is recreation, timber production or ecological integrity carries less weight. > Designated open space Private open space Privately-owned open space. Open space that it not accessible to the public but can only be used by individual parties (unlike public and semi-public open spaces). > Open space > Semi-public open space > Monofunctional open space > Multifunctional open space > Public open space > District-related open space > Designated open space Process protection Nature conservation term. The natural development processes of an ecosystem or a landscape are ensured by non-intervention. Typical examples are large-scale national parks. Process protection guarantees that natural disturbances that are significant for natural dynamics can develop. In contrast, disturbances caused by man should be eliminated as much as is possible. Product Single offer by Grün Stadt Zürich in compliance with outcome-orientated management. Every product from Grün Stadt Zürich meets specifically defined needs of a definite customer group within the framework of legal and political guidelines. The individual products are at one and the same time cost units, that is to say that expenditure and revenue are assigned to each individual product. Grün Stadt Zürich has over 28 outcome-orientated managed products. > WOV

PD Polizeidepartement Police Department. Percentage of land built upon Percentage of land within the building zone that has already been built upon.

Product group Combination of those products that form a strategic unit with a clear direction within a specific task area. Grün Stadt Zürich has five outcome-orientated managed product groups.

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Profit centre Economic set-up of GSZ specialist areas and operations that provide marketable services (responsibility for success). They have access to the external customer and provider market. The aim of the profit centre is to maximise the contribution margin via internally/externally calculated, user-based market/transfer prices. > Service centre

[Planning and Building Act (Planungs- und Baugesetz PBG) under “Kantonaler Richtplan” Cantonal Structure Plan, §§ 20 ff.]

Project Target-orientated, temporary scheme with clearly defined scope in terms of time, cost and resources and defined responsibilities. Projects consist of a project plan, project report and financial control.

Retention From the Latin «retentio» meaning «retain». Measures to prevent flooding and to relieve the sewer network by retaining rainwater for drainage or, should this not be possible, for metered discharge into streams or into the sewer system. Lakes can be used for retention, as well as grassed flat roofs or soakaways.

Provision of open space Provision of the residential population or working population with generally accessible open space that can be reached on foot that is suitable for recreation owing to its multifunctional use. Public open space Freely accessible open space, generally publicly-owned. > Open space > Semi-public open space > Monofunctional open space > Multifunctional open space > Private open space > District-related open space > Designated open space Pusch Stiftung Praktischer Schweiz Swiss Practical Conservation Foundation

Umweltschutz Environmental

Q Quality Economic fulfilment of sustainable services in compliance with expectations

R Ranger Originally watchman/warden of the royal parks in England, today primarily park wardens, e.g. in national parks. Within Grün Stadt Zürich, rangers are people with a communications and supervisory function in nature conservation areas. RAUS Regelmässiger Auslauf Regular run-around outside. An animal welfare labelling programme initiated by the Federal Office for Agriculture. Direct payment subsidy for livestock housed in particularly animal-friendly stalls and facilities that are regularly permitted to run around outdoors. [Raus Ordinance; SR 910.132.5] > BTS Residential area All buildings, railway lines and other fixed areas, as well as the associated gardens and recreational grounds (areas surrounding housing, parks, sports grounds, cemeteries). This excludes agriculturally utilised land (arable land, meadows, pasture, vineyards, intensive cultivation), standing and flowing water and forests; they all belong to the non-residential area.

Residential zone Sum of residential area and non-residential area. In the city of Zurich, the residential zone corresponds to the entire municipal area.

of roads, footpaths, buildings and underground constructions. This destroys the natural function of the soil and the drainage of rain water is prevented. > Degree of sealing SPA Sportamt Sport Office.

RPG Bundesgesetz über die Raumplanung vom 22. Juni 1979 Federal Spatial Planning Act dated 22 June 1979. (Raumplanungsgesetz, SR 700)

Stakeholder Stakeholders are an integral part of a project. They are the end-users or clients, the people from whom requirements will be drawn, the people who will influence the design and, ultimately, the people who will reap the benefits of the completed project. GSZ stakeholders are, for example, the inhabitants of the city of Zurich, members of the Association for Zurich Living Space (VLZ), political parties, the City Council or other municipal departments. > Customer group > Target group

RPV Raumplanungsverordnung vom 28. Juni 2000 Spatial Planning Ordinance (SR 700.1)

STEZ Stadtentwicklung Zürich Office for Urban Development.

Running to seed Allowing land to be overgrown with bushes and later becoming a forest following cessation of management.

Strategy Description of the process to achieve the corporate goals derived from the corporate vision – based on the status today. The corporate strategy of Grün Stadt Zürich consists of the substrategies on green spaces and open spaces, Green Knowledge and strategic statements about corporate development.

