Ccoursebook ii for ict (recovered) by John Ametefe

Introduction In this part you will learn about computer hardware components used for input and output of data in a computer system. This part is aimed at taking you through the various hardware components available for input and output and how to use them to perform day to day activities in the teaching and learning process. This part consists of two main sections as follows; ● INPUT AND INPUT DEVICES ● OUTPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

Objective

Each Section is further divided into units. is made up of the following units; ●

Meaning and Categories of Input devices

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The Keyboard

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The Mouse and Pointing Devices

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Scanning Devices

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Audio and Video Input Devices

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Alternative input devices

Section two is also made up of the following units ●

Meaning and Categories of Output devices

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The Monitor

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The Printer

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Audio and Video Output Devices

Introduction The session takes a look at the meaning, examples and description of the various input and input devices available in a computer system. The types of input as well as the device used to input them would be explored. The role of keyboard, mouse, microphone and scanning devices as well as and other alternative input devices would be studied in detail. This section, is made up of six units . These are; ● ● ● ● ● ●

Meaning and Categories of Input devices The Keyboard The Mouse and Pointing Devices Scanning Devices Audio and Video Input Devices Alternative input devices

At the end of each unit are a set of questions to test your understanding of the concepts covered. They consist of , as well as . Session Objectives

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Think about this ! ● Explain the term Input device and provide five examples ● Briefly describe the Mouse and Keyboard ● What are the difference between OCR and OMR? ● Write short notes on @ Mechanical Mouse (b) Optical Mouse. ● The main parts of a terminal are @………………………(b)………………….©……………………………

Unit Objective

● define the term input ● explain the terms program, commands and user responds ● define the term input devices and provide three(3) examples ● state the purpose of input devices ● state at least four common categories of input devices found on personal computers

Meaning of the term Input The term input refers to any data or instructions that is entered into (the memory of ) a computer. The term is also used to describe the method used to place data or instructions into the memory of a computer for processing or storage. Recall that data is a collection of unprocessed items, in the form of text, numbers, images, audio, and video. Once in the computer, data is interpreted and processed into by the central processing unit (CPU). The processing of data is based on the instructions provided by the user or the program in the memory of the computer. The process of placing this data into the computer is referred to as an . Therefore an input can be in the form of or . are the series of steps that tell the computer how to perform a particular task. The instructions entered into the computer can be in the form of ● , ● , and ● as described below; is a series of instructions that tells a computer what task to perform and how to perform a task. Programs respond to commands issued by the user. They are usually installed on the hard disk and can be retrieved or loaded into memory for use any time the computer is powered on.

is an instruction given to a computer program. It causes a program to perform a specific task or action. Users issue commands by ● ● ● ●

, , , or

. is a user’s input to a question from a program. It is an instruction a user issues by replying to a question displayed by a program. A response to the question instructs the program o perform certain actions. For example, before a document or a file is deleted the program will display a question on the screen asking the user whether he or she wants to actually delete the document or file. , and constitutes an .

Meaning of an input device The term

. They . Input devices accept data and instructions from the user or from another computer system (such as a computer on the Internet).An input device accept data from the user in a form that human can understand and convert it into a form that the computer can understand and process or manipulate. Data that human understand are in the form of , , or . These human readable or likeable forms of inputs are usually converted into electrical pulses in the form of ( nary digi )bits before the computer can manipulate and store. Below are diagrams of some standard input device ;

Computer Keyboard

Mouse

OMR Reader

Microphone

Webcam

Flatbed Scanner Bar code Scanner

Digital Camera Trackball Touch pad

Pointing Stick

Classification of input Devices Input devices can be classified into five main categories. These are; ● Keying devices ● Pointing devices ● Scanning devices ● Sound/audio input devices ● Video input devices In the next couple of unit, we will be taking a look at each of the categories of input devices.

End of Unit Exercise

1. Explain the term input. Give two examples ….............................................................................................................................................................. ….............................................................................................................................................................. ….............................................................................................................................................................. ….............................................................................................................................................................. ….............................................................................................................................................................. 2. What do you understand by the term input devices? Give four examples ….............................................................................................................................................................. ….............................................................................................................................................................. ….............................................................................................................................................................. ….............................................................................................................................................................. ….............................................................................................................................................................. 3. Instruction can be in the form of program, commands and user responds. Explain as briefly as you can the meaning of these terms. …............................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................... …...............................................................................................................................................................

4. What is the difference between

( i)………………………

and

(ii)……………………..

? Give two (2) example in each case.

(iii).................................

(iv)…………………

(b) Which of the device(s) in (5a) above is usually found on a notebook personal computer? ..........................….….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. What is the most common type of input device? Why are there various types of input devices? ….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. ….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. …...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Unit Objective

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The keyboard: What is it? is the most commonly used input device on a computer. It is the most common input device and accepts letters, numbers, and commands from the user. It is primarily used for typing characters into the computer. The keyboard provides a set . A is an input device that contains keys users press to enter data and instructions into a computer The number of keys on a keyboard varies from the original standard of 101 keys to the 105 key windows keyboards . All computer keyboards have a that includes the of the alphabet, , , and other . Many computer keyboards also have a on the right side of the keyboard. A keyboard also contains other keys that allow users to enter data and instructions into the computer. It is rectangular in shape. The keyboard has a series of switches which send signals to the computer when pressed. This switches enable the keyboard to convert alphabets, numbers and other special characters into bits (electronic signals) for processing. It is a peripheral device and it is connected to the system unit of the computer using a serial cable. Keyboards are designed for the input of text and characters and also to control the operation of a computer. Physically, computer keyboards are an arrangement of rectangular or near-rectangular buttons, or "keys" . Below is a diagram of a typical computer keyboard.

Keyboard layouts There are a number of different arrangements of the symbols on the keys of a keyboard. This different arrangement of keys make up the layout of a keyboard. The keyboard layouts arise because different people need easy access to different symbols, writing in different languages and performing different task. There are two major types of keyboard layout. These are; ● QWERTY layout ● Dvorak layout.

The QWERTY and DVORAK Keyboard? The design of the QWERTY layout is based on the traditional The purpose of the design is to help slow typing. The keys were originally arranged to reduce the frequency of key jams on old mechanical typewriters. The name QWERTY was derived from the arrangement of the first five letters on the top alphabetic line which spells QWERTY . It is the standard keyboard layout for computers.•It is the most frequently used input device for all computers.•A standard keyboard is sometimes called QWERTY keyboard because of the layout of its typing area. Below is a typical QWERTY keyboard layout

(a ) A Typical QWERTY Keyboard Layout The Dvorak Keyboard was designed by August Dvorak. It was designed purposely to aid speed typing.

The characters are positioned in such a way as to allow for speed typing. Although its not common as compared with the QWERTY layout, it has some salient advantages over the QWERTY layout. These are; ● the Dvorak keyboard typing lets you type using only half the work and finger movement of the standard (QWERTY) keyboard, ● it double your typing speed, ● typing with the Dvorak keyboard is much easier to learn and use than the standard (QWERTY) keyboard, and also kinder to your hands.• Ergonomic in design. ● allows beginners to learn how to type on the Dvorak keyboard faster than using the standard•(QWERTY )keyboard.

A Typical Dvorak Keyboard

Other Kinds of keyboard Beside the QWERTY and Dvorak keyboard layouts, there are available designs of keyboards either in the form of QWERTY or Dvorak to provide convenience and promote stress free usage. Below are a brief description of some of them. They are portable keyboard that can be attached to and removed from a handheld computer. An Ergonomic keyboard is a keyboard designed to reduce the risk of wrist injuries as a result of repetitive use. Most keyboards are rectangular-shaped with the keys aligned in a straight, horizontal rows. Users who spend a lot of time typing on these keyboards sometimes experience repetitive strain injuries (RSI) of their wrists and hands. An ergonomic keyboard is therefore designed to reduces this repetitive stress injuries. The goal of ergonomics is to incorporate comfort, efficiency, and safety in the design of tools and equipment.

As a trained teacher, what suggestions will you give your stenographer secretary to help him or her reduce repetitive stress injury(RSI) ?

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Uses of Keyboard Keyboards are primarily used for entering text into a computer. Besides this, it can be use for the following; ● Issuing Commands ● Playing Games ● Entering Data Issuing Commands:-A keyboard is also used to type commands in a computer. One famous example on the PC is the Ctrl+Alt+Del combination. With current versions of Windows, this brings up a menu-window including options for handling currently-running applications and shutting down the computer, amongst other things. Under Linux, MS-DOS and some older versions of Windows, Ctrl+Alt+Del performs either a 'cold' or 'warm' boot Playing Games:-A keyboard is one of the primary methods of control in computer games. For instance, the arrow keys or a group of letters resembling the pattern of the arrow keys, like WASD, can be used for movement of a game character. Entering Data:-The keyboard is used to type text into word processor, text editor, or any other textbox.

The keys on a standard keyboard can generally be placed under four major categories. These are;

Typewriter Keypad

A Standard Keyboard

Numeric Keypad

Function Keys

Program Control Keys

● Function keys ● Typewriter keypad ● Program Control Keys ● Numeric Keypad This is shown in the diagram below

The function keys This is a group of twelve(12) keys in the first row of keys on the keyboard. They are from 1 to 12 with the prefix For example up to as shown in the diagram below.

The function keys They are arranged in a row along the top of the keyboard. They are usually programmable keys. They are used by programmers to make it easy for users to work with the the computer. They are used to input commands without having to type long strings of characters or navigating menus or dialog boxes. The purpose of each function keys depend on the program in use. Most programs like Microsoft packages have as the help key. In such packages when the key is pressed you will automatically get helpful notes explaining how certain task should be carried out. Most programs use the function keys together with the to give the function keys more capabilities. A list of shortcut keys on the use of the function keys as well as other keys on the keyboard can be found in the appendix of this course book.

The Typewriter Keypad Group This is the largest group of keys on the keyboard. They are also referred to as . They are called alphanumeric keys because of the presence of numeric and alphabet keys. It is made up of fifty four ( ) keys laid out on five( ) as shown in the diagram below. The layout and functions of other keys as shown below are very similar to the layout of keys on a normal QWERTY typewriter.

The Typewriter Keypad The typewriter keypad group or the typing keys consist of the following keys ● Numeric keys (0 -9) on the first row. ● Alphabet keys ( a-z) ● Mathematical, punctuation marks and other symbols (+, - , * , / etc ) ● Toggle or Modifier keys( and

The Caps Lock Key:- This key is used to toggle between upper case and lower case letters when typing. is the most commonly used toggle key, and capitalizes all letter input when turned on. When the Caps lock key is pressed once, it gets locked in the depressed position and the Caps lock status indicator light is switched on. In this state whatever alphabet that is pressed appears in uppercase on the screen. The capitalizes letters typed on a keyboard. If the Caps Lock key is pressed again, the key is released and the Caps lock indicator light is switched off, making alphabets pressed to appear in the lowercase. The default status for the Caps lock key is the lowercase. The Caps lock key is usually used in situation where one wants to type long text of uppercase (capital)letters, for example in a heading. Ctrl Alt and Shift Keys The Ctrl (control) key produces different results depending on the program you are using. In many window-based programs, Ctrl key combinations provide shortcuts for menu commands such as , , , , and etc. Shortcut commands on the use of this keys can be found in appendix A of this course book. The Alt (alternate) key operates like Ctrl, but produces a different set of results. It is normally used to activate the menu bar. To activate any of the menus, hold down the and press the underlined character. It is also used in combination with the to produce symbols. For example when the is held down while pressing the number the cedi (¢) sign would be displayed. In windows programs, Alt key combinations enable you to navigate menus and dialog boxes without the mouse.

The Shift Key:-An outline arrow pointing upwards( ) is often used to identify the shift key on some keyboards. The is mostly used to display characters on the upper part of the double character keys. For example if you hold down the while pressing the key with the l be displayed.

on the typewriter key group, the percentage sign( ) will

Another use of the shift key is to help display or toggle between uppercase and lowercase alphabets. For instance when the shift key is held down, while pressing any of the alphabet keys an uppercase letter will be displayed on the screen provided the is in its default state. As an example, if the key pad with the letter is pressed directly, the lowercase letter ( will be displayed, but if the is held down while pressing the same key, the upper case letter ( will be displayed. The is also used in combination with other keys to create shortcut command for executing certain task. These shortcut keys can be found in appendix A of this course book. In summary the shift key is often used in situation that require the typing of; ● isolated uppercase(capital) letters ● non-alphabetic upper letters on all keys on r and on the rightmost two or three keys on on the typewriter keypad. For example $, &, *, (, ), #, @ ! : {, Etc.

The

is a key on a computer keyboard, a computer terminal Or other keyboards, that is pressed in order to indent what will be Typed next to a predetermined position. The tab feature in Microsoft word enables the user to change the default distance covered by the for the presentation of columnar data. It is also used to create and navigate through a tabular data quickly.

The

-It is the first key on the keyboard. The Escape Key performs one universal function. That is, you can use it to cancel a command before it executes. When a dialog box is open, pressing ESC is like clicking the CANCEL button. This action closes the dialog box and ignores any changes made in the dialog box.

The Backspace, Delete and Spacebar The backspace key on row one is used to erase a character or space to the left of the cursor. The DELETE key erases characters to the right of the cursor. The spacebar key on row five(5) of the typewriter keypad is used to type a space between two characters or words. Pressing and releasing this key once creates a space on the screen and causes the ( I ) to move one space to the right. The function of the and that of the is not affected by the state of the or . The

performs two primary functions. First, it lets you such as word processors. Second, when a dialog box is open, . This accepts your input and closes the dialog box.

The Numeric Keypad The represent a group of keys located at the bottom right hand corner a standard keyboard. It is made up of seventeen (17) keys arranged in and . It derived its name from the layout of keys which resemble that on a typical calculator. The keys are made of ), arithmetic operators;

the which serves the same purpose as that found on the group and the Each of the ten( ) keys on the numeric keypad(0-9)serves two functions depending on the status of the key. If the the Num Lock key is pressed once, it gets locked in a depressed position and the status light comes In that state, the numeric keypad becomes like a calculator with the keys representing the digits zero(0) to nine(9), the arithmetic operators for addition( ), subtraction( ) multiplication ( ), division ( ) as well as period ( ) . If the Num Lock key is pressed the second time, the Num Lock indicator light goes In this state, the keys assume the role of a labelled on each of the keys as shown on the following page.

Input and Input Device For example, when the Num Lock key is in the Off state, the keys on the numeric Keypad can be used to navigate a document.

The Program Control Keys They are keys provided on the keyboard to help the user perform certain basic task with ease. Some of the tasks are , , through a document among others. Some of the program control keys are duplicated on the keyboard. There are thirty one ( ) keys in this category of keys on the keyboard. However thirteen ( of them are duplicated on the keyboard, hence the program control keys perform only eighteen( ) unique functions. The program control keys is made up of the located between the typewriter keypad and the as shown in the diagram below.

The Toggle Key are keys used to alternate the input mode of a group of keys on the keyboard. They are also known as modifier keys. This is because they modify the input of other keys. They are extremely useful because they provide all other keys with multiple capabilities.

They do not work on their own. They are used in combination with other keys to execute an action. Some examples include , , and . Others are , and s .The toggles the text entry mode between insert (which inserts characters) and overtype (which overwrites characters). makes sure numbers are input from the numeric keypad and allows the arrow keys to scroll through the contents of a window. All keyboards include the and most keyboards include Num Lock. The Insert and Scroll Lock keys are found on many keyboards as well, but they are rarely used a not supported by allâ&#x20AC;˘operating systems.. The diagram on the following page show a detailed labelled keyboard.

Q. Write short notes on the following keys on the keyboard. Q. The Backspace and Delete keys are both used for deleting characters. How different are they in this respect? Q. Below is one of the keys on the numeric keypad. What do the labels 0 and Ins on the key mean and how are they used.

After going through the major keypad groups on the keyboard, we can enumerate at least main parts of the keyboard as follows; ● Function keys ● Toggle/modifier or Control keys ● Typing /alphanumeric keys ● Navigation/directional keys ● Numeric keypad ● Indicator lights The keyboard is the most widely used input device on the computer. However, it has some weaknesses. These are; ● more time is required to learn how to use it ● it is difficult for who cannot read or write to use the keyboard ● it is very slow as a means of input. It only accept information according to the typing speed of the user ● it is prone to human errors(typographical errors). This necessitates the use of programs like spell checkers to to verify the accuracy of typed data. ● layout of keyboards varies from country to country. For example the character set and layout of a French keyboard differs from that of the British keyboard. ● the keyboard does not always contain all the characters.

The table below show the 18 unique program control keys on the keyboard and how to use them.

Continuation of the 18 unique program control keys on the keyboard and how to use them

Keyboarding or Typing Skills To be able to use the computer effectively, one needs to be familiar with the use of the keyboard. To use the keyboard effectively, there is the need to master certain basic keyboarding skills. To be an effective computer user, you must first learn how to use the keyboard to type data quickly and accurately. In the majority of cases, the information or data you type into a computer will come from a document. Such a document is called the . There is therefore the need to train yourself to type with your eyes focused onto the and your fingers on the keyboard. Typing on the computer keyboard is considerably easier than typing on a typewriter because rarely do you have to worry about issues such as end of a line or end of a page. For the purpose of learning how to type, the is divided into two parts: and . This is so in order to minimise the movement of your hands as you type. Each of the fingers or thumb on each hand h a d t o b e trained to easily type a particular group of keys on the keyboard. For this purpose, fingers on each hand are numbered as shown in the diagram.

When not in use, fingers are positioned on what are called on the third row of the . These are and for the and and ( for the . The index finger on either hand are used to type two columns of keys, for example and for the hand and and for the on the third row. Similarly, the little finger on each hand are used to type keys in two or more columns, for example and on the and and ( ) and on the of the third row. Either of the right hand or left hand thumbs is used to type the .

End of Unit Exercise 1. State and briefly describe the four(4) main group of keys on a standard computer keyboard. .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... 2. Describe briefly the function of the following keys on the keyboard; a. ALT key……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …............................................................................................................................................................. …............................................................................................................................................................. b. CTRL key…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …............................................................................................................................................................. …............................................................................................................................................................. c. Cursor movement keys……………………………………………………………………………………………………… …............................................................................................................................................................. ….............................................................................................................................................................

The__________________keyboard layout is called because of the location of the first six keys in the top row of letter keys. 4. The_________________keys work as part of the alphanumeric keys but also function as a modifier key. 5. The backspace key on the keyboard will delete characters on the ______side of the blinking cursor. 6. The typing on the computer is done through a device known as__________________________________ 7. A keyboard designed to incorporate the risk factor of the user is called___________________________ 8. Examples of toggle keys on the keyboard are the Cap Lock and__________________________________ 9. ______________________________________________is the most common input device on a computer . 10. The delete key on the keyboard will erase characters to the______________side of the insertion point. 11. An example of a modifier key is______________________________________________________________. 12. The group of keys between the typewriter key group and the numeric keypad is __________________. 13. The diagrams below are segments of a standard keyboard. Identify and briefly describe them.

( b ) …..........................

…............................................

Unit objectives

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Pointing devices A pointing device is an input or peripheral device that is used to control the position the pointer, on the screen. A pointing device can be used to perform one or more of the following; ● move the pointer, ● move or reposition the insertion point, ● select objects such as text and graphics; and other objects and ● to click buttons, icons, links and menu commands. On a graphical user interface, a pointer is a small graphical symbol on the screen. Examples of pointing devices includes, mouse, trackball, touchpad, pointing stick,joystick, light pen, touch screen and digitizers.

The mouse is an input device designed to manipulate objects on the computer screen. It controls the pointer and insertion point on the computer screen. It is a control device which fits comfortably under the palm of the hand. It is the most commonly used pointing device for personal computer. It allows users to control the position of the cursor and pointer to manipulate and select icons, menus, and toolbars. When you move the mouse on the desk, the corresponding arrow known as pointer, moves on the computer screen. The mouse was developed in the early 1970's by Douglas Englebart to provide an input method which is more efficient than the keyboard. It was first popularised by Steve Jobs on his Apple Macintosh computers. The mouse may be wired or wireless but they always communicate with the computer via PS2 or USB ports, usually located on the motherboard.

The parts of a mouse Mostly all mouse have two buttons. Recently developed mouse have three buttons, namely ● left mouse button ● right mouse button ● scroll wheel. The Left Mouse Button is used to open programs and to select items. It is also used for clicking, double clicking, and selecting items in a document. The Right Mouse Button is used to open sub menu to get other options. It can also be used to display text-sensitive menus. The Scroll wheel is a wheel which can be used to scroll and can be clicked as well as for additional purposes. It is also called the scrolling wheel.

Using the mouse

The mouse is used to perform several operations on the computer. Below are a brief description of various operations that the mouse can be used to perform and the task they a) Pointing operation simply to point at an operation, Place the mouse pointer at the beginning of object (icon or menu or graphical object) on the text you want to highlight and press the the screen. To perform this with the mouse, left mouse button. This moves the insertion Move the mouse pointer (screen-pointer or point(blinking cursor) to that location. cursor) and place it on the designated location or object. Press the left mouse button. b) Click operation or simply to click. While holding down the left mouse button, Position the mouse pointer on a menu, a button move the mouse to highlight the text or an icon and press on the left mouse button Release the mouse button. once. f) Drag and Drop this is done to move a text or c) Double click means pressing and releasing other object from one location to another. To the mouse button twice in rapid succession. It perform this operation, is used to to select a word or an item in Place the mouse pointer on the item a document. Also to open a document or Press and hold down the left mouse button folder. To perform this operation, to select it. Position the mouse pointer on an item, Move the mouse while holding down the and press the left mouse button twice in left mouse button quick(rapid) succession. Release the button to drop the object d)Triple click means pressing and releasing the mouse button trice in quick (rapid) succession. g)Right clicking means pressing the right It is done to select a paragraph of text in a mouse button . It is used to display a pop-up document. To perform this operation, menu. To perform this operation, place the mouse Place the mouse pointer(cursor) at the pointer at the desired location or object and then beginning of the paragraph you want to select. press the right mouse button. Press the left mouse button trice in quick h)To scroll- drag the scroll button up and down (rapid) succession. to scroll a page vertically. e)Dragging mean pressing down the mouse To select button and moving the mouse while continuing Position the pointer(cursor) on the item to be to hold down the button . It is done to highlight selected. Press(click) and hold down the left a selected portion of text. To perform this mouse button. Or

Move the mouse pointer across the item to be selected . Press and hold down the left mouse button. Release the mouse button.

Types of mouse There are three main types of mouse. These are; ● mechanical mouse ● optomechanical mouse ● optical Mouse

The table below summarizes the various types of mouse. A mechanical mouse has a rubber or metal ball on its underside that roll in all direction. A mechanical sensor within the mouse detects the direction of the rolling ball and make a movement of the screen pointer. The sensors determine the direction and distance of movement of the mouse pointer. The cursor or pointer on the screen is moved as the mechanical sensors within the mouse detects the direction of the rolling ball. A mouse pad is generally used with a mechanical mouse. Less expensive. Optomechanical mouse is similar to a mechanical mouse, except that it uses optical sensors to detect the movement of the screen pointer. The optical-mechanical or Optomechanical mouse consists of a ball that rolls one of two wheels inside the mouse. Each wheel contains a circle of holes or notches, which allow an LED light to be shined through and detected by an optical sensor. As the wheel spins they represent an X or Y axis for the mouse pointer on the screen. This mouse is much more accurate than a mechanical mouse that used only wheels and rollers, however, it is not as good as a fully optical mouse.

An optical mouse uses a laser beam to detect the movement of mouse. They have no moving parts and requires no mouse pad. They respond more quickly and precisely than mechanical and optomechanical mouse. Does not also require much cleaning as with mechanical mouse. It more expensive than mechanical mouse. A wireless (cordless) mouse is a type of optical mouse. It is battery-powered optical mouse that relies on radio waves or infra-red waves to communicate with the computer. Cordless mouse is more convenient because it saves desk space. It is more expensive than the other types of mouse.

Other pointing devices The table below shows some pointing devices and their descriptions. Picture

Description and uses Trackball is a movable ball mounted on top of a stationary device that can be rotated using the finger or palm. It is similar to an up-side down mouse and can be used to control an onscreen pointer and make selection. Touchpad or track pad is a small rectangular â&#x20AC;&#x201C;shaped input device, often found on notebook computers, that is touched with the finger or thumb to control an onscreen pointer and make selections. Pointing stick is a pressure sensitive device shaped like pencil eraser that is positioned between keys on a keyboard. To move the pointer using the pointing stick, you push the pointing stick with your finger. The pointer on the screen moves in the direction you push the pointing stick. Joystick is a vertical lever mounted on a base. A lever that moves in all directions and controls the movement of a pointer or some other display symbol. A joystick is similar to a mouse, except that with a mouse the cursor stops moving as soon as you stop moving the mouse. With a joystick, the pointer continues moving in the direction the joystick is pointing. To stop the pointer, you must return the joystick to its upright position. Most joysticks include two buttons called triggers. Joysticks are used mostly for computer games, but they are also used occasionally for CAD/CAM systems and other applications. It resembles a carâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gear shift and is often used for gaming. Light pen is a hand held input device that contains a light source or can detect light. Some requires a specially designed monitor while others work with a standard monitor. To select objects on the screen, you press the light pen against the surface of the screen or point the light pen at the screen and then press the button.

