rog orv i cx ov re T e rTa dXX sa uk une S i sa qa rTv e l oS i
saswavlo masalebis krebuli momzadebulia proeqtis `tolerantobis mSenebloba saqarTveloSi istoriis swavlebis gziT~ farglebSi, holandiis sagareo saqmeTa saministros centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis socialuri transformaciis programis (matra) dafinansebiT evroklio/matras proeqti 2008/2011
rogor vicxovreT erTad XX saukuneSi saqarTveloSi 29 samuSao furceli (gakveTili) istoriis interaqtiuli swavlebisaTvis koordinatorebi ioke van der leu-rurdi, evroklios _ istoriis pedagogTa evropuli asociaciis aRmasrulebeli direqtori, proeqtis mTavari menejeri stiven stigersi, blandin smilanski, patrik barkeri, evroklios _ istoriis pedagogTa evropuli asociaciis samdivnos wevrebi, proeqtis menejerebi nana cixisTavi, elene meZmariaSvili, profesorebi, istoriis maswavlebelTa saqarTvelos asociacia, proeqtis koordinatorebi proeqtis adgilobrivi eqspertebi Tea qarCava, erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris istoriis eqsperti levan axvlediani, erovnuli saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris gazeT `dialogis~ proeqtis menejeri giorgi gaxelaZe, profesori, ilias universiteti saerTaSoriso eqspertebi rumiana kuSeva, mTavari eqsperti, profesori, informaciisa da praqtikos pedagogTa momzadebis departamentis direqtori, evroklio-s proeqtis `evropis dialogi, kulturis cisartyela momavlisaTvis~ koordinatori, bulgareTi robert maieri, doqtori, ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli, georg ekertis saxelmZRvaneloebis kvlevis saerTaSoriso instituti, braunSvaigi, germania eial navehi, profesori, israelis demokratiis institutis ufrosi mecnierTanamSromeli, politikuri saganmanaTleblo proeqtis xelmZRvaneli, israeli viken Ceteriani, doqtori, programa CIMERA-s direqtori, Sveicaria elma hasimbegoviCi, humanitarul mecnierebaTa magistri, evroklio-s saresurso wignis `Cveulebrivi xalxi araCveulebriv qveyanaSi. yoveldRiuri cxovreba bosniahercogovinaSi, xorvatiasa da serbiaSi 1945-1990 wlebSi~ Tanaredaqtori, bosniahercogovina margaret gestsdotiri, islandiis universiteti, reikiavikis armulis kolejis istoriis pedagogi, evroklios yofili prezidenti da sabWos wevri, islandia din smarti, profesori, dasavleT inglisis universiteti, bristoli, evroklios yofili prezidenti, evroklios sabWos wevri, britaneTis istoriis maswavlebelTa saganmanaTleblo qselis (HTEN) mdivani da istoriis swavlis, swavlebisa da kvlevis saerTaSoriso Jurnalis saredaqcio kolegiis wevri, didi britaneTi Zintra liepina, pedagogi, istoriis swavlebis meTodisti, evroklios sabWos yofili wevri, istoriis pedagogTa latviis asociaciis wevri, latvia oliver raisneri, doqtori, adamianis uflebaTa programis menejeri, evrokomisiis delegacia saqarTveloSi, germania ineke veldhuis-meesteri, damoukidebeli konsultanti istoriis swavlebis meTodologiaSi, istoriis pedagogTa holandiis asociacia, niderlandebi fransuaz kompanie, doqtori, kulturis organizaciisa da menejmentis departamenti, sociologiis fakulteti, vriies universiteti, amsterdami, niderlandebi tomas Serloki, profesori, vest pointis samxedro akademia, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi iulia kuSneriova, pedagogi, istoriis swavlebis meTodisti, evroklio/matras proeqtis `kulturebis mozaika~ Tanaavtori, istoriis maswavlebelTa moskovis asociacia, ruseTi irina kostiuki, pedagogi, istoriis swavlebis meTodisti, evroklio/matras proeqtis „axali droeba, axali istoria“ koordinatori, nova_doba, istoriis maswavlebelTa ukrainis asociacia, ukraina
saredaqcio kolegia rumiana kuSeva (mTavari redaqtori), elisabed CubiniSvili, nina zulumiani, manana SeyilaZe, evelina mamedova, oliver raisneri (konsultanti) avtorebi jgufi: multieTnikuri saqarTvelo nino Ciqovani (jgufis xelmZRvaneli), marlen Sengelia, zurab laoSvili (1), seda melkumiani (2; 3), nona WiRlaZe (4), elene bodaveli (5; 6), nana soloRaSvili (7), qeTevan qvliviZe (8), Sorena xecuriani (9) jgufi:Oojaxi da yoveldRiuri cxovreba naira mamukelaSvili (jgufis xelmZRvaneli; 15; 16), nugzar molaSvili (10) nargiz nabieva, elura alieva (11), madona miqelaZe (12), nana agasaSvili (13), lamara margoSvili (14) jgufi:Omigracia cira CikvaiZe (jgufis xelmZRvaneli; 18; 22; 23), ia xubaSvili (17; 23), lela kakaSvili, oTar janeliZe (19; 20), amiran jamagiZe (21) jgufi:Oreligia beso lorTqifaniZe (jgufis xelmZRvaneli; Tanaavtori 24-28), naTia fircxalava (Tanaavtori 24-26), qeTevan sturua (Tanaavtori 27, 28), naTia namiWeiSvili, nugzar bardaveliZe (29) rukebi
Seadgina manana SeyilaZem
didi madloba niderlandebis samefos mTavrobas, matras programas proeqtis dafinansebisaTvis
gamomcemlobis redaqtori _ naTela Tuxareli dizaini da kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa _ mavra bancuri
istoriis maswavlebelTa saqarTvelos asociacia (imsa) krebuli ganTavsebulia imsa-s vebgverdze www.imsa.ge
ISBN 978-9941-0-3633-0
Zvirfaso megobaro, am wignis daxmarebiT gaigeb, Tu rogor vicxovreT erTad XX saukuneSi Cvens samSobloSi _ saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva erovnebisa da religiuri mrwamsis adamianebma. es wigni dagafiqrebs kiTxvebze: ra gavlena iqonia wina saukunis mniSvnelovanma istoriulma movlenebma Cvens Tanacxovrebaze? ratom miiCnevdnen gansxvavebuli erovnebisa da rwmenis adamianebi Tavs Cveni qveynis sruluflebian moqalaqeebad an ra uSlida maT xels amaSi? rogor moaxerxes mcirericxovanma erebma da religiuri mimdinareobebis warmomadgenlebma TavianTi TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba? ram Seuwyo an SeuSala amas xeli? ra roli iTamaSes maT saqarTvelos XX saukunis istoriaSi da a.S. amisaTvis gaecnobi sxvadasxva saxis wyaroebs, romlebic dajgufebulia oTxi didi Temis _ mravalerovani saqarTvelo, ojaxi da yoveldRiuri cxovreba, migracia da religia _ mixedviT. es is Temebia, romelTa gacnoba Sen gverdiT mcxovreb sxvadasxva erovnebisa da rwmenis adamians ufro axlobels gaxdis. darwmundebi, rom erovnuli da religiuri mravalferovneba Cveni samSoblos simdidrea, rom mxolod mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba, urTierTgageba, erTmaneTis kulturis, adaTCvevebis, tradiciebisa da Rirebulebebis codna, urTierTpativiscema qveynis warmatebuli ganviTarebis sawindaria. yoveli gakveTili moicavs sakvanZo da ganmazogadebel kiTxvebs, sxvadasxva saxis wyarosa da mravalferovan davalebebs. sakvanZo kiTxva dagexmareba aRmoaCino gakveTilis mTavari idea, ganmazogadebeli ki _ am ideis irgvliv msjelobasa da daskvnebis gamotanaSi. wyaroebi ise aris SerCeuli, rom erTsa da imave sakiTxze zogjer gansxvavebul Sexedulebas gaecno. davalebebi sxvadasxva sakiTxisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebis CamoyalibebaSi dagexmareba. am wignis SeqmnaSi bevrma adamianma miiRo monawileoba. avtorebi sxvadasxva erovnebisa da mrwamsis warmomadgenlebi arian, magram yvelas erTi mizani amoZravebda. imedi gvaqvs, es wigni erTmaneTis, sxvadasxva erovnebis saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis ukeT gacnobaSi dagexmareba da urTierTpativiscemas gaswavlis.
rogor vicxovreT erTad XX saukuneSi saqarTveloSiY 29 samuSao furceli (gakveTili) istoriis interaqtiuli swavlebisaTvis
mravaleTnikuri saqarTvelo
1. „Tbilisuri ezo“.................................................................................................................6 2. CavabareT Tu ara tolerantobis gamocda avbedobis Jams?........10 3. duxoborebi saqarTveloSi......................................................................................14 4. „kavkasiuri ezo“ sofel baraleTSi.............................................................16 5. cxinvali 1990–iani wlebis dasawyisamde – erTianoba mravalferovnebaSi ........................................................................ 20 6. ra moxda TbilisSi 1956 wlis 9 marts? ................................................. 24 7. 1989 wlis 9 aprili......................................................................................................... 26 8. Tbilisis melpomena
(XX saukunis Tbilisis Teatraluri cxovreba) ........................... 30
9. edemis baRi „samxreTis cimbirSi“................................................................... 34
ojaxi
da yoveldRiuri cxovreba
10. Sereuli qorwinebebi saqarTveloSi XX saukunis meore naxevarSi.................................................................................................................. 38 11. erTi quCa marneulSi.................................................................................................... 42 12. xalxTa `WianWvelebis bude“ CaqvSi............................................................... 46 13. udiebi XX saukunis qarTul garemoSi...................................................... 50 14. qistebi XX saukunis saqarTveloSi.............................................................. 54 15. espaneli bebiis istoria........................................................................................... 58 16. eTnokonfliqtebi da bavSvebi............................................................................. 62
migracia 17. `gayofili lukma~............................................................................................................66 18. mudmivad samSoblos ZiebaSi (mesxeTidan deportirebulebi)........................................................................... 70 19. rusTavi – „ormoci Zmis“ qalaqi...................................................................... 78 20. `agorebuli qvebi~ (ekologiuri migrantebi saqarTveloSi).84 21. medlis ori mxare: qarTvelebi da osebi (XX saukunis 90-iani ww)............................................................................................ 90 22. sami qalis dRiuri: baltiispirelebis bedi saqarTveloSi...................................................... 94 23. `sxva saqarTvelo sad aris?~: 1990-iani wlebis emigracia...... 102
religia 24. kanoni da realoba........................................................................................................106 25. „uRmerTo“ saqarTvelo............................................................................................. 108 26. faruli locva...................................................................................................................112 27. TanamSromloba Tu Seuwynarebloba?!........................................................116 28. saqarTvelo marTlmadideblebisTvis....................................................... 120 29. kaTolikebi XX saukunis quTaisSi..............................................................124
6
1. `Tbilisuri ezo~ sakvanZo kiTxva: ras niSnavs `Tbilisuri ezo~?
wyaro 1. Tbilisis mosaxleobis erovnuli Semadgenloba
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
1930-ian wlebSi Tbilisis mosaxleobis umetesobas warmoadgendnen qarTvelebi, somxebi da rusebi. danarCeni eTnikuri jgufebidan Tavisi raodenobiT gamoirCeodnen osebi, qurTebi, berZnebi, ebraelebi, azerbaijanelebi da ukrainelebi. ,,Tbilisi~, ekonomikur-geografiuli gamokvleva, Tb., 1989, gv.128.
wyaro 2. XX saukunis dasawyisis Tbilisuri saxli, ezo da quCa a)
b)
wyaro 3. `Semosavliani saxlebis~ mdebareoba TbilisSi XX saukunis dasawyisSi *
7
„შემოსავლიანი სახლების“ მდებარეობა თბილისში md .m tk va ri
17
18
lisis tba
19
16 15
20
22
12 23
21 va is zR lis Tbi
e er .v md
13
25
24
11 10
kus tba
9 md. wav kisis xevi
8
6
26 7 5
27 28
4 3
პირობითი აღნიშვნები 1... თბილისის უბნები „შემოსავლიანი სახლების“ მდებაჽეობა
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.