RZU Regionalplanung Zürich und Umgebung Regional Planning for Zurich and surrounding area-

S SD Sozialdepartment Social department of Zurich City Council. Semi-public open space Green space and open space in office or residential buildings that are not intended for public use but which are used in a neighbourly way by the employees of the office building or from the residents of the housing estate. > Open space > Monofunctional open space > Multifunctional open space > Public open space > Private open space > District-related open space > Designated open space Service Result of the work of Grün Stadt Zürich. A differentiation is made between planned and effectively provided services, measured by their quantity and quality. Service centre Business organisational body of Grün Stadt Zürich specialist fields and businesses. The aim of the service centre is cost-covering provision of services via internal, marketable, fair according to the input involved and cost-orientated transfer prices based on cost of sales. Grün Stadt Zürich services centres do not generally have access to the external market. > Profit centre Soil sealing Covering of the surface of the soil with virtually air- and water-impermeable materials. Soil is mainly sealed by the building

Strategic partnership Cooperation with an important partner to achieve the corporate goals of Grün Stadt Zürich. Structure plan (Richtplan) Document that outlines the coordination of regionally specific activities in relation to the development required and contains statements about the time-based consequences and the means for fulfilling the task. Structure plans are merely binding for the authorities and are examined periodically [Art. 8 f. Spatial Planning Act (Raumplanungsgesetz RPG)]. Based on the Cantonal Structure Plan (defined by the Cantonal Parliament), the municipal council [Art. 41 lit. K Municipal Ordinance (Gemeindeordnung)] defines the Regional Structure Plan for the City of Zurich at the request of Zurich City Council Planning Group, if need be with further differentiations. The Regional Structure Plan for the city of Zurich forms the basis for the Building and Zoning Ordinance and comprises sub-structure plans. > Residential areas and countryside > Traffic > Public buildings and grounds > Building and Zoning Ordinance BZO Succulent plants Water-storing plants that have adapted to specific climate and soil conditions. Typical succulents are all species of the large family of cacti. Superior open space Multifunctional usable open space, the catchment area for which goes beyond the city boundaries. Examples within the city of Zurich include the lakeside park facilities.. > Multifunctional open space

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Support process Process of support and assistance. A process, which indirectly serves to provide a product and service. Examples if support processes include software procurement or personnel administration. > Primary process Surplus value levy Art. 5 of the Spatial Planning Act (Raumplanungsgesetz RPG) orders the cantons to provide surplus value levy in return for the constitutionally guaranteed duty of compensation for reduced value by planning (resulting from under-zoning or zoning-out). This relates to increased value through planning, resulting from changes to zoning plans, and does not have anything in common with property gains tax. The cantons of BE, BL and BS have implemented Art. 5 of the Spatial Planning Act in their cantonal law. The cities of Basle and Berne are successfully applying surplus value levies. Sustainability Inclusion of the three dimensions – economy, ecology and social. The city of Zurich is signed up to the principle of “sustainable development”. A development is deemed to be sustainable if it ensures economic performance, the well-being of the population and reinforces social justice and contributes to ensuring natural habitats and living space for humans, animals and plants (Zurich City Council working definition). Grün Stadt Zürich is therefore working towards simultaneous and equal environmentallyfriendly, social and economic targets. All of the work undertaken by Grün Stadt Zürich and its employees is directed towards the limits of the load capacity of the ecosystem taking into account the economic and social dimensions. [Art. 2, 73 Swiss Federal Constitution (Bundesverfassung BV; SR 101)]

T Target group A group of people with the same or very similar demands to which an offer or a measure is directed. The products and services offered by Grün Stadt Zürich are aimed at specific target groups. > Stakeholders > Customer group Target species Endangered species of animal and plant in the red list which is of particular significance for a specific area. They are relevant for the protection of species. Their conservation is mandatory in compliance with the Nature and Heritage Conservation Act (Natur- und Heimatschutzgesetz NHG) Art. 18. > Specialist experts TAZ Tiefbauamt der Stadt Zürich Civil Engineering Office. TED Tiefbau- und Entsorgungsdepartement Civil Engineering and Waste Management Department. Tree bed Planting recess in the pavement in which a tree stands.

