Ablution by John Atkinson

Ablution

A New Arena of Social Inclusion for Northern Marseille

John Atkinson - 2015

Ablution

A New Arena of Social Inclusion for Northern Marseille

Ablution noun noun: ablution; plural noun: ablutions • an act of washing oneself.

“the women performed their ablutions” synonyms: washing, cleansing, bathing, showering.

• a ceremonial act of washing parts of the body. “she took up water ready for the morning ablutions”

ORIGIN Late Middle English: from Latin ablutio(n- ), from abluere, from ab- ‘away’ + luere ‘wash’. The original use was as a term in chemistry and alchemy meaning ‘purification by using liquids’, hence ‘purification of the body by washing’ (mid 16th century).

John Atkinson - 2015 1

Acknowledgments Greatful thanks to all those that contributed their time and expertise to this project with a special mention to the following; Charlie Smith - Design Tutor Mark Doyle - Structural Engineer Simon Tucker - Environmental Engineer Jonathan Farrel & Thomas Glover - Fellow architecture students who helped create the Urban Design Masterplan in which this project sits.

Introduction The history of bathing and the bath is incredibly rich, diverse, and complex. While most societies developed different ways of creating physical contact with water, incorporating the philosophy and temperament of their people and their environment, they always seemed to have the same elements in common - spiritual , hygienic, therapeutic, and social. They were institutions that reflected a holistic conception of health. The cult of the bath reflects the attitudes that the bathers held toward their bodies, sin, nudity, relaxation, and religion. The bath as we know it in contemporary culture, is therefore a great impoverishment upon this legacy. Bath culture was transformed and transgressed to a Spa culture, a leisure and passive experience from a once active experience. While the bathhouse in antiquity represented the collective, political and social aspirations of a people, they were also intensely personal, sensorial and physical. A bathhouse is experienced not just through the sense of vision but also through the senses of touch, smell, taste and sound. As a result of globalization, our cities have become locus points for the production of ideas. Central to the success and the production of the city is proximity. The internet is no substitute for face-toface interaction, when we interact with each other we communicate with more than just words; we can read oral, visual, and olfactory clues given off by our fellow humans. There is a need, and an opportunity now to rethink and reintroduce the public bathhouse in the contemporary urban city, and bathhouse is a ripe typology for invention and interpretation when considered against with the trend of exclusive spas. I propose that a new conception of an urban public bathhouse can initiate new social dynamics, new social opportunities, and healthier public behavior in Marseille.

Contents Introduction

Background

The Silo

Ideas and Understanding

Philosophy and Research

Design Development

Proposal

Tectonics

105

Environmental Strategy

113

Costing

121

The Marsielle Site Current Condition Masterplan Implementation The Ethos

Background Introduction Background The Silo Ideas and Understanding Philosophy and Research Design Development Proposal Tectonics Environmental Strategy Costing

The Marseille Site

GEOGRAPHY

Marseille is a rich, pulsating port city bubbling over with history, cutting-edge creative spaces and hip multicultural urbanites. Since Greek settlers came ashore around 600 BC, waves of immigrants have made Marseille (now Franceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s second largest city) their home. Marseilleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s maritime heritage thrives at the vibrant Vieux Port (Old Port), where fresh-off-the-boat catches are sold each morning. Along the coast, seaside roads and cycling tracks veer around sun-scorched coves and sandy beaches. A feast of world cuisines, shops, music and cultural celebrations ensure the pace never slows in this busy city, where the mistral wind blows. With around one million inhabitants, Marseille is the second largest city in France in terms of population and the largest in terms of area. Its population is a real melting pot of different cultures.

Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the center of the third largest metropolitan area in France. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as Cassis, are the Calanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small fjord-like inlets. Further east still are the SainteBaume mountain ridges rising from a forest of deciduous trees. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists’ colony of l’Estaque; further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion and the Camargue region in the Rhône delta. The city’s main thoroughfare (the wide boulevard called the Canebière) stretches eastward from the Old Port (Vieux Port) to the Réformés quarter. Two large forts flank the entrance to the Old Port—Fort Saint-Nicolas on the south side and Fort Saint-Jean on the north. Further out in the Bay of Marseille is the Frioul archipelago which comprises four islands, one of which, If, is the location of Château d’If, made famous by the Dumas novel The Count of Monte Cristo. Marseille has a Mediterranean climate with mild, humid winters and warm to hot, mostly dry summers. December, January, and February are the coldest months, averaging temperatures of around 12 °C during the day and 4 °C at night. July and August are the hottest months, averaging temperatures of around 28–30 °C during the day and 19 °C at night. Marseille is officially the sunniest major city in France with over 2,900 hours of sunshine while the average sunshine in France is around 1,950 hours and is also the driest major city with only 512 mm (20 in) of precipitation annually, especially thanks to the Mistral which is a cold, dry wind originating in the Rhône Valley that occurs mostly in winter and spring and which generally brings clear skies and sunny weather to the region.

Current Condition RECAP

Railway

Residential Tower Blocks

Silo Site

Proposed Housing Scheme Site

Proposed New Boulevard

Les Terrasses du Port

New Public Square Proposal

Motorway Link from the North

As the area around the site exists the North is far less affluent than the South, The Masterplan seeks to strike a balance between both parts of the city, in a social and economic way, addressing key areas of development. This Masterplan will be the basis of my project, providing malleable, but more refined, urban fabric. To view the Urban Design Report please visit: http://issuu.com/johnatkinson91/ docs/finished_udr.compressed

Masterplan Implementation COALESCE

The Masterplan introduces several new elements to the site, however makes an effort to both retain and enhance a large quantity of the existing context. The most notable proposal and the catalyst for the rest of the scheme is the promotion of Avenue Roger Salengro to a primary route, which connects the site back into the city. This new route acts as a main artery which allows several secondary routes to branch out and in turn connect to existing points of interest, landmarks and spheres of influence such as: Silo A, Archive B and the Sports and Athletics Complex E; and new interventions such as: Silo II 1, Boulivard de Briançon 4 and Marché Bellevue et École Bellevue 5. The route to Friche la Belle de Mai I, which is a major social and cultural HUB beyond the outskirts of the site, is an example of how the scheme utilises inter-medial interventions in an effort to reduce the labour of longer journeys.

The Ethos

SOCIAL INCLUSION

‘It is often mentioned that social exclusion is multidimensional. To be able to identify and analyse these dimensions, we should look at the dimensions of the social world in which inclusion and exclusion take place. We can identify economic, political and cultural arenas as the three broad spheres of social life in which social inclusion and exclusion are manifested and, therefore, can be analysed and understood.’ Ali Madanipour - “Social Exclusion and Space” Historically the relationship between France and Algeria has been one of racism, colonialism and violence Therein lies the contemporary tragedy, thrust toward the industrial outskirts of the city for the most part, the ‘foreign’ population to the North of Marseille represent the crime and poverty of the city for affluent French communities to the South, who in turn reflect the racist oppression of the past for the Northern communities. These social foundations laid down almost 200 years prior on the other side of the Mediterranean, have inevitably contributed towards the structure of the modern condition. In keeping with the Masterplan Ethos of Social Inclusion the challenge is to design a project that creates a platform for an activity that promotes Social Inclusion. In addition to this, the retention and refurbishment aspect of our design implementations will also be carried through.

Site Selection A Catalogue of the Silo Development Why the Silo? Historic Overview Typology and Workings

The Silo Introduction Background The Silo Ideas and Understanding Philosophy and Research Design Development Proposal Tectonics Environmental Strategy Costing

Site Selection THE SILO

Key

Residential Existing Landmark Cultural Existing Landmark Residential Retention Residential New Build Cultural Retention Cultural New Build Economic Retention Economic New Build Political Retention Political New Build

Typologies

The vernacular of the surrounding area remains widely industrial with some derelict residential. This will be extensively refurbished with the implementation of our Masterplan leaving the area revitalized without removing that sense of locality.