2 1
32
ვაშლიჯვაჽი mt kv დიღომი ar i დიდი დიღომი ავჭალა გლდანი მუხიანი ავშნიანი ალექსანდეჽსდოჽფი 29. ისანი დიდუბე 30. ვაჽკეთილი ნაძალადევი ზღვისუბანი 31. საჯეიჽნო კუკია 32. ნავთლუღი ჩუღუჽეთი 33. ლოჭინი ჽიყე 34. ფონიჭალა . md
1. კჽ ანისი 2. ოჽთაჭალა 3. ხაჽფუხი 4. აბანოთუბანი 5. კალა 6. სოლოლაკი 7. კალოუბანი 8. გაჽეთუბანი 9. მთა მინდა 10. ვეჽე 11. ვაკე 12. ბაგები 13. საბუჽთალო 14. დელისი
31
30
29
33 34
davaleba 1: 1. moZebne rukaze Tbilisis is ubnebi, sadac e.w. ,,Semosavliani saxlebi~ arsebobda. 2. ivaraude, ratom gaCnda aseTi saxlebi da ra istoriulma movlenebma Seuwyo amas xeli?
* XIX saukunis meore naxevridan, Tbilisis swrafi zrdis gamo, gavrcelda ramdenimesarTuliani gasaqiravebel binebiani saxlebi, romlebsac Semosavlian saxlebs uwodebdnen.
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
14
8
wyaro 4. ingliseli diplomati Tbilisis Sesaxeb …. . . iq cxovroben ara marto qarTvelebi, aramed rusebi, somxebi, sparselebi, TaTrebi, cota evropelebi, saxeldobr, germanelebi, frangebi da sxvani . . .…Tbilisi iseTi qalaqia, sadac adamianma SeiZleba icxovros ise, rom sevda ar stanjavdes . . .…… ser jon oliver uordropi (1864-1948), ingliseli diplomati.
davaleba 2:
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
ganmarte, wyaro 4-is mixedviT, ras SeiZleba niSnavdes uordropis gamonaTqvami Tbilisis Sesaxeb?
wyaro 5. yoveldRiuri cxovreba Tbilisur ezoSi a) davibade da gavizarde veraze, wilkanis q. #7-Si (axlandeli RambaSiZis quCa). iq vcxovrobdi XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan, 33 wlis ganmavlobaSi. es iyo lamazi, orsarTuliani saxli, sadac Svidi ojaxi cxovrobda. Cveni ezo gamoirCeoda mravalerovani mosaxleobiT. iq vcxovrobdiT qarTvelebi, polonelebi, rusebi, somxebi da azerbaijanelebi. erTmaneTTan imdenad kargi damokidebuleba gvqonda, rom davnaTesavdiT naTelmironobiT. Cveni ojaxebis saxlis kari arc ki iketeboda, mxolod quCis kars ketavdnen. erTxel, maxsovs skolidan davbrundi. Cemi ojaxis wevrebi Sin ar damxvdnen. Cvenma polonelma mezoblebma SemipatiJes da gamimaspinZldnen kidec. Tu romelime mezobels stumari Camouvidoda da Sin aravin daxvdeboda, aucileblad meore mezobeli SeipatiJebda xolme. diasaxlisebi erTad midiodnen bazarSi da saRamoobiT Cais svamdnen. Tumca iyo xolme uTanxmoebac, magram ZiriTadad yofiTi problemebis gamo. interviu Tbilisis mcxovrebTan izolda robaqiZesTan, 77 wlis, Caiwera S. xecurianma, 2009 wlis 26 seqtemberi.
b)
qurTebis qorwili
g) 20 weli vicxovre e.w. ,,Semosavlian saxlSi~, romelsac Cven italiur saxls veZaxdiT. aseT ezoSi davibade da Cemi bavSvobis megobrebic osebi, somxebi, ukrainelebi, qarTvelebi, berZnebi da azerbaijanelebi iyvnen. maxsovs Cveni papebi aRdgomas erTmaneTs saaRdgomo kvercxebis WaxuniT ulocavdnen. qalebic megobrobdnen, Tumca sarecxis gamo konfliqtic mosdiodaT (isini erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen, vis ufro qaTqaTa sarecxi eqneboda). mamakacebi nardis TamaSiTa da qeifiT irTobdnen Tavs, bavSvebi ki erTmaneTis enaze vsaubrobdiT. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi SeviswavleT somxebma qarTuli, qarTvelebma somxuri, azerbaijanuli da ukrainuli enebi.
9
d) Cvens ezoSi ukve meramdene Taoba daibada XX saukunis dasawyisidan dRemde. erTad cxovrobdnen Cveni papebi, mamebi, Cemi Taoba da axla Cveni Svilebic. magram unda iTqvas, rom 1990-iani wlebidan mezoblebma masobrivad daiwyes saqarTvelodan wasvla. ebraeli israelSi wavida, rusi mezobeli qaliSvilebma waiyvanes ruseTSi, zogierTi somexi germaniaSi wavida. maTi gadinebis ZiriTadi mizezebi ekonomikuri da socialuri viTareba iyo. am mezoblebis binebi SemdgomSi afxazeTidan devnilebma iyides. Tbilisis mcxovrebis 53 wlis qeTevan gvinCiZis interviu. Caiwera S.xecurianma, 2009 wlis 26 seqtemberi.
davaleba 3: 1. daasaxele mravaleTnikuri mosaxleobis Tanacxovrebis dadebiTi mxareebi. 2. monaxe wyaroSi 5 a, g, d fraza, romelic uordropis azrs adasturebs. 3. ivaraude, ra roli iTamaSa msgavsi atmosferos SeqmnaSi `Semosavlianma saxlebma~? 4. dawere vikipediisTvis mokle informacia `Tbilisur ezoebze~ da moamzade is vebgverdze dasadebad. 5. gaiTamaSeT scena Tbilisuri ezos cxovrebidan. BB
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: raSi gamoixateba Tbilisuri ezoebis gansakuTrebuli koloriti?
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
Tbilisis mcxovrebis 48 wlis rita saakianis interviu. Caiwera S.xecurianma, 2009 wlis 26 seqtemberi.
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2. CavabareT Tu ara tolerantobis gamocda avbedobis Jams sakvanZo kiTxva: SeiZleba Tu ara eTnokonfliqtebis fonze keTil足 mezoblobis SenarCuneba?
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
wyaro 1. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisis konfliqtis Sedegebi cxinvalis SemogarenSi
a. konfliqtis zona, 1993 wlis noemberi
b. sofeli ergneTi, 1992 wlis aprili
davaleba 1: daakvirdi wyaro 1-s. eTnokonfliqtis ra Sedegebi Cans fotosuraTebze da, Seni azriT, ra darCa kadrs miRma?
wyaro 2. oficialuri informacia ergneTis bazrobaze 1996 wels amoqmedda `ergneTis bazroba~, sadac gaCaRebuli iyo kontrabanduli saqonliT vaWroba. igi swrafad iqca didi Semosavlis wyarod. savaraudod, am bazrobis gavliT, saqarTveloSi Semoedineboda da saqarTvelodan cxinvalis regionis gavliT ruseTSi gadioda miliard dolaramde Rirebulebis kontrabanduli saqoneli. ergneTis bazrobis meSveobiT danarCen saqarTveloSi narkotikebi da iaraRi vrceldeboda. gayinuli konfliqtebi, 1994-1999 wlebi. http://www.report.smr.gov.ge/chapter2.html
avtori: zurab laoSvili
wyaro 4. ergneTis bazrobis satelituri suraTi (2001 w.)
wyaro 5. ergneTis bazrobaze
a
b
davaleba 2: 1. gaaanalize wyaroebi 3, 4 da 5. riT axsni ergneTis bazrobis arsebobas? rogor axsni mis adgilmdebareobas? ratom SeiZleba miviCnioT ergneTis bazroba TavisTavad Seqmnil saxalxo bazrobad? 2. aRwere wyaro 5 a da b. erTi SexedviT, ra STabeWdilebas tovebs gareSe dam足 kvirvebelze es fotoebi?
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
11
wyaro 3. ergneTis bazrobis adgilmdebareoba
12
wyaro 6. ergneTis bazrobis movaWris mogonebebi 2003 wels, bedis sacdelad, benzinmzidiT ufulod CavediT ergneTis bazrobaze. iq sruliad SemTxveviT SevxvdiT cxinvalel osebs, romlebmac benzini SemogvTavazes, Tanxas ki realizaciis Semdeg gadavixdidiT. daTqmul vadaSi fuli CavutaneT da ase avawyeT biznesi. male naTel-mironebic gavxdiT. interviu Tbilisel moqalaqe levan petriaSvilTan, 48 wlis, Cawera marlen Sengeliam, 2009 wlis 5 oqtomberi.
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
wyaro 7. xelisufleba cxinvalis regionSi viTarebis gamwvavebis Sesaxeb 2004 wlis agvistosTvis cxinvalis regionSi mdgomareoba ukiduresad gamwvavda. samarTaldamcavebma daiwyes qmediTi RonisZiebebis gatareba kontrabandis aRsakveTad. vardebis revoluciis Semdgomi periodis angariSi, 2008 wlis ianvari,
http://diaspora.ge/files/faili/chapter4.html
wyaro 8. ergneTis bazrobis teritoria 2004 wels
davaleba 3: 1. gansazRvre, wyaroebis 2-7 mixedviT, rogor afasebdnen ergneTis bazrobas saxelmwifo organoebi da sazogadoeba? 2. Camoayalibe Seni sakuTari pozicia ergneTis bazrobis arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT.
wyaro 9. xelisufleba ergneTis bazrobis daxurvis Sedegebis Sesaxeb cxinvalis regionis konfliqtis zonaSi arsebuli ergneTis bazrobis daxurvam da kontrabanduli gzebis gadaketvam sabaJo Semosavlebi mkveTrad gazarda da sabaJo gegmebis Sesrulebam [2004w.-red.] ianvar-agvistoSi 107% Seadgina. cxin足 valis regionSi arsebuli kontrabanduli tvirTbrunvis gamo saqarTvelos 120 milioni aSS dolaris zarali adgeboda yovelwliurad. `sivil jorjia~, 2004 wlis 2 seqtemberi
wyaro 10. damoukidebeli eqsperti ergneTis bazrobis mniSvnelobaze
13
roca cxinvalSi ergneTis bazroba iyo, osuri mosaxleoba qarTuli mxarisken iyo gadmoxrili _ lari trialebda, nebismieri qarTveli gadadioda cxinvalis regionSi da iqidan ruseTSic midioda. qarTul-osur soflebs Soris iyo vaWroba, mimosvla, Sereuli qorwinebebi. ndoba iyo aRdgenili, cxinvalSi ukve qarTuli laparaki ismoda. perspeqtiva arsebobda. afxazeTis mimarTulebiTac saWiroa ergneTis bazrobis msgavsi ram, rom raRaciT davainteresoT. ra Tqma unda, ukanonoba, iaraRi da narkotikebi ar unda iyos, magram narkotikebis Semotanis gamo bazroba ar unda daiketos.