Touch screen is a touch sensitive display; it is a video display screen that has been sensitised to receive input from the touch of a finger. Kiosks and ATM machines utilizes the touch screen as a means of input.

End of lesson Exercise 1. Explain term pointing device. Identify at least four type of pointing devices other than the mouse ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. State and describe briefly three (3) main types of mouse ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. What is a Mouse? What are its physical features? State the three available types. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..

4. Describe how you would use the mouse to perform the following Clicking Selecting Dragging

5. For each of the following mouse operation, provide a brief description and the specific function performed by the operation Description a) Clicking

specific task

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c) Right clicking ……………………………………………

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b) Triple click

6. a)Identify each of the following diagrams .

i)......................................................... ii).................................................. iii)..........................................

b and c

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Unit Objectives ● explain the term source data entry devices ● outline the difference between source data entry and keyboard entry ● enumerate the categories of source data entry devices ● provide at least four examples of scanning devices ● describe how OMR, OCR, MICR and Bar-Code Reader works What is Source Data Entry? Source data entry devices are input or peripheral devices that creates machine -readable data on magnetic media, or paper and feed it directly into the computer. This process of entering data directly into the computer is also known as automation of source data. They capture data from the source of the document in its original form. Data entered into the memory of a computer through the keyboard is not always accurate or correct. This could be attributed to errors in the course of typing or entering the data through the keyboard. With source data entry device the data is entered automatically from the source without any human alteration. The major difference between this form of data entry and keyboard entry is that; ● it does not require keystrokes to input data into the memory of a computer ● data can be entered directly from the source without human intervention ● save time by eliminating manual entry of data

Examples of devices that capture data directly from the source of the document are; optical scanners, optical character recognition devices, optical mark recognition devices, bar-code scanners or readers, magnetic-ink character recognition readers, microphones, video and digital cameras

The above data entry devices can be grouped into three main categories. These are; ● Scanning and Reading devices: ● Audio and Voice input devices ● Video input devices

Scanning and Reading Devices Scanning and reading devices use optical techniques to translate image, text, drawings, photos and other forms of data into digital form. Optical readers use a light source (laser beam) to read characters, marks, and codes and convert them into digital data for the computer to process. Scanning and reading devices include; optical scanners, optical character recognition devices, optical mark recognition devices, bar-code scanners or readers, magnetic-ink character readers Optical Scanners:-are simply referred to as scanner. It is a light –sensing device that reads printed text and graphics and translate them into a form that the computer useable form. The images and text are then processed by the computer and displayed on the monitor, stored on storage device or transmitted to other computer. The quality of document produced by a scanner is measured in dot pitch per inch (dpi) the number of bits that can be stored in a pixel and the number of pixel per inch or resolution. Most commercial optical scanners incorporate optical character recognition (OCR) software which provides them with the capability to read and convert text documents into electronic files. Optical Character Recognition Devices: this is simply called OCR. It is an optical reading device. It reads pre- printed or written characters in a particular font and convert them into digital format. They can read typewritten, computer-printed, or hand-written characters from an ordinary document and translate them into digital format for the computer to process. The hand held OCR is used to read OCR-tags on items in supermarkets, libraries, bill sheets and other documents.

Optical Mark Recognition:-they are devices that read pencil marks and convert them into computer-useable format. They are also mark sensing device that recognizes marks on a piece of paper and converts them into a digital format for the computer to process. They are simply referred to as OMR. The sheet from which they read the marks is called OMR sheets or forms. They are capable of reading hand-drawn marks such as circles or rectangles. The marks are usually placed on forms such as objective test answer sheets, survey sheets, and questionnaire with pencils. This is the techniques WAEC use to mark objectives multiple choice questions and also to read marks on OMR forms or sheets. The OMR device first scans the answer key sheet to record the correct answers based on the patterns of light. The OMR then scans the remaining document and matches their pattern of light against the answer key. The diagram below shows a typical OMR sheet or forms. Bar-code and Bar-code Readers: - a bar-code is an identification code that consists of a set of vertical lines and spaces of different width or thickness. They form the Zebra-like striped marks on most manufactured products from candies to textbooks. They depict information about the products. The commonest type of bar-codes is the Universal Product Code (UPC for short) used on products from USA and Canada. They are also used by postal services to identify and automate the staring of letter or mails. Bar –code readers are photoelectric scanners that translate the symbols in the bar-code into digital code for the computer to interpret. The barcode readers are used at Supermarkets and point-of–sales terminals (POS) to sell goods. In this system the prices of the goods are set within the supermarkets’ computer. When the bar-code is scanned, the corresponding price of the product appears on the Point-Of-Sale-Terminal and on the receipt. The point-Of-Sale-Terminals use bar-code readers to identify the information on the products.

Magnetic Ink-Character Recognition: - they are devices that are capable of reading magnetized characters and convert them into digital format for the computer to process. They read text printed with magnetic ink. These readers are mostly used by the banks for processing cheque. They read the numbers printed at the bottom of cheque. MICR characters are printed with magnetized ink or a special toner which can be read by magnetic readers. The diagram below shows a cheque with the MICR characters.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….…. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….…. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….…. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….…. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….…. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….….

1. Explain the term source data automation. Give three(3) examples ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Outline the difference between source data entry and keyboard entry ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….…. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………….

4. Enumerate the categories of source data entry devices. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… 5. Provide at least four examples of scanning devices. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………… 6.(i)Give an example of the use of each of the following: Barcode reader, magnetic ink character reader (MICR) and Optical Mark Reader (OMR).

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ii)Give two different ways in which words can be input to a computer, without using keyboard.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………… 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

The device that bankers used to detect the suitability of a cheque is called........................….…………………….. The acronym UPC stands for Universal .....................,.........................................................….…………………..… The technique used in scoring multiple choice questions by WAEC is known as……………………………………… A scanner can convert printed images into.....................................................................….……………………....... The acronym OCR stands for Optical....................,....................................................….……………………….........

Unit objectives

What are Voice and Audio inputs? Voice input is the process of entering data by speaking into a microphone that is attached to the sound card on the computer. Voice input is now seen as an alternative to the use of the keyboard to input data into the computer. The microphone may be a stand-alone peripheral sitting on a desktop or built into the computer or device or headset. Audio input is the process of recording music, speech or sound effects. Recorded sound is input through a device such as a microphone, tape or audio CD player. Voice recognition also called speech recognition is the computers capability of distinguishing spoken words. Voice recognition programs recognize a vocabulary of pre- programmed words. Most voice recognition programs are a combination of speaker dependent software, which makes a profile of your voice and speaker independent software which has a built-in set of word patterns. Voice recognition program do not understand speech. The most common voice and audio input devices are; microphones, tape players CD/DVD players and radio. Each of these devices can be plugged into ports on the sound card in the system unit.

What is a Video input? Video input is the process of entering full-motion recording into a computer. The video can be stored on a hard disk or some other medium. The device that helps a user to accomplish this is called Video input device. Most of these devices are plugged into video expansion cards on the motherboard. They transmit analog signals. Computers use digital signals. To input video

from these analog devices, the analog signals must be converted into digital signals. To capture video, you plug a digital video camera, a VCR or a similar device plugged into a video capture card on the system unit in order to convert the analog signal into digital form.

Digital camera A digital camera is a video camera that records video as digital signal instead of analog signals. A video digitizers is a device used to capture an individual frame from a video and save them as still pictures in a file. Digitizers also called a graphic tablet or digitizing tablet is a flat rectangular input device that is used in conjunction with a stylus to transfer drawings, sketches, and anything written on the device to a PC in the form of a graphic. It works by converting drawings and photos into digital form or signal.

Alternative input for the physically challenged With the advent of information and communication technology and the global quest for growth in the use of technology in Education to enhance teaching and learning, the physically challenged in the society cannot be left out. Furthermore the passage of the national disability bill calls for the integration of the physically challenged at all work places. To help the physically challenged, several devices have been developed to help the physically challenged to use the computer. These devices are; Voice recognition is ideal for visually impaired. A key guard is a plate placed over the keyboard that allows people limited hand mobility to rest their hands and press one key at a time. Keyboard with larger keys onscreen keyboard displayed a user’s screen also are available. Another alternative is an on-screen keyboard in which a graphic image of a standard keyboard is displayed on the user’s screen. A small trackball or a head mounted pointer helps users with limited hand movement to control pointer. Head-mounted pointer a suitable input device for people with limited hand movement. It is used to control the pointer or insertion point. To stimulate the function of a mouse button, the user works with a switch to control the pointer. This switch can be a hand pad, a foot pedal, a receptor that detects facial motion or a pneumatic controller that controls puffs

of air.

Biometric devices A biometric device translates a personal characteristic into digital code that is compared with a digital code stored in the computer to identify and individual. The following are a summary of available biometric devices. ● fingerprint scanner captures curves and indentations of a fingerprint. ● face recognition system captures a live face image. ● hand geometry system measures the shape and size of a hand. ● voice verification system compares a live speech with a stored voice pattern. ● signature verification system recognizes the shape of a signature. ● iris recognition system reads patterns in the iris of the eye. ● retinal scanners scan patterns of blood vessels in the back of the retina.

Terminals A terminal is a device that enables a user to communicate with a computer. Generally, a terminal is a combination of keyboard and display screen. A terminal is a computer, usually with limited processing power, that enables users to send data to and/or receive information from a host computer. A terminal consists of a keyboard, a monitor, a video card and memory. The keyboard and the monitor are the most commonly found components on a terminal. A terminal is also called Video Display terminal or Display terminal. They are generally to use input data to and to receive data from a mainframe computer system. There are three main types of terminals these are;

● dumb terminal ● smart terminal ● Intelligent terminal

A Dumb terminal: has no processing capabilities. It relies entirely on the computer's processor.

It is a display monitor that has no processing capabilities. A dumb terminal is simply an output device that accepts data from the CPU(Central Processing Unit). Dumb terminals are not as fast as smart terminals, and they do not support as many display features, but they are adequate for most applications. It has no processing power and relies in a host computer for processing. It is also called a video display terminal (VDT). It has only a keyboard and can input and output but cannot process data. It is used by airline clerks to access a mainframe computer containing flight information. A Smart terminal: have some processing power, but not as much as an intelligent terminal. A smart terminal is a monitor that has its own processor. It has a processor capable of performing certain functions such as bolding and blinking of characters without depending the host computer. Intelligent terminal: Is a stand-alone device that contains main memory and a CPU(Central Processing Unit)as well as a display screen and keyboard. The two most popular type of intelligent or smart terminals are the n POS terminal and n ATMs terminals. POS (point- of –sale) terminals are used to record purchases, process credit or debit cards, and update inventory. It uses bar-codes to interpret information about a product. An automated teller machine (ATM) is a self- service An example of Intelligent terminal banking machine connected through a telephone network to a central computer. To access a bank account, you insert a bank card into the ATM’s card reader and enter a personal identification number (PIN).

(1) Name the devices A, B, C, D and E using the words from the list.

2) State three (3) alternative input devices for the physically challenged. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….……..… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) Explain the term biometric device. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4)______________________________________terminal has no processing ability.

3) Terminals are also called________________________________________________. 4) A terminal consists of a keyboard and a ______________________________________. 5) A scanner can convert printed images into___________________________________. 6). The acronym MICR means______________________________________________. 7). The acronym OMR stands for____________________________________________. 8) device which converts drawings and photos into digital form is called________ 9) Indicate whether the following statements are True(T) or False(F) a. No pointing device is currently available for users with motor limitations. b. A smart terminal has a processing capability_________________________________. c. At ATM is an example of a dumb terminal___________________________________. d. The most common component of a VDU is ATM card and keyboards_________________. e. The display unit of an intelligent terminal is sensitive to touch_____________________. f. The E-zwitch is a point of sale terminal_____________________________________. 10) Explain the following terms; ● Voice input. ● Audio input. ● Voice recognition. 11) Give three (3) examples of voice input devices. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 12) Explain how voice, audio and voice recognition device works. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 13) Explain the term video input device. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 14) Describe how a digital camera works. ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________

1. The most used means of entering text and numeric data into a PC is ___________________ 2. An input is basically________and_____________entered into the memory of the computer. 3. An instruction is composed of commands, programs and ____________________________ 4. For gaming purposes_________________________is the best option for a pointing device. 5.__________________________converts human readable data into machine readable form. 6.____________________________translate human readable characters into a digital code. 7. Pressing the mouse button trice in rapid succession is called and selects a____of text. 8. The ctrl and alt keys on the keyboard are collectively called__________________________ 9. The programmable keys on the keyboard are the _____________________________keys. 10 .A terminal is generally composed of a keyboard and a _____________________________ 11.___________________________________is a computer with limited processing power. 12 .The primary mouse button is usually the ____________________________mouse button. 13 .An optical mouse uses________________________technology to detect mouse movement. 14 .A wireless mouse has _________________________________________moving parts. 15. The wireless mouse is _________powered and uses____________ to detect mouse movement. 16. An example of optical reading device is the ____________________________________. 17. Mouse is an _____________________________________________________device. 18. In MICR, the I stands for ________________________________________________. 19. ___________reads text, photographs and graphics from paper and convert them into bit pattern. 20. To choose objects or select commands on a touch screen the ________is the ideal device to use. 21. Indicate whether the statements below are True(T) or False(F) by circling the correct answer. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n.

T Pointing devices are also called cursor control devices In cases where graphical user interfaces are common, mouse should not be used T T A keyboard is one of the most common input devices T Scanners are devices used for outputting pictures T There are no specifically defined means of input for persons with disability T Click is the same as double click T Input is any data or instructions entered into the memory of a computer T A stylus is a flat, rectangular, electronic, plastic board T RFID is a type of input device that user radio signals to communicate T Incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety in the design of the workplace T QWERTY is the most popular keyboard layout T MICR is used for reading data from the barcode on a grocery item T Use of ergonomic keyboard will lead to RSI T MICR is used to read data from barcode

F F F F F F F F F F F F F F

1. (a) Below is a diagram of a typical QWERTY Keyboard. Carefully provide the correct name for the parts labelled A – G.

(b) Assuming you going to teach a basic two child a lesson on the keyboard,outline the steps you will

follow. 2. Write short notes on Barcode Readers. Outline three (3) advantages of barcode readers. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….….….….…………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….….….….…………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….….….….…………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….….….….…………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….….….….…………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….….….….…………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….….….….…………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….….….….…………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….….….….…………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….….….….…………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….….….….…………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….….….….……………………..

3. Briefly describe each of the following input methods, given an application where each is used. Justify your choice of application in each case. a. OCR b. OMR c. MICR …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. 4. (a) Identify and carefully label the diagram below.

(b) As a newly trained teacher you are to introduce the concept of mouse to basic three pupils. Outline three mouse skills you will teach them and describe how you will go about it. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….….….….….…………………..

Section objectives After reading and completing this section, the student should be able to ●define the term output and output device stating the various examples ● explain the term display device . Give at least two examples. ● Classify printers according to a) printing mechanism b) mode of printing ● State at least three(3) advantages and disadvantages of impact and non-impact printers. ● Outline the difference between impact and non-impact printer. ● Describe briefly (a ) a page printer ( b) a line printer and ( c) a character printer

● explain the term audio and video output and state the devices used for them ● identify possible output device for the physically challenged

1.2.1 Output and output devices 1.2.2 The Monitor 1.2.3 Printers and Plotters 1.2.4 Audio and Voice outputs

Unit objectives

● define the term output ● State the two(2) types of output ● state and describe the four(4) categories of output ● define the term output device ● briefly outline the role of output device ● state at least four examples of output device What is an Output? Computers process input (data) into output (information). Output is therefore defined as data that has been processed into a useful form called information. A computer generates several types of output depending on the hardware and software being used and the requirements of the user. There are four categories of output; these are text, graphics, audio and video. Commonly used output devices include display devices; printers; speakers, headphones, and earbuds; data projectors; interactive whiteboards; and force-feedback game controllers and tactile output Text consists of characters that are used to create words sentences and paragraphs. Examples of text-based documents are memorandums, letters, announcements, press releases, reports advertisements, newsletters and mailing labels. They are usually displayed on the screen of a monitor. Graphic or graphical images are digital representation of non-text information, such charts, drawing and photographs. Many text-based documents include graphic to enhance their visual appeal and convey information. They are usually displayed on the screen of a monitor. For a very clear and detailed graphics one require a computer with a good graphic card which has a high memory. Audio is music, speech, or other sound that is stored and produced by the computer. Video consists of photographic (full motion) images that are played back on a computer at various speeds to provide the appearance of full motion in real time.

What is an Output device? An output device is a device which converts computer readable information obtained as a result of processing into human-readable form. They are computer components capable of converting information to a form that a user can understand. The most important purpose of an output device is to convert computer (machine)- readable form of information into a form that human can understand and read. They come in the form of text, graphics, sound, video memory etc. The most commonly used output devices are;

● Monitors, ● Printers/plotters ● Data projectors, ● Facsimiles(fax) machines, and multifunction devices, ● Speakers ● Headsets /Earbuds The two most commonly used means of output are monitors and printers.

Forms of output There are two main forms of output. These are; a) Softcopy output b) Hardcopy output Softcopy output:-they are relatively temporal information or data on a display device or screen such a monitor. They exist electronically and can be displayed for a temporal period. They can be in the form of text and video on a displayed screen or audio . They are actually not tangible and as such cannot be touched. Hardcopy output:- they are printed information. They exist physically on a paper or transparencies. They are more permanent than softcopy output. Another name for hardcopy is a printout or printed output. The printer is the main device for producing this output. ……………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………….…………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

1. Define the term output. State the two (2) main forms of output. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. State and describe the four (4) types of output. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. Define the term output device. Give five(5) examples of output device. State any four (4) commonly used output devices. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. Explain the terms Output and Output device and identify one example each. What is the role of an output device in a computer system. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Unit objectives

● explain the term display devices ● outline the purpose of a display unit ● enumerate the various sizes of display unit available ● state at least two(2) examples of display devices ● describe the characteristics of CRT and LCD monitors ● state the factors that affect the quality of a display device ● explain the relationship between video card and CRT monitor ● Describe briefly how interactive whiteboards and Data projectors work What are Display devices?

A display device or simply display is output devices that visually convey, text, graphic and video information. Information on a display device is called softcopy. It exists electronically and displays for a temporary period. A display device consists of a screen, or a display surface or a projected surface and the components that produce the information on the screen. The default display device is the monitor. A computer display monitor, also called a video display terminal (VDT) or simply a monitor, is a piece of TV-like electrical equipment that is part of the computer’s display system. It is one of the most important components of the computer because it enables the user to see whatever is taking place in the system unit.

The Monitor A monitor is an output device. It is a display device that conveys text, numbers, graphics, and video information visually from the computer. It is housed in a plastic or metal case, has a stand and a screen for viewing. They are also called Visual Display Unit (VDU), Display Screen or a Visual Display Terminal (VDT). The monitor attaches to the video output of the computer and produces a visual display. It is the component of the computer system that looks like a Television (TV). As a visual display unit of the computer system, it enables the user to monitor what is going on inside the components of the system unit. These can be viewing whatever is being typed immediately or responds to commands issued to the processor of the computer. Monitors in a computer system are controlled by a Video graphic adapter (VGA) card. This is an expansion card that is plugged into one of the adapter or expansion slots on the motherboard inside the system unit. The Video graphic card controls the movement of information from the computer to the monitor. The graphic adapter cards have its own memory which controls the clarity of information displayed on the monitor. This memory is called VRAM or video Random Access Memory.

Sizes of Monitors Monitors for personal computers are comes in a variety of sizes. The more common once are 15, 17, 19, and 21 inches. Like a television set, the size of the monitor screen is measured diagonally from corner to corner. The monitor screen is not the same as the viewable image size. The image viewable size is usually an inch lessthatthescreensize.Forexampleamonitorwithscreensizeof17 inches will have a viewable image size of 16 inches. This is shown in the diagram.

The Screen clarity of the Monitor Images on the screen of a computer are formed by smaller tiny dots called picture elements. The short form of picture elements is pixels. These individual dots called pixels are used to represent images on the screen. Each pixel is assigned a colour or a particular shade of grey. It is the smallest unit of an image on the screen that can be turned on and off or turned to different shades of colours. The quality of images on the computer screen (monitor) or display depends largely on the following which are related to the individual dots known as pixels ● resolution, ● dot pitch, ● refresh rate Resolution:- It is the sharpness of a display screen. The higher the number pixels per square inch, the finer the level of details that can be shown on the screen. It is expressed in terms of the number of horizontal and vertical pixels on a display device. The formula for determining the resolution of a screen is given by the relation �� = ℎ�� × ��

Standard resolutions on a screen are 640×480, 800×600, 1024×768, 1280×1024, 1600×1200 and 1920×1440 pixels. More dots mean higher resolution and finer and detailed display on the screen.

Dot pitch (dp) is the amount of space between the centres of adjacent pixels. The distance between pixels is measured in millimetres. A.28dp means 0.28mm dot pitch or 28/100ths of a millimetre. The closer the dots the crisper or clearer the image on the screen. Sometimes called pixel (picture element) is the distance in millimetres between pixels on a display device. This forms an integral part of the design of the monitor and cannot be changed in any way. Refresh rate is the speed at which a monitor withdraws the images from the screen. It is the number of times per second that the pixels are recharged so that their glow can remain brighter. Displays are refreshed 45-100 times per second. The higher the refresh rate, the more solid an image appears on the screen. Refresh rates are measured in Hertz. The main purpose of a refresh rate is to allow the phosphors in the CRT or screen to hold their glow or relax for some time. Types of Monitors There are two main types of monitors. These are the a. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors b. LCD monitors(Liquid Crystal Display or FPD (Flat -Panel Display)

CRT-Cathode Ray Tube

LCD-Liquid Crystal Display

The CRT Monitor A CRT monitor is a desktop monitor that contains a cathode-ray tube . A cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a large, sealed glass tube. The front of the tube is the screen. Tiny dots of phosphor material coat the screen on a CRT. Inside the CRT, an electron beam moves back and forth across the back of the screen. This causes the dots on the front of the screen to glow, which produces an image on the screen. CRT monitors have a much larger footprint than do LCD monitors; that is, they take up more desk space and thus are not used much today. A CRT monitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s viewable size is the diagonal measurement of the actual viewing area provided by the screen in the CRT monitor. A 21-inch monitor, for example, may have a viewable size of 20 inches. Many CRT monitors use an analog signal to produce an image. A cable on the CRT monitor is plugged in a port on the system unit. This enables communications from a graphic chip on a graphic adapter card. The graphic chip on a video card converts the digital output signal from the computer into an analog video signal and sends it through the cable to the CRT monitor, which then displays it on the screen. The diagram above is a CRT monitor. CRT monitors usually includes features to address ergonomic issues. These features are; Note: Modern CRT monitors are Tilt- and-swivel base to allow users to adjust the angle of the flat screened instead of the screen in order to minimize neck strain and thereby reduce the earlier slightly curved screen. glare of overhead lighting. This is done to improve the Monitor control to enable users adjust the brightness, positioning, ergonomics of the monitor. contrast, height and width of images. The monitor control The flat screen reduces glare, can be found on the front of the monitor for easy access. reflections and distortions of images. The Flat-Panel Display A flat-panel display is a display screen with a shallow depth that does not use the CRT technology. They are made up of two plates of glass separated by a layer of a substance in which light is manipulated. Monitors which use this technology include the flat-panel monitors, LCD displays, gas plasma displays and HDTV. They are usually used by lightweight computers such as notebook or laptop computers. A flat-panel monitor is also called LCD monitor. It is a desktop monitor that uses a liquid crystal display instead of cathode-ray tube to produce images on a screen. They produce sharp, flicker-free displays.

LCD Monitors and Displays LCD monitors, LCD screens and plasma monitors are types of flat-panel displays. An LCD monitor is a desktop monitor that uses a liquid crystal display to produce images. A liquid crystal display (LCD) uses a liquid compound to present information on a display. A plasma monitor is a display device that uses gas plasma technology, to substitute a layer of gas for the liquid crystal material in an LCD monitor. Although some game consoles includes a small LCD screen (Usually 5 inches smaller), home users often prefer the larger television displays for game playing, watching movies, and browsing the internet on a television, connected to a game console. Flat-panel monitors are also available for desktop computers, but they cost more than a CRT monitor. Flat-panel display screens are either active matrix or passive matrix displays. This is based on where their transistors are located. The active matrix is much brighter and sharper than passive matrix screen. On the active-matrix display which is also known as Thin-film Transistors (TFT) display, each pixel on the screen is controlled by its own transistor.

On a passive-matrix display screen, a single transistor controls a whole row or column of pixels. They provide sharp image for one-colour or monochromatic screens.