Proposed Economic Condition

The proposed site surroundings have morphed from run down industrial remains to a more lively, civic arena. This ranges from restaurants and bars, to retail and other leisure facilities.

The Silo Development CATALOGUE

The proposal for the Silo site stands at the forefront of the scheme. Directly connected to Avenue Roger Salengro, the aforementioned core of the scheme, the Silo Deux proposal is an extensive new social and cultural HUB in the heart of the site with direct links to public transport and retail, parking facilities, performance spaces, cafes, restaurants and bars which also accommodate the areas nightlife facilities. The hustle and bustle of the site forms a counterpoint to the green space that envelopes it and works as a buffer between said activities. Finally the Silo Deux proposal makes a subtle attempt at creating a new axis towards the 1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residential development to the North East of the site, penetrating the physical boundaries which have allowed it to act as a stronghold for crime and drugs in recent years.

The Material Palette

A survey of the areas existing structures led to the acknowledgment of the distinct material palette shared by the buildings and streetscapes. The proposed green space provides contrasting organic matter to the heavy industrial materials used in the surrounding.

The Ambition

The aim is to carry through the Masterplans main design drivers (social inclusion, re-use and refurbish) and so use the Disused Grain Silo as a means to regenerate the Silo Site to itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s core. The towering building will act like a beacon to this HUB of activity drawing people in from our primary route and neighboring streets.

Why the Silo? REASONING

The Silo as an Architectural Device announces itself with it’s sheer monumentality in an area of low-rise industrial warehouses. Sat angled off the grid of the city it acts as a pin wheel that allows various routes and views towards and around it. Also, it is one of two grain Silo’s in Marseille, the other already converted into a theatre. Demonstrating that retention and refurbishment has it’s advantages over demolition and new build. Furthermore, the locals of this area have a reluctance to development of the Euromediterranee scheme which proposes a wholesale housing development across the area. Finally, the Silo was once a key building in the support of both Marseilles’ residents and it’s economy. A building with a rigorous systematic function that now stands dormant. This extinct industrial process will be the basis of my first idea - an injection of a new function which emulates and incorporates the existing attributes of the Grain Silo,

Historic Overview 1885 - 2015

The milling of grain for baking purposes is almost as old as agriculture itself. In early times grain was crushed between flat stone operating in a rotary fashion, the power being supplied by oxen or other domestic animals, replaced later by water mills and wind mills. However, in this system, the husk and kernel of the grain were ground equally and separation was difficult. In the modern flour-milling process, the grain is ground and not crushed. Grands Moulins Storione has been located in Marseille since 1885. Their founder, Michel Storione, was originally a trader of flour. His sons, Jean and Maxime took over the business after the War. The Company was then renamed as “The Sons of Michel Storione” and built its reputation on a strategy of high quality product. In 1928, they acquired a modern unit that could grind 120 tons of grain per day, which became the neighboring building of Grands Moulins Arenc. The Silo is located within the current group of the Grands Moulins Storione buildings. From 1950, the Sons of Maxime Storione gradually improved the business and boosted their traditional markets. In 1988, Les Grands Moulins Storione entered Euromill, a subsidiary of Champagne Céréales Group, European leader in the collection of grain. Based in Marseille for over a century and through a selected network of custodians, Grands Moulins Storione delivered a wide range of flours and preparations made from flour and wheat to many departments of the South-East of France and French overseas territories.

Kanklee, Illinois, USA 1982 Buffalo, New York, USA 1982 Pipercity, Illinois, USA 1982

Gilman, Illinois, USA 1982 Neuss, Hafen, 1996 Buffalo, Ohio, USA 1987

Sycamore, Ohio, USA 1987 Rethel/Reims, F 2000 West Salem, Ohio, USA 1987

Typology and Workings SILO STUDIES

Due to the lack of access to the Silo itself investigations where carried out in order to generate a set of feasible drawings. G R A I N LORRY COLLECTIVE BASEMENT SPACE

Studying the typology of other Siloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s that exist around the world it became apparent that they all followed a similar method of grain distribution and storage (see fig x). In addition to typology, sectional and plan drawings from other Silos where analysed as a means to develop an internal survey.

STORAGE SILO TUBE

DELIVERY SILO TUBE

DISTRIBUTION LEG

PULLEY

A flour mill consists of two departments: the silos and the mill proper. Modern Silos are basically identical, and there is a high degree of similarity in the mechanical equipment used for receiving and discharging grain. Truck-unloading equipment, bucket elevators and band conveyors are most frequently used for taking in rail-borne grain, and, in the unloading of vessels, barge elevators and pneumatic-suction equipment are the most usual. In Marseille the vast majority of grain is imported, thus the siloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s location close to the waterside. Generally, the mill should be planned so that the grain and its by-products follow the simplest course from intake to shipment, by positioning the silos, screen room, mill and process house and warehouse in a straight line. Supervision, control and conveying of products are simplifies in this method. Left: Grain Movement Flow Diagramh

COLLECTIVE SPACE

GRAIN DEPOSIT

Distribution Floor

This is where the grain is deposited into the silo bins via a mechanical piece of equipment that is placed within a framework.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Middleâ&#x20AC;? Floors (First - Seventh)

These floors in section would display different levels of grain in each Silo tube. They accommodate the grain elevator and a staircase for assumed maintenance.

Ground Floor

The Silo Tubes run into the basement so at this level there is only access into the space in which the delivery lorries would deposit their loads of grain. Again, this floor also accommodates the grain elevator and a staircase for assumed maintenance.

Basement

The collective space in which the grain lands after deposition is located here. The silo tubes run into the basement and are able to release their contents into additional collective spaces either to be taken back up the grain elevator via the bucket pulley system or to be removed.

A Social Inclusion Arena Bathing Bath Houses Heritage Marseille and Water The Rivers of the South of France Timeline - Construction of Canal de Marseille

Ideas and Understanding Introduction Background The Silo Ideas and Understanding Philosophy and Research Design Development Proposal Tectonics Environmental Strategy Costing

A Social Inclusion Arena FUNCTION

As previously mentioned, the Silo Development became a cultural HUB in the heart of the scheme. Activities in this area need to reflect this and furthermore promote Social Inclusion. A sample of activities and functions that were considered: Extracurricular Activities - Sports, Music etc Culinary Centre Craft Centre Educational/Political Arena A space for the Arts Bathing Exhibition - Library, Gallery Market or Trade

Bathing

RELATIONSH IP & RITUALS

Bathing, out of all the functional possibilities worked best within the parameters of this project. It requires no equipment to bathe like with some of the sports or other recreational functions. Nor does it require an education status that could be needed for the likes of a political/educational orientated project. Furthermore, it doesn’t require a financial or social status. Most importantly bathing creates a Social Balance. Once a bather is removed from his/her clothes and dressed in the same garments as everybody else the barricades that are caused by “uniforms” are removed. Bathing helps create a social anonymity that other activities fail to produce. The removal of a persons “uniform” detaches them from any social status they may have walking down the street and instantly creates a level platform. Although bathing as a function fits well within the ideas and concepts of this project, Water and Marseille have a much greater relationship which will help provide further enriching historic ties into the design.

Bath Houses MARSIELLE

Ever since their introduction in Roman times, public baths have served an important communal role as meeting place, in addition to being a place for cleansing and physical well-being. As societies have changed with private bathing facilities becoming more available, there has been a decline in public baths. Romans followed a ritual when bathing, a process. Much like the same way the Silo follows a process within the line of production. This parallel comparisons of process and ritual will be explored further later on in the project. Exploring the more permanent aspects of community life, the main idea was to develop a contemporary bathhouse to serve all members of the diverse community of Marseille. Going back to the historic reference of the Roman Thermae and investigating other bathing traditions and cultures the idea is to use these traditions as a reference of origin for design development. Bathing was one of the most common daily activities in Roman culture, and was practiced across a wide variety of social classes. Though many contemporary cultures see bathing as a very private activity conducted in the home, bathing in Rome was a communal activity. While the extremely wealthy could afford bathing facilities in their homes, bathing most commonly occurred in public facilities called Thermae. In some ways, these resembled modern-day spas.