wyaro 11. adgilobrivi mcxovrebi ergneTis bazrobis Sesaxeb mimaCnia, rom ergneTis bazrobis daxurva iyo danaSauli da ara Secdoma. ramdeni xalxi iyo dasaqmebuli? es aucilebeli iyo Cveni xalxis xelaxali urTierTobisa da damegobrebisaTvis. moSales im motiviT, rom korufcias veb足 rZviTo. korufcias ise unda ebrZolo, rom xalxi umuSevari datovo? interviu ergneTidan devnil Salva kasraZesTan, 82 wlis, Cawera zurab laoSvilma, 2008 wlis 25 agvisto.
wyaro 12. qarTveli Jurnalistebi ergneTis bazrobis daxurvis Sedegebis Sesaxeb TiTqos Znelia imsjelo axla am Temaze, magram ergneTis bazrobis fenomeni qarTul-osuri pirdapiri urTierTobebisaTvis, TumcaRa cudi formebiT, magram uaRresad momgebiani iyo. imis magivrad, rom am urTierTobebisaTvis legitimuri xasiaTi miecaT, ergneTis bazrobis daketvam qarTul-osuri urTi足 erTobebis wyveta gamoiwvia. ramaz abaiSvili, gazeTi `lanCxuTi~, 2009 wlis 24 ianvari.
davaleba 4 daiyaviT movaWreebisa da xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis jgufebad. a) gaaanalizeT wyaroebi 9-12 da CamoayalibeT jgufSi SeTanxmebuli mosazreba ergneTis bazrobis arsebobis an daxurvis mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb. b) xelisuflebaSi rom iyo, ras moimoqmedebdi, saxelmwifos interesebidan gamomdinare?
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ramdenad SeiZleboda, rom ergneTis bazrobis msgavsi adgili yofiliyo konfliqtSi monawile mxareebis, erTdroulad, gamTiSveli da gamaerTianebeli?
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
eqsperti konfliqtologi paata zaqareiSvili. gazeTi `rezonansi~, 2008 wlis 23 marti.
14
3. duxoborebi saqarTveloSi samcxe-javaxeTi, sofeli gorelovka sakvanZo kiTxva: rogor SeZles duxoborebma* TviTmyofadobis SenarCuneba XX saukunis saqarTveloSi?
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
wyaro 1. saqarTveloSi duxoborebis dasaxlebis istoria. XVIII saukunis miwuruls mefis ruseTSi religiuri seqtebi idevneboda. miiCnevdnen, rom seqtis mimdevrebi, jarSi samsaxursa da gadasaxadebze uaris TqmiT, aryeven saxelmwifos safuZvels, ris gamoc maT warudgines ultimatumi: an mieRoT marTlmadidebloba, an CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen. 1839 -1845 wlebSi duxoborebi dasaxlebulebi iyvnen saqarTvelos or regionSi: samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi. aq maT garkveuli SeRavaTebi miiRes: gaTavisufldnen religiuri devnisagan, gadasaxadebisa da samxedro samsaxu risagan. javaxeTSi sul 495 ojaxi, 4097 duxoboris SemadgenlobiT, dasaxlda. XX saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi duxoborebi misdevdnen cxenebis moSenebas, mecxvareobas, yvelis warmoebas. duxoborebis meurneobebi saferxe da CorTiT mosiarule cxenebis msxvili mimwodeblebi gaxdnen. ala beJenceva. duxoboris qveyana, gamomcemeli _ saerTaSoriso kulturulsaganmanaTleblo kavSiri `rusuli klubi“, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 100, http://www.ecmicaucasus.org/upload/publications/working_paper_35_rus.pdf (rusul enaze).
davaleba 1: 1. wyaro 1-is mixedviT: a) daasaxele samcxe-javaxeTSi duxoborebis gadasaxlebis mizezebi. b) CamoTvale duxo borebisaTvis tradiciuli meurneobis dargebi. gaixsene samcxe-javaxeTis geografiuli pirobebi da axseni, ratom misdevdnen isini, ZiriTadad, mesaqonleobas.
wyaro 2. duxoborebi koleqtivizaciis wlebSi sabWoTa koleqtivizaciis procesSi, duxoborebisaTvis tradiciuli disciplinis wyalobiT, maTi kolmeurneobebi male yvelis mwarmoebel yvelaze momgebian meurneobebad gadaiqca. hedvig lomi, duxoborebi saqarTveloSi: miwis mflobelobis da eTnosTaSorisi urTierTobebis sakiTxis kvleva ninowmindis raionSi. evropuli centri umciresobebis sakiTxebSi, samuSao moxseneba 35, noemberi, 2006, gv. 5 (rusul enaze).
davaleba 2: daasaxele, XX saukunis romeli wlebi igulisxmeba wyaroSi 2?
* duxoborebi _ eTnikuri rusebi, romlebic cxovroben ruseTSi, kavkasiasa da kanadaSi. sityva „duxo bori“ niSnavs „sulisTvis mebrZols“. marTlmadidebluri seqta, romelic 1780-ian wlebSi warmoiSva. uars amboben religiur simbolikaSi eklesiaze, sasuliero pirebze. maTTvis RmerTi yvela adamianSia.
15 wyaro 3. duxoborebis skola sofel gorelovkaSi gorelovkaSi arsebuli rusuli skola aSenebulia cnobili rusi mwerlis lev nikolozis Ze tolstois SemowirulobiT.
wyaro 4. duxoborebis religiuri tradiciebi
rodesac Cveni winaprebi gorelovkaSi damkvidrdnen, maT daaarses kalmikovebis saxli anu „obolTa TavSesafari“, sadac xanSiSesuli duxoborebi da oblebi cxovrodnen da sadac isini religiur ritualebs aRasrulebdnen. 1930 wlidan daiwyo religiis devna, magram morwmuneebi farulad ikribebodnen sakvirao locvaze. Cveni sulieri tradiciis safuZvelia fsalmunebi da Tavis daxra. duxoborebis religiuri simboloebia: puri, marili da doqi wyliT, romlebsac fsalmunis kiTxvisas magidaze dgamen. interviu liubov deminovasTan, 53 wlis, Caiwera seda melkumianma, 2010 wlis 5 marti.
davaleba 3: 1. gansazRvre, wyaroebis 1–4 mixedviT, ra iyo duxoborebis dasaxlebebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani: meurneoba, ena, religia Tu kidev sxva? 2. gaixsene da CamoTvale, XX saukunis mniSvnelovani politikuri movlenebi. Seicvala Tu ara duxoborebis cxovreba maT fonze? daasabuTe Seni mosazreba.
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
ala beJenceva, gasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 100.
16
wyaro 5. duxoborebis gansaxleba saqarTveloSi XX saukunis bolos
ბორჯომის რაიონი
რი
წყ
ალკის ყალსა .
არ
ოს
სახელმ იფო საზღვაჽი ჽაიონული საზღვაჽი ჽაიონული ენ ჽი დუხობოჽების სოფელი (დასახლება)
ეთ
პირობითი აღნიშვნები
თ
დუხობორების განსახლება საქართველოში
ფჽჩხილებში მო ემულია ძველი სახელ ოდებები
აი
ონი
ო
რაი
წალკა ნი
ძი ასპ
ბ
ჽოდიონოვკა
ლ
ინ
ფაჽავნის ბა
ო
ახალქალაქი
ნი სი
აიონი ს რ
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
ს
რ
ამბოვკა
დმანისი ვაკე
ნინოწმინდა
(ბოგდანოვკა) სპასოვკა
ოჽლოვკა
თ
გოჽელოვკა ეფჽემოვკა
მადათაფის ბა
უ რ ქ ე თ ი
სამება ( ჽოი კოე)
ს
ო
მ
ხ
ე
თ
ი
davaleba 4: 1. monaxe rukaze duxoborebis gansaxlebis adgilebi. daasaxele, gorelovkis garda, kidev sad cxovroben isini?
wyaro 6. duxoborebis raodenoba saqarTveloSi 14000
13000
12000 10000 8000 6000 4000
5485 4097
3301
2000 0
1841
1887
1928
1937
hedvig lomi, duxoborebi saqarTveloSi: miwis mflobelobis da eTnosTaSorisi urTierTobebis sakiTxebis kvleva ninowmindis raionSi, evropuli centri umciresobebis sakiTxebSi, samuSao moxseneba #35, noemberi, 2006 weli; ala beJenceva, qveyana duxoboria, gamomcemeli _ sarTaSoriso kulturul-saganmanaTleblo kavSiri „rusuli klubi“, Tbilisi, 2007 (rus.).
wyaro 7. duxobori mosaxleobis statistika ninowmindis raionSi
17
1990-2010 ww 1990
1995
2000
2002
2006
2010
1667
883
586
599
432
193
orlovka
387
195
132
125
101
spasovka
332
63
49
46
19
efremovka
227
29
19
18
18
sameba
327
13
10
10
8
ninowminda
150
133
rodionovka
300
gorelovka
sul
3531
1316
58
796
7
5
816
767
193
monacemebi mogvawodes adgilobrivi Temis wevrebma (avt.). saqarTvelos statistikis departaments ar gaaCnia calkeuli monacemebi erovnuli umcirobebebis Sesaxeb soflebSi, garda 2002 wlisa.
davaleba 5: Camoayalibe wyaroebis 6 da 7 mixedviT, kiTxvebi, romlebic giCndeba statistikur monacemebSi asaxul tendenciebTan dakavSirebiT.
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ra uwyobda xels mcirericxovani eTnikuri da religiuri jgufebis TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas?
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
weli
18
4. „kavkasiuri ezo“ sofel baraleTSi sakvanZo kiTxva: ramdenad iyo sofeli baraleTi XX saukunis saqarTveloSi „kavkasiuri ezos“ magaliTi?