Video Graphic Cards and Monitors The computer display system consists of a monitor and a graphic (adapter) card. The graphic card is also called video display adapter or video card. (Or video card or adapter card) This graphic card is an adapter or graphic card that controls the signals that the computer sends to the monitor. The clarity of the display depends on the quality of the monitor and the capability of the graphic card. Video cards have their own memory. This memory is known as video RAM or VRAM. The video RAM stores information about each picture element or pixel. The common colour and resolution standards for monitors are; Super video graphic array: - this is also known as SVGA or 8-bit colour. It supports resolution of 800×600 and 1024×768 pixels or variation and produces about 16 million colours. It is the most common standard for most 15-inch monitors. It also supports 256 colours at higher resolution. Extended graphic array: -this standard is also known as XGA or 24-bit colour at its highest quality. They support a resolution of up to 1024×786 pixels with 65,536 possible colours. They are mostly used with 17 and 19- inch monitors. Super extended graphics array: - simply called SXGA. It has a resolution of 1280×1024 pixels. It is often used with 19 and 21-inch monitors. Supports 32-bit colours. The Ultra extended graphic array: - simply called UXGA. It supports a resolution of 1600× 1200 pixels. It is also 32-bit colour. The diagram below shows the video graphic standards and the respective standard pixels they support.

Alternative Displays System There are two modern ways of displaying outputs from a computer. These are; ● ● They are mostly used in the classroom and in conference rooms for teaching and making presentation respectively.

Interactive Whiteboard An interactive whiteboard is a touch-sensitive device, resembling a dry-erase board, that displays the image on a connected computer screen. A presenter controls the computer program by clicking a remote control, touching the whiteboard, drawing on or erasing the whiteboard with a special digital pen and eraser, or writing on a special tablet. Notes written on the interactive whiteboard can be saved directly on the computer. Interactive whiteboards are used frequently in; ● classrooms as a teaching tool, ● during meetings as a collaboration tool, ● to enhance delivery of presentations,

Interactive Whiteboard There are three basic technologies for displaying computer images on an interactive whiteboard. These are;

● Front projection: This technology uses separate projector to displays images from the computer screen on the interactive whiteboards. ● Rear projection:With this technology, a projector built into the back of the interactive whiteboard displays an image from the computer screen on the whiteboard; An interactive whiteboard fits over an LCD screen or a plasma display. The front and rear projection interactive whiteboards, which are hung on the wall or mounted on a stand, range in size from 48 to 94 inches. The most widely used interactive whiteboard is the SMART Board.

Data Projectors A data projector is a device that takes the text and images displaying on a computer screen and projects them on a larger screen so that an audience can see the image clearly. For example, many classrooms use data projectors so that all students easily can see an instructor’s presentation on the screen. Some data projectors are large devices that attach to a ceiling or wall in an auditorium. Some operating systems allow projectors to be part of the network, which enables a presenter to operate the projector remotely via a network connection. Others, designed for the mobile user, are small portable devices that can be transported easily. Two types of smaller, lower-cost units are LCD projectors and DLP A Data Projector projectors. An LCD projector, which uses liquid crystal display technology, attaches directly to a computer, and uses its own light source to display the information shown on the computer screen.

End of lesson Exercise 1. Explain the term display devices. Give three(3) Examples of Display Devices. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. State at least two (2) examples of display devices. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. Describe briefly the characteristics of CRT and LCD monitors. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. State three (3) factors that affect the quality of a display screen. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. What is the relationship between video card and CRT monitor? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6. The TV-like components of the computer is called_________________________________. 7. The short form of picture element is __________________________________________. 8. The acronym VDU stands for_______________________________________________. 9. The display system on a personal computer consists of a monitor and ____________________. 10. The factors that determine the quality of images on the screen of CRT monitor are refreshed rate _________________________________and ________________________________. 11. Indicate whether the following statements are True(T) or False(F).

● The form of output generated by a computer varies depending on the hardware and software___. ● Information on a display device sometimes is called soft copy________________________. ● With game consoles, the output device often is a television__________________________. ● A printout in landscape orientation is taller than it is wide__________________________. ● With Bluetooth printing, a computer or other device transmits output to a printer via infrared light waves______________________________________________________________. ● An impact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without actually striking the paper_______________________________________________________________. …………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Unit objectives

● identify printers as one of the peripherals on a computer ● state two(2) ways by which a printer can be connected to a computer ● state the two (2) categories of printers ● differentiate impact printers from non-impact printers ● state at least three(3) examples of impact and non-impact printers ● Briefly describe a page printer a line printer a character printer ● provide at least one(1) characteristics of ink-jet printers, laser printers, and plotters What is a Printer? A printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper. Printed information, called hard copy, exists physically and is a more permanent form of output than that presented on a display device (soft copy). A hard copy, which is also called a printout, is either in portrait or landscape orientation. A printout in portrait orientation is taller than its width, with information printed across the shorter width of the paper. A printout in landscape orientation is wider than it is tall, with information printed across the widest part of the paper. Letters, reports, and books typically use portrait orientation. Spreadsheets, slide shows, and graphics often use landscape orientation. Printers vary in their quality, speed, graphics capabilities, fonts, and even paper usage. Users can print by connecting a computer to a printer with a cable that plugs into a port on the computer. Bluetooth printing uses radio waves to transmit output to a printer. With infrared printing, a device communicates with the printer through infrared light waves. Some digital cameras connect directly to a printer via a cable; others store images on media cards that can be removed and inserted into a printer. Networked computers can communicate with the network printer through cables or wireless. The printer can be attached to the system unit directly as a local printer or shared by one or more computers in a network. With the latter one, the printer is connected to a server called the print server. The print server is part of a workgroup on the domain. We shall learn more about networks and the components in a later lesson. The diagram below shows a printer connected locally and as part of a network.

A printer connected locally to a computer

A printer connected as part of a computer network

Classification of Printers There are three main classes of printers. These are â&#x2014;? Character printers â&#x2014;? Line printers â&#x2014;? Page printers A character Printer A character printer is a printer that prints one character at a time. They are also called character-at a-time printer. A common example of character printer is the dot matrix printer. They are usually slow and are used to print text based documents. A character printer uses a print head and an inked-ribbon to print a document. A dot matrix printer is also known as matrix printer. It is a type of printer with a print head that runs back and forth on the page. It prints by means of impact. It does this by striking an inked-ribbon against the paper. It worked much like a typewriter. The dot matrix printer also uses a continuous-form paper, in which the sheets of papers are connected together. A dot matrix printer also uses a print head and an inked-ribbon to print a document. The print head is the part that strikes the inked-ribbon onto the paper. They are inexpensive and tend to be slow and loud. Their print quality is A Typical Dot Matrix Printer fair. The quality of image produced is determined by dot per inch (dpi). The speed of dot matrix printer is measured incharacters per second (cps) it can print. The speed of most dot-matrix printers ranges from 375 to 1100 characters per second(cps), depending on the desired print quality. The process of placing dots to form image is called dot matrix. A line Printer A line printer is a high speed printer capable of printing an entire line at a time. They are mostly enclosed in a cabinet. Mainframes, servers, or networked applications, such as manufacturing, distribution, or shipping, often use line printers. Their speed is determined by the number of lines per minutes(lpm). They can print multi part forms at a very fast speed. Examples of line printers are band printers and line matrix printers. The band printer a band printer is a type of impact printer with a printing mechanism that uses a metal loop or band to produce typed characters. It is also a type of line printer that uses a metal band or loop as its printing mechanism. The metal band contain a fixed set of embossed characters. The loop or band has a set of characters permanently embossed on it and this set of characters cannot be changed unless the band is replaced. The band itself

spins or revolves around hammers that push the paper against the ribbon, allowing the desired character to be produced on the paper. The band printer cannot print graphics. Since the characters are permanently embossed on the metal loop or band, it is impossible to change the style of characters or to increase or decrease their size. It prints at a very fast speed of about 2000 lines per minutes(lpm). The line matrix printer is a type of line printer that prints a line at time. It is capable of printing graphics. They provide high speed printing at a A Typical band Printer very low cost. The printing mechanism is made up of a metal band or loop.

A Page Printer A page printer is a type of printer that prints an entire page at a time. They are faster and capable of printing in full colour. They usually have memory store documents before printing. Examples of page printers are Laser Printer, Inkjet Printer, Thermal and LED printers.

Laser Printer A laser printer is a type of printer that uses laser technology to print images on a paper. It also produce high quality text and graphics on a paper. The laser recreates the images on a negatively charged drum. Most laser printers used toner cartridge. The drum then collects ink that is positively charged to attract the areas of the image. The ink which is positively charged is attracted and fused onto the negatively charged paper with the help of heat. Laser printers employs xerographic involved(no liquid chemical involved) process of printing.

Ink Printer An ink-jet printer is a type of nonimpact printer that forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper. Ink-jet printers have become a popular type of colour printer for use in the home. Inkjet printer is a type of page printer . The print mechanism of an inkjet printer includes a spraying gun that operates by spraying streams of quick-drying ionised ink on a sheet of paper. The ink is stored in a disposable ink cartridge. They use separate cartridge for the various colours or mixed colours in a single cartridge.

LED Printer LED printer is a printer that uses LED (Light emitting Diode)print head as the light source for its printing mechanism. The LED bar flashes a pulse of light across with of the page to create the image on the print drum. They are more efficient than the normal laser printer because they have fewer moving parts. The LED print head is solid-state and has no moving parts. Thermal Printer A thermal printer is a type of page printer that generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against heat- sensitive paper. Basic thermal printers are inexpensive, but the print quality is low and the images tend to fade over time. It produce images by selectively heating coated thermochromic paper or thermal paper. They are commonly used in calculators and fax machines. They are cheap and

A Typical LED Printer print at a relatively fast speed but at a very low resolution. Many point-of-sale terminals in retail and grocery stores also print purchase receipts on thermal paper.

Non-Impact and Impact Printers On the basis of how the mechanism used by the printer produce prints, there are two principal types of printers. These are Non-impact printers and Impact printers.

Nonimpact Printers A nonimpact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without actually striking the paper. Some spray ink, while others use heat or pressure to create images. Commonly used nonimpact printers are ink-jet printers, photo printers, laser printers, thermal printers, mobile printers, label and postage printers, plotters, and large-format printers. The following pages discuss each of these printer types. They are less noisy.

An impact printer An impact printer forms characters and graphics on a paper by striking a mechanism against an inked-soaked ribbon that physically contacts the paper. Impact printers characteristically are noisy because of this striking activity. These printers commonly produce near letter quality (NLQ) output, which is print quality slightly less clear than what is acceptable for business letters. Companies may use impact printers for jobs such printing labels. Impact printers are ideal for printing multipart forms or carbon copies because they easily print through many layers of paper. Factories, warehouses, and retail counters may use impact printers because these printers withstand dusty environments, vibrations, and extreme temperatures. Two commonly used types of impact printers are dot-matrix printers , Daisy Wheel printers and line printers.

Plotters Plotters are printers used to produce high-quality drawings such as blueprints, maps, and circuit diagrams. These printers are used in specialized fields such as engineering and drafting and usually are very costly. They are a type of printer that interprets A plotter commands from a computer to make line drawings on paper with one or more automated pens. Current plotters use a row of charged wires called styli to draw an electrostatic pattern on specially coated paper and then fuse toner to the pattern. The printed image consists of a series of very small dots, which provides high-quality output. It is also graphic printing device which operates by

moving a pen over the surface of a paper to produce high quality graphics in a variety of colours. A plotter is a type of printer that focuses on drawing line art. There are a number of different types of plotters. These are ;

Pen plotter:-they are plotters which use one or more coloured pens to draw on a paper or transparencies. It produces continuous lines and not patterns of dots. The plotters draw on paper using a pen. Pen plotters allow for multiple colours, but the user must switch the pen colour during the plot.

A Large-format plotter:- it operates just like an ink-jet printer. The only difference is that the large-format plotter prints on a larger scale. They are often used by graphic artists. The plotter can draw continuous point-to-point lines directly from vector graphics files or commands. Drum plotter draws on paper wrapped around a drum which turns to produce one direction of the plot, while the pens move to provide the other direction Flatbed plotter draws on paper placed on a flat surface . A flatbed plotter is a mechanical device that draws objects on paper by moving in horizontal and vertical directions. The plotter is used by architects in drawing huge building plans during construction. The size of the drawing is usually dependent on the size of the flatbed .

A Flatbed Plotter

Electrostatic plotter:-with this plotter, the paper lies partially flat on a table-like surface. It uses a toner as in a photocopier. It draws lines on negatively charged paper with positively charged toner.

ndividual assignment 1. Differentiate between an impact printer and non-impact printer. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. Which type of printer is commonly used in schools? What are the difference between inkjet and laser jet printers. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. A_____________________strikes paper and ribbon together to form character. 4. The most widely used means of output are_____________and the___________________. 5. Dot matrix printers are examples of __________________________________________. 6. Printers can be classified as character printer __________and________________. 7.. State whether the following statements are True(T) or False(F) a. An individual dot on a computer screen is called a screen point________________________. b. An individual dot on the screen of a computer is called a pixel_________________________. c. Dot-matrix printers can also print coloured graphic image___________________________. d. Daisy wheel printer is a non-impact printer_____________________________________. 8. An ink-jet printer is also called_____________________________________________. 9. _________is a printer that interprets commands from a computer to make line drawings on paper 10. Briefly describe the following types of printers ( a) line ( b) page ( c) character printers ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Unit objectives ● explain the term audio output and voice output ● differentiate audio output from a voice output ● define an audio output device ● State four (4) examples of an audio output device ● identify possible output device for the physically challenged What is an audio output? An audio output is any music, speech or other sound produced by a computer. It can be listened to on the computer by simply inserting an audio CD or DVD into the CD/DVD ROM drive. Sound and video clips can both be viewed on the monitor. Voice output occurs when a person’s voice is heard or when the computer talks to a user through the speakers on the computer. In some programs, the computer can speak the contents of a document through voice output.

What is an Audio Output Device? They are component of a computer that produces music, speech and other sound, for example beeps. Three commonly used audio output devices are speakers, headphones, and earbuds. Speakers can be separate devices that is placed on either side of the monitor or built into the monitor or system unit. Stereo speakers are usually connected to ports on the sound card. Most speakers have volume and tone controls. When speakers are used on a classroom computer, anyone can hear the output within a distance. Most personal computers and mobile devices have a small internal speaker that usually emits only low-quality sound. Most users attach surround sound speakers or speaker systems to their computers, including game consoles and mobile devices, to generate higher-quality sounds for ; ● playing games, ● interacting with multimedia presentations, ● listening to music, ● viewing movies They are not always practical in a classroom and computers laboratory. Teachers and students often prefer headsets that can be plugged into a port on a sound card. This reduces noise and disturbances in the classroom. Speakers typically have tone and volume controls, allowing users to adjust settings. To boost the low bass sounds, surround sound speaker systems also include a subwoofer. To prevent interferences from the noise produced by a speaker , headphones or earbuds are often used in the classroom or computer laboratory. In this case only the individual wearing the headphones or earbuds hears the sound from the computer. The difference is that headphones cover or are placed outside of the ear , whereas earbuds, or earphones rest inside the ear canal. Both headphones and earbuds usually include noise-cancelling technology to reduce the interference of sounds from the surrounding environment. A headset is a device that functions as both headphones and a microphone. Computer and smart phone users wear a headset to free their hands for typing and other activities while talking or listening to audio output. Portable media players usually include a set of earbuds.

A Speaker

A Headphone

A headset

Output Device for the Physically Challenged For users with mobility, hearing, or vision disabilities, many different types of output devices are available. Hearing-impaired users, for can instruct programs to display words instead of sounds. With the latest Windows operating systems, users also can set options to make programs easier to use. The Visually impaired users can An Earbuds change Windows settings, such as increasing the size or changing the colour of the text to make the words easier to read. Magnifier, for example, enlarges text and other items in a window on the screen. blind users instead of using a monitor, can work with voice output via Windows Narrator. That is, the computer reads the information that is displayed on the screen. Another alternative is a Braille printer, which prints information on paper in Braille.

1. Explain the terms audio output and voice output. State three(3) devices used in both cases. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................

2. Define an audio output device …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ 3. State two examples of an audio output device. …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ 4. Identify two(2) possible output devices for the physically challenged …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ 5. Indicate whether the following statements are True(T) or False(F) a. The visually impaired have no device to help them output information from the computer______. b. The most common means of producing a hardcopy for the visually impaired is the____________. c. printer that interprets commands from a computer to make line drawings on paper___________.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….…. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..….…

1. The most used means of output is the …………………………………………………… 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

An output displayed on the screen is collectively called…………………………… The TV-like component of a PC is called………………………………………………... …………….convert machine readable information in human readable form. The acronym TFT stands for………………………………………………………………… 6. The smallest unit of an electronic image is called………………………………. The refresh rate of a CRT monitor is measured in………………………………….. The speed and print quality of a printer is usually quoted in…………………… and………………respectively. 9. …………………………...printer is used to print multiple copies of a document. 10. A printer can be a page, line and………………………………………………..printer. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F) by circling the right answers. 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

The VGA card coverts analog video signal into digital form to be displayed on the screen

Resolution is the amount of space between the centres of adjacent pixels A pixel is the unit of visible light intensity which is equal to one candela per square meter An individual dot on the screen is known as a screen point The monitor does not require a graphic card to enable it display information on the screen The graphic card is an expansion card There are no well-defined means of output for the visually impaired The most used means of audio output is the microphone The output from a printer is called a hardcopy Graphics is a kind of output

T T

F F

T T

F F

T T T T T

F F F F F

1. Explain the terms (a) output and (b) output device. List the five (5) main output devices

available. …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ 2. A printer can be described as an impact printer or a non-impact printer. Describe briefly the salient features of an impact printer and a non-impact printer. …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ 3. Write short notes on (a) line printer, (b) character printer (c) page printers. Provide one example in each case. …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................

4.(a) What are display devices? State the two (2) main display devices that can be used in a computer system. …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ (b) A digital projector is one of the major output devices making waves in a 21st century classroom. Describe the role and benefit of the digital projector in the teaching and learning process. …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ 5. What role does a monitor play in a computer system? What are the various sizes of monitor available? …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................ …............................................................................................................................................................

PART TWO COMMUNICATION NETWORK AND THE INTERNET

This part of the Course book deals with communication network and the internet. In addition to this we will be discussing the various forms of data transmission in communications network; we will also look at network topology as well as the merits and demerits of computer networks in schools. The concept of the internet and the World Wide Web will also be looked at in detail. In this part we shall also look extensively at some of the services on the internet like e-mails, browsers and browsing etc. The part is divided into two sections as follows;

● explain the term Communication and Computer Networks; ● state and describe the components of a communication network; ● outline the types of Networks network and topologies; ● identify the various communication and network devices with the their functions; ● enumerate the merits and demerits of having a school network; ● state and describe the various services on the internet; ● describe a modem, its purpose and how it is used with analogue telephone lines; ● state why it is not necessary to use a modem when using digital telephone lines; ● describe the need for conversion between analogue and digital data; ● identify the advantages and disadvantages of using common network environments such as the Internet; ● describe what is meant by the terms user IDs and passwords, stating their purpose and use;

● explain the terms data communication ● outline the criteria for describing a computer network

● explain the term data transmission ● explain the term network topology ● explain the term communication media ● describe the role of a communication device in a network ● outline the role of a server in a school network

2.1.1 Introduction to Data Communications and Network 2.1.2 Data Ttransmission in a Network 2.1.3 Network topologies 2.1.4 Communication media/channel 2.1.5 Communication and Network devices 2.1.6 Networking in Schools

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

What is Communication? Communications is about the transfer of information from a sender, across a distance, to a receiver. Using electricity, radio waves or light, information and data in the form of codes are transmitted through a physical medium such as wire, cable, or even the atmosphere. Communications is

sometimes known as telecommunication. The term communication is a term used to describe Data communication is the exchange of data between two devices by means of a transmission media. The communication medium could be wires or wireless mediums through the satellite or radio system . The ability to communicate information promptly and instantly has changed the way people interact with each other as well as the way student learn. It has also change the way people carry out businesses and even socialized. The information that is transmitted (sent) can be text, voice, sound, video, graphics and images, or a combination of all these, which we call multimedia. Telecommunication or communication techniques or technologies rely heavily on the internet. These technologies on the internet provides services such as the World Wide Web and electronic mailing system, these coupled with other modern electronic communication technologies have affected the way we interact through business,learning and socialize.

Technologies that Relies on Communication Electronic communication technologies that relies heavily on the internet or telecommunication are; ● electronic mail (e-mail), ● voice mail, ● facsimile (fax), ● telecommuting, online services, ● video conferencing, ● the Internet, and ● the World Wide Web are the examples of applications that rely on communications technology

What is a Computer Network? Computers were first introduced as stand-alone devices. Communication capabilities were originally restricted to large computers. When the device became widely used, manufacturers added a hardware and software component that supports communication to personal computers and mobile devices. Below are the meaning of computer network or simply network. A network is a set of devices interconnected by a communication media. A network consists of two or more computers that are linked(connected) together with a communication media such as telephone wire in order to share resources (such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or facilitate electronic communications. A computer network is a set of technologies including hardware, software and communication media that can be used to connect computers together to enable them to communicate, exchange information, and share resources in real time. The resources that can be shared include hardware resource, software resource and data or information. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light. Networks also require communications software. In data communication, data or information are usually carried over a network with the help of various hardware and software components.

Components of a Communication Network

A communication network or system consist of five major components. These are; ● ● ● ● ● Message:is the data or information to be communicated. The common forms of data or information are text, pictures, audio, video and animation. Text is converted to binary number before transmission and image or picture is converted to pixels before transmission. Sender: is the device that sends the data or messages. It converts information to a signal for transmission. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset etc. The sending device is also known as the transmitter or the transmitting device. Receiver:is the device which receives the data or messages. It receives and convert the signal back into useable information. It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset etc. Transmission Medium: is the physical path along which a message is transmitted from sender to receiver. Some examples include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, radio waves or fibre optic cable and etc. A device that is capable of transmitting and receiving messages(information) is known as a transceiver. Protocol It is a set of rules that governs the data communications. It represents an agreement between the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two devices may be connected but not communicating. This is illustrated in the diagram below.

ypes of Communication Network Communication network can be classified on using the following criteria ● Local Area Network (LAN) ● Wide Area Network (WAN) ● Metropolitan Area Network(MAN ●

Local Area Network (LAN) A Local Area Network (LAN) is a type of network in which the connection between computers is confined to a limited or relatively small geographical area. It is generally limited to a small area such as an office, school, or a building. They are privately owned networks within a single building. They are composed computer hardware, transmission media and software. It covers not more than a mile apart to other computers. Most LANs, use cables to connect the computers. A local area network(LAN) can be made with a wire or through wireless radio waves. A LAN that is made with a wireless radio link its called a wireless local area network (WLAN).A LAN usually consist of a number of computers connected to a central computer called a server. The server manages the resources on the network and provides a centralised storage for software and data. In a typical LAN configuration, one computer is designated as the file server. It stores all of the software that controls the network, as well as the software that can be shared by the computers attached to the network. Computers connected to the file server are called workstations. The workstations are less powerful than the file server, and they may have additional software on their hard drives. The generic name for a device on a network is called a node. Node is an end point of a network connection. Nodes include any device attached to a network such as file servers, printers, or workstations, switch, and routers.

Wireless LANs(WLANs) Wireless LAN is a type of LAN that uses wireless technology to connect computers over a relatively short distance. Devices known as access points are connected into a wired network at fixed locations. The access point use either spread spectrum technology(which provide a wideband radio frequency with a range about 30 to 50 metres) or infrared but this has a very short range of about 1 to 2 metres. The access point receives and transmits data between the WLAN and the wired network. End user access the WLAN through WLAN adpters which are built into the device or are plug-in module.

Advantages of WLANs The following are the advantages of WLANs ● all computers can access the same services and resources(scanners, printers, internet)from ● anywhere within the range of the access point ● there is no cabling to individual computers and devices, so safety is improved ● the system is more flexible since users can move their laptops from their desk ● adding new computers and devices is very easy. Disadvantages of WLANs The following are the disadvantages of WLANs ● security is a big issue since anyone with a WLAN-enabled laptop computer can access a network ● if it can detect the signal. It is therefore necessary to adopt complex data encryption techniques to secure the system. ● there may be problems of interference which can affect the signal. ● the data transfer rate is slower than in a wired LAN

Advantages and Disadvantages of LAN Advantages of LANs

The following are the advantages of LANs ● LANs enable people to work together. Using groupware and other specialised network application software, several people can work together on a single document, communicate by e-mail and instant messaging, taking part in a multiplayer computer games and participate in online conference. ● reduced cost sharing networked software and hardware can reduce cost. ● increased productivity sharing data on a LAN can increase productivity. ● provide access to a wide range of services sharing networked hardware can provide access to a wide range of services and specialised peripheral devices. ● provide sharing of resources LANs provide the capability to share resources such as expensive peripherals like a printer and application software. ● provide a means of communication between users ● a network administrator controls and monitor all aspects of the network for example changing password, monitoring internet use and etc.

Disadvantages of LANs The following are the disadvantages of LANs ● viruses are easy to spread throughout the network ● development of print queues can be frustrating ● Slower access to external network such the internet ● Increased security risk compared to stand-alone computers ● If the main server breaks down the network will no longer function in most cases

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) A Metropolitan Area Network is a network that connects two or more Local Area Networks (LAN) or Campus Area Networks together but does not extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate town/city. Routers, switches and hubs are connected to create a Metropolitan Area Network. Wide Area Networks A wide area network (WANs) is a network of computers that covers a large geographical area such as a region, country or a continent. It uses regular telephone cables, digital lines, microwaves, wireless system, and satellites or other combination of communication channels. It provides long distance transmission of voice and data. WANs consists of numerous local area networks (LANs) organized into one large network. Wide Area Networks (WAN's) connect larger geographic areas, such as Ghana, the African continent, or the entire world. WAN is complicated. It uses multiplexers to connect local and metropolitan networks to global communications networks like the Internet. The following hardware are needed for a WAN: router, modems, Switches and proxy servers in some cases.