Additional Historic Notices

It is also worth noting that Marseille once had itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own Bath House. The drawings (right) display the general arrangement and facilities the structure contained.

Bath Houses CATALOGUE

Small Baths Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli

- The urge for experimentation and surprise seems to have reached a peak in the tightly composed, dynamic spatial units of the Small Baths. - Underlying this composition of creative variegation, there is a tight and deliberate geometry - Half-axial/intermediary category, with their bold use of curvilinear and octagonal elements, undulating frontage, and restless periphery, were more adaptable for novelty and variety.

Thermae at Sonsandra Baiae

- “Thermal city whose several plants utilized several thermomineral springs and vapor outlets. And the distribution of its various sectors followed the usual townplanning rules: the buildings, in large, detached rectangular blocks facing the gulf, housed either actual thermal halls or residential, resting and sight-seeing quarters” - Maiuri

Greek - Roman Bath Houses The role that bathing plays within a culture reveals the culture’s attitude towards human relaxation. It is a measure of how far individual well-being is regarded as an indispensable part of community life.

Thermae of Caracalla Rome

- Textbook example of the fully developed large imperial type in Rome - Though gigantic, their plans display greater fluidity and simplification than any of the thermae before it. - The thermae could seat 1,600 bathers at one time. - Were these large spaces open to the sky or roofed by a timber structure?

Thermae of Diocletian Hadrianâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Villa, Tivoli

The baths could some 3,000 people.

accommodate

- Composed of numerous individual and quite uniformly distributed elements . - semicircular exedrae, rectangular and round halls. The somewhat ambiguous relationship of secondary spaces around the frigidarium and the palaestrae if the latter was replaced by a strictly modular, cross-vaulted system of great lucidity.

Antonine Thermae Carthage

Baths Thenae

- Closer in essence to high imperial planning by the conformity of the plan to fundamental conditions and characteristics of the imperial type. - Vast in scale and lavish in decoration, the baths were truly a â&#x20AC;&#x153;prestige monumentâ&#x20AC;? - The complex occupies a spectacular site on the edge of the sea

The scheme can be viewed as a set of spaces organized in two concentric rings around a circular frigidarium with a dome. - This underlying orthogonal order entirely formal and conceptual.

Bath Houses CATALOGUE

Bath C Antioch

Suleymaniye Hamam Turkey

- Projects a sense of civic grandeur in a porticoed main entrance approached by a wide flight of steps leading from the street to a generously proportioned octagonal hall.

- Ideal to unwind after a long day of meetings (or sightseeing) for a bit over an hour.

- The building is lavishly arched and domed, with elaborate marble inlay work on the walls.

- Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a separated male and female section.

- Twenty vertically congruent spaces are grouped symmetrically about the main north-south axis, crossed by a pair of east-west axes.

- Main entrance hall holds a small cafe.

- Traditional bathhouse consisting of three sections: cold, lukewarm and hot.

- Clear and orderly juxtaposition of pure geometric shapes

Early ByzantinE World

Cemberlistas Bath Turkey

- Washer/masseur comes to you and heâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll wash and massage you for the next 10 minutes.

- It is the only hamam in Istanbul where men and women bathe together

Turkish Hammams; Middle Eastern and African Cultures

Public Bath House Hannover, Germany

Karl Mueller Public Bath House Munich, Germany

Therme Vals Switzerland

- Large public bathing establishments, in order to be complete, must contain all the different forms of baths mentioned heretofore

- Built over the only thermal springs in the Graubunden Canton in Switzerland, The Therme Vals is a hotel and spa in one which combines a complete sensory experience

- They always contain one or several swimming baths, with the needed dressing compartments and preparatory cleansing baths in the form of showers and foot baths.

- The idea was to create a form of cave or quarry like structure.

- The buildings require attractive entrances, ticket offices, large waiting rooms for the public, minor rooms for barber shop and chiropodist’s offices.

- “The meander, as we call it, is a designed negative space between the blocks, a space that connects everything as it flows throughout the entire building...” - Zumthor

- These should be comfortable and clean but without any luxury

- All of the above rooms should be provided in duplicate for men and women, and should be entirely separated for the two sexes

Wash-Houses of the Industrial Revolution

Contemporary

Bath Houses COMPARISON

Thermae of Diocletian Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli

Cemberlistas Bath Turkey

Suleymaniye Hamam Turkey

Baths

Circulation | Program

A : apodyterium T : tempidarium U : unctorium S : sudatorium C : caldarium F : frigidarium N : natatio P : palaestra

A : undressing room B : warm room/in winter used as dressing room C : hot room D : very small bathing cell

E : entrance T : ticket office Wm/w : men/women’s waiting room TBm/w : men/women’s tub bath SBm/w: men/women/s swimming bath D/C : dressing and cooling LC : light court TB : turkish bath R: restaurant

23rd St People’s Bath House NYC

Therme Vals Switzerland

Evaluation of Studies Design Progression Marsielle has a history with Roman culture and so therefore it seems appropriate to use their rituals as a starting point with the bathing process. In terms of the layout of pools I find that each study has interesting aspects. The linearity of the Thermae of Diocletian has a regimented beauty, however, Therme Vals offers the bather an element of discovery within their experience. The circulation of the inhabitant for my project may be influenced by all the studies shown. As in, the progression through certain spaces may be direct and immediate, whilst others may offer a more meandering route. Additionally, it may be a case where some programs are interpreted as the inverse. For example, the Cemerlistas Bath offers a circular dry space with smaller peripheral bathing spaces. These geometries are similar to the Silo and so therefore could possibly be adapted to work with the existing structure.

Wm/w : men/women’s waiting room SRm/w : men/women’s shower room S: swimming pool T : toilets

CR : changing rooms S/SB : shower/special baths T : toilets TS : turkish shower/sweat stone FB : fire bath OB : outdoor bath IB : indoor bath RA : rest area

Herritage ROMAN

The Romans emulated many of the Greeks' bathing practices, and surpassed them in the size of their baths. As in Greece, the Roman bath became a focal center for social and recreational activity. With the expansion of the Roman Empire, the idea of the public bath spread to all parts of the Mediterranean and into regions of Europe and North Africa. By constructing aqueducts, the Romans had enough water not only for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses, but also for their leisurely pursuits. Aqueducts provided water that was later heated for use in the baths. These Roman baths varied from simple to exceedingly elaborate structures, and they varied in size, arrangement, and decoration. In taking a Roman bath, the bather induced sweating by gradually exposing himself to increasing temperatures. To accommodate this ritual, all Roman bathhouses contained a series of rooms which got progressively hotter. Most contained an apodyteriumâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;a room just inside the entrance where the bather stored his clothes. Next, the bather progressed into the frigidarium (cold room) with its tank of cold water, the tepidarium (warm room), and finally the caldarium (hot room). The caldarium, heated by a brazier underneath the hollow floor, contained cold-water basins which the bather could use for cooling. After taking this series of sweat and/or immersion baths, the bather returned to the cooler tepidarium for a massage with oils and final scraping with metal implements. Some baths also contained a laconium (a dry, resting room) where the bather completed the process by resting and sweating. The layout of Roman baths contained other architectural features of note. Because wealthy Romans brought slaves to attend to their bathing needs, the bathhouse usually had three entrances: one for men, one for women, and one for slaves. The preference of symmetry in Roman architecture usually meant a symmetrical facade, even though the women's area was usually smaller than the men's because of fewer numbers of patrons. Usually solid walls or placement on opposite sides of the building separated the men's and women's sections. Roman bathhouses often contained a courtyard, or Palaestra, which was an open-air garden used for exercise. In some cases the builders made the palestra an interior courtyard, and in other cases the builders placed the palestra in front of the bathhouse proper and incorporated it into the formal approach. The Romans elevated bathing to a fine art, and their bathhouses physically reflected these advancements. The Roman bath, for instance, included a far more complex ritual than a simple immersion or sweating procedure. The various parts of the bathing ritual (undressing, bathing, sweating, receiving a massage and resting), required separate rooms which the Romans built to accommodate those functions.