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
wyaro 1. saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa uflebebis Sesaxeb muxli 38. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi Tanaswori arian socialur, ekonomikur, kulturul da politikur cxovrebaSi, ganurCevlad maTi erovnuli, eTnikuri, religiuri Tu enobrivi kuTvnilebisa. saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis Sesabamisad. maT ufleba aqvT Tavisuflad, yovelgvari diskriminaciisa da Carevis gareSe ganaviTaron TavianTi kultura, isargeblon dedaeniT pirad cxovrebaSi da sajarod”. saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995.
davaleba 1: 1. xazi gausvi konstituciis muxlSi im sityvebs, romlebic miuTiTebs sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis Tanabar uflebebze saqarTveloSi.
wyaro 2. sofel baraleTis mcxovrebi Tavisi soflis Sesaxeb _ mogviyeviT, rogori iyo soflis cxovreba Tqveni axalgazrdobis dros? _ baraleTi Zalian Zveli sofelia. es erT-erTi sofelia axalqalaqis raionSi Sereuli mosaxleobiT: aq odiTgan, gverdigverd cxovroben somxebi da qarTvelebi. sofeli Cveulebrivi cxovrebiT cxovrobda. soflis mcxovreblebi miwaTmoqmedebas misdevdnen. saxlebs, ZiriTadad, erTsarTulians – qvisgan aSenebdnen. wyali mdinareSi imdenad sufTa iyo, rom mas dasalevad iyenebdnen. mdinareze oTxi wisqvili iyo aSenebuli. _ soflis mcxovreblebi gansxvavdebodnen sarwmunoebiT? _ diax, magram es xels ar uSlida erTad cxovrebas. dabali saxlebis fonze amayad idga qarTuli da somxuri eklesiebi, rogorc mSvidobisa da siyvarulis, sikeTisa da keTilSobilebis garantia. eklesiebze dRemde SemorCa warwerebi qarTul da somxur enebze. mama barsegis da mama petres (xmalaZis) saflavis qvebi eklesiebTan am dromde inaxeba. _ albaT, sofeli gayofili iyo qarTul da somxur nawilebad? _ ara, qarTvelebi da somxebi gverdigverd cxovrobdnen da cxovroben. isini aRniSnaven Sobas da aRdgomas, xolo aRdgomidan me-40 dRes amaRlebas. _ bolo xans Tu Seicvala urTierTobebi sofelSi? _ qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris? ara. veravin gaixsenebs erTaSoris konfliqtebs da daZabulobas. Cveni sofeli ori xalxis tradiciebisa da religiis urTierTpativiscemis cocxali magaliTia. interviu sofel baraleTis mcxovrebTan silva makarianTan, 55 wlis, Caiwera seda melkumianma, 2009 wlis 15 ivnisi.
davaleba 2:
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1. amowere interviudan is faqtebi, romlebic, Seni azriT, sofel baraleTSi qarTvelebisa da somxebis mSvidobian Tanacxovrebaze metyvelebs. 2. airCie erTi fraza, romelic maT mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas axasiaTebs. 3. ganixileT, Tqveni Sexedulebebis msgavseba da gansxvaveba.
a) baraleTis somxuri eklesia, b) baraleTis qarTuli eklesia, g) baraleTis XIX s. samnaviani bazilika, XI s. qva-jvari
davaleba 3: 1. daakvirdi baraleTis somxuri da qarTuli eklesiebis fotosuraTebs. ra msgavsebas xedav maT Soris da riT SegiZlia amis axsna? 2. ipove interviuSi informacia wyaros 3 g dasasaTaureblad. 3. moawyeT diskusia: ra TamaSobs mTavar rols sxvadasxva eTnikuri da religiu ri jgufebis mSvidobian TanacxovrebaSi – sakanonmdeblo garantiebi Tu xangrZlivi erToblivi cxovrebisas SeZenili gamocdileba?
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ras niSnavs „kavkasiuri ezo“ da ratom miiCneven mas sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis urTierTpativiscemis simbolod?
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
wyaro 3. baraleTis Zeglebi
20
5. cxinvali 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisamde _ erTianoba mravalferovnebaSi sakvanZo kiTxva: rogor cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva erovnebis adamia nebi cxinvalSi 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisamde?
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
wyaro 1. cxinvalSi ebraelebis dasaxlebis Sesaxeb istorikosi zaqaria WiWinaZe (1853-1931) miuTiTebs, rom ,,cxinvalSi ebraelebi im droidan dasaxldnen, roca qarTlSi movidnen. ebraelebi Zveladgan cxinvals ufro vaWrobis mxriT mohkidebian. cxinvalSi qarTvel ebraelTa ricxvi didi iyo. mixeil cotniaSvili, cxinvalis istoriisaTvis, gamomcemloba ,,staliniri~ *, 1961, gv. 92.
wyaro 2. qarTul-osuri skolis istoria me-19 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi cxinvalis inteligenciam daiwyo Tanxis Segroveba skolis Senobis SesaZenad. saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobas saTaveSi Caudgnen efemia maCabeli da qeTevan Juruli. es Senoba ebraelebis ubanSi, sakolmeurneo bazarTan SeiZines. masSi orklasiani saswavlebeli gaixsna. swavlis survili asma moswavlem gamoTqva. klasebis naklebobis gamo 82 bavSvi miiRes. swavla 1881 wels daiwyo. es Senoba SemdgomSi gaWirvebulTa sacxovrebel binebad gaunawilebiaT. pirveli msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg Senoba kvlav skolas daeTmo. erTxans qalTa qarTuli saSualo skola iyo, mere me-4 saSualo skola, romelic 1990 wlamde funqcionirebda. mixeil cotniaSvili, cxinvalis istoria, gamomcemloba ,,irisToni~, 1986, gv. 157.
wyaro 3. cxinvalis qarTul-osuri skolis Senoba
* staliniri _ dRevandeli cxinvalis saxelwodeba 1934-1961 wlebSi.
sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis pedagogebi, dajildovebuli ordenebiTa da medlebiT. bevrs miniWebuli hqonda saqarTvelos damsaxurebuli maswavleblis wodeba.
wyaro 5. kulturuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi 1980-iani wlebis bolos a) olqSi aris sul 109 klubi, osuri da qarTuli dramatuli Teatrebi, samecniero-kvleveTi instituti, samxreT oseTis pedagogiuri instituti, biblioTeka, muzeumi, samxatvro saswavlebeli, samxatvro skola, samusiko saswavlebeli, profteqnikumi da teqnikuri saswavleblebi, samxatvro galerea, saxelmwifo muzeumi (mxareTmcodneobis). „qarTveli da osi xalxebis urTierTobis istoriidan“, sazogaoeba „codna“, Tbilisi, 1991, gv. 130.
b) gamodioda qarTuli gazeTi ,,sabWoTa oseTi~, romelsac 52 TanamSromeli emsaxureboda. aq megobrulad muSaobdnen qarTvelebi, osebi, somxebi, ebraelebi. iyvnen iseTebic, romlebsac meuRleebi qarTvelebi an osebi hyavdaT. gamodioda gazeTebi ,,soveton irisoni“, ,,sovetskaia osetia“, yovelTviuri Jurnali ,,fidiuagi”. iqve, gv. 131.
davaleba 1: warmoidgine, rom xar kvleviTi jgufis wevri, proeqtis farglebSi. Seni mizania ipovo pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra akavSirebda erTmaneTTan adamianebs, cxin valSi mSvidobiani cxovrebisas? ukve moZiebuli gaqvs wyaroebi 1-5. a) daazuste, ra informacia moipoveba wyaroebSi 1-5 qalaq cxinvalis mosaxleobis erovnul mravalferovnebaze? b) imsjele, ramdenad sandoa es informacia? g) monaxe informacia, rom ebraelebi calke cxovrobdnen da ivaraude, iyo Tu ara es damaxasiaTebeli sxva erovnebebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis? d) gamoTqvi mosazreba kulturuli cxovrebis rolze qalaqisa da regionis mosaxleobis mSvidobian TanaarsebobaSi.
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
21
wyaro 4. qarTul-osuri skolis pedagogebi
22
wyaro 6. cxinvalis mcxovreblebis mogonebebi sxvadasxva erovnebis mezoblebTan urTierTobis Sesaxeb a) XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi cxinvalidan israelSi TiTqmis yvela ebraeli wavida. maTi sasaflaos mimxedavi aravin darCa. me da Cemi mezobeli nina buzalaZe yovel kviras mivdiodiT iq da Cveni mezobeli ebraelebis saflavebs vuvlidiT. axla ki mTlianad aris ganadgurebuli rogorc qarTvelebis, aseve ebraelebisa da osebis saflavebi. omi yvelafers anadgurebs...
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
eTer daTaSvili, 75 wlis, cxinvalidan devnili.
b) adre, sanam cxinvalSi vcxovrobdiT, Cems 11 wlis biWunas saswrafo operacia dasWirda. aucilebeli iyo misi gadayvana TbilisSi, ris saSualebac imJamad ar gvqonda. Cveni gaWirvebis Sesaxeb Seityo osma mezobelma zaur filievma, romelmac dauyovnebliv SemomTavaza daxmareba fuliT da Tavisi manqaniT TbilisSi, respublikur saavadmyofoSi migviyvana. Cemi Svilis gadarCenas swored mas vumadli. revaz kaxniaSvili, 62 wlis, sofel kexvis mcxovrebi, amJamad devnili.
g) cxinvali lamazi da patara qalaqi iyo, TiTqmis yvela erTmaneTs scnobda. Cven Soris ar iyo eTnikuri dapirispireba. maxsendeba Cemi mezobeli zema bogaeva, romelmac saxlis pirobebSi ludis gamoxda maswavla. eTer cotniaSvili, 66 wlis, cxinvalidan devnili.
d) maxsendeba, patara viyavi da Cemi ojaxi geris wminda giorgis saxelobis salocavSi wavida. dedam xabizginebi daacxo. waviyvaneT cxvari, sanTlebi waviReT da wavediT. mezoblebTan erTad gavSaleT sufra. Cven Soris qarTvelebic iyvnen, Tumca, maSin erovnebas aravin aqcevda yuradRebas. sxvadasxva erovnebis bavSvebi erT skolaSi (qarTul da osur seqtorebze) vswavlobdiT da megobaric bevri gvyavda: ebraelebi, qarTvelebi, somxebi. axla ki guli mtkiva. politikuri daZabulobis gamo, bevrma miatova sacxovrebeli, Tumca, Cems amxanagebTan kavSiri dResac ar gamiwyvetia. zogic internetis saSualebiT movnaxe. anJela xugaevi, 54 wlis, cxinvalidan devnili. interviuebi Caiwera nona WiRlaZem 2009 wlis ivnisSi.
davaleba 2: proeqtze muSaobis meore etapze Seni jgufis wevrebma ramdenime interviu aiRes (wyaro 6). 1. SeiswavleT isini da daaxarisxeT axali informacia Semdegi kiTxvebis mixedviT: yy vin mogcaT interviu, maTi asaki? yy am mogonebebis mixedviT, ra yofila maTTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani? yy ra faqtebi mowmobs maT yoveldRiur mSvidobian cxovrebas? yy teqstebidan SearCieT am interviuebis saerTo saTauri.
2. wyaroebis 1-6 safuZvelze jgufebSi ganixileT, ra faqtorebi uwyobda xels cxinvalis mosaxleobis mSvidobian Tanaarsebobas? 3. warmoadgineT Tqveni muSaobis Sedegebi prezentaciis, sagazeTo statiis, ad足 gilobrivi telearxis JurnalistTan intervius an radiogadacemaSi gamosvlis saxiT (airCieT erT-erTi).
23
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ra aerTianebda cxinvalis mcxovreb-
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
lebs 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisamde?