Compare LANs, MANs and WANs using the following criteria. ● area covered ● error rates ● transmission speed ● equipment cost

Comparison between LANs MANs and WANs The table below shows the distinction between LANs MANs and WANs

Difference between LAN and WAN The table below shows the distinction between LAN and WAN

Network operating systems Network operating system is a set of programs that works with another operating system to organize and coordinate the activities on a network. They serve as a communication software. A communication software manages the transmission of data between the computers forming the network. Below are examples of network operating systems network operating systems.

● AppleShare ● Microsoft Windows Server ● Novell Netware ● RedHat Enterprise Linux Many operating systems have built-in network features. Examples of network operating systems or operating system that supports networks are, Linux, IBM OS/2 Warp, MS Windows, Sun Solaris, and Novell Netware.

Why We Use a Computer Network? With the availability and power of today's personal computers, you might ask is it necessary to have a network? From the earliest networks to today's high-powered personal computers, the answer has remained the same: networks increase efficiency and reduce costs. Computer networks achieve these goals in the following ways: ● Sharing information (or data). ● Sharing hardware resources such as printer, scanner webcam etc. ● Sharing software resources such as database, and other application software. ● Providing centralized administration and support.

1. What do you understand by the following terms? a) Communication …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… b) Communication network …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. State five (5) electronic communication technologies that relies on the internet. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. List the basic components of a communication system setup. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………………………….

4. Differentiate Local Area network(LAN) and Wide Area Network(WAN). …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... 5. Explain the term Computer network. What are the benefits of having a communication network? State only four(4). …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... ….................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …....................................................................................................................................................... ….................................................................................................................................................... 6. What do you understand by the term LAN. Explain as briefly as you can. …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... ….................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …...................................................................................................................................................... 7. State and explain three(3) advantages and two(2) disadvantages of LAN. …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... ….................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …...................................................................................................................................................... 8. Explain why people use computer networks. ..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ...………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ….................................................................................................................................................... ….................................................................................................................................................... …....................................................................................................................................................

9. State and briefly explain the five(5) main components of a communication system. …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... ….................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... 10. What do you understand by the term WLAN?. Outline three(3) advantages and two(2) disadvantages of WLANs.

…................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... ….................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... 11. Write short notes on the following (i) LANs , (ii) MANs and (iii) WANs.

…................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... …................................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................................... 12. Define the term Computer Network. Provide four (4) advantages of having computers networked in a school.

● ● ● ● ● ● ●

explain the term data transmission, describe analog and digital data and illustrate them with a diagram, outline the role of a modem in data transmission, state the three(3) ways by which data can flow through a network, state and explain with diagrams the two main modes of data transmission, describe at least two of the modes of data transmission with examples, sketch diagrams to illustrate the three types of data transmission,

The rise in worldwide data communication and the need to combine telephone systems with computers and computer networks lead to an increased the need to digitise these networks. The telephone system was set up to work with normal voice traffic. In this system a person's voice at one end is converted into an electrical signal for transmission over telephone line and then converted back to sound at the other end. The different sounds made by a voice is represented by changes in voltage on the telephone line. This is purely an analog signal. Thus the telephone line was made to carry analog data (signal) only. Data transmission to the movement of bits(binary digits) of data over a physical media connecting two or more digital devices. It also defines whether bits travel in both direction at the same time or devices must take turns in sending and receiving data. In simple terms ,it is Data transmission can take place in two modes, namely serial and parallel transmission. Serial transmission-use one line and

transmits all bits along it one after another. The least significant bit is transmitted first. It is more reliable and cheaper. Speed of data transmission is slow because the bits are sent one at a time. This is shown in the diagram below;

Data Communications Equipment (DCE) can be classified as equipment that transmits or receives analog or digital signals through a network. A common DCE example is a modem which works as a translator of digital and analogue signals. Other common DCE examples include: ISDN adapters Satellites(including base stations) Microwave stations NIC (network interface cards)

Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) is any equipment that is either a source or destination for digital data. DTE do not generally communicate with each other directly, to do so they need to use DCE to carry out the communication. DTE does not need to know how data is sent or received; the communications details are left to the DCE. A typical example of DTE is a computer. Other common DTE examples include: Printers File and application servers PCs(Personal Computers) Dumb Terminals Routers

- in a serial transmission, ● data transmission speed is slow ● throughput is dependent on bit rate

- serial transmission is ●cheaper ●suitable for long distance communication ●more reliable

Parallel Transmission in parallel transmission, a group of bits are transmitted at the same time using separate communication media or line for each bit. They are common especially when the distance between the two devices is short. This is illustrated in the diagram below;

in parallel transmission; ● data transmission speed is very high ● suitable for short distance communication ● group of bits are transmitted at the same time in parallel transmission, ● more costly to transmit data ● transmitting over longer distance require thicker wire to reduce signal degradation ● requires multiple communication channel ,

Analog and Digital Data Transmission transmission is the passage of data in a continuous wave form. The telephone system is based on analog data transmission. Analog signal is used to illustrate analog data transmission as shown in the diagram on the left. Digital Data transmission is the passage of data using distinct on and off electrical state. This is represented by bits (binary digits) 0s and 1s and are mostly understood by computers.

The Role of Modem in Data Transmission The word modem stands for Modulation and Demodulation. It is a data communication equipment or device used to convert data(information) in digital form to analog form for so that it can be carried over a telephone line and vice versa. This allows communication between two or more computers over a telephone line. A modem can be internal or external. Internal Modem are built as an integral part of a system hence its not visible . External modem are connected as an external device to a system and as such are visible. The diagram below depicts the role played by a modem in data transmission.

Direction of Data Flow When two or more computers and other devices are connected they form a network. As a result of this, data is transmitted between the computers. Communication between devices-sender and receiver can be of three types. These are; â&#x2014;? simplex transmission â&#x2014;? half-duplex transmission â&#x2014;? full-duplex transmission Simplex Transmission: - in a simplex transmission, data is transmitted in only one direction. A typical example is a television broadcast in which signals are sent from the transmitter(sender)to the television antenna(receiver). There is no return signal. Computerized data collection device such as SendSSSSSSSSS seismograph sensors that measure earthquakes works in the same way. It can transmit signals, but cannot receive signals. Half-Duplex: - in a half-duplex transmission, data is transmitted in both directions, but in one direction at a time. It allows you to send or receive, but does not do both at the same time. Sender A CB(Citizens Band) radio is an example of half-duplex transmission. Devices at both ends can send and receive data, but the sending and receiving does not take place at the same time.

Full-Duplex:-in a full-duplex transmission, data is transmitted back and forth at the same time. It allows you to send and receive at the same time. A telephone line is an example of full-duplex transmission. They are sometimes used in large computer systems. It is also used in newer microcomputer modems to support truly interactive workgroup computing. The devices at both ends have both sender and receiver and both can transmit and receive data at the same time. The diagram below show the Sender

Receiver

difference between the simplex and full-duplex mode of transmission.

1. Explain the term data transmission. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………..……………………………………….…………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

State the three(3) major modes by which data can be transmitted in a network. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………..…………………………….……………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Sketch diagrams to illustrate the following A) Simplex B) Half duplex

C) Full duplex transmission

Unit Objectives ● explain the term network topology ● state the three main types of network topologies ● describe the three major types of network topologies ● use sketch diagrams to illustrate the various topologies ● state the advantages and disadvantages of the various physical topologies

What is Network Topology? Topology of a network refers to the physical and or logical layout of cables, computers, and other peripherals. Physical topology should not be confused with logical topology which is the method used to pass information between workstations. This is the pattern of links connecting pairs of nodes in a network. It describes the shape of a Local Area Network (LAN) and other communication system. The pattern of connection depend on the distance between network devices and the degree of stability required in the network. The nodes in a network have one or more links to others and the links appear in a variety of shapes. It also describes the logical layout or shape of a network. Main Types of Physical Topologies The following sections discusses the three main physical topologies used in networks and other related topics. The three major types of network topologies are; ● Bus topology ● Ring topology ● Star topology The diagram below shows the star, ring and bus topologies respectively.

Star Network Topology

Ring Network Topology

4. (a) Explain the following terms in relation to data transmission. (i) Analog data (ii) Digital data . Use diagram to illustrate your answer. (b) What role does a modem play in data transmission. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………..…………………………….……………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………..…………………………….……………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. What is a Communication software. What role does it perform in a communication system?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………..…………………………….……………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………..…………………………….……………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Data can be transmitted serial or parallel through a communication media. Explain the terms serial transmission and parallel transmission.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………..…………………………….……………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………..…………………………….……………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. State three(3) difference between serial and digital transmission.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………..…………………………….……………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Diagram to illustrate

Description of topology A star network is a network topology in which all microcomputers and other communications devices are connected to a central communication hub or switch. All messages transmitted passes through the central hub or switch to their destination. The central hub or switch monitors the flow of traffic. The arrangement permits close control of data. Each computer on the network sees all the data and the user always sees all the data up-to-date. It is easy to control and traffic flow is simple. This is shown in the figure on the left.

Star topology

Bus Topology

A Bus topology is a network topology in which all communications devices are connected to the same communication line or a common central line also known as backbone. The backbone acts as a shared communication medium. All nodes(file server, workstations and peripherals-printers etc)in the network is attached to it with an interface connector. Data travels along the central communication line until it reaches the computer or device that requires it. Communication goes through both directions along the communication line. They are not suitable to be used as a stand-alone solution in a building. There is no central server. All the computers on the network can communicate with each other without having to pass through a central sever. A bus topology is also called horizontal topology. This is shown in the figure on the left.

Ring network topology is a type of network topology where computers and other network devices are connected to each other to form a circle, a loop or a ring . Every node has exactly two neighbours for communication purposes. Messages travel through the ring in the same direction -clockwise or anticlockwise until it reaches its destination. This is shown in the figure on the left.

Ring Topology Question: a)Draw annotated diagrams to illustrate the following network topologies â&#x2014;?Star topology â&#x2014;?Ring topology â&#x2014;?Bus topology b)In a tabular form outline five(5) difference between a bus and ring network topology.

Difference between Linear bus and Ring Topology

1. Explain the term network topology. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………….. 2. What are the three(3) main types of network topologies? …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………………..

Advantages and Disadvantages of Network Topology

Network Topology

Advantages

Disadvantages

● Star Network Topology

● Easy to modify -new nodes can be added without disturbing the network ● Easy to troubleshoot-fault detection and removal of faulty nodes is easier. ● Failure of a node does not bring down the whole network ● Easy to expand the network ● Easy to install and wire ● Security can be implemented in the hub/switch ● Faults are easily located in the hub/switch

● If the hub or switch fails nodes attached to it also fail ● Each device requires it own cable segment. ● Installation can be moderately difficult especially in the hierarchical network. ● The cost of hub or switch makes the network more expensive. ● Requires a longer length of cable to install and wire ●

● Bus Network Topology

● Connecting a computer or peripheral to linear bus is easy ● Easy to expand a bus network by use of repeaters or since two cables can be joined into one longer cable with a connector ● Easy to install and easy to use ● Requires fewer physical network or connecting device ● The cost of installing a linear bus network is low since it does not require switch or hub(cheap to install) ● Easy to add new computer or device to the network ● If one computer fails it does not affect the rest of the network ● Fast to setup

● It is difficult to isolate any fault on the network ● The whole network fails if the central line or backbone develops fault ● Performance worsens considerably if more devices(computers are added) ● Maintenance cost may be high ● It is difficult to troubleshoot or locate fault in a linear bus network ● Difficult to add new node ● Heavy network traffic can slow down transmission rate considerable in a bus network ● Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable.

● Ring Network Topology

● Cable failures are easily found ● Each node is given equal access to the ring/token as such no one node can monopolise the network ● Ring topology is easy to install and reconfigure ● Works very well under heavy loading ● Data is quickly transferred without any difficulty ● Transmission of data is relatively simple as packet travel in one direction.

● Difficult to troubleshoot a ring network . ● The entire network breaks down if a node develops fault./Failure of one node on the ring can affect the whole network. ● Adding or removing a node disrupts the network. ● Coast of cable is more in a ring network. ● Maximum ring length and number of nodes are limited ●

3. Briefly describe the following network topologies a) Star …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………………. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. b) Linear bus line …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………………. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. c)Ring …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………………. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. Use sketch diagrams to illustrate the following (b)Ring (b) Bus (c) Star Network topologies 5. How is a ring network topology different from a bus network topology? …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………………..

Explain the term Communication Media. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………… 1.

………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… State the two major communication media available for transmitting data. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………… 2.

………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Outline the types of physical mediums available for transmitting data. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………… 3.

………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Arrange the following physical mediums according to the increasing order of the speed at which data is transferred through them. Fibre optic,shielded Twisted Pair, Unshielded Twisted Pair, Coaxial cable. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………… 4.

………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………… ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5.

Identify the type of wired media below

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Coaxial cable A type of cable that consists of a central wire surrounded by insulation and then a grounded shield of braided wire. The shield minimizes electrical and radio frequency interference. Coaxial cabling is the primary type of cabling used by the cable television industry and is also widely used for computer networks, such as Ethernet. They are more expensive than standard telephone wire, it is much less susceptible to interference and can carry much more data. They are used in video and audio communication. This cable has high bandwidths and greater transmission capacity. Most users relate to a coaxial or coax cable as a cable used to connect their TVs to a cable TV service. However, these cables are also used in networks and what allow a broadband cable Internet connection using a cable modem. The picture is an example of a coaxial cable.

Fibre optic cable A fibre optic cable consists of a bundle of glass threads, each of which is capable of transmitting messages modulated onto light waves. A technology that uses glass or plastic threads (fibres) to transmit data. Fibre optics has several advantages over traditional metal communications lines: ● fibre optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. This means that they can carry more data. ● fibre optic cables are less susceptible than metal cables to interference. ● fibre optic cables are much thinner and lighter than metal wires. ● data can be transmitted digitally-the natural form for computer data rather than analog data. The main disadvantage of fibre optics is that the cables are expensive to install. In addition, they are more fragile than wire and are difficult to splice. This is a cable made up of super-thin filaments of glass or other transparent materials that can carry beams of light. Because a fibre-optic cable is light-based, data can be sent through it at the speed of light. Using a laser transmitter that encodes frequency signals into pulses of light, ones and zeros are sent through the cable. The receiving end of the transmission translates the light signals back into data which can be read by a computer. Because fibre-optics are based entirely on beams of light, they are less susceptible to noise and interference than other data-transfer mediums such as copper wires or telephone lines. Wireless media such as broadcast radio, microwave radio, communication radio, cellular radio, infrared, Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi sends information in the form of waves through the air and is collected by another wireless media in another network. Not all networks are connected with cabling; some networks are wireless. Wireless LANs use high frequency radio signals, infrared light beams, or lasers to communicate between the workstations and the file server or hubs. Each workstation and file server on a wireless network has some sort of transceiver/antenna to send and receive the data. Information is relayed between transceivers as if they were physically connected.

Unit Objectives ● explain the term communication media ● state the two major communication media available for transmitting data ● outline the types of physical mediums for transmitting data ● describe at least two of the physical mediums ● categorized the physical mediums according the speed at which data is transferred through them ● identify the various types of physical mediums with the help of diagrams

What is a Communication Medium? A communications media/channel consists of physical materials or technologies capable of carrying one or more signals. The communication media can be guided (physical) or unguided. They are mediums capable of propagating waves or energy. Guided media: in a guided or wired media the waves or energy is guided along a solid media such as copper wire, or glass fibre. An example of guided media is the cable used for telephone lines at home and offices. In a wired network, information(message) is converted into electrical wave or light waves that run along corresponding type of cable. The signals through these media are analog in nature. Examples of such cables are; ● Twisted- pair cable, ● Coaxial cable, and ● fibre- optic cable

The most widely used wired or physical transmission medium is a twisted pair cable. The fastest of the communication mediums is the fibre optic cable.

Twisted Pair cables A type of cable that consists of two independently insulated wires twisted around one another. The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk (noise) and electromagnetic induction. Twisted-pair cable is used by older telephone networks and is the least expensive type of cable for local-area network (LAN). Most networks contain some twisted-pair cabling at some point along the network. This type of cable is widely used in different kinds of data and voice infrastructures. There are two different types of twisted pair cable, unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP). UTP is common in Ethernet installations, while STP is used in various kinds of networks to prevent crosstalk and electromagnetic interference. STP cable can also help to provide grounding. The diagram below show the unshielded and shielded twisted pair cables respectively.

For longer distance, wireless communications can also take place through cellular telephone technology, microwave transmission, or by satellite. Wireless networks are great for allowing laptop computers or remote computers to connect to the LAN. Wireless networks are also beneficial in older buildings where it may be difficult or impossible to install cables. The two most common types of infrared communications used in schools are line-of-sight and scattered broadcast. Line-of-sight communication means that there must be an unblocked direct line between the workstation and the transceiver. If a person walks within the line-of-sight while there is a transmission, the information would need to be sent again. This kind of obstruction can slow down the wireless network. Scattered infrared communication is a broadcast of infrared transmissions sent out in multiple directions that bounces off walls and ceilings until it eventually hits the receiver. Networking communications with laser are virtually the same as line-of-sight infrared networks. Wireless LANs have several disadvantages. They provide poor security, and are susceptible to interference from lights and electronic devices. They are also slower than LANs using cabling. Communications satellite is a space station that receives microwave signals from an earthbased station, amplifies the signals and broadcast the signals back over the wide area to any number of earth-based stations. Infrared is a wireless transmission media that sends signals using infrared light waves. Infrared transmission requires a line-of -sight of transmission to take place. Broadcast radio is the wireless transmission medium that distributes radio signals through the air over long distances such as between cities, regions,countries, and short distances such as within an office or home. Examples of such media technologies are Bluetooth which transmits data within 30 feet range. It is aimed at linking cell phones, PDAs, computers and peripherals. Wi-Fi is the standard for transmitting information in the form of radio waves over a distance of up to 300 ft. It is often used for wireless access to networks. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Unit objectives ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● What is a Communication Device? A communication device is any type of hardware capable of transmitting data, instructions, and information between a sending device and a receiving device. They convert or format the data, instructions, or information from the sending device into signals that can be carried by a communications channel. It also take the signals from the communication channel and converts or formats them so the receiving device can understand and interpret the signals. Two common examples are;

● ● : - Each computer on a network must have a network card referred to as network interface Card (NIC) or LAN adapter. This is an expansion card or PC card that connects computers to a network and coordinates the transmission and receipt of data, instructions, and information to and from the computer containing it. Network Interface Card(NIC) - A board that provides network communication capabilities to and from a computer. :- This is a device capable of converting digital signals into analog signals. Telephone cables were made to transmit sounds which are analog in nature. As you learned in semester one of the course book, stand-alone computers are digital in nature, thus they use individual electrical pulses to represent data. A computers digital signal must be converted to analog signal before they can be transmitted over standard telephone lines. The communications device that performs this conversion is called a Modem. The word modem is derived from a combination of the words Modulate, to change into an analog signal and, Demodulate, to convert an analog signal into a digital signal. For transmission of data to occur both the sending and receiving ends of a communications channel must have a modem. A modem is therefore a communication device that converts data contained in analog form or signals to digital form or signals for transmission over a telephone cable. A modem can be external or internal modem. The external modem is a stand-alone device that attached to a special serial port on the computer with a standard telephone cord connected to an outlet. An internal modem is a card that you insert onto the motherboard. One advantage of internal modem over external modem is that it does not require desk space.

A mobile user without access to a telephone outlet with a standard telephone cord uses a special cable to attach the Network card to cellular telephone, enabling them to transmit data over telephone. Others use wireless modem to access the web. Below are diagrams of a standard modem and a wireless modem.

A standard Modem

A wireless Modem

These devices are classified as networking devices and inter-networking devices. Internetworking devices are usually used to connect different local networks into an inter-network. They are hardware components used to connect the various segments in a communication network. They allow data communication between the systems. They make transmission of data among the various components of the network system easier. Examples of such device are the hub, bridge, routers and gateway, repeaters and switches.

Hub is a device that is used to connect two or more computers together in a network. It provides a central point for cables in a network. It serves as a central point that connects several devices in a network together. It is a hardware device that contains multiple independent but connected modules of network and internetwork equipment . They are used to concentrate a series of computer connections into one location. They are used with twisted pair wires to interconnect a system of networks. Hubs can be ; â&#x2014;? active hub- they repeat signals sent through them . An active hub retransmits the signals received into available access ports. â&#x2014;? passive hub-where they do not repeat but merely split signals sent through them. A passive hub splits incoming signals among the ports in the device.

They are hardware device used to create a connection between two separate computer networks or to divide one network into two. Both networks usually use the same protocol; Ethernet is an example of a protocol. It also allows you to divide a large network into two smaller and, more efficient segment of networks. A bridge as a network device filters data traffic at a network boundary. It reduce the amount of traffic on a local area network (LAN) by dividing it into two segments. The bridge monitors the information traffic on both sides of the network so that it can transmit packets of information to the correct location. The bridge manages the traffic to maintain optimum performance on both sides of the network. The principal function of a network bridge is to forward data based on A network with a Bridge the MAC address of the sending and receiving devices.

Routers Routers break up broadcast domains and segment networks. A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks .This allow network administrators to control broadcasts and access to various network resources. Routers provide a means to allow computers to share a logical network that is separate from the physical switched network. A router translates information from one network to another. Routers select the best path to route a message, based on the destination address and origin. Routers give links between two separate but same type of LANs. The router directs traffic to prevent head-on collisions. While bridges know the addresses of all computers on each side of the network, routers know the addresses of computers, bridges, and other routers on the network. It also determines the best route to send the data over the Internet. Routers can:

● direct signal traffic efficiently ● route messages between any two protocols ● route messages between linear bus, star, and star-wired ring topologies ● route messages across fibre optic, coaxial, and twisted-pair cabling Routers are used to connect networks together and routers perform the following network functions. ● ● ● ● ● ●

Restrict broadcasts to the LAN Act as the default gateway. Perform Protocol Translation (Wired Ethernet to Wireless/WiFi, or Ethernet to CATV) Move (route) data between networks Learn and advertise loop free paths Calculate 'best paths' to reach network destinations

Gateway A network gateway is an internetworking system capable of connecting two networks that use different protocols together. Gateway is an interface that permits communication between different networks. For example, between LAN and WAN or between two LANs based on different network operating system or different layout. Gateways provide interconnection between entirely different LANs or applications. A network gateway can be implemented completely in software, or in hardware, or as a combination of both. Depending on the types of protocols they support, network gateways can operate at any level of the OSI model. Because a network gateway, by definition, appears at the edge of a network, technologies like firewalls tend to be integrated with it. The device works by translating information from one computer or network to the other. A network with a gateway device

Repeaters Repeaters are also known as regenerators. They are network device used to regenerate or replicate a signal. Repeaters are used in transmission systems to regenerate analog or digital signals distorted by transmission loss. Analog repeaters frequently can only amplify the signal while digital repeaters can reconstruct a signal to near its original quality. A repeater is a network device that retransmits signals received with more power and to an extended geographical or topological network boundary than what would be capable with the original signal. A repeater is implemented in computer networks to expand the coverage area of the network, re-propagate a weak or broken signal and or service remote nodes. Repeaters amplify the received/input signal to a higher frequency domain so that it is reusable, scalable and available. Repeaters were introduced in wired data communication networks due to the limitation of a signal in propagating A Network with a Repeater over a longer distance and now are a common installation in wireless networks for expanding cell size. Repeater does not amplify the signal; it regenerates it.

Below are the advantages and disadvantages of repeaters in a network. Advantages ● Allow to cover a large distance. ● Connection between various types of media (fibre optic cable, coaxial cable) is possible. Disadvantages ● Do not provide any congestion handling. ● Do not work across multiple network architectures.

Switch A concentrator is a device that provides a central connection point for cables from workstations, servers, and peripherals. In a star topology, twisted-pair wire is run from each workstation to a central switch/hub. Most switches are active, that is they electrically amplify the signal as it moves from one device to another. Switches no longer broadcast network packets as hubs did in the past, they memorize addressing of computers and send the information to the correct location directly. Switches are: ● Usually configured with 8, 12, 24 or 48 RJ-45 ports ● Often used in a star or star-wired ring topology ● Sold with specialized software for port management ● Also called intelligent hubs ● Usually installed in a standardized metal rack that also may store net modems, bridges, or routers

……………………………..………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………..………………………………………………………..……. ………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………..….… …………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………….……………….…. ………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..……. …………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………..….… …………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………….……………….…. …………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………..……. …………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………..….… ……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………….……………….…. ……………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………..……. ………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………..….… ………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………….……………….…. ………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………..….…

1. Identify the major components in a communication network. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….……………….. 2. What is the difference between analog signals and digital signals. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….……………….. 3. Outline the role of modem, hub, bridge, switches and a router in a communication network. Modem………………………………………………………………..……………………….……………………….……….……… …………….…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. hub…………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………….….…………………….. ………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Bridge……………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….………………………. …………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Switch……………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………………………………. …………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..………………….….…….….……. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….…….….….…………. Router……………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………….………………. …………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..………….….……………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………. 4. Discuss the role of network operating system in a communication network. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………….….………………..