Herritage

ROMAN / ALGERIAN

As mentioned earlier, Marseille has had a dramatic influx of immigrants of Algerian Origin over the years. This population was greatly considered and addressed when designing the Masterplan. Although the new generation that now live in Marseille consider themselves French/Marsillian, their roots, even in relation to Bathing can be traced back to Algeria. Located in the town of Khenchela the locals come not to gawp at ancient ruins and take pictures they’ll probably never look at again, instead the important social function of a bathhouse has been retained - family issues are discussed and resolved and jokes and stories are told to echoing laughter and the sound of a slapped thigh, back or hand. So this is not far removed from the original purpose that the Romans built the bath for; a place to have a wash, relax and socialise. The ruins themselves, known as Hammam Essalihine, were further deteriorated when an earthquake struck them sometime in the 14th Century. Thankfully the Ottomans, then the occupiers of Algeria, came along and repaired some of the delicate brickwork. While that means that the ruins aren’t technically just Roman, it helped ensure that the baths would still be used for far longer than their “sell by date”. Today the two open air baths are still fed with plentiful amounts of hot water, and while the togas may have been ditched in favor of shorts or trunks, their use remains very much as it always has been. Top Right: Bathers surrond the “Hot Tub” Bottom Right: The Main Pool

Marseille and Water H I ST O R I C C O N T E X T

As explained, Bathing played an important role throughout society in past times. This would not have been possible without access to large amounts of water. Water is as important today as it was for people thousands of years ago. Without water there would be no life on earth. Water is our lifeline that bathes us and feeds us. In ancient cultures water represented the very essence of life. The Romans were the first to pipe water into their growing cities, especially with their aqueducts. They also realized that sewage water could cause damage to their people, and needed to be removed from large areas of people. Water has played a role not only in the history of countries, but in religion, mythology, and art. Water in many religions cleanses the soul through holy water. All in all, living without water is unimaginable. All countries have relied on water for their development in one way or another. Marseille however relied on it more that most. The city has a deep historic relationship with of Water and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relationship to the people. Understanding this will help further develop the project.

Rivers of the South of France

LOCATION

Salon - de - Provence

Arles

Martigues

Saint - Louis - de - Rhone

The largest River that flows closest to Marseille is the Rhone. Beginning high in the Swiss Alps, this fast moving river flows into the eastern end of Lake Geneva, then south through south-eastern France, emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. The Rhone has a number of tributaries, notably the Huveaune River which in turn feeds the Jarret. Both these smaller rivers run around Marseille, both of which were used by the locals from the early 14th Century.

Aix - en - Provence

Saint Maximin - la- Sainte - Baume

Vitrolls

Marseille

Aubagne

Timeline THE

CONSTRUCTION

14th Century Marseille, located along the hilly Mediterranean seafront is only crossed by one irregular river, the Huveaune River, and its tributary, the Jarret River. The waters were canalized in the 14th century, but over time became an open sewer. Water quality continued to decline and the distribution suffered due to lack of maintenance on the network.

OF CANAL

DE MARSEILLE

15th - 18th Century Until the 19th century, Marseille had only wells for its water supply - they numbered from 10 to 12 000 at the end of the 18th century. The water was becoming increasingly polluted and a growing share was lost due to lack of maintenance of the distribution network. Yet, epidemics accompanying severe droughts were rampant. In difficult times, the flow of Huveaune allowed to use 75 liters of water per day per person.

1832 - 1835 In 1834, the Huveaune practically dried up and only 1 liter per day per person was available. The epidemic of cholera of 1832- 1835 convinced the elected officials to take action to restore the health and ensure the necessary amount of water for the were dead and in 1835 the death toll numbered 2,500. Maximin-Dominica Consolat, mayor of Marseille from 1832 to 1843, decided in 1834 to improve conditions, “no matter what it costs.” The decision was made to bring in water from the nearest large river, the Durance. However, the distance was substantial and the river was separated from Marseille by mountain chains (chaîne des Côtes, plateau de l’Arbois, massif de l’Étoile). The plan called for water to be captured quite high on the Durance and thus harness gravity to overcome the mountainous terrain and arrive in Marseille at the highest point of the city, Saint-Antoine (150 meters (492 ft)). Hence allowing city. By December 1834, 865 water service to the entire community. 56

1869 Construction of Palais Lonchamp as a monument to the opening of the Canal.

1839 The water must be collected fairly high on the Durance (at the Pertuis Bridge and at an altitude of 185 meters), in order for gravity to allow the water to make the whole route, crossing or bypassing intermediate obstacles and reach the highest point of Marseille, Saint-Antoine (altitude 150 meters), to serve the entire city. The building of the canal took 15 years, from 1839â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1854 and covered 80 kilometers (50 mi) of which 17 kilometers (11 mi) were underground.

Two gigantic settling basins for 4250m3 and 4900m3 are built under the Longchamp Garden in 1862 under the direction of the architect EspĂŠrandieu, and overlooking the whole center of the city of Marseille. The Longchamp Garden is located on a hillside just behind the Palais Longchamp.

Despite the doubling of the population in the next forty years, Marseille in 1876 had over thirty times more water per capita: 370 litres (98 US gal) for domestic usage and 660 litres (174 US gal) for industrial activities, daily.

The initial intake of the canal from the Durance was at the bridge "Pertuis" in the Vaucluse at an elevation of 185 meters (607 ft) and 50 kilometers (31 mi) from Marseille. From there, the canal travels west to Lew Puy-Sainte-RĂŠparade, then northwest to Saint-EstĂ¨ve-Janson. Then the canal continues north-west to the bridge Cadenet, where it feeds the pond St. Christopher.

1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Canals from the Verdon River built to meet growing water demand.

Today, the canal is no longer the sole water source for Marseille. The Canal de Provence, an almost completely underground network of canals from the Verdon River built in the 1970s now brings water to not only Marseille, but also Aix-en-Provence and Toulon. Today, this water amounts for approximately two-thirds of the water brought into Marseille, the remaining third comes from the Verdon through Provence.

Concept Precedent Research

Philosophy & Research Introduction Background The Silo Ideas and Understanding Philosophy and Research Design Development Proposal Tectonics Environmental Strategy Costing

26 62

Concept

REJUVENATING THE RECEPTACLE

Concept noun noun: concept; plural noun: concepts • an abstract idea.

“structuralism is a difficult concept” synonyms: idea, notion, conception, abstraction, conceptualization.

• a plan or intention.

“the centre has kept firmly to its original concept”

• an idea or invention to help sell or publicize a commodity. “a new concept in corporate hospitality” PHILOSOPHY

an idea or mental image which corresponds to some distinct entity or class of entities, or to its essential features, or determines the application of a term (especially a predicate), and thus plays a part in the use of reason or language.

“A juxtaposition where bathing is given a surreal canvas. Man and Process.”

Machine,

Pleasure

and

Precedent Research ADAPTATION

Adaptive reuse refers to the process of reusing an old site or building for a purpose other than which it was built or designed for. Along with brown-field reclamation, adaptive reuse is seen by many as a key factor in land conservation and the reduction of urban sprawl. However adaptive reuse can become controversial as there is sometimes a blurred line between renovation, facadism and adaptive reuse. It can be regarded as a compromise between historic preservation and demolition. As an ideology it deals with the issues of conservation and heritage policies. Whilst old buildings become unsuitable for their programmatic requirements, as progress in technology, politics and economics moves faster than the built environment, adaptive reuse comes in as a sustainable option for the reclamation of sites. In many situations, the types of buildings most likely to become subjects of adaptive reuse include; industrial buildings, as cities become gentrified and the process of manufacture moves away from city; political buildings, such as palaces and buildings which cannot support current and future visitors of the site; and community buildings such as churches or schools where the use has changed over time. Adaptive reuse is seen as an effective way of reducing urban sprawl and environmental impact. By reusing an existing structure within a site, the energy required to create these spaces is lessened, as is the material waste that comes from destroying old sites and rebuilding using new materials. Through adaptive reuse old, unoccupied buildings can become suitable sites for many different types of use.