24
6. ra moxda TbilisSi 1956 wlis 9 marts? sakvanZo kiTxva: ratom miiRes monawileoba 1956 wlis 9 martis movlenebSi sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebma?
wyaro 1. saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvanelo 1956 wlis 9 martis
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
movlenebis mizezis Sesaxeb ... 1956 wlis TebervalSi komunisturi partiis XX yrilobaze ioseb stali nis pirovnebis kultis Sesaxeb moxsenebiT gamovida nikita xruSCovi... stalinis kritikis dros xazi esmeboda mis qarTvelobas... TiTqos stalinis mier ganxorcielebul represiebSi mniSvnelovan rols qarTuli fenomeni asrulebda. aseTi uecari da aseTi mkveTri Semobruneba axalgazrdebisaTvis gaugebari gaxda. stalinis kritikas qarTveli axalgazrdoba sakuTari erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis Seuracxyofad aRiqvamda. 1956 wlis 3 martidan Tbilisis umaRles saswavleblebSi imarTeboda calkeuli manifestaciebi... 5 marts ki studentebi quCaSi gamovidnen. maT dedaqalaqis mosaxleobis didma nawilma auba mxari. saprotesto moZraoba moedo mTel saqarTvelos... TbilisSi gamarTul mravalaTasian mitingze moiTxovdnen stalinis kritikisa da qarTveli eris Seuracxyofis Sewyvetas... saqarTvelos istoria, XX saukune. saxelmZRvanelo istoriis fakultetis studentebisaTvis, Tb., 2003, gv. 181-182.
wyaro 2. oficialuri gancxadeba 9 marts daniSnuli mitingebis Sesaxeb dRes, 9 marts, respublikis sawarmoebSi, dawesebulebebsa da saswavleblebSi dRis 1 saaTze gaimarTeba i. b. stalinis gardacvalebis mesame wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili mitingebi. gancxadeba gazeTSi `komunisti~, 1956 weli, 9 marti, #58.
wyaro 3. 9 martis movlenebis monawileTa mogonebebi a) gaixseneT Tundac xalxiT gaWedili leninis [dR. Tavisuflebis _ red.] moedani, roca tribunidan mowodeba gaisma – partiulebo, SevficoT stalins erTgulebao, rogor gawiT lda moedani partbileTebis SuqiT. gaixseneT, sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenelTa erTad yofna da erTsulovneba Tbilisis im mSfoTvare dReebSi. Tengiz buaCiZe. 1956 wlis 9 martis tragediidan, krebulSi: `9 marti, 1956 kadrSi da kadrgareT~, Tb., 2001, gv. 91.
b) ...garda imisa, rom xalxiT datvirTuli sabargo manqanebi zedized mi dian da modian, yvela manqana gabmulad ukravs sayvirs... mTeli qalaqi gareT aris gamosuli. amas emateba saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela raionidan asobiT da aTasobiT Camosuli adamiani... xSirad vxvdebi gund-gundad mdgar sxva erovne bis warmomadgenlebs. isini erTad Sehyara saerTo interesma, an zogad kavka siuri damcirebis grZnobam. a. wereTeli, 9 martis monawilis dRiurebidan. Tb, 1994, gv. 20.
g) Svidi wlis viyavi, roca 1956 wlis 9 martis ambebi moxda. vcxovrobdi ZerJinskis quCis #22-Si, italiur ezoSi, sadac cxovrobdnen qarTvelebi, somxebi, ebraelebi, qurTebi... Cveni ezo mTavrobis saxlis mopirdapire mxares iyo. roca tankebi rusTavelze gadiodnen, Cven es yvelaferi gvesmoda da quCaSi yvela mezobeli gamovediT. jariskacebma ar CagviSves rusTavelis gamzirze. rusTavelidan ismoda srolis da yvirilis xma. demonstrantebi centraluri telegrafisaken midiodnen. sami biWi Cveni ezodan ukan ar dabrunebula. mSoblebma sad ar mimarTes, magram pasuxs ver iRebdnen. maT saerTod ver gaiges, sad dakrZales isini. am samidan erTi iyo somexi _ sergo, qarTveli – zurabi da erTic ebraeli, romlis saxeli aRar maxsovs.
25
davaleba 1: 1. daaxasiaTe, ra tipis aris wyaroebi 1-3? 2. wyaroebidan 1-3 gamoyavi yvela movlena, romelic 1956 wlis 9 martTan aris dakavSirebuli. 3. Seni azriT, raze metyvelebs is faqti, rom samgloviaro mitingis Sesaxeb gancxadeba oficialur presaSi gamoqveynda? 4. CamoTvale, saqarTveloSi tradiciulad mcxovrebi romeli eTnikuri jgufebi igulisxmeba dokumentSi naxsenebi studentebisa da dedaqalaqis mosaxleobaSi?
wyaro 4. saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvanelodan ...1956 wlis martSi... Tbilisis demonstraciebi da mitingebi sabWoTa kavSiris politikurma xelmZRvanelobam oficialuri kursis dagmobad miiCnia. moskovSi SeSindnen, rom moZraoba ufro farTo xasiaTs miiRebda. nikita xruSCovma saqarTvelos dasja gadawyvita. 1956 wlis 9 marts TbilisSi armiam samxedro teqnikis gamoyenebiT umowyalod daxvrita mSvidobiani demonstracia. vaCnaZe, m., guruli, v., saqarTvelos istoria IX klasi, Tb., 2004, gv. 132.
wyaro 5. 1956 wlis 10 martis sagazeTo statiebis ZiriTadi saTaurebi: `sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis centralur komitetsa da ssr kavSiris ministrTa sabWoSi~; `partiis XX yrilobis gadawyvetileba moqmedebis sabrZolo programaSi~; `aRvkveToT formalizmi socialistur SejibrebaSi~ (gazeTi `komunisti~ # 59). `i.b. stalinis gardacvalebis mesame wlisTavi~; `marSali ju de gaemgzavra Tbilisidan~; `saqarTvelos mSromelebi pativs scemen i.b. stalinis xsovnas~; `fotoaparati Cvens qveyanaSi~; `didi horizontebi“ (gazeTi `axalgazrda komunisti~, #30.).
davaleba 2: 1. gaaanalize informacia da gamoitane daskvna im dros presis rolze. 2. axseni, rogor SeeZloT gaegoT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi mcxovreb adamianebs, rac TbilisSi moxda? daasabuTe Seni mosazreba.
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
interviu julieta atoianTan, 61 wlis, Caiwera elene bodavelma, 2010 wlis 24 ianvari.
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wyaro 6. monacemebi daRupulTa Sesaxeb 1956 wlis 9 marts daRupulTa siidan Tengiz SaniZe (erovnebiT qarTveli) _ 16 wlis, rkinigzis #1 saSualo skolis
me-9 klasis moswavle, komkavSiris komitetis mdivani, moskovis ucxo enaTa (franguli ena) kursebis msmeneli (dauswrebeli). guliko svani (erovnebiT qarTveli) _ 19 wlis, studenti. levan xangulovi (erovnebiT somexi) _ 16 wlis, me-8 klasis moswavle. kiazo WanturiZe (erovnebiT qarTveli) _ 16 wlis, me-9 klasis moswavle.
iuza wereTeli (erovnebiT qarTveli) _ 18 wlis, guram tunievi (erovnebiT osi) _ 20 wlis, me-11 klasis moswavle. iyo kargi sportsmeni.
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
kote bajiaSvili (erovnebiT qarTveli) _ 26 wlis boris zargariani (erovnebiT somexi) _ 20 wlis, muSaobda 31-e saaviacio qarxanaSi zeinklad.
(unda aRiniSnos, rom pirvelad wyaroSi ar aris miTiTebuli daRupulTa erovneba _ avt.). vefxvaZe g., 9 marti, 1956 kadrSi da kadrgareT. Tb., 2001, gv. 77-81.
wyaro 7. 9 martis mitingi da demonstracia a)
b)
davaleba 3:
27
1. Camoayalibe informacia, romelic wyaroebidan 6 da 7 miiRe. 2. ivaraude axalgazrdebis am movlenebSi monawileobis motivi. 3. axseni, ratom iyo miuRebeli stalinis Seuracxyofa 1950-iani wlebis saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis nawilisTvis?
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: raze metyvelebs eTnikuri umci足resobebis
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
monawileoba sabWoTa saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebSi?
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7. 1989 wlis 9 aprili sakvanZo kiTxva: rogor vibrZodiT erTad saqarTvelos damoukideb足 lobisaTvis?
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
wyaro 1. oficialuri informacia mitingebis Sesaxeb . . . afxazeTis ambebiT gamowveuli bunebrivi SeSfoTeba ukiduresi mimarTulebis gaerTianebebma gamoiyenes saerTo viTarebis gasamwvaveblad TbilisSi, sadac ramdenime dRea, antisabWouri xasiaTis usanqcio mitingebi da demonstraciebi ewyoba... respublikis mTavrobis saxlis win mdebare moedanze yoveldRiurad Tavs iyris aTasobiT adamiani... avrceleben yovelgvar dezinformacias, mitingis monawileebs mouwodeben kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebisaken, uwesrigobisaken... gazeTi `komunisti~, # 83, 1989 w. 9 aprili.
wyaro 2. saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmZRvanelo 9 aprilis movlenebis Sesaxeb ... sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvaneloba SeaSfoTa saqarTveloSi erovnuli moZraobis aRmavlobam, romelmac sul ufro gamokveTili antisabWoTa xasiaTi miiRo. TbilisSi mimdinare movlenebs SeiZleboda gavlena moexdina sxva respublikebze... moskovSi miiRes gadawyvetileba TbilisSi mitingebis ZaliT aRkveTis Sesaxeb. 1989 wlis 9 aprils gamTeniisas TbilisSi, mTavrobis saxlis win, specdaniSnulebis razmma momwamlavi gazisa da mesangreTa niCbebis gamoyenebiT daarbia mSvidobiani momitingeebi. vaCnaZe, m., guruli, v., saqarTvelos istoria, IX klasi, Tb., 2004, gv. 133.
wyaro 3. 9 aprilis tragediis istoriidan 9 aprilis tragediam didi gamoxmaureba gamoiwvia farTo sazogadoebaSi. Cveni mSromelebisa da inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi iTxoven sinaTle moefinos sinamdviles, SeviswavloT da gamovamzeuroT is mizezebi, ramac dRes ubedurebamde migviyvana. saqarTvelos mTavrobam ...aRniSna, rom gasul dRe-RameSi daisaxa TbilisSi, respublikis sxva qalaqebsa da raionebSi situaciis stabilizaciis tendencia... unda gavaaqtiuroT brZola eqstremistulad ganwyobil pirebTan, mopiketeebTan, moxuligno elementebTan... gazeTi `komunisti~, #85, 1989 w. 12 aprili.
davaleba 1: Seadare erTmaneTs gazeTisa da saxelmZRvanelos informacia 9 aprilis Sesaxeb. gaakeTe amis Semdeg daskvna.
wyaro 4. mimarTva qarTveli xalxisadmi qarTvel xalxTan varT! am tragikul da glovis dReebSi Cven, araqarTuli erovnebis warmomadgenlebi, mtkiced vacxadebT: cruoben isini, vinc ambobs, TiTqos saqarTveloSi aRmocenebuliyos antirusuli ganwyobileba... viRac-viRacebi avrceleben cilismwameblur xmebs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, Cven unda viyoT erTad... viRacebs marTlac
xels aweren: v. domuxovski – saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis metalurgiis institutis mecnier TanamSromeli; i. roitmani, i. kovaliovi, J. gureviCi _ fizikis institutis ufrosi mecnier TanamSromlebi; o. iudini – amave institutis wamyvani TanamSromeli; g. kroiveci – saqarTvelos politeqnikuri institutis maswavlebeli `9 aprili~, Tb., 1990, gv. 130.
davaleba 2: 1. daadgine wyaros tipi. romeli socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi arian dokumentis avtorebi? 2. ra aris mimarTvis ZiriTadi gzavnili? ra aris misi Tavisebureba?
wyaro 5. 1989 wlis 9 aprili
a) darbevis win
b) darbevis Semdeg
davaleba 3: aRadgine, wyaros 5 a, b, g mixedviT, 9 aprilis istoriuli movlenebi.
g) xsovnis dRe
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: rogor SeiZleba gaxdes damoukideblobisaTvis brZola sxvadasxva erovnebis gamaerTianebeli?
29
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
surT grZeldebodes krizisuli mdgomareoba, SuRli Camoagdon erovnebaTa Soris, magram xalxis umravlesoba amas aRSfoTebiT gmobs. saqarTvelo mTeli Tavisi mravalsaukunovani istoriiT gviCvenebs WeSmarit stumarTmoyvareobas. msoflios verc erTi xalxi ver daikvexnis, imden erovnebas Seefarebinos Tavi erT muWa miwaze, ramdenic qarTvelma xalxma Seifara... zogierTi Cvengani, Sereuli qorwinebis Svilebi, aq gavCndiT, zogni axla Camovidnen, magram Cven siamayiT vacxadebT, rom varT saqarTvelos suverenuli respublikis moqalaqeni... Cven mivmaTavT yvela moqalaqes, yvela erovnebis Svils mowodebiT: SevmWidrovdeT, raTa SevumsubuqoT qarTvel xalxs Tavs datexili ubedureba...