● ● ● ● ● ● The Server and School Network A school network server connects all of the computers located within a school. A server is a computer that can store large amounts of data and information. It also stores the network software that manages resources on a local area network. Teachers and students who use the network can access software and data on the server, although school or network administrators can limit access to specific records and software applications. A schools network can be a local area network in the classroom or computer laboratory such as the one shown below; Computer networks in schools serve three major purposes. These are; ● to share hardware and software resources; ● to enable communications among schools and other organizations; ● to connect students and teachers to the internet ● for research purposes One benefit of networking is that administrators, teachers, and student can share computer hardware, software, and data resources. The most important benefit of networking school computers is that administrators, teachers, and student can access instantly the unlimited educational resources available on the Internet and communicate with other educators and students all over the world.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Installing Network in a School Advantages of Installing Network in a School Below are the advantages of installing a network in a school. Network Speed. Networks provide a very rapid method for sharing and transferring files. Without a network, files are shared by copying them to floppy disks, then carrying or sending the disks from one computer to another. This method of transferring files (referred to as sneaker-net) is very time-consuming. Sneaker-Net - Refers to a manual method of sharing files in which a file is copied from a computer to a floppy disk, transported to a second computer by a person physically walking (apparently wearing sneakers) to the second computer, and manually transferring the file from floppy disk to the second computer.

Cost. Network versions of many popular software programs are available at considerable savings when compared to buying individually licensed copies. Besides monetary savings, sharing a program on a network allows for easier upgrading of the program. The changes have to be done only once, on the file server, instead of on all the individual workstations. Security. Files and programs on a network can be designated as "copy inhibit," so that you do not have to worry about illegal copying of programs. Also, passwords can be established for specific directories to restrict access to authorized users.

Centralized Software Management. One of the greatest benefits of installing a network at a school is the fact that all of the software can be loaded on one computer (the file server). This eliminates that need to spend time and energy installing updates and tracking files on independent computers throughout the building. Resource Sharing. Sharing resources is another area in which a network exceeds stand-alone computers. Most schools cannot afford enough laser printers, fax machines, modems, scanners, and CD-ROM players for each computer. However, if these or similar peripherals are added to a network, they can be shared by many users. Electronic Mail. The presence of a network provides the hardware necessary to install an e-mail system. E-mail aids in personal and professional communication for all school personnel, and it facilitates the dissemination of general information to the entire school staff. Electronic mail on a LAN can enable students to communicate with teachers and peers at their own school. If the LAN is connected to the Internet, students can communicate with others throughout the world. Flexible Access. School networks allow students to access their files from computers throughout the school. Students can begin an assignment in their classroom, save part of it on a public access area of the network, and then go to the media centre after school to finish their work. Students can also work cooperatively through the network. Workgroup Computing. Workgroup software (such as Microsoft BackOffice) allows many users to work on a document or project concurrently.

Disadvantages of computer network in Schools Despite the numerous advantages of networks in education, there are some drawbacks. These drawbacks include; Expensive to Install. Although a network will generally save money over time, the initial costs of installation can be prohibitive. Cables, network cards, and software are expensive, and the installation may require the services of a technician. Requires Administrative Time. Proper maintenance of a network requires considerable time and expertise. Many schools have installed a network, only to find that they did not budget for the necessary administrative support. File Server May Fail. Although a file server is no more susceptible to failure than any other computer, when the files server "goes down," the entire network may come to a halt. When this happens, the entire school may lose access to necessary programs and files. Cables May Break. Some of the configurations are designed to minimize the inconvenience of a broken cable; with other configurations, one broken cable can stop the entire network. Assessing anything across the network is slower than assessing your own computer. More complexity adds new problem to handle. Less customisable is possible for shared programs and folders. Everyone will have to follow the same conventions for sorting and naming files so others can find the right files. Sharing is hard for some folks. Very expensive to maintain.

Establishing a school network A school network can be established by use of Telephone cables:-this is the traditional method where a telephone cable is connected to a stand-alone computer in other to establish a network. This is known as the digital subscriber line (DSL) connection. Wireless Classroom: - the wireless technology is now the new revolution taking place in education. Wireless networks are now being established using wireless notebook computers. Most manufactures are now producing computers with wireless network devices. This feature includes wireless keyboard, mouse just to mention a few. …………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………….……… ……………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………….…… …………………………………………………………..………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

End of Unit Exercise 1. Explain the term server. What role does it play in a school network? …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………….……….……. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………………………… ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 2. Identify three uses of computer network in a school. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………….……….……. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………………………… ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 3. State four advantages of networking in schools. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………….……….……. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………………………… ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 4. State three disadvantages of networking in schools. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………….……….……. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………………………… ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… 5. Describe two ways by which a school can establish computer network. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………….……….……. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………………………… ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………

End of section Exercise

1. A device on a network is called.............................................................................. 2. The central computer on which all computers connects to in a network is known as.................................... 3. In simplex transmission data is transferred in one direction............................... 4. The device that converts analog signal to digital signal is.................................... 5. The conversion of a digital signal to analog signal is called................................. 6. A modem is a communications device used to convert …………………..into analog signals. 7. Transferring data from one computer to another using a floppy disk or flash drive is called.............................................................................................. 8. …………………………. is a hardware device in which data packets travel from one computer to another. 9. DSL modems are used to provide broadband access over …………………..…lines. 10 .In a full duplex transmission data is transmitted in ……………………direction at the same time. Indicate whether the following statements are True (T) Or False (F) by circling the correct answer 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Communication and networks are both interchangeable words Local area networks cover a wider area than wide area network A computer on a network does not require any software Earlier computers were made with network capability Signals carried by telephone cables are always analog in nature A modem coverts analog signal to digital signal and vice versa Coaxial cable is a communication medium WLAN means wireless LAN A network card coordinates the transmission of data between a receiving and a sending device

T T T T T T T T

F F F F F F F F

A network that covers a school and office building is an example of a WAN LANs operates within a wide area network

A telephone line can only send analog signals

Hub is also called protocol converter

Optical fibre cable use copper wires for data transmission

T F

1. What do you understand by the term Computer Network? Why is it necessary in the school system? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….……………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….……….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….……………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….……….. 2. ( a ) Data communication is the exchange data between two devices some form of wired or wireless transmission medium.(b) Outline the three (3) fundamental characteristics of an effective data communication system. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….……………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….……….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….……………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….……….. 3 State and briefly explain the five (5) components of data communication. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….……………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….……….. 4. Explain with the help of diagrams the terms (a) Analog signal (b) Digital signal. What is the role of modem in data transmission? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….……………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….………..

3. Write short notes on (a) LAN (b) WAN (c) MAN ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….……………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….……….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….……………… 4. With the help of a well labelled diagram, describe the following modes of data transmission (a) simplex (b) half duplex (c) full duplex ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….……………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….….……….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….……………… 5. The diagram below show a star topology design of a network. Write down three(3) salient features of the star topology and three(3) advantages. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Identify the network topology represented by the diagram below. State five(5) advantages and three(3) disadvantages of the topology. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5. Outline three(3) advantages and two(2) disadvantages of a router in a network …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….………………………………….

5.(i) Define the terms WLAN and WAN. (ii )What is the difference between a WLAN and a WAN? …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. Describe the main features of a LAN. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7.

i What are the advantages of using a local area network (LAN)? ii What are the disadvantages of using a LAN? iii What are the disadvantages of using a WAN …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………….…………………………………. ………………….…………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………..

Unit objectives explain the term internet outline reasons why people use the internet have a basic understanding of how the Internet works explain the role of Transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP)in the working of the internet ● differentiate between an internet address and Domain name

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What is an Internet? The Internet is a collection of hardware and software in the form of a worldwide Network. It is an interconnected system of networks that connects computers around the world via the TCP/IP protocol. Internet Protocol is part of the Internet suite of communications protocols that provides globally unique addresses(IP address) to devices and resources on the internet, transmits data in packets and performs routing between IP based networks. Internet, essentially provides information and services in the form of E-Mail, chat and file transfers video conference etc. It also provides access to the World Wide Web and other interlinked web pages. The Internet is a worldwide collection of networks that link together millions of businesses, governments, educational institutions, and individuals through modems, telephone lines, and other communications devices and media. It is also, a worldwide system of computers joined by a common set of networking and software protocols. Each of these networks provides resources and data that add to the abundance of goods, services, and information accessible through the Internet. The Internet is seen as a worldwide super-network used to access publicly available computers. It is the infrastructure that connects networks across the world, including both the hardware (computers, servers, cables and etc) and the software.

Why do People use the internet? There are several reasons why people use the internet. People use the internet for both positive and negative reasons. Positive uses of the internet People access the internet for the following positive reasons; ● access a wealth of information, news, research and educational materials ● conduct business or complete banking and investment transactions ● access sources of entertainment and leisure, such as online games magazines and vacation planning guides ● shop for goods and services ● make or converse with people around the world ● access other computers and exchange files ● send or receive messages from other connected users ● download and listen to music or watch movies ● take an online course or access educational materials ● the World Wide Web is available to make these services possible.

Section objective: After completing the section you should be able to;

to define the term to explain how the internet works to define the term to differentiate an from a to describe the world wide web portion of the internet to specified how web documents are linked to one another to explain the use of the web browser software to explain how to use the web search tool to find information

Topics to be covered in this section are;

The TCP/IP Communications protocol is a set of rules that computers follow to transfer information. Protocols are very necessary in the network environment because different types of computers handle information internally in different ways. There are also many types of computers on the Internet. The Internet operates by dividing data into separate parts, called packets. The packets are then sent along the best route available to the destination computer. The process of performing this task, is called packet switching. The term TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The TCP/IP is responsible for sending, receiving, and checking packets of information. It is the main protocol that binds the internet together. It is used to define packet switching on the internet. To communicate effectively, computers must have common protocols for moving information among them on the Internet. TCP/IP (Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communications protocol that makes the internet work. It defines the rules that allow various computers to communicate across the Internet.

The Internet Address Computers connected to the internet rely on an addressing system just like the postal system to send data to a specific computer at a particular location. The location of each computer on the internet is identified by a specific numeric address. This address consists of four groups of numbers. This is called the internet address. Computers connected to the Internet work together to transfer data and information around the world using servers and clients. An Internet addresses: is also called an IP Address (Internet protocol address) is therefore a number that uniquely identifies a computer or device connected to the Internet. The IP address consist of four groups of numbers each separated by a period. The number in the group is between 0 and 255.

For example, the numbers; 198.80.146.30 is an IP address. In general the first portion of each IP address identifies the network and the last portion identifies the specific computer. The portion depends on the class to which the IP belongs to. Classes of IP are beyond the scope of this book. These allnumeric ID addresses are difficult to remember and use. As a result of these, the Internet supports the use of text-based name to represents one or more IP addresses A domain name is the text version of an IP address. With IP address, the components of a domain name are separated by periods. The Internet use domain name system to store domain names and their IP addresses. An interconnected system of networks that connects computers around the world via the TCP/IP protocol. Internet Protocol is part of the Internet suite of communications protocols that provides globally unique addresses in dotted quad notation, transmits data in packets and performs routing between IP based networks. The Internet is a worldwide super-network used to access publicly available computers. The Internet is composed of thousands of smaller telecommunications and computer networks all around the world that have agreed to connect and communicate with each other and transfer data between each other. There is no International Law mandating the Internet's existence nor any government or other body solely responsible for governing or policing the Internet.

Negative uses of the internet People access the internet for the following negative reasons; to ● downloading copyright material such as music, images, films and software. ● access content such as pornography that is inappropriate for the age of the user ● access illegal content such as personal data to use in ID fraud ● plagiarise, copying work and pretending it is your own ● hack websites and networks remotely using the Internet ● employees and students wasting time online instead of working ● spread of viruses ● websites with unreliable or biased information or with information that meant to mislead ● SPAM, unwanted email that is sent out in bulk ● misuse of email and chat rooms by paedophiles trying to make contact with children ● online retailing resulting in high street shops closing History of the internet Created in 1983 to aid military research, the Internet has grown beyond it’s mainly government and academic beginnings into an increasingly commercial and popular medium. By the mid-1990s the Internet connected millions of computers throughout the world. We often hear the Internet referred to as the "information superhighway" and this analogy describes the Internet accurately. Think of the Internet as a huge mass transit system with a few main subway lines that intersect at certain points. Connecting to the main subway lines are commuter rails, bus lines, and ferry boats that spread out and crisscross the area. The main lines carry the bulk of the traffic and are collectively known as the Internet backbone. The biggest networks in the system form this backbone, which is owned by the major Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Networks that comprise the internet are called the Net. Generally networks that make up the internet can be classified as local area network (LAN) wide area network (WAN) and regional Area Network (RAN).

How the internet works Computers connected to the internet work together to transfer data and information around the world. When a request is made or information such as a webpage or email is sent, the computer software breaks or divides the data or information into smaller, more manageable pieces called packets. A technique called packet switching is used to break individual message, files or documents into individual packets and send them through the best available route. Each of these packets contains both the sender's Internet address and the receiver's address and a sequence of information needed to reassemble the data at the destination. The packets are sent through the fastest path available to the recipient by way of a hardware device called routers. At the destination the packets are examined. The destination computer uses the information on each packet to examine the packets to make sure they resemble the original message, file, document or request. Regardless of what operating system you use (Mac, PC, or UNIX) to connect to the Internet, the computers all basically speak the same language, which allows for the exchange of information with someone next door or across the planet. Because a message can be divided in numerous packets, each packet may be sent by a different route across the Internet. Because the IP delivers just the packets, they can arrive in a different order than the order in which they were sent. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) has the job of putting them back in their right order.

1. Explain the term internet. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….……….…… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… 2. Outline four (4) reasons why people use the internet. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….……….…… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… 3. Describe how the Internet works in only three sentences. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….……….…… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… 4. State four(4) positive and four (4) negative uses of the internet. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….……….…… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………… Complete the following with the best answer. 5. The software for breaking messages into packets is called......................….…….…….………………….. 6. A number that identifies a computer on an internet is called..................….……….……….…………….. 7. The text version of an IP Address is called.............................................….…………………………………. 8. The set of rules that computers follow to transfer data over the internet is known as…………….. 9. The last part of an IP address identifies the...............................................….……………………………… 10.The acronym TCP means............................................................................….………………………………. 11. The protocol used to define transmission on the internet is called...........….……………………………… 12 .A global collection of networks for communication is called.....................….………………………………

Unit objectives ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

What is the World Wide Web? This is another means for transmitting data over the Internet. The World Wide Web (WWW) or simply Web consists of a worldwide collection of electronic documents that have built-in hyperlinks to other related documents. It is a subset of the internet. It can also be defined as a collection of interlinked documents that work together using a specific Internet protocol called Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The Internet exists independent of the Web, but the Web can't exist without the Internet. Web pages are written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). The HTML tells the Web browser what to display and how to display it. The significant feature of the Web is its ability to link pages to one another. Just click a link, and you're at a Web site on the other side of the world. The hyperlinks, simply called link allows users to navigate quickly from one web page to another, regardless of the location of the web page. Thus, whether located on the same computer or another computer located in a different country.

A web page A web page is an electronic document viewed on the Web. They are also Electronic (digital) document created with HTML . They are accessible with a browser. A document on the World Wide Web that have been created with html. Every Web page is identified by a unique URL (Uniform Resource Locator). A hypertext document connected to the World Wide Web. Web pages are what make up the World Wide Web. These documents are written in HTML (hypertext markup language) and are translated the web browser. They contain text and graphics, as well as downloadable data files, audio and video files, and hyperlinks to other pages or sites.

A website A website is usually a collection of web pages. They are virtual location on World Wide Web that contains several web pages and data files accessible through a web browser. Each website has its own unique web address also known as uniform resource locator which can be reached through an internet connection. The opening page of a website is usually called homepage which contains hyperlinks to other pages on the same or other sites.

How a web page works The web page is a hypertext or hypermedia documents residing on an Internet computer and contain text, graphics, video or sound. Hypertext documents are a documents containing text as hyperlinks to other documents. A hypermedia document is a document that contains text, video and graphics as links to other documents. Hypertext and hypermedia allow students to learn in a non-linear way. Displaying pages from one Web site after another is called Web Surfing. Web pages are created using Hypertext Mark-up Language (HTML). This is a set of special codes or instructions that defines the placement and formats of text, graphics, video and sound on a web page. It also specifies how a web page is displayed.

Web browser software A web browser is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with HTML documents hosted by web servers or held in a file system. Text and images on a web page can contain hyperlinks to other web pages at the same or to different websites. Web browsers allow a user to quickly and easily access information provided on many web pages at many websites by surfing these links. A web browser is a special software program used to retrieve files from remote web servers. A web browser can open Web-based HTML files, FTP connections, graphic images and other files. Web browsers are software. They run on your computer and do not connect you to the Internet. A web browser is used after you connect to your Internet Provider. A browser is not an online service like Africa Online or MSN . The online service provider provides telephone numbers and dial up connections. A web browser uses that connection to reach across the Internet and download files and information. Web browser software, simply called a Browser, is a program or software that interprets HTML, displays web pages and enables you to link to another webpage The Web Browser translates the source document with HTML tags into a functional and beautiful Web page. Examples of browsers software are; MS Internet explorer, Netscape Internet explorer, and Mozilla fire fox To view a Web page on the World Wide Web using a web browser, you must be connected to the internet through an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or an online service provider (OSP).

Web sites and Web Address A web site is a set of of related web pages. A web site contains home page along with other additional web pages that identifies a website and contains the hyperlinks to other web pages in the web site. Home page It is also called the index page. The starting point or the doorway to the web site. It refers to the web site. This is similar to the table of content of a book. Each web page on a web site has a unique address called Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or a web Address. It identifies the location of a web page or web site on the internet. A uniform resource locator or a web address consists of four parts namely; ● a protocol: http or ftp ● Web server name or domain name for example www.kictgh.com. Unique name that identifies the web site. ● Path - to a specific web page or file ● File or document name, For example : http://www.kictgh.com/milos/ictntes.html

A protocol:-this is the protocol used to transfer data over the Web. For most Web pages, it always starts with http:// It stands for hypertext transfer protocol, the communication protocol for transferring pages on the Web. Web pages and Web sites can be accessed and viewed with software called a Web browser or browser. Web sites are stored on a Web server. A Web server is therefore a computer that delivers or serves requested Web pages. It can store multiple Web sites. Domain name: - identifies the computer that stores Web pages. It often begins with WWW. Directory path: - identifies the specific location on the computer where a Web page is stored. Document name:-the name of the Web page.

The Internet and the World Wide Web People confuse the Internet with the web. They are often used interchangeably. These two technologies do not mean the same thing. They are two different but related concepts. The World Wide Web (WWW) is one set of software services running on the Internet. The Internet is a global, interconnected network of computing devices. This network supports a wide variety of interactions and communications between its devices. The World Wide Web is a subset of these interactions and supports websites and URI's. The internet connects computers and computing devices. The World Wide Web connects people or users. The internet is composed of network of computers, copper wires, fibre-optic cables and wireless networks. The World Wide Web is composed of files, folders and documents stored in various computers. The internet is governed by TCP/IP. The World Wide Web is governed by Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. The internet is independent of the World Wide Web, but the World Wide Web is dependent on the internet. The internet is composed of hardware in nature. The World Wide Web is composed of software in nature. The Internet is the actual physical network. It is made up of wires, cables, and satellites. Being connected to these networks is often described as being online. Before the web, the Internet was all text without any graphics, animations, sounds or video. Three technologies that made the World Wide Web a possible service on the internet are; HTML:-Hypertext mark-up Language. This is the language used to create web sites and web documents. HTTP:-Hypertext transfer protocol. It is the communication protocol used for the transmission of digital files used on web sites or web documents. Web Browser:-this is the interface software that request and receives information over the internet, interprets HTML Code and displaying the results or a web page. The web made it possible to include the elements such as text, graphics, animations, sounds and video. The web provides multimedia interface to resources available on the Internet. The web is therefore, the multimedia interface to resources available on the Internet. The web is the portion of the Internet that provides multimedia interface to resources available on the Internet. It is made up of web pages integrated with hypermedia documents and links that make navigation easier. Web search tools Search tools enable users to locate information found on web sites all over the world. There are two basic types of Web search tools; these are search engines and subject directories. A search engine is a software program (a specific type of search tool) that finds Web sites, web pages and Internet files that match one or more keywords you enter. They help you find sites related to a particular topic on the Internet. To find a Web page or pages, you enter a word or phrase, called search text or Key words in the search engine â&#x20AC;&#x2122; s text box. Examples of widely used search engines are; Yahoo (www.yahoo.com), Google (www.google.com), WebCrawler (www.webCrawler.com), AlVista (www.AlVista.com), and Lycos (www.lycos.com). A subject directory is an organized set of related topics, such as arts, reference, sports, and subtopics. It allows users to navigate to areas of interest without having to enter keywords.

Connecting to the internet Data sent over the internet travels through network and communications lines hat is own, operated and maintained by companies called internet service providers (ISP). There are several ways by which one can connect to the internet; these are through the following; ● ● ● ●

Dial-up access (connection) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) also called leased line Radio connection VSAT etc.

The most common way to have access to the internet at home and in schools is through the dial-up access. Components used to connect to the internet. The components for getting connected to the internet can be grouped into four. These are; ● A computer with multimedia facilities ● A modem with about 56Kbps modem ● An ISP (Internet Service Provider) ● Software to run and manage the network An ISP is an organisation that connects its subscribers’ computer using modem to the internet. The connection can be provided by telephone lines, cable lines or through wireless connections. They usually create account for users on a mail server. The ISP then configures the system for dial-up services and test the network. The factors that affect access to the internet are the ● Speed of the connection a 56Kbps modem is faster than 32Kbps when accessing the internet or the speed of the internet connection. ● Bandwidth:-is the amount of data transferred through the network. ● The size of a web page ● The speed of the server and its connection ● The amount of internet traffic or other messages competing for use of the internet

1. Define the term World Wide Web. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… 2. Differentiate an internet from a World Wide Web. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……… 3. Define the following terms Web page…………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Web browser………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Web address …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… Home Page ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….……….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. Provide the meaning of the following acronyms a. HTTP ………………………………………………………………………………………… b. URL

…………………………………………………………………………………………

c. HTML

……………………………………………………………………………….………..

5. Write the URL or the Web Address of the following a. CNBC, an organization in Ghana………………………………………………………………………………..

Unit objective

● to identify at least five types of multimedia products available on the web ● to explain how the internet services, such as e-mail, newsgroups, chat ● rooms, and instant messaging works ● to described the educational implications of the internet and the world ● wide web Multimedia on the Web Some of the more exciting web developments involve multimedia. Most browsers have the ability of displaying basic multimedia elements on the web page. Multimedia refers to any application that integrates text with one of the following elements: graphics, sound, video, virtual reality, or other media elements. Sometimes, however, the browser needs an additional program called plug-in, which extends the capability of the browser: web pages may include the following multimedia elements: graphics, animation, video, audio, and virtual reality (VR). Graphics: A graphic or a graphical image is a digital representation of information such as a drawing, chart, or a photograph. They were first used to enhance the test- based Internet. The introduction of graphical web browsers allowed web page developers to incorporate illustrations, logos, and other images into web pages. To use graphic files on the Internet they must be saved in a certain format and stored on mediums such as floppy disc or hard disc. Two of the more commonly used file formats for graphical images on the Web are JPEG and GIF. JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group. It is a graphical image that uses compression techniques to reduce the file size. It works by eliminating repetitive pixels (picture-elements dots) within an image. It is the leading standard for still images. GIF stands for graphics interchange format also uses compression techniques to reduce file sizes. It works best for images with only a few distinct colours, such as line drawings, single-colour borders and simple cartoons. Animation: is the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in rapid sequence. Animated graphic make the Web pages more visually interesting or draw attention to important information or links. Animated GIF is a type of animation that uses computer animation and graphics software to combine several images into a single GIF file. Audio: is music, speech, or any other sound. A simple application of audio on the web consists of individual sound files that can be downloaded onto a computer. Audio files must also be saved in certain formats. The common format for audio files on the web is Mp3. The Mp3 is popular technologies that compress audio files. It reduces audio files to about one-tenth of its original size while preserving the original quality of the sound. Video: consists of full-motion images that are played back at various speeds. Most video also has accompanying audio. Many Web sites includes video to enhance understanding or for entertainment purposes. A simple video application on the Web also consists of individual files, such as movie or television clips that can be downloaded completely before they are used on the computer. MPEG (Motion Pictures Express Group) is the leading compression standard for moving images. Virtual Reality: is the use of computers to simulate a real or imagined environment that appears as a three dimensional space. On the Web VR involves the display of 3-D images that can be explored and manipulated interactively. VR is often used for games, but it has some practical applications. Science Educators creates VR models of molecules, organisms, and other structures for students to examine.