Case Study : Repton Park Chapel, England. The old church experienced a dramatic change to a gym and spa space. The exploitation of the length and scale of the original architecture is suitable to the program and creates a completely different experience of space for the bather.

Precedent Research EXPERIENCE

Architecture is fundamentally about crafting the human experience â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and the human experience is not just visual, it is also multisensory. Sensory design has been an under-utilized element of architectural design. Traditionally, the approach to the senses has been static and passive, regarding each sense modality as independent, but treating auditory, tactile, haptic, gustatory and olfactory senses as secondary to the visual. In our age of digitalisation, where the virtual world is as abundant as the physical, it is imperative to remember the significance of simple human encounters. Touch, smell, sound and memory are brought together to raise significant questions about the importance of our built environment and its affect on everyday life. Multi-sensory experiences are fundamental qualities of architectural design today. They are able to help us to understand our physical connection with others and the world we share, through reminding us of what it is to be human. As humans, we are visually dominant creatures and it is important that we as designers address, not only this visual sense, but all of the senses, for people experience a space or environment with different sensory strengths, and this differentiates their experience and or understanding of that space Vision is the most common form of communication in architecture and therefore unfortunately, the other sense can become neglected. Whereas it is through the senses Touch, Smell, Taste and Sound that architecture can have a deeper effect. A key factor in distinguishing place from space is the ability for humans to interact. This provides occupants with a feeling of belonging to the environment and forming a strong memory of the space.

Case Study : Thereme Vals, Switzerland. Built over the only thermal springs in the Graubunden Canton in Switzerland, The Therme Vals is a hotel and spa in one which combines a complete sensory experience designed by Peter Zumthor.

Precedent Research JUXTAPOSITION

Juxtaposition is the act of placing two entities in close proximity to each other. Juxta, a Latin root word, means to be close to, or adjoining. The suffix juxta which always denotes entities that are right next to each other. Position comes from the French word of the same spelling, the connotation meaning to take a stance, or lay down a thesis. In todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s speech and writing, the use of the word juxtaposition is used to describe a sharp contrast between two things. By placing two positions, each with their own identity in close proximity to each other, their defining characteristics and differences stand out. In architecture, methods of juxtaposition and interpretation are used to regulate interior to exterior relationships and to articulate transitions of inside - outside, man - nature and private - public to name a few. The key to contextual design is knowing the history and culture of a place or time, and using that information to inform the next intervention. Like artists and photographers, architects and interior designers think about the composition of space. Rather than the two dimensional placement of objects within a frame, however, designers think about composition in relation to an entire building. With a huge existing building and furniture stock, one growing challenge is introducing new furniture into existing buildings and vice versa. Especially since furniture is originally built to a distinct time periodâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fashions and culture. As artists have known for centuries, the juxtaposition of old and new can create a moving environment, respecting the old while allowing the new to speak for itself.

Case Study : Royal Ontario Museum, Canada. The overall aim of The Crystal is to provide openness and accessibility, seeking to blur the lines between the threshold linking the public area of the street and the more private area of the museum. The goal is to act as an open threshold where people and artifacts animate the space. The main lobby is a threestory high atrium, named the Hyacinth Gloria Chen Crystal Court.

Site Analysis Demolition/Retention Strategy Language Schedule of Accommodation Initial Design

Design Development Introduction Background The Silo Ideas and Understanding Philosophy and Research Design Development Proposal Tectonics Environmental Strategy Costing

Design Development INTERROGATION

Primary Vehicular Route

Secondary Vehicular Route

Pedestrian Route

Strengths

Weaknesses

S01. Located directly between the Masterplansâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; proposed Primary Route and the Metro Station the Site benefits from the high footfall passing in the area.

W01. With each building in the masterplan implementation now having a new function the private and public area may become blurred without this being resolved.

S02. The introduction of varying mixed use facilities in the area provide a backdrop of culture for the proposed bath house.

W02. The infrastructure within the site is yet to be fully resolved. Pedestrianized zones are still not fully integrated successfully.

Opportunities

Threats

O01. The quality of some of the buildings on the site are still to be fully assessed in order to warrant their refurbishment meaning possible site clearing.

T01. A high traffic route around all boundaries of the Silo Site as a result of new high density may cause isolation of the development itself.

O02. The ability to further manipulate the Masterplan and the interventions to increase the feasibility of my scheme.

T02. Whilst the variety of land uses is encouraged (S02.) there is a possibility of incompatible mixed use that may hinder the success of the proposed development.

Demolition/Retention ARCHITECTURAL

MERIT

The main priority here was to retain as much as possible in keeping with the Masterplan Ethos. This included things like the street facade that overlooked the new Primary Route and the westerly warehouses situated at the north west corner of the site.

The warehouses sat behind the first line of buildings overlooking the primary route proved to be too dilapidated, not holding any exceptional architectural merit. The refurbishment of these structures did not seem as feasible as the demolition in order to clear the way for the new build.

Language NEW - OLD

The Silo sits almost as a Sky Scraper within itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surroundings. This monumentality is the first consideration when proposing a new build. As an initial starting point the volume of the front tower was measured.

If this volume was to be moved adjacent the function would struggle to fit the form. Although linearity is not essential for a bathing program, having the structure too high could compromise the idea.

The volume was then rotated 90 Â° to create a Skyscraper - Landscraper relationship.

Once in place it was then dropped below ground to meet with the basement level of the Silo. This subterranean element (inspired by Therme Vals) will be further developed.

Model Studies TESTING

Design Test I the junction

Taking the block volume from the front of the Silo gave me an initial mass. To address the towering language of the Silo the volume was laid flat, creating a linear addition.

Design Test II key routes

The main routes of access ran east to west across the Silo site, noted here by the white dots. By slightly moving the volume back this line of permeability is restored. The issue then is somehow breaking the harsh linearity of the layout.

Design Test III

alignment

Due to the way the Silo is positioned in the Urban Fabric the new build would sit out of place if this was carried through. Therefore, by aligning the new mass to the main road [purple line] it becomes better integrated into the city grid.

Design Test IV the public realm

The Silo scheme in the Masterplan became a Social HUB. To emphasise this, placement of the new build allowed for the creation of a series of courtyards and public squares to accommodate for the increase in footfall.

Schedule of Accomodation DESIGNATION

BATHERS Changing Rooms Tepidarium Caldarium Lanconcium Communal Pool Treatment Spaces (Massages, Facials etc) Garden scape Showers Toilets Storage Facilities Intimate Bathing Spaces (Silo Tubes)

STAFF Lobby Garments Store Towel Stores File Room Toilets Staff Lounge/Kitchen

SERVICES Elevators Plant Laundry Room Storage Spaces

TOTAL :

160 m2 300 m2 125 m2 637 m2 180 m2 136 m2 540 m2 50 m2 50 m2 10 m2 45 m2 2,103 m2

25 m2 7 m2 10 m2 2 m2 10 m2 20 m2 TOTAL : 74m2

TOTAL :

10 m2 650 m2 5 m2 10 m2 675 m2

Initial Design JOURNEY THROUGH

SECTION

A large communal pool would sit below the silo with access to small bathing spaces within the internal silo tubes through a hydraulic lift. The gradual stepping down of the spaces to gain entry under the Silo completely removes the inhabitant from his/ her surroundings to become fully immersed in the bathing experience. The journey sees the bather progress down through the building and then back up again. This is a direct interpretation of how the grain moved around the Silo. [In Plan] The route through the building will see the user progress through a series of different pools and spaces, that create sensory experiences through light and heat. The termination point will be the Silo with a subterranean entrance in order to preserve the Siloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s monolithic quality.