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8. Tbilisis melpomena* (XX saukunis Tbilisis Teatraluri cxovreba)
sakvanZo kiTxva: rogor gamoxatavda Teatraluri cxovreba XX
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
saukunis Tbilisis mravalerovan iersaxes?
wyaro 1. cota ram Tbilisis Teatrebis istoriidan yy 1845 wlis 20 seqtembers kavkasiis mefisnacvalma mixeil voroncovma TbilisSi gaxsna rusuli Teatri, romelsac 1934 wels aleqsandre griboedovis saxeli mieniWa. yy XX saukuneSi am TeatrSi moRvaweobdnen giorgi tovstonogovi, kote marjaniSvili, aleqsandre wuwunava, dimitri aleqsiZe, mixeil TumaniSvili, giga lorTqifaniZe, robert sturua, gizo Jordania da sxva cnobili reJisorebi. Teatris literaturuli xelmZRvaneli iyo grigol robaqiZe, speqtaklebisTvis musikas werda zaqaria faliaSvili, dekoraciebs qmnidnen elene axvlediani da lado gudiaSvili... yy 1850 wlis 2 ianvars TbilisSi, gimnaziis patara darbazSi dadgmul giorgi erisTavis piesaSi ,,gayra~ qarTvel msaxiobebTan erTad TamaSobda somexi msaxiobi g. SanSiani. speqtakls mravlad hyavda rogorc qarTveli, aseve, somexi mayurebeli. yy 1858 wels TbilisSi somxuri Teatri daarsda. es faqti gevorq CmSkianis saxels ukavSirdeba. XX saukunis dasawyisSi TbilisSi moRvaweobda Tbiliseli, warmoSobiT somexi, mwerali gabriel sundukiani, romelic werda: ,,me vSromobdi ori Cemi samSoblos, Tanabrad Zvirfasi eris qarTvelTa da somexTa scenisaTvis~. yy 1872 wels meidanze, metexis cixis pirdapir, barenbekovis qarvaslis sardafSi, azerbaijaneli inteligenciis erTi jgufis iniciativiTa da monawileobiT, pirvelad daidga komedia ,,arabeTis xanis veziri~’, mirza faTali axundovis piesis ,,lenkoranis xanis veziris Tavgadasavlis~ mixedviT. vasil kiknaZe, qarTuli dramatuli Teatris istoria, Tb., 2001, gv.59; suren avCiani, qarTul somxuri Teatraluri urTierTobebi, Tb., 1960, gv.75. m. babunaSvili, oqtombris revolucia da qarTuli xelovneba, Jurnali „sabWoTa xelovneba“, 1957, #10, gv. 12.
* melpomena – berZnulad `cekva-simReriT Seqebas~ niSnavs; berZnul miTologiaSi zevsisa da mnemosinas asuli _ erT-erTi cxra muzidan, tragediisa da sasceno xelovnebis mfarveli qalRmerTi. gamoisaxeboda vazis foTlebiT morTuli, dafnis gvirgviniT, tragikuli niRbiT, kombliT xelSi; 2) sasceno xelovnebis simbolo.
31 wyaro 2. qarTuli dramatuli sazogadoebis afiSa (XX saukunis da-
wyaro 3. azerbaijanuli Teatris Sesaxeb 1912-1947 wlebSi TbilisSi funqcionirebda azerbaijanuli saxalxo saxli, romelic narimanovis klubis saxeliTac iyo cnobili. iq, msoflio klasikis nimuSebTan erTad, idgmeboda azerbaijanuli piesebi. baqodan iwvevdnen azerbaijanulenovan profesional msa xiobebs. maTTan erTad scenaze TamaSobdnen sxvadasxva erovnebis msaxiobebi, romlebic kargad flobdnen azerbaijanul enas. ma galiTad, saqarTvelos saxalxo artisti taso abaSiZe azerbaijanel kolegebTan erTad warmateazerbaijanuli Teatris speqtaklis biT monawileobda azerbaijanul afiSa, romelSic qalebis rols warmodgenebSi. 1922 wels Teatrs mamakacebi asrulebdnen* mirza faTali axundovis saxelobis saxelmwifo azerbaijanuli Teatris statusi mieniWa. dasi xSirad mogzaurobda saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqsa da sofelSi.* alxan bineToRli, saubrebi Teatrze, baqo, 2009, gv. 14.
* muslimuri sarwmunoebis mixedviT, qalebs TeatrSi msaxioboba ekrZalebodaT, amitom qalebis rols qalis tansacmelSi gadacmuli kacebi TamaSobdnen.
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
sawyisi)
32
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
wyaro 4. rusTavelis Teatris istoria 1920 wlis 27 ivliss, saqarTvelos demokratiuli res publikis mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, qarTul Teatrs gadaeca iuzbaSevis saxlis yvela darbazi da meore sarTuli. es iyo amJamindeli rusTavelis Teatris Senoba, sadac warmodgenebs marTavda, agreTve, rusuli Teatri ,,tarto” da somxuri drama. dReebi ase ganawilda: kviSoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo Teatri ra saRamo, samSabaTi, xuTSabaTi da SabaTi – qarTul dramas; orSabaTi, paraskevi da kvira dila – rusul Teatrs, oTxSabaTi – somxur Teatrs. vasil kiknaZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi gv. 458.
wyaro 5. somxuri Teatris Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi mcxov reb somex dra maturgebs, romlebic qarTulad werdnen, TavianTi wvlili SehqondaT qarTuli Teatris warmatebis saqmeSi. aseTi iyo go reli somexi zurab antonovi, romlis literaturul-drama turgiuli Semoqmede ba qarTul scenaze gaifurCqna. somxur TeatrSi aqtiurad moRvaweobda cnobili qar Tveli msaxioTbilisis somxuri Teatri bi vaso abaSiZe. misi Semoqmedeba cocxali gansaxierebaa qarTvel da somex xalxTa megobruli urTierTobisa. suren avCiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi gv. 79.
wyaro 6. internacionaluri speqtaklebi
33
a) Cvens TeatrSi sundukianis ,,pepoSi~ efemias rols qarTulad TamaSobda msaxiobi medea Caxava, danarCeni dasi ki mTlianad somxurad TamaSobda. iyo piriqiTac _ rusTavelis Teatris scenaze speqtakl ,,pepoSi~ rusTavelis dasi TamaSobda qarTulad, xolo pepos rols somxur enaze asrulebda saqarTvelos saxalxo artisti artem lusiniani. aseTi gasvlebi Cveni TeatrisaTvis didi zeimi iyo. am speqtaklebze orive TeatrSi qarTveli da somexi mayurebeli erTad dadioda.
b) XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi soxumSi viyaviT gastrolebze. soxumis Teatris scenaze viTamaSeT Seqspiris ,,otelo~. pirveli moqmedeba iTamaSa rusTavelis Teatris qarTulma dasma qarTul enaze, meore moqmedeba _ Tbilisis som足 xuri Teatris dasma somxur enaze, xolo mesame moqmedeba _ afxazeTis dasma afxazur enaze. speqtakls mayurebelic mravalerovani hyavda da yvelasgan mxo足 lod siTbo da sixaruli igrZnoboda. CemTvis saamayoa, rom somxuri Teatris scenaze ilia WavWavaZis ,,glaxis naambobSi~ akaki vasaZis partniori viyavi: igi mamis rols TamaSobda, me _ Tamros. es udidesi bedniereba iyo. interviu msaxiob serik SekoianTan, Caiwera nana soloRaSvilma, 2009 wlis 24 seqtemberi.
davaleba 1: SeqmeniT 5 jgufi da moamzadeT statia, wyaroebis 1-6 mixedviT, XX saukunis dasawyisis erT-erTi Tbilisuri gazeTisaTvis. TiToeuli jgufi wers yyrusuli Teatris yyqarTuli Teatris yysomxuri Teatris yyazerbaijanuli Teatris yygazeTis korespondentis saxeliT.
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: rogor emsaxureboda `Tbilisis melpomena~ Tanacxovrebas mravalkulturul qalaqSi?
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
interviu saqarTvelos damsaxurebul artististTan robert ovanesianTan, Caiwera nana soloRaSvilma, 2009 wlis 20 seqtemberi.
34
9. edemis baRi `samxreTis cimbirSi~ sakvanZo kiTxva: rogori urTierToba iyo saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebul rusebsa da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris XX saukunis dasawyisSi? wyaro 1. sagarejos raionis mosaxleoba XX saukunis dasawyisi
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
80 70
qarTvelebi somxebi azerbaijanelebi rusebi germanelebi da sxva
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
XXI saukunis dasawyisi 70 60 50 40 30
qarTvelebi azerbaijanelebi rusebi somxebi osebi da sxva
20 10 0
davaleba 1: 1. Seadare monacemebi. ra cvlilebebi moxda sagarejos raionis mosaxleobis eTnikur SemadgenlobaSi XX saukunis dasawyisidan XXI saukunis dasawyisamde? 2. ivaraude, ra iyo am cvlilebebis mizezi?
Tavad malxaz andronikaSvils, saxelmwifo bankidan aRebuli valis gadauxdelobis gamo, 1908 wels auqcioniT gaeyida 13 aTasi desetina miwa axlandeli bogdanovkis, araSendisa da kaWreTis midamoebSi. 1909 wels gaRatakebuli, umiwo rusi glexebis 120 komli donispireTidan mindor oleSi Camosaxlda - axlandeli sof. bogdanovkis teritoriaze. axalmoSeneebma sofels bogdanovka uwodes, radgan ruseTis xelisufalTagan muqTad Caigdes baraqiani qarTuli miwa. isini ambobdnen: es sikeTe RmerTma mogvca - ,,bog dal”-o. maT magaliTze didZali rusi umiwawylo glexoba moawyda aqaurobas da ase gaCnda xutorebi: ,,makaevka,” ,,alandara,” ,,meore alandara,” ,,gvozdeevka,” ,,saldatski xutori” da ,,zelionoe pole”. magram pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave axalmoSeneebi am xutorebidan aiyarnen da isev samSobloSi dabrundnen. mxolod bogdanovka darCa dRemde. interviu sagarejos mcxovrebi aleqsandre elerdaSvilTan, 82 wlis, Caiwera qeTevan qvliviZem, 2009 wlis 12 ivnisi.
wyaro 3. sofel bogdanovkis rusuli skolis Sesaxeb leonti vasilis Ze zubaSevskis iniciativiT, sofelSi rusuli skola gaixsna. TandaTan skolaSi qarTveli bavSvebic momravldnen. maT rusul enaze swavla uWirdaT. qarTvelma mSoblebma skolaSi qarTuli seqtoris gaxsnac moiTxoves. soflis maswavleblis qeTevan kutibaSvilisa da misi meuRlis revaz orvelaSvilis didi mondomebiT, 1966 wels soflis rusul skolaSi qarTuli seqtoric gaixsna. bogdanovkaSi mezobeli soflebidan: Siblianidan, verxvianidan, yandauridan, kakabeTidan, Wermidan qarTvelebi Camosaxldnen. TandaTan soflis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili qarTuli gaxda. rusi da berZeni mcxovrebnic saukeTesod floben qarTul enas. skolaSi rusul enaze swavlis moTxovna ukve naklebi iyo. Sedegad, soflis rusuli skola gauqmda. interviu sof. bogdanovkis mcxovreb ivane uSakovTan, 82 wlis, Caiwera qeTevan qvliviZem, 2009 wlis 10 ivnisi.