Other services on the Internet Although the web is the most talked about service on the Internet, many other Internet service are available. These services include E-mail, FTP, newsgroups, message boards, mailing lists, chat rooms, instant messaging, and Internet telephony. E-mail:- (electronic mail) is the transmission of messages and files through a computer network. E-mail was the original services on the Internet, enabling scientist and researchers working on a government - sponsored projects to communicate with colleagues at other locations Today, e-mail is the primary communications method for both persona and business. To send an e-mail, you need an e-mail program. Examples of the most widely used e-mail programs are Microsoft Outlook Express and Netscape’s mail. This program can be used to create, send, receive, forward, save, print, and delete e-mail messages. To send and receive an e-mail you need an address called the mail address. An e-mail address is a combination of a username and a domain name that identifies a user so he or she can receive Internet e-mail. The username is a unique combination of characters, such as letters of the alphabet and /or numbers that identifies the specific user. In an Internet address, the username

is separated from the domain name with a symbol

Advantages of emails

● Emails are easy to use. It help to organize daily correspondence, send and receive electronic messages as well as maintain mal history, manage contacts, etc and save them on computers. ● Speed. Emails are fast. They are delivered instantly or ( at once ) around the world. No other form of written communication is as fast as an email. ● Informal and conversational .The language used in e-mails is simple and informal. Thus the language is simple and is informal. ● Means to keep track of conversation .E-mails provide a means to keep track of conversation between parties. When you reply to an email you can attach the original message so that when you answer the recipient knows what you are talking about. This is important if you get hundreds of emails a day. ● Reliable and Secure. Constant efforts are being taken to improve the security in e-mails to make it one of the secure ways to communicate on the internet. ● Automated e-mails. It is possible to send automated emails with a certain text. In such a way it is possible to tell the sender that you are on vacation. These emails are called auto responders. ● Eliminate use of paper. Emails do not use paper. They are environment friendly and save a lot of trees from being cut down. ● Easier for reference. Provisions are available for references and attachment. This refreshes the recipients knowledge on the messages read. ● Multimedia feature. Emails can also have pictures in them. You can send birthday cards or newsletters as emails. ● Means to advertise. Products can be advertised with emails. Companies can reach a lot of people and inform them in a short time.

Disadvantages of emails ● Emails may carry viruses. These are small programs that harm your computer system. They can read out your email address book and send themselves to a number of people around the world. ● Many people send unwanted emails to others. These are called spam mails. It takes a lot of time to filter out the unwanted emails from those that are really important. ● Emails cannot really be used for official business documents. They may be lost and you cannot sign them. ● Your mailbox may get flooded with emails after a certain time so you have to empty it from time to time.

Benefits of Email in the Classroom? As students have become more savvy at using technology, including social media websites and electronic mail accounts, teachers are better able to connect and communicate with students by sending them emails. Before students and teachers started to communicate with each other using email, they had to rely on primarily through face-to-face interactions, telephone conversations and paper documents. Email also helps teachers get important messages out to parents. The technology has made it easier for teachers and students to get messages and documents to each other.

Teacher-to-Student Communication ● Email makes it possible for teachers to send out important messages about topics, such as breaks, changes in assignments and class cancellations, to large groups of students at once, saving the teacher's time. This is especially helpful if last-minute changes have to be made. ● Teachers are also able to answer individual questions via email, discuss student progress and send links for additional research materials. ● Through e-mails, a teacher can extend the office hours beyond the normal timeframe. ● Students and teachers are able to reach each other more easily after-school hours through emails. ● When teachers or students receive documents or messages from each other that others may want to share with others, they can use the forward feature within most email accounts to send the info on to others. ● Student can send a question at any time and anticipate a fairly quick response. ● Teachers and students are able to create documents and send them out to others. ● Students can submit some of their assignments, including essays or papers, through email. ● Shy students who do not take advantage of regular office hours may find e-mail as a perfect medium to maintain contact with the tutors. ● Sending out a document via email means that teachers and students spend less time printing out or photocopying documents ● E-mails provide for confidentiality and contribute to a healthy student-teacher relationship. ● E-mails can be used as a medium to seek answers to questions which they could not or dare ask in the normal classroom. ● Using email can save schools money on paper; these funds can now go toward the purchase of other curriculum materials ● E-mail can be used as a means to send results to individual students.

Student-to-Student Communication ● Students often use email to communicate with each other about assignments. ● Through email, students can help each other’s on homework assignments, ask questions about assignments or coordinate for a group project. ● Email allows student to send a message to more than one person at a time, which is very helpful for making decisions about a project or to meet to work on it.

How Does e-mails Aids in Teaching ? ● Email teaches children basic computer skills. ● They learn how to type, to send messages, cut and paste typed sentences or paragraphs and attach documents or pictures. ● Young people often use the computer skills they develop from using email in the classroom when they are older, especially if they have jobs working with computers. ● Using email in the classroom could help them to learn the correct forms of written language, especially if their teachers expect them to use proper spelling and grammar in their classroom emails.

Below is a screen shot of an e-mail to be sent to various recipients.

Terminologies associated with Sending E-mails

To-denotes to whom the mail is to be sent. This is where the recipients e-mail address is written Cc -refers to carbon copy. It is used to specify the address of all the recipients who will also receive copies of the same mail. It is also used to send the same message to several people, with each recipients knowing who else received the message. The individual addresses are separated by commas. Bcc- stands for blind carbon copy. It is used to send messages to several addresses without showing everyone all the addresses. A recipient does not know who else received the message. Subject- it denote the subject of the message as specified by the sender. Attach Files-this is used to add files to the message being sent. To attach files click on the the attach files button to browse to the location of the files to be attached. The files can be portable data files(pdf files),graphic or zip files.

File Transfer Protocol(FTP): - file transfer protocol, is an Internet standard that permits uploading and downloading with other computers on the Internet. It allows files to b exchanged with other computers on the Internet. Newsgroups and message boards: - a newsgroup is an on-line area in which users conduct a particular discussion about a particular subject. To participate in a discussion, a user sends a message to the newsgroup, and other users in the group read and reply to the message. Message board is a web-based discussion that does not require a news reader. Many web sites use message board instead of newsgroups because they are easier to use. A chat: - is a real-time typed conversation that takes place on a computer. Real-time, means you and the people with whom you are conversing are online at the same time. A chat room is a location on an internet server that permits users to chat with each other. Instant messaging:-is a real-time Internet communications service that notifies you when one or more people are online, and then allows exchanging of messages, files or allows you to join a private chat room with them. For IM to work both parties need to be online at the same time. The receiver of a message must be willing to accept messages. To use this service on the Internet, messenger software must be installed onto the computer or device. Some operating systems, such as Window XP, include an instant messenger. Internet telephony:-enables users to speak to other users over the internet using their desktop computer, mobile computer, or mobile device.

Educational implication of the internet and World Wide Web The Web and the internet are having a pervasive influence on our lives. It offers exciting possibilities for the classroom. Teachers and students have access to this huge liberty of information, in view of these, they need to develop skills for determining the most relevant and best quality of information. The World Wide Web is opening doors to a new learning resources and opportunities of sharing information and knowledge. The internet and the Web are gradually transforming the classroom. The internet does not only provide access to text and multimedia resources; it also allows teachers and students to communicate with other teachers and students from other places of the world.

Blogs and Wiki A blog is a running Web log that allows an individual to post opinions and ideas about anything from work projects and processes to the weather and dating relationships. The simplicity and informality of blogs make them an easy and comfortable medium for people to communicate and share ideas. A wiki is similar to a blog and uses software to create a website that allows people to create, share, and edit content through a browser-based interface. Rather than simply sharing opinions and ideas as with a blog, wikis are free-form, allowing people to edit what they find on the site and add content. Blogging is a great way to stay in touch with parents and students. They can incorporate blogs into their lesson from K-12 because it is our future. Teachers can share ideas through networking with one another Teachers can use their blogs to speak on issues pertaining to their teaching style and receive feedback through their comments Teachers can collect and organize information pertaining to subject areas that involve the use of technology. Using Blogs to Enhance Critical Reflection and Community of Practice A blog is a useful tool for for students to reflect, but they are also useful in the classroom by giving teacher an opportunity to reflect on their methods and practices. Basic ideas of community and reflection In order to be professional and progressive, teachers must be willing to reflect upon their teaching, and provide constructive criticism to make teaching as effective as possible. The use of a blog as a reflective tool is two-fold Obviously, act as a means of reflection Integrate usage of new methods of technology into the classroom (internet, social networking, podcasting, blogging, etc.). A blog is an online journal that users can continuously update, in their own words, online. Because a blog is interactive (meaning that users can comment on posts), it is possible that the use of blogs can stimulate students who do not take an interest in reading to read more .

Learning with Blogs and Wikis Wikis and Blogs provide teachers an opportunity to read the blogs by other educators.

Video conferencing A video conference uses a computer, camera, speakers, microphone, coder/decoder and network (such as the Internet) to conduct a live conference between two or more people. A technology that allows users in different locations to hold face-to-face meetings without having to move to a single location. Video conferencing's main advantage over teleconferencing is that users can see each other, which allows them to develop stronger relationships. Video conferencing is a communications technology that integrates video and audio to connect users anywhere in the world as if they were in the same room.

Equipment needed The following video conferencing equipment will need to be set up according to the type of video conference you're going to have. Camera: A camera is necessary to send images of your venue to recipients. It is optional when you join a hosted video conferencing session and you only need to view and listen to the broadcast. A basic webcam (including those build-in to notebooks) is quite sufficient for broadcasting the image of a one or two persons. For larger groups it is recommended that you use a mid-range webcam, similar to the Microsoft LifeCam Studio. Specialised video conferencing rooms require a specialised camera with a specific lens suited for the venue and the type of video conference to be set up. Display device: A display device is required to view the image or video broadcast from your remote venue(s). The basic notebook or computer monitor would be sufficient for one to two people to view a particular broadcast. If your audience increases in size, the display device should be substituted with a digital projector or LCD Monitor. In cases where it is necessary to view multiple groups at the same time or where applications are shared as part of the video conferencing session. Speakers: Speaker technology has advanced so much so that basic build-in notebook or computer speakers are often sufficient for a one-to-one person broadcast. A USB microphone headset would greatly enhance personal sound and voice quality. Depending on the requirements for a specific session, additional speakers might be required. Microphone: A microphone is only required when sound needs to be contributed. When only viewing a hosted session, a microphone is not required. Specialised microphones are available for larger venues and are selected based on the requirements and venue acoustics. In most cases only one person at each venue would be contributing to the conversation and a USB microphone headset would be sufficient. Venue: When viewing a broadcast conference using your computer or if you're having a one-to-one conference, the venue itself might not be that important. However, there are some universal environmental factors to consider. When equipping a room with video conferencing facilities it is very important to consider the acoustics, layout, furniture, lighting, wall colour and decorations of the room. Coder or Decoder: Non-computer based video conferencing requires a decoder to perform the communication function that the computer would perform. The devices support ISDN, IP or both. ISDN make use of a connection via the telephone network and also require the necessary PABX infrastructure to be in place. ISDN preceded IP technology and therefore most of the older units in use only support ISDN. IP units use an Internet connection to connect with one another. When setting up a multi-location video conferencing session you need to consider the audience and the equipment they will use to connect. Should a combination of ISDN and IP equipment be used then a bridging function is required.

Why would you use video conferencing? Video conferencing is an extremely useful method of communication.

Below are the various uses of video conferencing in education; ●students from diverse communities and backgrounds can explore, communicate, analyse and share information and ideas through two-way communication forums. ●teachers and lecturers can communicate with one another from remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities. ●faculty members can keep in touch with classes while attending conferences. ●faculty members can participate in thesis deafens at other institutions. ●administrators on tight schedules can collaborate on budget preparations from different parts of campus. ●faculty committee members can audition scholarship candidates. ●guest lecturers can be brought into the classroom from other institutions. ●researchers can collaborate with colleagues at other institutions on a regular basis without loss of time due to travel. ●schools with multiple campuses can collaborate and share professors. ●researchers can answer questions about grant proposals from agencies or review committees.

1. Identify four types of multimedia products available on the web. 2. Explain how the Internet service, such as a) E-mail (b) Video conference c) Newsgroups, ( d) Chat rooms, ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… 3. Described the educational implications of the Internet and the World Wide Web. State three positive and two negative implications ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… 4. State five educational uses of ( a) electronic mails (b) Video conferencing. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………

PART 3 MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS & TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION THE CLASSROOM Introduction This part will discuss the meaning of multimedia and their implications for teaching and learning in the classroom. The elements of multimedia as well as the various tools used in creating multimedia in the classroom would be thoroughly discussed. It is my hope that you enjoy the lessons in this chapter. This part is divided into three sections. These are;

SECTION ONE: MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATION SECTION TWO: TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION IN THE CLASSROOM

● explain the term multimedia and outline the types of used in a multimedia application ● explain the term multimedia applications and describe the various types of educational software for Basic Schools ● describe the various multimedia applications ● state at least four tools used in creating multimedia application ● to create multimedia application using MS PowerPoint ● state how computer graphics and multimedia software is used in creating multimedia application ● explain the term technology and technology integration or curriculum integration ● identify ways in which technology can positively influence learning ● identify ways to plan for technology integration ● explain the various planning tools and instructional models

MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS

Section objectives After completing the section you should be able to; ● explain the term multimedia, multimedia elements and provide examples ● examine the reasons why multimedia should be used by teachers and students ● explain the term multimedia element and digital media ● state the types of computer graphics ● explain the term educati ● explain the term multimedia application ● describe how to create multimedia application ● discuss at least two of the stated importance of multimedia

Topics to be covered in this section are; 3.1.1 What is Multimedia? 3.1.2 Multimedia elements 3.1.3 Educational Software for Basic Schools 3.1.4 What is Multimedia application? 3.1.5 Creating and Presenting Multimedia Application 3.1.6 Importance of multimedia application

Unit objectives ● Explain the following terms with examples where necessary n Multimedia n Multimedia software n Interactive multimedia ● Examine the reasons why multimedia should be used by teachers and students. ● Discus what factors made multimedia a revolutionary tool in the communication of information.

What is Multimedia? The term Multi-media is said to date back to 1965 and was used to describe a show by the Exploding Plastic Inevitable. The show included a performance that integrated music, cinema, special lighting and human performance. Today, the word multimedia is used quite frequently, from DVD's to CD ROMs to even a magazine that includes text and pictures. Since 1985, the word multimedia (notice how the hyphen has dropped out to indicate popular usage) has been related more and more to computer hardware and Software. Today, the word multimedia has come to mean any combination of text, graphic art, sound, animation and video delivered on a computer platform or other electronic device. The word multimedia is made up of two separate words, multi meaning many and media meaning ways through which information may be transmitted. Therefore multimedia can be described as an integration of multiple media elements together to influence the given information so that it can be presented in an attractive and interactive manner. Multimedia is simply multiple forms of media integrated together. The media can be text, graphics, audio, animation, video, data and etc. An example of multimedia is a web page on the topic of Mozart that has text regarding the composer along with an audio file of some of his music and can even include a video of his music being played in a hall. Multimedia is the combination of media (text, photos, graphics, still images, moving images, sound, video, animation, and art) to produce dynamic interactive displays. Multimedia can be as simple as a newspaper, (combination of text and images) or as complex as an interactive flash animation (combination of animation, text, graphics, sound, and video). A typical web site is an example of multimedia, because it combines text, graphics, photos, animation, video, and sound. Multimedia can therefore be defined as follows; ● multimedia is defined as the use of computers to integrate and present text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in a single application. ● It involves the use of computers to integrate and present information by using a combination of text, graphics, animation, audio and video. ● It also refers to the use of computers to integrate text, graphics audio, animation and virtual reality into one application to present information. Multimedia is part of the modern electronic revolution that is changing the way we give and receive information. Multimedia is made possible today because of the increases in computer speed, bandwidth and storage space. Consider that storing a few seconds of full screen video can take up as much space as thousands of pages of text. Also, the relatively low cost of computers and connecting to the Internet or World Wide Web (WWW) brings multimedia technology into everyone's reach. Due to recent increases in bandwidth, multimedia applications on the Internet are becoming very popular and wide-spread. Currently there is a shortage of good multimedia content, and the communication technology industry needs professionals that can contribute to the design and production of multimedia.

What is Multimedia used for? ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

drill and practice to master basic skills the development of writing skill problem solving understanding abstract mathematics and science concepts simulation in science and mathematics manipulation of data acquisition of computer skills for general purposes, and for business and vocational training access and communication to understand populations and students access for teachers and students in remote locations individualized and cooperative learning management and administration of classroom activities Reference and cataloguing systems (as in a library or spare parts shop)

Interactive multimedia Besides multiple types of media being integrated with one another, multimedia can also stand for interactive types of media such as video games CD ROMs that teach a foreign language, or an information Kiosk at a subway terminal. Other terms that are sometimes used for multimedia include hypermedia and rich media. Interactivity refers to the amount of control that the user has over the presentation. Interactivity allows the user to choose the information to view, to control the pace and flow of information and also respond to items and receive feedback. Interactivity makes multimedia suitable tool for educational training, tutorials and games. An interactive multimedia describes a multimedia application that accepts input from the user by means of a keyboard, voice, or a pointing device such as a mouse; and performs an action in response. Interactive multimedia allows students to define their own learning paths, investigate topics in depth, and get immediate feedback from drill-and- practice or exploratory activities. Interactive multimedia engages the user and gets them involved with the content. Imagine watching a computer game instead of playing one. How the user navigates through a multimedia program determines the amount of interactivity involved. The content of most multimedia application is mostly navigated by clicking links with the mouse or other pointing device. The links in a multimedia application can be any clickable objects such as text, colour, graphics, animations and videos. Television presents information using more than one medium and as such it is a multimedia tool for presenting information. But this medium is not interactive. This is because the flow of information is unidirectional. Most multimedia applications are interactive in the sense that they allow the user to choose what they want and define the order of presentation. Interactivity is one of the most important features of multimedia applications. It allow the student to take part in the learning process by given them the ability to explore in many visual and interactive ways.

Multimedia software Multimedia software is a program that incorporates multimedia elements such as text, graphics, video, audio and animation to present information. It refers to any computer-based presentation or application software that uses multimedia elements such text graphics, sound, animation and video. This software engages challenges and encourages users or students to think creatively. A PowerPoint presentation can be considered a multimedia presentation, however, to really excite the five senses and make our presentation more effective, we can give the program interactivity.

Why Use Multimedia in the Classroom? Multimedia in the classroom has evolved rapidly with a progression from audio cassettes to internet sites in classroom learning. Examples of multimedia in the classroom include the use of video, the creation of video by students, the creation of spreadsheets or the development of a website displaying student work. Multimedia activities encourage students to work in groups, express their knowledge in multiple ways, solve problems, revise their own work, and construct knowledge. The advantages of integrating multimedia in the classroom are many. Through participation in multimedia activities, students can learn: ●real-world skills related to technology ●the value of teamwork ●effective collaboration techniques ●the impact and importance of different media ●the challenges of communicating to different audiences ●how to present information in compelling ways ●techniques for synthesizing and analysing complex content ●the importance of research, planning, and organization skills ●the significance of presentation and speaking skills ●how to accept and provide constructive feedback ●how to express their ideas creatively There are, however, some constraints in using multimedia in the classroom. These include but not limited to the following; ● technological resources, both hardware and software ● technological skills, for both the students and teacher ● time required for planning, designing, developing, and evaluating multimedia activities

Benefits of Multimedia to Learners ● Work at own pace and control their learning path ● earn from an infinitely patient tutor ● Actively pursue learning and receive feedback

Benefits of multimedia to Teachers ● ● ● ●

Allows for creative work Saves time for more challenging topics Replaces ineffective learning activities Increases student contact time for discussion

A. 1. Discus the factors of information.

made

multimedia

revolutionary

tool

the

communication

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..,…. 2. Examine the reasons why multimedia should be used by teachers and students. …................................................................................................................................................................. …................................................................................................................................................................. ….................................................................................................................................................................. …................................................................................................................................................................... 3. Discuss five benefits that students will derive from using multimedia in the classroom. …................................................................................................................................................................. …................................................................................................................................................................. ….................................................................................................................................................................. …................................................................................................................................................................. …................................................................................................................................................................. ….................................................................................................................................................................. 4. Outline the reasons why teachers and students use multimedia. …................................................................................................................................................................. …................................................................................................................................................................. …................................................................................................................................................................. …................................................................................................................................................................. …................................................................................................................................................................. …................................................................................................................................................................. …..................................................................................................................................................................

5. What is interactive multimedia software? Why is interactive multimedia software important in education? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6. Explain the following terms with examples where necessary Interactive multimedia.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Multimedia………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Multimedia software…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Section B 7. Theincorporationoftext,graphicsandetc.intoonepresentationis called____________________. 8. In a multimedia presentation most links are____________________________________. 9. ________________is an application that allows students to define their own learning path. 10.The amount of control a user has over a presentation is collectively called_________. 11. Three types of interactive program are linear_______ __________and________________. 12. _______________________________are program that incorporates multimedia elements.

Unit Objectives

● ● ● ● ● ● ●

explain the term multimedia element and digital media list at least four elements found in a multimedia presentation describe the benefit of at least two of them in education explain the term computer graphics outline the benefit of computer graphics in a presentation state the types of computer graphics enumerate the tools for obtaining graphics in a multimedia presentation

What are Multimedia Elements? In most multimedia applications, objects are selected by clicking. Such objects include text, graphics, sound, animations, and video. These objects behave like web links. Multimedia elements are the various medium through which information is presented. These elements are combined with the help of digital media to present information. Multimedia elements are defined as the different types of information in a multimedia presentation that comprises of text, images, audio, video as well as animations. They are also referred to as rich media. For example, in a presentation that involves audio and video clips would be treated as a multimedia presentation. Digital media is defined as those technologies that allow users to create new forms of interaction, expression, communication, and entertainment in digital format. Digital media utilizes all the elements of multimedia but in a digital format. Types of Media Elements There are five basic types of these elements commonly used in all multimedia applications. These are; ● ● ● ● ●

text, graphic, audio, video, animation

Text Texts are characters that are used to create words, sentences and paragraphs. They are a fundamental element used in all multimedia applications. Many multimedia applications use text-based menu to select and display information. They are used in multimedia application to convey information. The way a text is used conveys a specific meaning. For example colour, size, and font type are used to lay emphasis on characters, phrases or words to convey specific meaning to users. Text is the most common form of information in almost all interactive multimedia programs intended for learning. Text is the most basic element of multimedia and the easiest to provide. It's the simple matter of words, numbers and punctuation. One frequently used tool with text in multimedia For the proper design of text in a multimedia document, ensure; ● good text layout and format ● good text quality

Computer Graphics Computer graphics these are digital representation of non- text information. Examples include drawings, charts, photographs, pictures or images. Computer graphics according Vicky Sharp (2002) refers to the creation and manipulation of picture images in a computer. It also includes computer generated pictures on a screen, paper, or a film. A computer graphics falls into four major categories, namely Design, Presentation, Productivity, and Art Software (drawing and painting). They contain no animations or movements. Computer graphics convey more meaning directly and more clearly than text and are also more memorable. In teaching and learning, computer graphics play a major role by helping people retain a higher percentage of things learned through graphics. Computer graphics serves several functions in multimedia applications. For example, graphic can illustrate concepts more clearly than text. It also plays an important role in the learning process. Thus, visual learners learn and retain concepts faster and at a higher percentage. They are also used as buttons to provide links to other information on the Web. A graphic can be as simple as a pie chart, or as detailed as an anatomical painting of the human body. They are usually visual presentations for information and illustration purposes. Types of Computer Graphics There are two basic forms of computer graphics. These are a) Bitmaps and b) Vector graphics. Bitmaps are formed from a matrix of pixels with different colours. All photographs and paintings are bitmapped and any kind of images can be saved or exported into a bitmap format. Types of bitmaps .BMP is a standard uncompressed format for Microsoft Windows. ● .PCX is soft format and is used widely for paint and desktop publishing program ● .GIF (Graphic Interchange Format) is a compressed format that keeps file sizes smaller. It is widely used on the Web. ● .JPEG (jpg- Joint Picture Experts Group) the images are also compressed so file sizes are even smaller than GIF files. ● TIFF: (tiff- Tagged Image File Format) provides the highest quality but has large file sizes.

Vector graphics are really a set of graphical objects such as lines, rectangles, arcs, curves, charts, diagrams, schemas, etc. They come in two forms. These are 2-dimensionals and 3-dimensionals. 2-dimensional graphics show only length and width and 3-Dimensional graphics have depth in addition to length and width.

The primary uses of graphics The primary uses of graphics in a multimedia program are; As the primary information:-To label diagrams and to provide annotated explanations to diagrams in order to explain a concept. As analogies or mnemonics-Or provide analogies to real-life situation. As organizers:- Graphics such as maps, charts, flowcharts and organizational charts are useful for showing the layout of a topic, a program. As cues: -Graphics are used as a cue or emphasis technique, focusing attention or important information. Graphics can also be used in questions:-Graphics may be used as the Context in a question.