Bath House Ground Floor

Refinement Plans - Basement - Ground - First - Second (Roof) Longitudinal Section Cross Sections Perspectives Elevations

Proposal Introduction Background The Silo Ideas and Understanding Philosophy and Research Design Development Proposal Tectonics Environmental Strategy Costing

Refinement DEVELOPMENT

The initial linear mass proposed in the earlier design proved restrictive on the sizes of the pools and other spaces. Development of the scheme allowed reconsideration for potential use of the public square created. This would then accommodate for the much larger bathing spaces.

Required Air Temperatures Frigidarium (Changing Rooms) - 24°C Tepidarium (Main Pools) - 26°C Caldrium (Lower Ground Pool) - 30°C Lanconcium - 65°C Silo Communal Pool - 27°C Lobby - 18°C 86

DISCOVERY

THE RITUAL

DISCOVERYTHE RITUAL

THE RITUAL

THE GRID

By workingThe withallocation the grid of bathing a series of pools structural transpires walls from the are placedregimentation in order to of the rest of deviate thethe bather building. around the different pools. These pools follow the roman bathing rituals in terms of temperature and so as the bather progresses through the bath house these pools get progressively warmer.

TREATMENT DISCOVERY

Once in place these walls allow the load of the roof across the span to be carried across, rather than additional unnecessary columns.

TREATMENT

CULMINATION TREATMENT

DISCOVERY

Once in place By working these walls with the grid allow the load a series of the of structural roof walls across thearespan placed to be in order to carried across, deviate rather thethan bather around additional theunnecessary different pools. columns.

TREATMENT

By working with the grid Once in place these walls By working with the grid a series of structural walls allow the load of the aroof series of structural walls are placed in order across to the span toare be placed in order to deviate the bather around carried across, rather deviate than the bather around the different pools. additional unnecessary the different pools. columns.

CULMINATION

THE RITUAL

THE GRID The subservient area The of theallocation of bathing The subservient area of the The allocation of bathing By working with the The grid allocation of bathing bath house is comprised pools of transpires from baththe house is comprised pools of transpires from a the series of structural walls pools transpires from the a structural grid. regimentation of thearest structural of grid. regimentation of the restare of placed in orderregimentation to of the rest of the building. the building. deviate the bather around the building. The access to this space The access to this space the different pools. is obtained via These two pools follow is the obtained via two These pools follow the These pools follow the means; primarily roman from bathing means; rituals primarily from roman bathing rituals roman bathing rituals the changing area inand terms of temperature the changing area and in terms of temperature in terms of temperature a secondary means andat so as the abather secondary means and at so as the bather and so as the bather the rear of the building progresses to through the the rear of the building progresses to through the progresses through the provide efficient circulation bath house these pools provide get efficient circulation bath house these pools get bath house these pools get around the building. progressively warmer. around the building. progressively warmer. progressively warmer.

Once now in place th The journey through allow able the load o sees the bather being the spa to experience aacross sense of across, ra discovery as theycarried meander additional un through the successive pools down columns. into the subterranean environment. In addition, the T was manipulated an area of flo immediately ou changing facilitie between the p the changing r to act as a subtle temporary wait between bathers

TREATMENT

THE RITUAL

The subservient area of the bath house is comprised of a structural grid.

The subservientThe areaallocation of the of bathing bath house is comprised pools transpires of from the a structural grid.regimentation of the rest of the building. The access to this space is obtained These via two pools follow the means; primarily roman from bathing rituals the changing inarea terms andof temperature a secondary and means so at as the bather the rear of theprogresses building to through the provide efficientbath circulation house these pools get around the building. progressively warmer.

In addition, the Tepdiarium was manipulated to create an area of floor space immediately outside the changing facilities. A space between the pools and the changing rooms for to act as a subtle and very temporary waiting area between bathers.

The journey through now sees the bather being able to experience a sense of discovery as they meander through the successive pools down into the subterranean environment.

Once in place these walls allow the load of the roof across the span to be carried across, rather than additional unnecessary columns. In addition, the Tepdiarium was manipulated to create an area of floor space immediately outside the changing facilities. A space between the pools and the changing rooms for to act as a subtle and very temporary waiting area between bathers.

The access to this space is obtained via two means; primarily from the changing area and a secondary means at the rear of the building to provide efficient circulation around the building.

By working with the grid a series of structural walls are placed in order to deviate the bather around the different pools.

At this stage however this creates a very linear experience, with no real sensorial elements.

DISCOVERY

At this stage however this creates a very linear experience, with no real sensorial elements.

The allocation of bathing pools transpires from the regimentation of the rest of the building. These pools follow the roman bathing rituals in terms of temperature and so as the bather progresses through the bath house these pools get progressively warmer. At this stage however this creates a very linear experience, with no real sensorial elements.

The southern part of At the this stage however The southern part of the At this stage however grid see’s the bather this creates a verygrid linearsee’s the bather this creates a very linear descend into the threshold experience, with no descend real into the threshold experience, with no real of the subterranean aspect sensorial elements. of the subterranean aspect sensorial elements. of the building, denoted by of the building, denoted by the wavy line. the wavy line.

THE RITUAL

The southern At part this of the stage however grid see’s the this creates bather a very linear descend into the experience, threshold with no real of the subterranean sensorial aspect elements. of the building, denoted by the wavy line.

The subservient area of the bath house is comprised of a structural grid. The access to this space is obtained via two means; primarily from the changing area and a secondary means at the rear of the building to provide efficient circulation around the building. The southern part of the grid see’s the bather descend into the threshold of the subterranean aspect of the building, denoted by the wavy line.

The southern part of the grid see’s the bather descend into the threshold of the subterranean aspect of the building, denoted by the wavy line.

THE GRID

Initial Mass The Bath House sits alligned to the adjacent road running through the Silo Development. The other side facing a courtyard space after the expansion into the square.

Initial Mass

Subservient Volume

Pool Consideration

Volume Alteration 1

The Bath House sits alligned to the adjacent road running through the Silo Development. The other side facing a courtyard space after the expansion into the square.

The dominant linear mass derrived from the tall front volume of the Silo, rotated 90 ° should remain the prominant “block” in order for the language of the Silo and the Bath House to be read correctly.

Analysis of the placement of the pools in this subservient space allows for a manipulation of additional volumes in order to enhance the bathing expereince.

As the bather moves through the pools the height above becomes greater. The progressional experience through space and water will need another moudulation.

Subservient Volume The dominant linear mass derrived from the tall front volume of the Silo, rotated 90 ° should remain the prominant “block” in order for the language of the Silo and the Bath House to be read correctly.

unning ga e.

Subservient Volume

Pool Consideration

Volume Alteration 1

Volume Alteration 2

Analysis of the placement of the pools in this subservient space allows for a manipulation of additional volumes in order to enhance the bathing expereince.

As the bather moves through the pools the height above becomes greater. The progressional experience through space and water will need another moudulation.

Finally as the bather decends down into the lower ground of the Bath House the volume above becomes the highest. This emphasises the decent in order to begin to detatch the bather from the outside environment.

Pool Consideration Analysis of the placement of the pools in this subservient space allows for a manipulation of additional volumes in order to enhance the bathing expereince.

me k” be

Pool Consideration

Volume Alteration 1

Volume Alteration 2

Analysis of the placement of the pools in this subservient space allows for a manipulation of additional volumes in order to enhance the bathing expereince.

As the bather moves through the pools the height above becomes greater. The progressional experience through space and water will need another moudulation.

Volume Alteration 1 As the bather moves through the pools the height above becomes greater. The progressional experience through space and water will need another moudulation.

Volume Alteration 1

Volume Alteration 2

As the bather moves through the pools the height above becomes greater. The progressional experience through space and water will need another moudulation.