U UGZ Umwelt- und Gesundheitsschutz Zürich Environmental and Health Protection Service. UMS Umweltmanagementsystem Environmental Management System: Sub-section of the Grün Stadt Zürich management system with the aim of constantly improving handling of the environment. Compliance with environmental guidelines is an integral element of the job description of each Grün Stadt Zürich employee. The Grün Stadt Zürich Environmental Management System has been certified to comply with ISO 14001 since 2003. > ISO 14001 UVEK Eidgenössisches Departement für Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und Kommunikation Swiss Federal Department for the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communication. > BAFU

V Vision Prospect of a medium- to long-term expectation of status. Within the context of a company, the vision if a desirable state that is strived for by the work and activities of the company. VLZ Verbund Lebensraum Zürich Association for Zurich Living Space. Umbrella organisation for all associations concerned with “green” issues in the city of Zurich. VTE Vorsteher des Tiefbau- und Entsorgungsdepartements Head of the Civil Engineering and Waste Disposal Department of Zurich City Council. VVO Verwaltungsverordnung über die naturnahe Pflege und Bewirtschaftung städtischer Grünund Freiflächen Administrative Regulation for the Maintenance and Management of Municipal Green and Open Spaces in Harmony with Nature. Passed by the City Council in 1995. > Management and maintenance in harmony with nature

W WEP Waldentwicklungsplan Forest Development Plan. [Cantonal Forest Ordinance (LS 921.11): §§ 4 ff.] WiBi Wirkungsbilanz > Balance of effects Wildlife corridor Connecting element between habitats which allows wild animals to overcome obstacles, such as lines of communication or residential areas. The requirements of a wildlife corridor vary according to the species of animal. Examples of a wildlife corridor include green bridges, underground pipes.

Working group Temporary, often inter-disciplinary grouping of employees who are specifically working on a common task, a project or a joint contract – often including external experts. Work is often performed in working groups at Grün Stadt Zürich. The justification for their existence is examined annually. WOV Wirkungsorientierte Verwaltungsführung > NPM New public management WSL Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft Swiss Research Centre for Forestry, Snow and Landscape in Birmensdorf.

Links Bio-Suisse (Knospe), Label for organic farming: www.bio-suisse.ch Bundesamt für Landwirtschaft (BLW), Swiss Federal Office for Agriculture (BLW): www.blw.admin.ch Bundesamt für Raumentwicklung (ARE), Swiss Federal Office for Spatial Development (ARE): www.are.admin.ch Bundesamt für Statistik (BFS ), Swiss Federal Office for Statistics (BFS): www.statistik.admin.ch Bundesamt für Umwelt, Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (BAFU, formerly BUWAL): www.umwelt-schweiz.ch Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Agrarwirtschaft und Landtechnik , Swiss Federal Research Institute for Agricultural Economic and Land Engineering (FAT): www.fat.admin.ch European Foundation for Quality Management: www.efqm.org Grün Stadt Zürich, Office of Parks and Open Spaces of the city of Zurich: www.stadt-zuerich.ch/gsz Kantonale Fachstelle für Naturschutz, Cantonal Specialist Centre for Nature Conservation: www.naturschutz.zh.ch MONET: www.monet.admin.ch Stadt Zürich: www.stadt-zuerich.ch Systematische Sammlung des Bundesrechts, Systematic Collection of Swiss Federal Law: www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/sr.html Zürcher Gesetzessammlung, Zurich Law Collection (ZH-Lex): www.zhlex.zh.ch

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Vorschläge für eine Revitalisierung der Schweiz. Zürich ( Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung ) 2005. Blüchel, K.: Bionik – Wie wir die geheimen Baupläne der Natur nutzen können. München (C. Bertelsmann Verlag) 2005. Bögeholz, S.: Qualitäten primärer Naturerfahrung und ihr Zusammenhang mit Umweltwissen und Umwelthandeln. Opladen ( Verlag Leske und Budrich ) 1999. Bolz, U.; Bingisser S.; Bischof, M.: Public Private Partnership in der Schweiz. Grundlagenstudie – Ergebnis einer gemeinsamen Initiative von Wirtschaft und Verwaltung. Zürich ( Schulthess Juristische Medien AG ) 2005.

Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft: Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 212. Wasserversorgung. Situation der Trinkwasserversorgung. Bern 1993. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft: Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 352. Natur und Landschaft. Landschaft 2020. Analysen und Trends. Bern 2003. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft: Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 363. Waldprogramm Schweiz ( WAP-CH ). Handlungsprogramm 2004 – 2015. Bern 2004. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft: Bildung für Morgen. In: Umwelt, Jg. 2004, H. 3, S. 24 – 51.

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Brinkmann, D.; Freericks, R.; Fromme, J.: Lernen in Erlebniswelten. Perspektiven für Politik, Management und Wissenschaft. Fachtagung 4. und 5. Dezember Hannover Congress Centrum. IFKADokumentation, Band 22. Bielefeld 2002.