Obtaining Graphics There are many ways of obtaining computer graphics. It can be done by scanning, drawing and painting, using a digitizer or with the help of a digital camera and transferring it into the computer. It can also be obtained by importing previously created graphics also called ClipArt and inserting them into a document. Video Video consist of visual frames or photographic images that are played back at a speed of 15 to 60 frames per seconds to provide full motion in real time. They are usually captured, converted to digital form, and edited using video production software and hardware. The capturing is done by use of Video camera (VCR). The video files obtained through the VCR are often too large and occupy lots of space on the computerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hard disk. To save space, the video files are usually compressed. The compression is done by use of a video compression program. The compression does not reduce the quality of the images. To play back the video, the compressed files are decompressed. The standard for compressing and decompressing video files is called MPEG (Moving Pictures Expert Group). This standard reduces the picture up to 80 to 95%. Integration of video into the classroom can influence the way students learn significantly. For example video reinforces lectures and reading, provides a common base of knowledge, and shows things that students would not otherwise experience in the classroom. For example how animals feed, moves and etc. Audio Audio is any digitized music, speech, or sound that is stored and produced by the computer. The use of audio together with text enhances understanding of concepts. Sounds are captured with a microphone, CD players, tapes or Mp3 players. Audio can be stored in a form of files. These files exist in a lot of formats. The common formats are MP3, WAV, WMA (Windows Media Audio), MPEG, RealAudio and QuickTime. The Mp3 format can reduce audio file to about 10% of its original size while preserving the original quality of the sound. MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interfaces) is another format that supports audio outputs. The audio files can be downloaded from the web site onto a CD or DVD ROM. To listen to an audio file on your computer you need special software called a player. Using audio to supplement text and graphics enhances understanding. It allows teachers to provide information that brings concepts to life.

Animation Animation is the appearance of motion created by displaying a series of still images in a rapid sequence. It is a graphic that has an illusion of a motion. Just like a video, animation conveys clearer information than text. In animation, still graphics are displayed in series. They are used to provide illustrations about how certain equipment, devices and systems operates. Furthermore, they provide better illustrations about certain phenomena. The use of animation has improved the quality of most educational software and also made the web more interesting for users. It conveys information more clearly than text alone.

………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Section A 1. Explain the term Multimedia Element. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………….. 2. Briefly explain the following as used in multimedia Text………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Graphic or Computer Graphics………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Audio…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Video ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Animation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….…….………..……. …............................................................................................................................................................... …...............................................................................................................................................................

3. How is animation different from video and graphics? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. Give three features of a well-formatted text. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. The MPEG stands for __________________________________________________. 6. _____________________________________________is the current MPEG standard. 7. __________________is defined as those technologies that allow users to create new forms of interaction, expression, communication and entertainment in digital format. 8. A ____________is a set of previously created digital graphics that you can insert into a document. 9. A graphic that has the illusion of a motion is called________________________________. 10. A popular standard for compressing and decompressing video is_______________________. 11. The movement of text and graphics are collectively called__________________________ Indicate whether the following statements are True(T) or False(F) 12. A compressed file can be compressed again____________________________________. 13. File compression and decompression reduces the quality of the image or sound__________. 14 .The items in column A are media elements and those in column B are their meaning. Match the items in column A with that of Column B by writing the best option in the space provided. Column A

Column B

Text

a) a graphic that has an illusion of motion

Graphic

b) photographic images played back at a speed of 15 t0 30 frames per seconds to provide the appearance of motion in real-time

Animation

c) digitized music, speech, or other sounds stored and produced by a computer d) characters used to create words, sentences, and paragraph; a fundamental element in multimedia e) digital representation of non-text information such drawing, chart or photograph

Audio Video

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explain the term educational software identify four major educational software suitable for basic schools and JHS describe at least how two (2) of them is used to enhance teaching and learning in the classroom explain the term integrated learning system identify the roles played by technology in helping people with disability use educational software

What is Educational software? Educational software is computer software products used to support teaching and learning of subject- related content. Interactive multimedia applications enrich the teaching and learning process by; providing individualized instructions and exploration; allowing students to examine their skills in a risk-free environment; and Provides instant feedback, testing and review. They are software that teaches a particular skill. Educational software is designed for the learning environments. They exist for just about any subject from learning a foreign language to learning how to cook; Reference software provides valuable and thorough information for everyone in an educational setting and in the family. From preschool to high school, learners also used educational software to assist them with subjects such as reading and mathematics, or to prepare them for class or call each entry exams. Many educational software products use a computer-based training approach. Examples of educational software for basic schools include; a. b. c. d. e. f.

Computer Assisted instruction (CAI) Drill and Practice Software Tutorials Educational games Integrated Learning Systems Educational Simulations

Computer Assisted instruction (CAI) They are software designed to teach facts, information, and or skills associated with subject related materials. It also refers to the use of computers as a tool to facilitate and improve instructions. CAI programs use tutorials, drill and practice, simulation, and problem solving approaches to present topics. They are instructional software. CAI focuses on specific content areas to address the instructional roles of a teacher or a learner. They are in the form of games, presentation, tutorials, demonstration, drill and practice, simulation and many more. Computer based instructions, computer managed instructions and integrated learning systems are all related to Computer assisted or aided instruction. Computer aided instruction (CAI Software) teaches a specific skills and knowledge based on specific content area and level. This approach by CAI is different from productivity software such as MS Word, spreadsheet, PowerPoint, database, audio and video editors which uses problem processing approach to help students to acquire specializes skills at all levels in any content area. They are also known as CBL (Computer-Based Learning), and CAL (Computer-Assisted Learning).

Drill and Practice Software It is a program (software) that first supplies for factual information and then through repetitive exercises allows students to continue to work on the specific materials to remember or memorize the information. It is also referred to as Skills Reinforcement software. Drill-and-practice software is effective for learning basic skills and for remediation. Remediation is the reviewing of the content of a subject-matter many times till the concept taught is grasped or mastered. A major feature of drill-and practice software is its ability to provide instant feedback on correct and incorrect answers. Using this software would increase the performance of students in areas where they are weak. It is effective when used with students who require assistance in content instruction.

Tutorials They are teaching programs designed to instruct and help individuals learn to use a product or concept. Its main function is to tutor by interactive means. The tutorial program presents information, ask questions and makes decisions based on the students response. Computer tutorials are very efficient because it gives individual attention and provide what is required. Drill and practice software differs from tutorial software in one key way, thus drill and practice software helps students to remember and utilize skills they have previously been taught, whereas a tutorial teaches a new material. Tutorials offer the following advantages; ● ● ● ● ●

they are interesting and easy to follow it enhances learning with sound and graphics it has sound educational objectives it is able to regulate the instructional pace provides test to measure the students’ progress

The major features of tutorial software are; ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

user friendly easy to navigate available on both platforms student-cantered interactivity throughout software learner control over delivery of content active instructional techniques innovative learning strategies real-life learning experience motivational and appropriate for basic schools contain valid testing appropriate sequence and scope of content

Educational games Educational games usually include a set of rules, and students can compete against other students or the game itself. Computer games are effective way to teach information through repetition and practice. Most educational games create problem solving environment to force students to use higher order thinking skills to find solution. Examples of such educational games include Carmen Sandiego.

Integrated Learning Systems

An integrated learning is a system that includes both courseware and management software running on a computer network. Integrated learning systems are similar to drill and practice software. They consist of computers networked to a centralized server that is loaded with software to provide instruction at a relatively lower cost. The system provides instructional content in addition to assessment and management tools. The instructions are usually organised around a specific objectives. The software uses a mastery learning approach for the instructions embodied in it. They have programmed instructions for both the teacher and the students. The purpose of the teacher in an integrated learning system is to guide and direct the students through the learning process. They are part of an educational package that can be purchased and integrated into the school curriculum. According to Bailey, there are five characteristics of ILSs, these are they; ● ● ● ● ●

specify instructional objectives and tie these objectives to individual lessons; provide for integration of lessons into the standard curriculum; span several grade levels in one or more curriculum areas; run on a networked system of computers or terminals; collect and record results of student performance

The literacy level for the children may include arts, language skills, mechanics and phonics. Though similar to drill-and-practice, there are some salient differences between the two systems. Integrated learning system allows the student to study at their own level. This is because the system places the student at a level appropriate for the instructional process. Drill-and-practice programs on the other hand provide no adaptive testing and provide no level for the student to choose. Educational Simulations An educational simulation is a computerized model of real life that represents a physical or simulated process. Simulations offer learners the opportunity to manipulate variables that affect the outcome of the experience. A popular simulation that is gaining root in education is the SimCity. The availability of educational computer simulations on the web is gradually increasing. This is as a result of its tremendous impact on education. Students learn how to dissect a frog, see a real human heart in action and etc. Application for Students with Disability Students with disabilities often face certain barriers so far as the use of technology is concerned. In the face of all this difficulties, technology is gradually helping to combat these barriers. By using technology; students with disability are able to perform reading and writing of documents communicating with others searching for information on the internet Aside being able to perform all these activities, they still face some barriers. Such barriers faced by students with disability can be grouped into three major categories as; ● providing computer input ● interpreting output and ● reading supporting documentation

Educational software applications offer unique advantages to students with physical or learning disabilities. Visually impaired students usually benefits from the audio capabilities of multimedia applications. Furthermore, they also make use of graphics and large font sizes. The visual materials such as graphics, animation, and video also make learning easier for students with hearing disability. The hearing impaired is further catered for by the inclusion of closed captioning or sign language to enhance their leaning experience. For students with learning disabilities, the ability to work at their own pace is a major benefit of interactive multimedia. Students are able to interact with the software, practice and review at their own pace.

Integrating Multimedia in the Classroom In today’s emerging world, we are the teachers and teacher educators to consider the need, to prepare students to be successful in a world of tomorrow. Multimedia opens a window to world of visual literacy and authentic learning experiences, which engage the learner in higher order thinking skills.

Purpose of Integrating Multimedia in the Classroom Below are the reasons for integrating multimedia into the classroom curriculum. ● To create authentic learning experiences. ● To build valuable connections around the world. ● To foster interpersonal as well as intellectual relationships with peers ● To allow for the discovery and ownership of learning. ● To simulate real world problem solving. ● To create a multidisciplinary learning environment

Implications of Integrating Multimedia in the Classroom The following are the implications or benefits to be derived for integrating multimedia into the classroom ● ● ● ● ● ●

The effect of authentic learning experiences through multimedia Technology and multimedia provide rigor and challenge for the learner. Multimedia forces the learner to become accountable for his/her outcomes Innovative learning strategies prepares the learner for our rapidly changing world. Multimedia allows for Universal Access & otherwise unmotivated. Multimedia requires learners to engage in higher order thinking skills.

The Process Below are some of the process through which multimedia can be integrated into the classroom or curriculum. ● Students use online or computer based educational software for additional independent practice in order to create mastery. ● Science students observing ‘beyond the content ‘ in virtual, real time environment (remote observation). ● Students converting written work into multimedia presentations. ● Peer display and evaluations of multimedia projects ● Students perform research online on any given topic to build new knowledge. ● Social Studies students communicate with students from other cultures around the world. ● Students attend engaging VIRTUAL FIELDTRIPS where content is brought to life. ● Students create artifacts that demonstrate their knowledge through WEBQUESTS.

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1. Explain the term Educational Software …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. State four (4) major educational software for basic schools and JHS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. Describe how one of the educational software can be used to enhance teaching and learning in the classroom. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Outline three (3) barriers faced by students with disability. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………… .......................................................................................................................................................

4. Interactive multimedia application is believed to influence teaching and learning even for those students with disabilities. Outline four (4) ways students with disabilities benefits from interactive multimedia application. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. A package of networked hardware and software used in education is called…………………………….. 6. A teaching program designed to help an individual to use a product or a concept is called..................... 7. The acronym CAI stands for..................................................................................….……………………. 8. An experience that is meant to be both educational and entertaining is called………

Indicate whether the following statements are True(T) or False(F) 9. Teachers and students have no role to play in integrated learning system………………………………... 10. Integrated learning systems are the same as drill-and-practice software………………………………... 11. CBL is a form of computer –Based training…….……….….….…….…….……….……….……..….…………...

● explain the term multimedia application ● state at least three examples of multimedia application ● describe how at least one of the multimedia applications is used in the classroom ● state the meaning of the acronyms CBT, and WBT What is a Multimedia Application? The human brain learns using many senses such as sight and hearing. Multimedia in Education has been extremely effective in teaching individuals a wide range of subjects. While a lecture can be extremely informative, a lecture that integrates pictures or video images can help an individual learn and retain information much more effectively. Using interactive CD ROM's can be extremely effective in teaching students a wide variety of disciplines, most notably foreign language and music. Multimedia have become a huge force in the Worlds culture, industry and education. Practically any type of information we receive can be categorized as multimedia, from television, to magazines, to web pages, to movies. Digital media or multimedia application involves the use of digital media technology for education, business and entertainment. Teachers use multimedia applications to deliver classroom presentations that enhance students learning. Students on the other hand use it to learn by reading, seeing, hearing and interacting with subject content. Simulation is an example of interactive multimedia application. Multimedia applications are also used to create simulations, which are computer-based models of real-life situations. Interactive multimedia can also be used to create simulations. Multimedia simulation is often used to replace the costly and sometimes hazardous demonstrations in area such as chemistry, medicine and aviation. A typical multimedia application is characterised by the following features; · posses and make use of different media elements uses digital technology demands interaction from the user integrates sound, images, text and data into seamless application Examples of Multimedia Applications Below are the common examples of multimedia applications that can be used in the classroom; ●Information kiosks ● Computer based training ● Electronic books and newspapers ●Web-based training ●How –to- guides ● Entertainment and Edutainment ●Newspapers and Magazines The following section discusses these multimedia applications. Computer-Based Training (CBT) Computer-based training is a tool by which individuals learn by using and completing exercises with instructional software on computers. It is a tool for learning. It is popularly used in business and industries and also by students to teach and learn new skills or enhance existing skills of employees. It is an effective tool for teaching computer software skills if the application is integrated with software application. In this way the student can practice how to use the software in the cause of training. Schools and colleges use CBT to train teachers on various skills and to teach students Chemistry, languages and other software skills. It provides a unique learning experience because learners receive instant feedback in the form of positive responses for correct answers or action, additional information on incorrect answers, and immediate scoring and results.

It has a testing and self-diagnostic feature which allows instructors to verify that a learner has mastered a curriculum objective and also identify those who need additional instruction or practice. It has the advantage of providing self-paced study, reduced training time and cost and provides a unique multimedia content. They are available on CD/DVDs and also on the World Wide Web. ComputerBased Training provides a unique learning experience because it allows learners to receive instant feedback in the form of positive response for correct answers or actions, additional information on incorrect answers and immediate scoring of results. Electronic books and Reference An electronic book is an electronic version of a printed book which can be read on a computer or a specifically designed handheld device. An eBook is an electronic version of a traditional print book that can be read by using a personal computer or by using an eBook reader. It is also called ebook. It is a small, book-sized computer that allows users to read, save, highlight, bookmark and add notes to on-line text. As a digital version of a regular book, it is made up of digital text and uses links to provide access to information in books stored in electronic form. Generally you turn the pages of an electronic book by clicking on icons. Electronic books have many of the elements of a regular book including pages of text and graphics. In addition to this it has table of content, glossary, and index as is regular textbooks. An example of a modern electronic book is called Microsoft Encarta. An electronic reference text sometimes called e-text is a digital version of a reference book, which uses text, graphics, sound, animation and video to explain a topic or to provide additional information. The multimedia encyclopaedia MS Encarta is an

example of an electronic reference text. Students often rely on reference CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs for information, illustrations and photographs on various subject related curriculum.

Entertainment and Edutainment This is the use of multimedia applications and software for entertainment and education. Multimedia combines the media elements of television and interactivity, making it ideal for entertainment. Multimedia computer games use a combination of graphics, audio, and video to create a realistic and entertaining game situation. Edutainment is an experience which is meant to be both educational and entertaining. Many edutainment CD ROMs and DVD- ROMs provide content for individuals of all ages, while others are created specifically to teach children in a fun and appealing way.

Information Kiosk A typical kiosk is a self-serviced structure equipped with computer hardware and software. The hardware includes monitor or screen as display device and keyboard as an input device. The monitor often has a touch screen features and contain all the data and information needed for the application stored directly on the computer. It is a computerized version of an information or reference centre. It allows users to select various options or to find specific information. It often provides information in public locations where visitors or customers have common question. Location such as shopping canters, airports, museums, and libraries use kiosks to provide information on available services, products, and exhibit locations, maps and other information.

Web-Based Training (WBT) Multimedia application also plays an important role on the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web is the part of the Internet that supports multimedia .The web uses many types of media to deliver information and enhance a user’s web experience. Web-Based Training is an approach to Computer-Based Training that uses internet technologies. It consists of application software on the World Wide Web. Web-Based Training consists of self-paced, self- directed instructions on a topic. Web-based training, computer-based training and other materials are used as materials for distant learning courses. It is popular in business, industry and schools for teaching new skills or enhancing the existing skills of employees, teachers or students. The internet and the World Wide Web has become an interesting tool for learning because it uses number of media elements such as graphics, animation, audio, and video to reinforce the text-based documents to provide information. When WBT products are used by Students, they become more actively involved in the learning process instead of being a passive recipient.

How –To- Guides A number of multimedia applications incorporate facilities that help users to perform a number of tasks such as acquisition of new skills or repair of a device. Such multimedia applications are called how-to-guides. How –to- guides are multimedia applications that include the step by step instructions and interactive demonstrations to teach practically new skills. These applications allow users to acquire and test new skills in a risk- free environment. They are interactive and are designed to make users more productive. They are usually available on CD/DVD ROMs.

Newspapers and Magazines A multimedia newspaper and multimedia magazines are digital versions of the newspapers and magazines distributed on CD ROM or DVD –ROM or through the World Wide Web. An electronic magazine or e-zine is digital publication available through the Web. They usually include the sections of articles found in the printed-based versions. Most modern technologies allow computer users to design and create Web sites and store electronic versions of newspapers and magazines. This creates opportunities for people to read them online. An electronic publication such as Daily Graphic, Journals and other magazines uses several media elements to convey information to users.

Virtual reality Virtual Reality: is the use of computers to create an artificial environment that appears and feels like a real or imagined environment. It appears as a three dimensional space. It allows the user to explore space and manipulate the setting. It is used to illustrate or create an environment that feels like a real-life situation. On the Web VR involves the display of 3-D images that can be explored and manipulated interactively. VR is often used for games, but it has some practical applications. Science Educators creates VR models of molecules, organisms, and other structures for students to examine. The parameters can be manipulated to change the appearance of a virtual reality application. This includes a building, animal, molecule or an object. An advanced form of virtual reality software requires the use of special headgear, body suit and gloves to enhance the experience of an artificial environment. They are also available in the form of games.

Section A 1. Explain the term multimedia applications. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. State at Five (5) examples of multimedia applications used in the classroom …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. In only four sentences describe the five (5) multimedia applications listed above. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Differentiate how- to guides from electronic reference books. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. What is virtual reality? How do teachers and students use virtual reality? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Section B 1. ______incorporates a variety of element, including, text graphics, audio, video and animation. 2. ___________is defined as those technologies that allow users to create new forms of interactions, expressions, communication, and entertainment in a digital format. 3. A ________________is a set of previously created graphics that you can insert into a document 4. Displaying a series of still creates an____________which is graphic that has an illusion of motion played back at appropriate framing rate. 5. ________________is a tool that allows individuals to learn by using and completing exercises using instructional software on computers. 6. ______________is a teaching concept

designed to help individuals learn to use a products or

7. __________is an approach to computer-based training that uses the technologies of the internet and the web 8. _____________________ often have the student start with a blank canvas, which allows them to use their imagination and ingenuity. 9. The acronym CBT means _________________________________________________. 10.The acronym WBT stands for_______________________________________________. 11. The digital version of a regular book is________________________________________. 12. The collective name for software that entertains and assist in learning is___________________.

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state at least four tools used in creating multimedia application describe how to create multimedia application outline the impact of computer graphics on teaching and learning state how computer graphics and multimedia software are used in creating multimedia application

The Process of Creating Multimedia Application To develop an interactive multimedia application one requires; · multimedia authoring software · multimedia tools Multimedia authoring software is a program that combines text, graphics, animation, audio and video into one application. Authoring programs also allow you to design interactive areas on the program; the multimedia authoring software assigns relationships and actions to elements. The relationship between the various elements in the multimedia application can be made possible with multimedia authoring software such as Authorware, Director, Flash, ToolBook. One of the most important activities of the production phase of multimedia development is selecting the multimedia authoring software package. Factors to consider when selecting multimedia authoring software package are; ● quality of application developed ● ease of use ● clear documentation ● responsiveness of vendor service and technical support ● compatibility with other applications ● ease of programming ● functionality and system requirements for both user and developer To develop or create a multimedia application, a. Create the various media elements such as text, audio, graphics, video, animation and virtual reality. After creating the various elements in the multimedia, b. Define the relationship between each of the media elements and then sequence them in a specific order depending on the choice of the user.

Creating a Multimedia Application Multimedia applications can be created using a variety of software applications and Hardware. Two of the software applications commonly used is PowerPoint and Hyper studio. With this; one can create presentation that combines text, graphics, and animation, audio and video clips. Tools (Hardware) for Creating the Media Elements

Elements

Tools

Text

Keyboard,

Graphics

Scanner, Digital Camera, Digitizer

Video

Digital Video Camera

Audio

Microphone

The table below show the various multimedia elements and software tools for editing them.

Presenting Multimedia Multimedia application can be presented using a large monitor, or a large screen television. Data projectors and electronic white boards can also be used.

Section A 1. State at least four tools used in creating multimedia application. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. Describe how to create multimedia application. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. Outline the impact of computer graphics on teaching and learning. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. State how computer graphics and multimedia software is used in creating multimedia application. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. The most common means of placing text into a computer assisted instruction is____________. 6. Two examples of software for creating multimedia presentation are________and__________. 7. Already made pictures that are loaded into a multimedia package are called_______________. 8. Two tools for obtaining graphics are____________________and__________________. 9. _____________________________________________is used to transfer audio in CAI.

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state at least four importance of using multimedia in the classroom discuss at least two of the stated importance of multimedia state at least three disadvantages of multimedia in the classroom outline various means of overcoming the disadvantages outline the benefits, challenges and limitations of multimedia technology

Importance of Multimedia Multimedia application is changing the traditional classroom teaching and learning. Interactivity, a major feature of multimedia application offers students the ability to interact with multimedia application. This is the single most important feature of multimedia application that has greatly improved teaching and learning at the Basic schools and JHS. Below are other benefits of using multimedia in education; Multimedia provides an interactive learning environment, making it a powerful tool for teaching and learning. According to Shelly and Cashman (2004) an extensive research conducted over a period of two decades revealed that, when an interactive multimedia is properly evaluated and integrated into teaching and learning at the point of instruction, multimedia application are highly effective teaching tools. Studies indicate that students retain approximately 20% of what they see; 30% of what they hear; and 50% of what they see and hear. Since interactive multimedia application incorporates more than two media in a presentation, and students who have the chance to hear, see and interact with the learning atmosphere they can retain about 80% of what is learned through this medium. Multimedia application software appeals to a variety of learning styles. It helps teachers to meet the needs of the variety of students they handle in the classroom. By combining interactive multimedia software with teaching and learning methods, the learning process is enhanced. It provides an increased retention among students. This is possible because the interactive feature of multimedia application makes the student an active participant in the learning process instead of passive recipient. Interactive multimedia application engages students by asking them to choose their own learning paths, which leads them to explore other related topics. Students are motivated by the process of creating their own interactive multimedia application using multimedia authoring software. The completion of a multimedia project is a self-esteem and confidence booster for students. Multimedia software can be used by teachers as both productivity tool and a presentation program. For example a multimedia software application such as PowerPoint, can be used to introduce new concepts, present lectures as well as demonstrate a screen design and presentation techniques to students. When used effectively; it can become an effective productivity tool for modelling students on how to use the software.

Disadvantages of multimedia in the Classroom Multimedia requires high-end computer systems.Sound, images, animation, and especially video, constitute large amounts of data, which slow down, or may not even fit in a low-end computer. Unlike simple text files created in word processing, multimedia packages require good quality computers.

A major disadvantage of writing multimedia courseware is that it may not be accessible to a large section of its intended users if they do not have access to multimedia-capable machines. For this reason, courseware developers should think very carefully about the type of multimedia elements that need to be incorporated into applications and include only those that have significant value. Development costs in multimedia are very high and the process of developing effective multimedia takes time. Time spent on developing the multimedia package requires money so that the true cost of an interactive programme mounts with each delay. Furthermore, if the prerequisites for using multimedia include to computers with related software, the user must possess a minimum level of computer literacy in order to exploit the capabilities of this medium for learning. And finally, of the educator who is unfamiliar with the production and design of multimedia courseware or packages can be equally complicating.