wyaro 4. rusi axalmosaxleebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb a) 61 wlis vera stefanes asul Sirina: winaT am sofels malxazovka erqva, 1940 wlidan ki krasnogorka hqvia. Cemi winaprebi aq pirveli pirveli msoflio omis win saratovis mxaridan gadmoasaxles. mizezi Cveni mrwamsi iyo _ malaknebi varT. sofelSi adre baptisti malaknebic iyvnen. isini wyliT naTlobas iRebdnen. Cven, malaknebi, sityviT viRebT naTlobas. malaknebs eklesia ar gvaqvs. `samlocvelo saxli~ yofili skolis SenobaSi gvqonda. sabWoTa periodSi aq klubi gaxsnes, malaknebs sxva, calke mdgomi Senoba misces, SemoRobes. axla sofelSi sul ori moxuci qaliRa darCa, vinc `samlocvelo saxlSi~ dadis da biblias kiTxulobs. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde krasnogorka sufTa rusuli sofeli iyo. mxolod rusebi vcxovrobdiT. politikuri viTarebis arevis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT, mxedrionis TareSis periodSi, sofeli dacarielda _ zogi Tbilis-
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
wyaro 2. umiwo rusi glexebis gadmosaxlebis istoria
35
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
36
Si an rusTavSi gadasaxlda, zogic ruseTSi wavida. malaknebs didi oja xebi gvqonda: TiTo ojaxSi 10 Svili mainc izrdeboda. dedaCems, Sirina nadeJda andreevnas, 7 Svili, 37 SviliSvili da 7 SvilTaSvili hyavda. axla biZaSvilebi asze metni varT. gafantulebi varT ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris. aq mcxovrebma rusebma qarTuli saerTod ar ician. ar iyo amis aucilebloba. b) 81 wlis anastasia gluSkova: mamaCems qarTvelebi Zalian uyvarda. mec Zalian miyvars qarTvelebi. kargad, Zalian kargad vcxovrobdiT erTad. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi mTel saqarTveloSi ganukiTxaoba rom iyo, rusebs gvaSinebdnen: wadiT aqedan, Torem qarTvelebi dagxocaveno. bevrs SeeSinda, wavida ruseTSi. Cven arsad wavsulvarT. rusebi saxlebs rom hyiddnen, ramdenime saxli viyide Cemi SvilebisaTvis, rom arsad wasuliyvnen. rusebi aq kargad vcxovrobdiT. mwvelavad vmuSaobdi. 10 Svili gavzarde, uamravi jildoc maqvs miRebuli: 1979 wels, rogorc gamarjvebuls, premiad 100 kilogrami xorci gamomiweres, damsves TviTmfrinavze da moskovSi saxalxo meurneobis miRwevaTa gamofenaze gamiSves 9 dRiT. Jurnalma `krestiankam~ ydaze Cemi suraTic dabeWda. namdvilad bednieri cxovreba mqonda. mdidaric viyavi – yvela Cems Svils Zvirfasi logini da xaliCebi miveci. interviu sof. krasnogorkis mcxovreblebTan Caiwera qeTevan qvliviZem, 2009 wlis 24 ivnisi.
wyaro 5. sof. krasnogorkis malaknebis saojaxo yofa
37 davaleba 2:
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ratom iTvleboda saqarTvelo anu `samxreTis cimbiri~ edemis baRad?
mr ava leT niku ri saqarTve lo
1. gaarkvie, wyaroebis 2 da 4 mixedviT, ra iyo dRevandeli sagarejos raionis sofel bogdanovkasa da mezobel soflebSi rusuli mosaxleobis Camosaxlebis mizezebi? 2. wyaroebidan 3 da 4 miRebuli informaciis mixedviT, gansazRvre rogor warimarTa rusi axalmosaxleebis urTierToba adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan? moitane magaliTebi. 3. ipove argumentebi, miiCnevda Tu ara sagarejos raionis rusi mosaxleoba `samxreTis cimbirs~ Tavis samSoblod? 4. wyaroebis 2-5 mixedviT, isaubreT malaknebis cxovrebis wesisa da tradiciebis Sesaxeb.
38
10. Sereuli qorwinebebi saqarTveloSi XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sakvanZo kiTxva: romelma politikurma procesebma iqonia gavlena saqarTvelos mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis cvlilebaze XX saukunis meore naxevarSi?
ojaxi
wyaro 1. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Sesaxeb meore msoflio omis dros …mosaxleoba did daxmarebas uwevda partiul, komkavSirul da sabWoTa organoebs evakuirebuli bavSvebis mowyobasa da aRzrdaSi. 1942 wels patronaJze ayvanil iqna 2340, xolo Svilad 320 bavSvi [...] ...miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenoba Seivso buneb rivi namatiT da mtris mier droebiT okupirebuli raionebidan evakuirebuli mosaxleobiT, romlis nawili saqarTveloSi damkvidrda, omis wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Semcirda [...] saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.VIII, Tb., 1980, gv. 232, 271.
wyaro 2. qarTuli mxatvruli filmi meore msoflio omis Semdeg Sereuli ojaxis Sesaxeb qarTuli mxatruli filmi `araCveulebrivi gamofena~ mogviTxrobs meore msoflio omis dros ruseTidan saqarTveloSi evakuirebuli rusi gogonas glafira ogurcovasa da qarTveli moqandakis – aguli erisTavis siyvarulisa da ojaxuri cxovrebis ambavs.
a) aguli erisTavis mama pipinia vagon-barakidan saxlSi miacilebs sarZlos.
b) aguli, pipinia da agulis oTxi vaJi ulocavs dedas mexuTe vaJis gaCenas
kadrebi qarTuli mxatvruli filmidan „araCveulebrivi gamofena“, reJisori e. Sengelaia, 1968 w.
39
davaleba 1: 1. ivaraude, ra iyo filmis Seqmnis idea? 2. monaxe saerTo wyaroebSi 1-2 motanil magaliTebSi. 3. daaskveni, romeli istoriuli movlenebi axdenda gavlenas Sereuli qorwinebebis zrdaze saqarTveloSi?
wyaro 3. ojaxebis (Sinameurneobebis*) ganawileba erovnebis mixedviT (sadac yvela wevri erTi erovnebisaa)
erovneba
1979
1989
2002
750430
817875
837535
1
qarTveli
2
afxazi
14985
16590
92
3
osi
29736
28533
4875
4
somexi
84234
74253
49229
5
rusi
70104
56326
8018
6
azerb.
44325
56668
60623
7
berZeni
17533
17916
2918
8
sxva
12935
14226
8092
SeniSvna: 2002 wels afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikasa da cxinvalis regionSi mosaxleobis sayo足velTao aRwera ar Catarebula.
wyaro 4. ojaxebi (Sinameurneobebi), sadac wevrebi sxvadasxva erovnebisaa (statistikis departamentis monacemebi) 151328
160000
yvela ojaxi
1979 w. 1989 w. 2002 w.
140000
1150836 1243677 1040515
100000
erTi erovnebis 1030716 1092349 971384 Sereuli
120120
151328
69131
120000
120120
80000 60000
69131
40000 20000 0
1979 w.
davaleba 2: gamoiangariSe Sereul qorwinebaTa procentuli maCvenebeli
1979 *
1989
2002
Sinameurneoba _ ase uwodeben oficialur dokumentebSi ojaxs.
1989 w.
2002 w.
ojaxi
(statistikis departamentis monacemebi)
40
wyaro 5. Sereuli ojaxebi qarTvelis monawileobiT (statistikis departamentis monacemebi) Sinameurneobebi, sadac wevrebi sxvadasxva erovnebisaa 20000
19325 15013
15000
11501 10000
8050
8804
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
qarTveli da rusi qarTveli da afxazi qarTveli da somexi qarTveli da osi qarTveli da azerbaijaneli qarTveli da berZeni qarTveli da sxv. qarTvelis gareSe
5000 2163 0
1
2
3
4
2229
2046
5
6
7
8
ojaxi
davaleba 3: 1. wyaroebis 3-5 mixedviT, daadgine ra cvlilebebi moxda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis eTnikur SemadgenlobaSi. 2. Seadare Sereuli qorwinebis statistikaSi arsebuli cvlilebebi mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis imdroindel monacemebs. 3. gadanomre Sereuli ojaxebi maTi raodenobis mixedviT
wyaro 6. Sereuli ojaxebi (Sinameurneobebi) qalaqad da soflad
(statistikis departamentis monacemebi) 100000
93719
90750
qalaqebSi soflebSi
80000 60000
50225
40000
32896
26404
18906
20000 0
1979 w.
1989 w.
2002 w.
davaleba 4: gamoiangariSe soflad da qalaqad mcxovrebi Sereuli ojaxebis procentuli maCvenebeli
1979
1989
2002
41
davaleba 5: imsjeleT, ratom aris qalaqSi meti Sereuli ojaxi, vidre sofelSi?
wyaro 7. kiTxvari-interviu saxeli, gvari erovneba dabadebis adgili da weli ganaTleba meuRlis erovneba sad gaicaniT Tqveni meuRle? rodis iqorwineT? ra wesiT Sesrulda qorwineba? sad cxovrobT amJamad?
1. irina xaldeeva 2. rusi 3. xaSuri, 1933 w. 4. umaRlesi 5. qarTveli, Tengiz barnaveli 6. meuRle gavicani TbilisSi 7. oTxi wlis Semdeg 8. xeli movawereT 9. TbilisSi 10. Svilebi gvyavs 11. qarTulad da rusulad 12. Svilebma rusuli kargad ician 13. aranairi, Cvens Svilsac rusi coli hyavs 14. ara 15. saqarTvelo Cemi samSobloa
10. gyavT Tu ara Svilebi? 11. ra enaze laparakobT ojaxSi? 12. ician Tu ara Tqvenma Svilebma Tqveni mSobliuri ena? 13. SegqmniaT ojaxSi problemebi Tqveni araqarTvelobis gamo? 14. sazogadoebis mxridan? 15. miiCnevT Tu ara saqarTvelos Tqvens samSoblod? 1. maxnur aSurova 2. azerbaijaneli 3. bolnisis r-ni, sof. darbazi, 1943 w. 4. umaRlesi, rusuli enis pedagogi 5. qarTveli, giorgi valiSvili 6. meuRle gavicani q. kaspSi, skolaSi 7. Zalian male, imave wels 8. xeli movawereT 9. vcxovrobT TbilisSi 10. ori asuli da erTi vaJi 11. ojaxSi vlaparakobT qarTulad da azerbaijanulad 12. orive ena kargad ician 13. arasodes 14. ara, gansakuTrebul siyvaruls vgrZnob mezoblebisgan 15. ra Tqma unda
interviu Caiweres n. molaSvilma da n. nabievam, 2009 wlis 8 da 16 oqtomberi.
davaleba 6: 1. airCie pasuxebidan erT-erTi fraza am interviuebis dasasaTaureblad. 2. gaixsene saqarTvelosa da msoflios istoriidan cnobili Sereuli (dinastiuri) qorwinebebi? 3. airCie interviudan is kiTxvebi, romlebic yvelaze mniSvnelovnad migaCnia da daasabuTe Seni arCevani. 4. intervius safuZvelze gansazRvre, ra aris Sereuli ojaxis yvelaze rTuli problema da SesTavaze misi gadaWris Seneuli gzebi.