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Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft: Empfehlungen zur Vermeidung von Licht-emissionen. Bern 2005. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft: Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 381. Wald und Holz. Der Schweizer Privatwald und seine Eigen-tümerinnen und Eigentümer. Bern 2005. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft; Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landschaft: Waldbericht 2005. Zahlen und Fakten zum Zustand des Schweizer Waldes. Bern 2005. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft: Gemeinsam für Natur und Landschaft. In: Umwelt, Jg. 2001, H. 4, S. 17 – 21, 38 – 41. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft: Schriftenreihe Umwelt Nr. 373. Natur und Landschaft. Nationales ökologisches Netzwerk REN. Schlussbericht. Bern 2004. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft: Der Lärm lässt uns keine Ruhe. In: Umwelt, Jg. 2005, H. 2, S. 2 – 63. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit: Umweltpolitik. «Agenda 21». Konferenz der Vereinten Nationen für Umwelt und Entwicklung im Juni 1992 in Rio de Janeiro. Berlin 1997.

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Appendix

Imprint an d P h o t o g ra p h i c C re d i t s Publisher Grün Stadt Zürich

External collaboration Mirjam Schlup Villaverde

Editorial Direction Ernst Tschannen, Director Cordula Weber, Department of Open Space Planning

Prof. Susanne Karn, GTLA Institute, Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil

GSZ Strategic Focus Management: Ernst Tschannen, Director Stephan Hall, Services Paul Dudle, Maintenance Paul Bauer, Project Management and Construction Christian Portmann, Operations Christian Stauffer, Wilderness and Animals

Hans-Peter Rüdisüli, Zurich

Susi Lindig, Zurich Preface Approval: Copyright of Zurich City Council, Geomatics + Surveying 30

Prof. Bernd Schubert, Effretikon

Giorgio von Arb, Zurich 36

Design Ernst Hiestand + Partner AG, Studio for Design Consultation, Visual Design, Zollikerberg

Orthofoto 2003: Copyright of Zurich City Council, Geomatics + Surveying Public Water Board, Canton of Zurich 2005: Copyright of the Office for Spatial Planning and Surveying; excerpts from the Inventory of Green Land and the Avenue Concept 2006: Copyright of Grün Stadt Zürich 42

Environment and Trends / Sustainability Editors: Ernst Tschannen, Director Cordula Weber, Open Space Planning Green and Open Spaces / Basic principles Editors: Cordula Weber, Open Space Planning Project Group: Nadia Hungerbühler, Agriculture Bettina Tschander, Nature Conservation Christian Leisi, Open Space Planning Felix Mahrer, Urban Forest Stefan Studhalter, Urban Forest Environmental Education Editors: Ruedi Winkler, Nature Schools Project Group: Yvonne Aellen, Maintenance Thomas Bolliger, Succulent Plant Collection Dorothée Häberling, Nature Schools Isabelle Roth, Sihl Forest Elisabeth Weingarten, Sihl Forest Centre Silvia Steeb, Maintenance of Heritage Gardens Franziska Sebö, Personnel Karin van der Schaar, Nature Conservation Christian Stauffer, Wilderness and Animals Martina Brennecke, Promotion of Nature

Zurich Committee for Nature and Open Spaces

Production prp mathys prepress & print, Zollikerberg Edition 1st edition 2006, 2,500 copies Reprinted unchanged in 2009, 2,000 copies Translated into English on the occasion of the 48th IFLA World Congress held in Zurich, 27 – 29 June 2011 by Vision Translations AG, Meilen. Reference Sources and Copyright Zurich City Council Grün Stadt Zürich Beatenplatz 2 Postfach 8023 Zurich www.stadt-zuerich.ch/gsz

All photographs are the property of Grün Stadt Zürich and Ernst Hiestand + Partner AG, Zollikerberg, with the exception of:

Provision of Open Space in the City of Zurich (resident population) 2005 and Open Space Relevant for Recreation 2005: Copyright of Grün Stadt Zürich; excerpts from Soil Cover 2005: Copyright of Zurich City Council, Geomatics + Surveying 90 Barbara Emmenegger, Zurich 96 Anne Bürgisser, Wasterkingen 108 Excerpt from Grün Stadt Zürich Mission Statement 2002. Illustration: Mike van Audenhove, Zurich 134

Quotation Grün Stadt Zürich: The Green Book of Zurich. Ed. by Cordula Weber et al. Zurich 2006.

Enacted by City Council resolution no. 792 on 5 July 2006

The Company Editors: Ernst Tschannen, Director Project Group: Sandra Graf, Quality and Safety Cordula Weber, Open Space Planning Glossary Sandra Graf, Quality and Safety Directory of Sources Ivo Bähni, Secretary to the Director Editorial office Brigitte Biedermann, Secretary to the Director

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