The Challenges, Benefits, and Limitations of Multimedia Technology Challenges One of the major challenges of using computer multimedia technology is the ever growing problem of equal access to this technology by all students throughout the socio-economic demographics of the province. Both teachers and students must have access to current computer hardware and software and technology in the school. This equipment must also be upgraded and maintained which then requires additional retraining. Another challenge is the establishment of appropriate technology support personnel, especially one that would be responsible for training and providing technical support to other staff members. Without appropriate training, teachers will be unable to maximize the creative options offered by new technology. The final challenge rests on the hands of teachers themselves, as they will be responsible for instructing their students in efficient, effective and creative ways of utilizing this new multi-sensory technology in an educational format. Benefits Using computer multimedia technology in the classroom has many benefits including; ● Enabling students to represent information using computer multimedia ● Enabling students to participate in global societies and thus increasing their concern for other cultures and societies (by using the World Wide Web) ● To help students to visualize abstract concepts to solve problems (math) ● To teach students to evaluate educational computer software ● To teach students about telecommunications and computers in order to enhance the learning environment ● Providing a wide variety of computer activities and skills to students by using co-operating group work ● Using multi-sensory computer stimulation, that can address a variety of learning styles in the classroom (e.g. CAI-computer assisted instruction is self-paced) ● Multimedia skills will certainly be useful for students in their adult lives ● To show student show to use technology to actively participate (political debates) in society

Limitations Although computer multimedia has many benefits, it also has limitations. First, it is very costly to develop and maintain effective technology and this may present itself as a financial burden to some school boards. Others argue that computer multimedia experiences do not provide the real life experience of pounding nails, mixing paint and using real life timing. It has also been suggested that students are likely to be concerned with the superficial appearance of the end presentation of computer multimedia rather than the value of the content of their research, as Madian (1995) suggests, "The multimedia format may actually discourage some students from thinking deeply about content". In light of recent concerns of modern society with regards to how computers are creating video zombies out of their children, is it appropriate to overexpose students to various computer multimedia in the classroom? Can this overexposure or "Nintendo" mentality, actually create a decrease in student thinking and creativity skills? Will computer multimedia in schools just reinforce this lack of thinking? …………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Outline at least four (4) benefits of multimedia applications in the classroom. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. Write short notes on the following; Information kiosks …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Tutorials………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Computer- based Training…………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. Name two hardware devices that can be used for multimedia presentation. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. What is the role of clip art in the creation of multimedia application? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. State four importance of using multimedia in the classroom. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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After completing the section you should be able to; ● explain the term teaching and learning ● define curriculum and explain the standards and benchmarks ● explain technology integration or curriculum integration ● describe the use of computers and computer labs versus classroom instructions ● identify ways in which technology can positively influence learning ● identify ways to plan for technology integration ● explain the various planning tools and instructional models

Topics to be covered in section are; Curriculum, Technology and Ttechnology Int egration Technology Integration and the Learning Process Models for Planning Lessons with Technology

1. defined the term a. teaching b. learning c. technology d. curriculum e. technology integration 2. relate how curriculum, curriculum standard and benchmarks are linked together 3. identify the key to successful technology integration 4. identify at least five barriers to technology integration curriculum,

Teaching, Learning and Technology Technology is about creating instructional environments that can facilitate active engagement, meet the specific and varying learning needs of the students, facilitate collaborative problem solving, providing students with authentic learning environments. Teaching and learning are the two most essential activities that goes on in every educational environment. Teaching is the process by which a teacher guides the learner to acquire a change in behaviour, attitudes or skills and habit. It involves an interaction between the teacher and the learner to bring about a desirable change in behaviour of the learner. The change can be overt or covert. Because teaching produces a desirable change in the learner, the entering behaviour of the learner is paramount in the teaching and learning process. Learning on the other hand is the relatively permanent desirable change in behaviour of the learner as a result of experience. Experience here means the interaction between the teacher, students and his external environment. Educators aim to use technology to enhance individual learning styles but not aware of the all the different benefits of using it their teachings. Technology is continually changing and improving. It is necessary for all teachers to learn and incorporate technology in their lessons. If teachers utilizes technology, then their students educational experience will meet the needs of how to manage information, and develop thinking skills that will allow them to be competitive in a global market. Teachers who are incorporating technology in their curriculum are preparing their students with analysed information instead of just memorized information. There three advantages of using technology in the classroom â&#x20AC;˘ teachers should use technology in the classroom because its wide range of uses and forms that has the potential to reach students of all learning styles â&#x20AC;˘ the interest and motivation that technology induces in students makes its usage in schools important â&#x20AC;˘ teachers better prepare their students for the future when using technology aimed at addressing each learning style .

Technology Technology is about creating instructional environments that can facilitate active engagement, meet the specific and varying learning needs of the students, facilitate collaborative problem solving, providing students with authentic learning environments. There are several definitions for technology. In this book we shall look at technology as a tool for enhancing teaching and learning. It can also be defined as the use of tools, techniques, materials and power to apply scientific knowledge for practice or commercial aims.

It includes all computer hardware, software and accessories that can be used in the classroom to enhance teaching and learning. Technology lends itself as the multidimensional tool that assists in the teaching and learning process. Technology is a part of children's lives. It is transparent. Many homes have computers and Internet connections. For the economically disadvantaged students, the school may be the only place where they will have the opportunity to use a computer and integrate technology into their learning. Technology is revolutionizing the way we think, work, and play. Technology, when integrated into the curriculum, will revolutionize the learning process. More and more studies show that technology integration in the curriculum improves students' learning processes and outcomes. Teachers who recognize computers as problem-solving tools change the way they teach. They move from a behavioural approach to a more constructivist approach. Technology can become a useful tool to help change the student/teacher roles and relationships. It can also promote project-based learning styles. It can further engage students in their learning processes. When use as a tool in the classroom it will enable students to acquire the skills for higher-order thinking, analysis, and problem solving. They take responsibility for their learning outcomes. In one of Bill Gates speeches, he said “In all areas of the curriculum, teachers must teach an information-based inquiry process to meet the demands of the information age. This is the challenge for the world’s most important profession. Meeting this challenge will be impossible unless educators are willing to join the revolution and embrace the new technology tools available.” Below is a summary of how teachers and students use technology;

Uses of Technology by Teachers a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)

to search for background information and content material to gain new ideas and resources already available online to bring concepts alive through multimedia to have new opportunities to differentiate instruction as a source for lesson plans as a way to communicate and to collaborate as a source of needed "tools" to keep informed

Uses of Technology by Students ●to search for information ●to play games and to enter contests ●to publish and share resources ●to practice what they have learned ●to further explore topics or ideas ●to interact and be actively engaged in order to learn ●to learn through directed research and projects ●to "show what they know" in new and exciting ways

Curriculum Standard and Benchmarks Curriculum is defined as all the experiences a learner has under the supervision and guidance of teachers. Every curriculum has a goal or standard for which it is aimed at. The curriculum standard also called curriculum goal, defines what the student is expected to know at certain stages of education. Every academic standard or goal is divided into bits and pieces which can be measured and achieved within a given time span, such bits are called benchmarks or objectives. The benchmark or learning objective is a specific measurable outcome that is usually tied to a curriculum standard.

Technology Integration Integration of technology does not mean simply using a computer in a lesson or playing a math game on the computer lab. Properly integrating technology means to use technology to enhance or support instruction. Effective technology integration is achieved when its use supports curricular goals. Technology integration is the use of technology resources -- computers, mobile devices like smartphones and tablets, digital cameras, social media platforms and networks, software applications, the Internet, etc. in daily classroom practices, and in the management of a school. Integration means bringing of different parts together to combine into one whole. Technology integration is the combination of all technology parts, such as hardware and software, together with each subjects- related area of curriculum to enhance learning. It also means using technology to help meet the curriculum standards and learner outcomes of each lesson, unit, and or activity. Curriculum integration with the use of technology involves the fusion of technology as a tool to enhance the learning in a content area or multidisciplinary setting. Technology enables students to learn in ways that were not previously possible. Effective integration of technology is achieved when students are able to select technology tools to help them obtain information in a timely manner, analyse and synthesize the information, and present it in a professional way. Technology should become an integral part of how the classroom functions and also become accessible as all other classroom tools. Technology can play that powerful role in enhancing student and teacher motivation and in helping students and teachers implement projects. Dwyer (1994) found that technology transformed the way teachers teach. With technology, the classroom can be changed from one in which the teacher was the centre of attention and used mostly lecture to one in which children became the centre of learning and children interacted with each other, that is the teacher, and the computer. Technology integration in education requires students to actively use technology, not just view technology-based content created by their teachers. The goal of technology integration is for teachers to apply the use of technology in a seamless manner so that it supports and extends curriculum objectives and engages students in meaningful learning. The acceptance of change is a major requirement for technology integration. Technology is continuously changing. It is an ongoing process. It demands continual learning. Change is not always easy. The initial human reaction to change is resistance. Resistance makes for slow change, but change is inevitable.

Barriers to Technology Integration With all changes there are barriers, and technology integration is not an exception. Barriers to technology integration include the following; ● Lack of teacher training ● Lack of administration support ● Limited time for teacher planning ● Computer placement in remote locations making access difficult ● Budget constraints ● Basic resistance to change by many educators Technology coordinators see the main problem as ● Insufficient hardware ● Inadequate software and ● Lack of training

A teacher on the other hand considers lack of time to develop technology based lesson as a major barrier to technology integration. Administration also looks at teacher’s lack of experience in the use of technology. Other barriers are as follows;

How to overcome the barriers Whatever the situation, teacher’s administration and technology coordinators can overcome these barriers through; ● ● ● ●

effective leadership proper training planning commitment to enhancing teaching and learning with technology

Rationale for Using Technology in Education Below aare the rational for using technology in education Technology provides motivation for students by: ● Gaining learner attentiongrating technology int ● Engaging the learner through production work ● Increasing perceptions of control Technology offers unique instructional capabilities, such as: ●Linking learners to information and educational resources ●Helping learners visualize problems and solutions ●Tracking learner progress ●Linking learners to learning tools Technology gives support for new instructional approaches, such as: ● Cooperative learning ● Shared intelligence ● Problem solving and higher level skills

Technology skills are required for an information age: ●Technology literacy ●Information literacy ●Visual literacy Technology increased teacher productivity by: ● Freeing time to work with students by helping with production and record-keeping tasks ● Providing more accurate information more quickly ● Allowing teachers to produce better looking, more “student-friendly” materials more quickly With proper training in the use of technology in the classroom, teachers can; ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

create relationships between active learning and active teaching develop an appreciation and an understanding of the potential of technology learn to be authors of multimedia software develop leadership skills and become role models for successful integration understand the power of technology integration design integrated curriculum activities learn the benefits of technology in the classroom learn to motivate students with technology become advocates for technology integration

Technology Integration into the Curriculum Educators are beginning to recognise technology as a powerful tool to alleviate some of the problems in today’s traditional classroom. Motivating students to learn is one area that all educators are constantly trying to achieve. It has the potential to increase student’s motivation and class attendance. Using technology as a tool for teaching and learning will help address the different learning styles of students. These will help teachers to cater for all the diversity of learners. The key to successful technology integration is identifying what you are trying to accomplish with your curriculum.

Teachers ●must first consider the learning goals and objectives ●identify an appropriate technology tool that will help accomplish such goals, and ●develop innovative ways to teach a diverse population of learners with different learning style A learning style refers to how individuals learn, including how they prefer to receive information, express themselves and process information. The use of technologies such as multimedia and the Web will help address the learning styles which have been neglected by traditional teaching methods. Technology engages students in different ways by encouraging them to take a more active role in the learning process.

Define the following terms; Teaching………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Learning………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Technology……………………………………………………………………………………………….………….……………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Curriculum……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Technology integration………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. What is the main the key to successful technology integration? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ….................................................................................................................................................................

3. State and explain at least six barriers to technology integration. Which is the most important of all the barriers listed above? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. How can effective training in the use of technology help educators to reduce the barriers to technology integration? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Unit objectives

● outline the five steps / process that a teacher can take in planning for technology integration ● identify the best strategies for integrating technology into teaching and learning ● identify ways in which technology can positively influence learning ● Describe how a teacher can use a one computer two computes a computer laboratory in the classroom

Benefits of Technology Integration To develop integration skills teachers must realise and understand how the integration of technology can enhance teaching and learning. The use of technology in the classroom will among other things ● ● ● ● ●

motivates students encourage them to become problem solvers creates new avenues for students to explore information computer-related technologies can capture and hold students attention interactive technologies such software applications and multimedia software, tutorials etc. allow students to determine the flow of information, review concepts and practice skills

For Teachers: ● Technology allows teachers to demonstrate different strategies for learning. ● Technology is used in training to help organize and provide the necessary tools and skills to become better educators. ● Technology gives teachers a way to connect with each other and extend the learning experience. For Students: ● Provides students the tools to enhance their learning. ● Students can understand their technology experiences through verbal, written, spatial, quantitative, and graphical display ● Using technology is a great way to have fun while they are learning

The Learning Process For learning to take place, the learners must be engaged in the process of education. Learners can be engaged through authentic and active learning experience. Authentic learning experiences are instructional activities that demonstrate real-life connections by associating the concept being taught with a real-life activity or event. For authentic learning to take place, teachers must involve the students in the process of gathering, analysing and using information to make informed decisions relating to real-life situation. Active learning is a learning process in which students become engaged in inquiring, investigating, solving, formulating and answering questions on their own. Authentic learning makes information meaningful to the students. Activity, concepts, and culture are interdependent. Learning must reflect actual practice. Authentic learning makes learning more meaningful by making problems and other lessons closely related to the studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lives. Technology offers great advantages for authentic environments that were not available before. Technology can provide scaffolds for the students, and can allow student access to tools not normally encountered in schools.

Strategies for Integrating Technology into Teaching The best strategy for curriculum integration is to put the technology into the hands of trained teachers, and let them decide how best to use it in their classrooms at the point of instructions. When proper strategies are used for technology integration, students enjoy learning to use technology as well as learning the content in subjects-related curriculum areas. Teachers can use a wide range of teaching strategies to develop a learning environment in which students are encouraged to be independent learners and take responsibility of their own learning. The main goal and objective for such teaching strategies is to provide a consistent application of technology tools to support instruction in the curriculum. One important element in effective technology integration is continuous planning.

Planning for Technology integration To help meet the constant challenge of motivating students to learn, teachers must change their traditional roles to become facilitators of learning. Teachers must plan carefully for the use and integration of technologies in the classroom. It is important to plan for and deliver an effective lesson in the traditional classroom, so it is for integrating technology in the classroom. To be able to do this effectively, the teacher must decide on the appropriate technology in order to achieve the desired learning outcome and prepare the classroom environment. Integrating technology into the classroom depends largely on the number and arrangement of computers in the classroom. Instructional strategies help teachers to integrate technology into a one- Computer, two-Computer and a Computer laboratory. One -computer classroom. Most teachers teach in a class with one multimedia computer often referred to as one -computer classroom. In a classroom with only one computer, the most appropriate use of the tool is for classroom presentation and demonstrations. To allow students to view the demonstration and presentation, large screens are used to project the content of the monitor onto a large screen television or a display monitor. Besides the large screen monitor, the classroom wall can be used as a screen. To maximize the use of a one computer in a classroom, students should be introduced to the various types of software and then create a learning path before taking students to the computer lab. This will optimise the time students spend on computers while in the lab.

Technology Integration and the Learning Process Two- computer classroom. In a two-computer classroom, one of the computers can be used for research on the internet, presentations, Web-based projects and e-mail. The other computer can be used as a writing centre for students to create their own multimedia projects. Computer lab. Using a computer laboratory provides students with learning opportunities that is not possible in a one-computer or a two-computer classroom. The most important advantage of using the computer lab is that all students are provided with hands-on experience with using computer technology. It can be used successfully by teachers for tutorials, remediation, cooperative learning, computer skills instruction (on word processing, Spreadsheet, and database), internet research, whole class instruction and integrated learning systems. Besides this, a computer laboratory also allows students to interact with technology and software that are student centred. For instructional purposes, computer laboratories allow all students to have access to computers, the internet and software.

Changing instructional strategies The introduction of computer technology demands a tremendous amount of physical and organizational restructuring for administrators, teachers, and students. Schools must determine their educational goals and the ways technology can help them realize such goals. Teachers need high quality professional development and access to on-site technical assistance. They must be offered the flexibility, support, resources, and time to carry out the changes required by a technology-rich environment that supports learning. As students begin to play a more active role in the learning process, the teacher’s roles must change. Teachers are transitioning from the conventional or traditional lecture-practicerecall teaching methods to being the facilitator of learning. A facilitator of learning does not dictates learning process, rather they motivates students in such a way as to make them want to ● ● ● ●

learn guides the student learning process promotes a learning atmosphere provides an appreciation for the subject

1. Outline the steps or processes that a teacher can take in planning for technology integration. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. What is the best strategies for integrating technology into teaching ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. State four (4) ways in which technology can positively influence learning. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Describe how a teacher can use a. a one computer b. two computes c. a computer laboratory in the classroom ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

● ● ● ● ● ● ●

explain the term instructional model state at least two models for teaching with technology describe the steps in Wellivers instructional transformation model outline the stages in the ASSURE Model outline the various features of the ARCS Motivational Model state the use of KWL and KWHL charts in instructional planning identify the components of an instructional objective so far as technology integration is concerned

Instructional Models Planning a lesson involves using an instructional design or a model. To be able to teach effectively with technology, the teacher needs to use instructional model as a guide for effective preparation and integration. An instructional model is therefore defined as a systematic guide for planning a lesson involving the use of technology. The most important feature in an instructional model is how effective the technology is used and how appropriate the technology is in addressing the learning objectives of the lesson. As discussed in the previous lesson, the role of the teacher is undergoing a transformation from the traditional “sage on stage” to a guide or facilitator whose major role is to motivate and direct students’ learning. The most important model for this transformational change is the Wellivers Instructional Transformation Model. Other emerging instructional model for teaching with technology is the ASSURE Model and the ARCS Model. The sections below discusses how these Models are used to support teaching and learning in a technologically laden classroom.

Wellivers Instructional Transformation Model The Wellivers Instructional Transformation Model describes the five stages of technology integration through which all teachers must progress to integrate technology effectively. The stages are in a hierarchical order. They are; · familiarisation, · · · ·

utilization, integration reorientation and revolution

● Familiarisation is when teachers become aware of technology and its potential uses. ● Utilization –teachers are able to use technology, but minor problems cause them to stop making use of it. Integration- when technology becomes an essential tool for the teaching and learning process and teachers are constantly thinking of ways to use it in their classroom.

Reorientation-when teachers begin to reconsider the educational goals and objectives of their respective subject areas with the help of technology Revolution-when the evolving classroom becomes completely integrated with technology in all subject areas. Technology becomes an invisible tool that is seamlessly woven into the teaching and learning process.

The ASSURE Model The ASSURE Model is a guide for planning and conducting instruction that uses media. The ASSURE model is an ISD (Instructional Systems Design) process that has been modified for used by classroom teachers. The ISD process is one in which teachers and trainers can use to design and develop the most appropriate learning environment for their students. You can use this process in writing your lesson plans and in improving teaching and learning. The ASSURE model is a procedural guide for planning and delivering instruction that integrates technologies and media into the teaching process. ASSURE model is defined as prescriptive, containing both procedural and declarative in structure, needing only novice expertise and having a systems orientation . The ASSURE model incorporates Robert Gagne's events of instruction to assure effective use of media in instruction. The Assure Model has six steps that describes a set of tasks central to the informed selection and use of educational technology.

Technology Integration In The Classroom Media and Materials

How will you use the materials What instructional strategies will you use?

Require learner participation

Evaluate and revise

What will learners be required to do? Will the learners be engaged in active or passive learning Did the lesson meet the required objectives? How will the content and technologies used be evaluated? How will you revise and improve upon the lesson

T ARCS Model of Motivational Design The ARCS model was designed by John Keller in 1983. It’s a model of motivational design. According to the model there are four steps for promoting and sustaining motivation in the learning process: Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction (ARCS) as depicted in the diagram below. The model is applicable for teaching in the digital age. Keller stressed that even the best instructional strategy will fail if students are not well motivated to learn. For learners to learn new skills teachers or instructors should strive to create a deeper motivation in the learners. With psychology concentrating on individual differences in the learning ability.

Attention According to Keller attention can be gained in two ways: ●Perceptual arousal – uses surprise or uncertainly to gain interest. Uses novel, surprising, incongruous, and uncertain events; or ● Inquiry arousal – stimulates curiosity by posing challenging questions or problems to be solved. The various methods for grabbing the attention of learners include the use of; ●Active participation -Adopt strategies such as games, role-play or other hands-on methods to get learners involved with the material or subject matter. ●Variability – To better reinforce materials and account for individual differences in learning styles, use a variety of methods in presenting material (e.g. use of videos, short lectures, mini-discussion groups). ●Humour -Maintain interest by use a small amount of humour (but not too much to be distracting) ●Incongruity and Conflict – A devil’s advocate approach in which statements are posed that go against a learner’s past experiences. ●Specific examples – Use a visual stimuli, story, or biography. ●Inquiry – Pose questions or problems for the learners to solve, e.g. brainstorming activities.

Models for Planning Lessons with Technology Relevance The teacher must establish relevance in order to increase a learner’s motivation. To do this, concrete materials and language as well as examples with which the learners are familiar. Six major strategies described by Keller include: ●Experience – Tell the learners how the new learning will use their existing skills. We best learn by building upon our preset knowledge or skills. ●Present Worth – What will the subject matter do for me today? ●Future Usefulness – What will the subject matter do for me tomorrow? ●Needs Matching – Take advantage of the dynamics of achievement, risk taking, power, and affiliation. ●Modelling – First of all, “be what you want them to do!” Other strategies include guest speakers, videos, and having the learners who finish their work first to serve as tutors. ●Choice – Allow the learners to use different methods to pursue their work or allowing s choice in how they organize it.

Confidence ●Help students understand their likelihood for success. If they feel they cannot meet the objectives or that the cost (time or effort) is too high, their motivation will decrease. ●Provide objectives and prerequisites – Help students estimate the probability of success by presenting performance requirements and evaluation criteria. Ensure the learners are aware of performance requirements and evaluative criteria. ●Allow for success that is meaningful. ●Grow the Learners – Allow for small steps of growth during the learning process. ●Provide Feedback – Provide feedback and support internal attributions for success. ●Learner Control – Learners should feel some degree of control over their learning and assessment. They should believe that their success is a direct result of the amount of effort they have put forth.

Satisfaction ●Learning must be rewarding and satisfying as well, whether it is from a sense of achievement, praise from a higher-up, or mere entertainment. ●Make the learner feel as though the skill is useful or beneficial by providing opportunities to use newly acquired knowledge in a real setting. ●Provide feedback and reinforcement. When learners appreciate the results, they will be motivated to learn. Satisfaction is based upon motivation, which can be intrinsic or extrinsic. ●Do not patronize the learner by over-rewarding easy tasks

Planning for integrated lessons In other to plan lessons with technology; the teacher must; ● Develop classroom lessons and activities that utilize technology ● Consider the students technology skills ● Do the skill assessment survey to create a starting point ● Use KWL or a KWHL chart

Technology Integration In The Classroom To do this effectively, teachers must consider the skills and knowledge levels required for student to start and complete the lessons successfully. A KWL chart is an instructional planning chart to assist teachers in identifying curriculum objectives by stating what the students already Know, what they Want to know and what they will like to Learn. It is a helpful planning tool in determining the skill and knowledge level of students prior to beginning almost any project or lesson. A KWHL Chart is also an instructional planning tool just as KWL Chart but it includes additional components, thus How the students will learn.

An Example of KWL Chart

Models for Planning Lessons with Technology Technology integration in a new school To integrate technology into the new school, the following must be considered. Teachers need to consider many issues related to technology information and support, ● ● ● ●

technology training, hardware, software, other technologies, and technology supplies

To effectively manage the integration process, a teacher’s manual is required. A teacher’s manual is a booklet that contains information, rules and regulations, rights and responsibilities, and policies and procedures that will provide answers to many questions. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………….

1. Explain the term instructional model. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. State two models for teaching with technology. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. Describe the steps in Wellivers Instructional Transformation Model. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. Outline the stages in the ASSURE Model. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. What is the ARCS Motivational Model? What are the four (4) categories of the ARCS Motivational Model? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………

Comparing Bus, Ring and Star network Topology Bus Topology

Ring Topology

Star Topology

Connection between nodes

There is a single central cable (backbone) and all computers and other devices connect to it Depends on network needs It has no connection between the nodes

Host failure

Network can still run

Network will fail

Node failure

Network can still run

Network will fail

Network can still run

Ease of troubleshooting

Depends on backbone. If there is a backbone, Difficult. Need to search troubleshooting is for the problematic node difficult. If there is no one by one backbone, the focus is on the two nodes not communicating

Depends on the host. It is easier to repair the problematic host. However, if the nodes fail, then each node has to be searched

Ease of adding or removing nodes

Easy

Average

Structure

Host existence

All computers and other There is a central host devices are connected and all nodes connect in a circle to it Depends on network needs

Yes

Difficult

………….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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Learning, UK

16. Kenneth c. Mansfield Jr. James L. Antotonakos (2010)Computer Networking from LANs to WANs: Hardware, Software and Security. Course Technology, USA 17. ITL Education Solutions ltd(2011) Introduction to Computer Science, 2nd Edition. Pearson New Delhi 18. ITL Education Solutions ltd(2012) Introduction to Information Technology, 2nd Edition. Pearson New Delhi 19. Sarah Younie and Marilyn Leask(2013) Teaching with Technologies: The Essential Guide.

McGraw Hill Education, New York

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Hodder Education, UK

Introduction to Information & Communication Technology II ~181~