Volume Alteration 2 Finally as the bather decends down into the lower ground of the Bath House the volume above becomes the highest. This emphasises the decent in order to begin to detatch the bather from the outside environment.

Proposed Urban Fabric

Vehicular Routes

Noli The new figure ground sees the siloâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surrounding fabric alot more complimentary, following the angled orientation off the rest of the city grid.

Proposed Urban Fabric

Vehicular Routes

New Courtyards

Road Network The main route cuts through the Silo development in order to keep fluid permeability. The additional couple of roads north of the Silo have now been converted to pedestrian only to promote the public realm.

Proposed Urban Fabric

Vehicular Routes

New Courtyards

Placement of Vegetation

Courtyards With this promotion of the public access to the site a series of courtyards have been designed within the fabric to offer an alternate route away from the heavy traffic.

osed Urban Fabric

Vehicular Routes

New Courtyards

Placement of Vegetation

Seating and Water Feature

Placement I Placement of trees along the road edge acts as a visual and acoustic buffer. These lines are derived from the spacing between the windows of the east facade.

Vehicular Routes

New Courtyards

Placement of Vegetation

Seating and Water Feature

Placement II Additionally, a water feature, comprised of a thin sheet of water over the surace has been placed in the remaining space as a means to engage the public with water before entering or after leaving the Bath House.

11.

THE BATH HOUSE 1. Plant Room 2. Caldarium 3. Lanconcium 4. Cooling Water 5. Changing Rooms 6. W/C 7. Store Room 8. Lockers 9. Plant Room 10. Showers

LOWER GROUND

THE SILO 11. Communal Pool 12. Intimate Bathing Spaces

THE BATH HOUSE 1. Plant Room 2. Caldarium 3. Lanconcium 4. Cooling Water 5. Changing Rooms 6. W/C 7. Store Room 8. Lockers 9. Plant Room 10. Showers

10.

9. 8.

Lower Ground

12.

Plans

THE SILO 11. Communal Pool 12. Bathing Space

15.

THE SILO 15. Lobby 1.

15. Lobby

LOWER GROUND

3. 5. 4.

11. 10.

THE BATH HOUSE 1. Plant Room 2. Caldarium 3. Lanconcium 4. Cooling Water 5. Changing Rooms 6. W/C 7. Store Room 8. Lockers 9. Plant Room 10. Showers

THE BATH HOUSE 1. Entrance 2. Reception Desk 3. File Room 4. W/C (Staff) 5. Towel and Garment Station 6. Store Room 7. W/C 8. W/C 9. Changing Cubicles 10. Lockers 11. Tepidarium 12. Showers 13. Caldarium 14. Service Room

12.

13. 7.

Ground Floor 91

FIRST FLOOR

THE SILO 10. Silo Tube Bath

1. 4.

THE BATH HOUSE 1. Staff Desk 2. Staff Lounge 3. Staff Kitchen 4. Waiting Area 5. Male Changing Rooms 6. Female Changing Rooms 7. Treatment Room 8. Bathroom 9. Laundry Room

10.

THE SILO 10. Silo Tube Bath

First Floor Plan

First THE BATH HOUSE 1. Staff Desk 2. Staff Lounge 3. Staff Kitchen 4. Waiting Area 5. Male Changing Rooms 6. Female Changing Rooms 7. Treatment Room 8. Bathroom 9. Laundry Room

Floor Plans 1:200

Plans

GROUND - ROOF

2. 3.

The journey of the bather still remains largely the same from the initial design. Influenced by the movement of the grain within the Silo the inhabitant enters at ground level to then descend into a subterranean environment. Progressing through a series of hotter spaces inspired by the Roman Rituals an ascension then takes place up into the Silo where, once at the very top the user has uncompromising views of Marseille. Roof THE BATH HOUSE 1. Solarium

ROOF PLAN

THE BATH HOUSE 1. Solarium

FIRST FLOOR

THE SILO 2. Solarium 3. Herb Garden

THE SILO 2. Solarium 3. Herb Gardens

Roof Plan 93

Longitudinal Section 1:100 @ 841mm x 1600mm

Cross Sections

1:100 @ 365mm x 1000mm

Perspectives VIEWS

100

101

Elevations WEST - REAR

FRONT - EAST

102

103

Materiality Construction - The Silo - New Build

104

Tectonics Introduction Background The Silo Ideas and Understanding Philosophy and Research Design Development Proposal Tectonics Environmental Strategy Costing

105

Materiality CONTRAST

Limestone Studying the geology of the area, a composition of Limestone and Dolomite is likely to be struck. This heavy material will be exposed in the basement spaces and used as load bearing walls to support the structure above. The exposed rock will create a more sensory experience as they touch it moving through the space. Steel This will be the steel present from the supporting silo structure. To create a distinguishing element between the old and new this steel will remain as it is in contrast to the new materials used in the bath house. This material really enriches the original industrial flavor of the site with itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s warm auburn colouring..

Timber The organic nature of this material works well within the sensory inducing architecture. Surrounded in an industrial setting the timber provides balance and contrast while still allowing structural benefits. The idea is to use timber as the construction material in the roof of the Bath House to create an acoustic enhancing design. Concrete This material will be used in the floor slabs and the internal walls. These elements will be reinforced with steel whilst other elements like staircases may be prefabricated.

106

1:50 Communal Bathing Space with intimate Bathing Silo Tubes

1:500 Aerial View

Initial Interior Study

107

Construction PROCESS

THE SILO Excavation The excavation will be carried out in order to create a bathing pool within the existing basement of the silo. Excavation will need to occur in order to extend the foundations (see communal pool for excavation logistics). Foundation Pile foundations Silo Communal Pool Insertion of contiguous piling around the footprint of the Silo. This provides a means off keeping water out the excavation site and supports the Silo structure whilst building work is taking place. Then underpinning of the structure to create the pool is completed by the insertion of needle beams under the existing footings. Permanent secant pilling would then be added which would then act as the support method to carry the load. These would be placed at a 1:2 ratio of depth. Therefore, if the new pilling supported a height 6m then a further 12m would be inserted below for stability. Furthermore the basement floor of the silo may be excavated, rebuilt and added after the construction of the pool. The framework that holds the silos together is unaltered and so provides sufficient structural needs. A ring beam will need to be placed around the Silo tube where the nozzle has been removed to provide additional and necessary support of the cylinder.

108

109

Construction PROCESS

BATH HOUSE Excavation The excavation plan will follow the shape of the Basement Floor Plan. This is the simplest geometry and therefore the most economical method of excavating. The bath house will be comprised of a steel frame with an exterior timber clad with a Limestone tiling on the interior.

110

01. 02. 03.

04. 05.

06.

07.

08. 09.

10.

11.

12. 13. 15.

14. 16.

17.

20.

18. 19. 21.

1:20 Construction Detail 1. Gasket holding Glazing in Place 2. Glazing 3. Flashing 4. Steel i-Beam 5. Timber Roof Beams 6. Baton 7. Insulation 8. Limestone Tiling 9. Cavity formed by battens 10. 50 x 60 Batten 11. Steel Channel 12. Gasket for Glazing 13. Plant/Drainage Space 14. Glazing 1000mm x 60mm 15. Water Overflow Channel 16. Column 17. Capping on Pool Edge 18. Drain 19. Gutter 20. Pool Screening 21. Paving (400mm x 50mm)

111

Water Ventilation Light

112

Environmental Strategy Introduction Background The Silo Ideas and Understanding Philosophy and Research Design Development Proposal Tectonics Environmental Strategy Costing

113

Water

TREATMENT AND HEATING

Filtration

Solar Water Heating

Essentially the pool pump and filter work in a “closed loop” system (some water will evaporate off the surface of the pool and will need to be readded as needed).

Solar water heaters are made up of solar collectors. In pool systems the pool’s filtration pump circulates the pool water through the collectors. Active systems also have circulating pumps and controls. Two types of solar collectors that are widely used are flat-plate and evacuated-tube collectors.

It starts by drawing water from both the pool and the skimmer and delivering it to the pump and motor. Once it reaches the pump the water passes through an initial filter called the “strainer pot basket”. This will remove most debris from the water prior to sending it along to the pump housing. It is then passed through the motor to your pool’s cartridge filters which remove any remaining debris and contaminants from the water. Next the water is passed onto your pool’s heater, where the water is heated to the desired temperature. After it reaches the appropriate temp, it’s passed onto a chlorinator (not pictured in the graphic above) where chlorine is added and then returned to the pool itself. Filtration Process Diagram

Flat Plate collectors are traditionally the most common type because they are easy to manufacture. Glazed flat-plate collectors essentially are weatherproofed boxes that contain a dark absorber plate under a glass cover. Evacuated tubes can be seen as the newer solar collectors. They are made of a copper manifold where the water flows through and have a number of evacuated tube heat pipes connected to it. Solr Water Heating Process Diagram Solar Collectors

Hot Water to Pools Cold Water

Solar Preheated Water

Mixing Valve (prevents scalding)

Antifreeze to Solar Collectors Heated Antifreeze from Solar Panels

Circulator

Solar Storage Water Tank

114

Auxiliary Water Heater

Boiler

CHP CHP systems have been used successfully in the industrial sector since 1970. CHP systems are small ‘Heat Engines’ that provide all the power for an individual building. It is by harnessing the wasted heat from this process and using it for hot water, heating or cooling that the phrase ‘combined heat and power’ (CHP) is defined. Because CHP systems make extensive use of the heat produced during the electricity generation process, they can achieve overall efficiencies in excess of 70% at the point of use.

Application To integrate the heating systems into the design, rather than excavate any further incurring more costs, the plant space can be accommodated around the peripheral sides of the pool (see green highlighted area). Additionally, photovoltaics could be applied to the topside of the timber roof structure in a strip in order to harness maximum amounts of solar energy (see orange highlighted areas).

In contrast, CHP is a form of a decentralised energy technology. CHP systems are typically installed on-site, supplying bathers with heat and power directly at the point of use, therefore helping avoid the significant losses which occur in transmitting electricity from large centralised plant to customers. Turbine Based CHP Process Diagram

Application of Heating Systems Diagram

Boiler Based CHP Process Diagram

115

Lighting

NATURAL / ARTIFICIAL

The Bath House

The Silo

This element of the project aims to create a sensory experience and so therefore lighting will play a crucial part in this.

Due to the Silo being constructed with limited daylight penetration needed, a number of sensitive design implementations have been carried out. For example, with the structure falling into dilapidation the decision was made to remove the service floors and staircase leading up the Silo. The two floors remaining are the retreated slightly and the roof is replaced with a glazed construction. This now allows the inhabitant to fully appreciate the true verticality of the structure whilst also flooding the space with daylight.

At ground level the bathers are exposed to a stepping roof which is composed of timber and glass. The roof provides ample shading under the hot Mediterranean sun whilst not compromising on the levels of natural light that enter the space. As the inhabitant descends a linear strip of glazing acts as a device to guide bathers through the space. The glazing allows light to stream down over the wall which is uninterrupted throughout the length of the space. Artificial lighting is included in all spaces with considered placement as to not compromise the design. Spotlighting will be present in the Basement Lanconcium whist strip lighting will run across selected timber beams over the Tepidarium. Roof lights are included within the design in order to utilize the roof scape of the Bath House. Translucent glass allows diffused light into the treatment spaces to avoid the client becoming uncomfortable.

Daylight and Artifical Lighting Proposal - Bath House 116

The Bathing Spaces within the Silo tubes are designed to be tranquil, therapeutic spaces and so therefore only in-pool lighting will be artificial here. The exposed tube will allow the bather to gaze up at the Blue or the clear night skies of Marseille. Finally the Communal Pool will be a combination of natural and artificial light. The nozzles of the Silo Tubes have been removed on the perimeter. This will create a flooding of light around the main pool during the day whilst smaller artificial installations on the central silo nozzles will provide any additional lighting.

Daylight and Artifical Lighting Proposal - Silo

S U N L I G H T

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Heating & Ventilation METHODS

The Bath House

The Silo

The climate of Marseille must be considered when proposing a heating system within this project. This data can then be cross-referenced to the specific temperatures required within the necessary spaces. (Climate Figures p.12 - 13) (Pool Temperatures p.83 - 83) (Air Temperatures p.80)

Heat from the pools is extracted up the void Silo Tubes and utilized by the heat exchanger. Additional heat exchangers could be implemented into the framework of the existing structure above the communal pool. Additionally Mechanical ventilation will blow cool air into the junction space between the Silo and the new development.

With Marseille in the summer months exceeding 25째C the temperature within the Tepidarium can be heated naturally. Therefore a mechanical system where the glazing within the roof could be inserted into the structure could be implemented in order to save energy on heating and energy costs. Heat from the hot basement space is taken in by the heat exchanger located on the rear wall of the Bath House. These exchangers could also be implemented as an addition to the roof structure in order to minimize the impact the devices have on the aesthetic quality.

Above: Section through Tepidarium Left: Cross Section Through Bath House Right: Section through Silo

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Also, the windows of the Silo tower would be mechanical, opening during the hottest months and closing the cooler winter months.

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Precedent Evaluation Costing

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Costing Introduction Background The Silo Ideas and Understanding Philosophy and Research Design Development Proposal Tectonics Environmental Strategy Costing

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Precedent THERME VALS

Design Team: Peter Zumthor Cost: € 16,500,000 / £ 11,900,000 Location: Vals, Graubünden, Switzerland Built using locally quarried Valser quartzite slabs, the spa building is made up of 15 different tablelike units, 5 meters in height, with cantilevered concrete roof units supported by tie-beams. These units fit together like a giant jigsaw puzzle. The nature of the construction is revealed through close inspection of the roof – the roofs of the units don’t join, but are covered by glass to prevent water ingress through the 8cm gaps. Inside, this provides a dichotomy – the concrete makes the roof appear heavy but the gaps between the units also makes the roof appear to float. There are 60,000, 1 meter-long sections of stone forming the cladding of the walls. Whilst these initially appear random, like an ashlar wall, there is a regular order. The cladding stones are of three different heights, but the total of the three is always 15cm, so it allows for variety in arrangement, whilst facilitating construction. The main aspect of this study is the excavation element. Although my project is not set in the picturesque Swiss Alps I will be excavating and using the local rock as construction material within the project. In addition to this, the function also has it’s similarities, differentiating only slightly with certain parts of the project.

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Evaluation

THEORETICAL / PRACTICAL

- To create spaces where one is bathed on the backdrop of an industrial canvas. - The removal of the bather from the outside world. - The re-birth of lost elements; water, grain, community. - A new attraction that is commodious for the local area. - Retention of a structure with Historical significance.

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Costing

CONSTRUCTION

SITE CLEARANCE (at £15/m³)

48,285.45 x 15 = 724,281.75

BATH HOUSE Excavation and laying of foundations (at £120/m³) Bath House Construction (at £4500/sq m)

7150 x 120 = 858,000 (1157 x 4) x 4500 = 5,206,500

Plant (at 1500/sq m)

325 x 1500 = 487,500

SILO Excavation and laying of foundations (at £120/m³)

1820 x 120 = 218,400

New Element Construction (at £4500/sq m)

20 x 4500 = 90,000

Plant (at 1500/sq m)

325 x 1500 = 487,500 = 7,347,900

+ Complexity Factor (15%)

8,450,085

+ Contractor Preliminaries (13%)

9,548,596.05

+ Design and Construction Contingencies (10%)

10,503,455.60

+ Consultant Fees (10%)

11,553,801.10

+ Statutory Fees (0.025%)

11,556,689.55 TOTAL:

£11, 556.689.55

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John Atkinson Architecture M.Arch Liverpool John Moores University

T | 00000000000 E | john_atkinson91@msn.com

2015