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ra istoriuli movlenebi axdenda gavlenas Sereuli qorwinebebis dinamikaze?
ojaxi
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
42
11. erTi quCa marneulSi sakvanZo kiTxva: rogori iyo sxvadasxva eTnikuri da religiuri jgufis Tanacxovrebis tradiciebi marneulSi XX saukunis bolos?
wyaro 1. marneulis raioni XX saukunis bolos
პირობითი აღნიშვნები
მარნეულის რაიონი
სახელმ იფო საზღვაჽი ჽაიონული საზღვაჽი
მდ
სამხაჽეო ენ ჽი ჽაიონული ენ ჽი სოფელი
რუსთავი რ
თ
ა
ი
.
ნ ო ი კვაჽი მ
მდ
ყიზილ-აჯლო
ი
ხჽამ ი
ნ
ბოლნისი
მარნეული
ი
ალგეთი
ო
გარდაბანი
ი
მდ. მაშავეჽა
თამაჽისი ქაფანახჩი
რ
ა
ოჽჯონიკიძე ქუჽთლაჽი
ქვემო ყულაჽი
მდ
.ა ლ
ი
ს
შულავეჽი
გე
თ
მდ
ყაჩაღანი
ედა დებ მდ.
. ხჽ ამი
კასუმლო
ბ
მდ .
ო
ლ
შულ ავე ჽი
ნ
ი
შაუმიანი
ე რ ბ ა ი ჯანი
ს
ი
ოფჽეთი სადახლო ხოჯოჽნი
ახქეჽფი
ს
ო
მ
ხ
ე
თ
ი
ზ
ojaxi
გე
დ ა ბ ნ გ ა რ ი ს
ი ო ნ ი ა რ
თ ე თ რ ი წ ყ ა რ ო ს მდ.
.ა ლ
ა
davaleba 1: 1. gansazRvre, romel raionebs da ucxo qveynebs esazRvreba marneulis raioni? 2. ra gavlenas axdens raionis amgvari mdebareoba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis erovnebaTaSoris urTierTobebze?
43 wyaro 2. marneulis raionis mosaxleoba eTnikuri Semadgenloba azerbaijanelebi qarTvelebi somxebi berZnebi rusebi sxva
1979
1989
2002
72965/72,6% ? ? ? ? ?
91923/76,3% ? ? ? ? ?
98245/79% 9503 / 8% 9329 / 7,9% 396 / 0,3% 523 / 0,4% 112 / 0,1%
saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti
davaleba 2:
wyaro 3. pirveli eklesia da pirveli meCeTi marneulSi rusTavelis quCaze
daviT aRmaSeneblis eklesia (1999-2000)
meCeTi (1998-2000)
davaleba 3: axseni, ra procesebze metyvelebs am sakulto nagebobebis mSeneblobis TariRebi?
ojaxi
1. gaixsene, ra cvlilebebi moxda saqarTveloSi 1980-90-ian wlebSi? 2. daalage es cvlilebebi qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT. 3. Seiswavle cxrili da ivaraude, ra iyo marneulis raionis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis cvlilebis mizezebi.
44
wyaro 4. qarTul-azerbaijanuli ojaxis tradiciebi _ sad gaicaniT erTmaneTi? _ institutis damTavrebis Semdeg orivem daviwyeT muSaoba bolnisis raionis sofel akaurtaSi da swored iq gavicaniT erTmaneTi. 1950 wels davqorwindiT. gvyavs 9 SviliSvili, 6 SvilTaSvili.
ojaxi
_ aRniSnavT Tu ara qristianul da muslimur dResaswaulebs? _ aravin aravis uSlis aR niSnos nacionaluri da religiuri dResaswaulebi. magaliTad, Cven vzeimobT `novruz-bairam~, romelic gazafxulis mosvlis simboloa. dResaswaulamde 4 kviriT adre yovel ojaxSi TefSze yrian xorbals da svel dolbands afareben, rom gaRvivdes da gauSvas fesvebi, Semdeg amodis pirveli mwvane aRmonaceni _ gazafxulis mauwyebeli. 20 da 21 marts xorbals saxelwodebiT `semeni~ kraven wiTeli bafTiT, amzadeben tradiciul flavs, „semeni“ garSemo yrian Txils da tkbileuls da anTeben imden sanTels, ramdeni kacic aris ojaxSi. ymawvilebi da gogonebi agdeben karebqveS qudebs da Casafrebulebi elodebian, roca maT qudebs tkbileuliT aavseben. saRamoTi ki ikribebian didi koconis garSemo, mRerian, cekvaven, egebebian gazafxuls. roca koconi bJutvas iwyebs, axtebian mas. Cven erTad avRniSnavT saero da ojaxur dResaswaulebs _ muslimurs da qristianuls. sufraze tradiciuli qarTuli da azerbaijanuli kerZebia, vmRe riT, vcekvavT erTad. interviu marneulSi rusTavelis quCaze mcxovreb, qarTvel mariam artemis asul TarxniSvilze daqorwinebul, mamed abdula oRli mamedovTan, Caiweres nargiz nabievam da eliura alievam, 2009 wlis 5 aprili.
davaleba 4: 1. Seni azriT, mamedovebis ojaxSi novruz-bairams religiuri dResaswaulis mniSvnelobiT zeimoben, Tu mas ufro saojaxo dResaswaulis mniSvneloba aqvs? 2. moZebne wyaroSi 4 Seni mosazrebis damadasturebeli sityvebi.
wyaro 5. azerbaijanul-berZnuli ojaxis tradiciebi
45
_ Tqven qristiani brZandebiT, qmari - mahmadiani. ra rwmenas misdeven Tqveni Svilebi? _ samTave Svili mahmadianebad aRvzardeT.
_ diax, aRvniSnavT. erT-erTi yvelaze didi qristianuli dResaswaulia _ aRdgomis dResaswauli, anu qristes naTeli kviradRe. is ganekuTvneba egreT wodebul gardamaval dResaswaulebs da aRiniSneba pirvel kviradRes gazafxulis savse mTvaris Semdeg, romelic gazafxulis buniaobis Semdeg dgeba. aRdgomisTvis mzadeba iwyeba didi marxvis pirveli dReebidan. yovel ojaxSi TefSebze Tesaven xorbals, romelic dResaswaulisTvis aRmonacendeba. dResaswaulze Rebaven kvercxebs, acxoben paskas, midian eklesiaSi. sanam vaJi muslim cols moiyvanda, Cven ufro aRdgomas avRniSnavdiT, axla ki avRniSnavT `novruz-bairams~. interviu marneulSi mcxovreb azerbaijanel aiaT ismailis Ze ismailovze gaTxovil, wavkisis mkvidrTan berZen maria porfiriadisTan, Caiweres nargiz nabievam da eliura alievam, 2009 wlis 6 aprili.
davaleba 5: 1. gaaanalize wyaro 5: a) axseni, riT iyo ganpirobebuli is faqti, rom im ojaxSi, sadac yvela mamakaci muslimia, aRniSnavdnen aRdgomas? b) ganixile, ra religiuri tradiciebi Camoyalibda am ojaxSi? 2. wyaroebSi 4 da 5 mocemuli fotosuraTebis mixedviT, Seadare, ra aris saerTo am ori religiuri dResaswaulis aRniSvnis tradiciaSi?
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ra aris marneulSi sxvadasxva eTnikuri Tu religiuri jgufis urTierTobis damaxasiaTebeli niSani?
ojaxi
_ aRniSnavT Tu ara qristianul da muslimur dResaswaulebs?
46
12. xalxTa `WianWvelebis bude~ CaqvSi sakvanZo kiTxva: ratom eZaxian Caqvs xalxTa `WianWvelebis budes~?
wyaro 1. ucxoeli mecnieri kavkasiis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb kavkasiis mxare mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT udavod dedamiwis uSesaniSnaves kuTxed unda vcnoT. misma geografiulma mdebareobam evropisa da aziis Sesayarze, ...eTnografiulma da istoriulma niSandoblivma Taviseburebebma [...] SeuZlebelia interesi ar aRgviZras [...] Zveli qveynis adamianTa rasebi, aziidan evropisaken rom miedinebodnen, kavkasiaze an mis gverdiT Caiqrolebdnen da aq tovebdnen TavianT axalSenebs, romlebic Semdeg erTmaneTsa da adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi iTqvifebodnen da uamrav calkeul erovnebas qmniddnen. swored amitom ewoda kavkasias xalxTa `WianWvelebis bude~.
ojaxi
k.riteri, miwismflobelTa istoria, wignSi: d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da aWaraSi, Tbilisi, 1864, gv. 1.
wyaro 2. rogor iqmneboda Caqvi a) sofel CaqvSi wvimisagan Tavi SevafareT fleTili qvis did orsarTulian saxls, romelic kramitiT iyo daxuruli, rogorc saukeTeso saxlebis umetesoba. [...] es saxli ekuTvnoda agilobriv memamules xusein-beg beJan-oRlis anu beJaniSvils [...] saxlis gverdiT iyo mdidari da sakmaod vrceli Celtikis, anu brinjis yana, romelic xusein-begs wliurad 300 qisa Semosavals aZlevs. dimitri baqraZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 18.
b) ruseTis saimperatoro ojaxs mTels imperiaSi didZali mamulebi hqonda mflobelobaSi, romlis marTvisTvis Seqmnili iyo specialuri saufliswulo uwyeba. ... XIX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi saufliswulo uwyebis moxeleebis arCevani Caqvis xeobaze SeCerda, rac SemTxveviTi ar yofila. xeobis saerTo farTobi 16378 desetinas aRwevda, sadac 205 komli cxovrobda. mTels olqSi Caqvis xeoba nayofieri miwebiT gacilebiT mdidari iyo, xolo mosaxleoba _ SedarebiT mcire. o. TurmaniZe, saadgilmamulo urTierTobebi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi osmalTa batonobis xanaSi, baTumi, 2001, gv. 119.
g) saufliswulo uwyeba CaqvSi mamulebis SeZenas 1894 wels Seudga. jer e.w. saxazino miwebi daisakuTra, Semdeg muhajirTa mitovebul miwebs daepatrona. qcsa, f.130, a.1.s.184.
d) CaqvSi 1951 wlidan vcxovrob. aq adre Waobi iyo. gavrcelebuli iyo malaria. Tavdapirvelad, am teritoriebze (oRond ufro SemaRlebul adgilebze) rusma maRalCinosnebma agarakebi aiSenes. maxsovs ramdenime gvari _ voroncovi, popovi, soloviovi, solovcovi da baTumis botanikuri baRis damaarsebeli krasnovi. swored maT Camoiyvanes Cinelebi lao jinjaos xelmZRvanelobiT. igi CaqvSi 1926 wlamde cxovrobda. misma Svilma meuRled Caqvis Cais sabWoTa meurneobis direqtoris zaqaria TuSmaliSvilis qaliSvili SeirTo. muSa足 xeli mimdebare soflebidan CamohyavdaT, Semdeg ukve daiwyes sxvadasxva ju-
ris adamianebis Camosaxleba. gaWirvebuli adamianebi sixaruliT modiodnen da asrulebdnen umZimes samuSaos, oRond lukma-puri hqonodaT. xalxi saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrobda da samuSaoc sezonuri xasiaTis iyo. Semdeg, nawili mudmivad dasaxlda... ase davsaxldiT erTad...
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interviu Caqvis mcxovrebTan vaxtang kutubiZesTan, 83 wlis, Caiwera madona miqelaZem, 2009 wlis 22 dekemberi.
wyaro 3. Caqvis mravaleTnikuri mosaxleobis Sesaxeb CaqvSi 1949 wlidan vcxovrob. aq 14 erovnebis adamianebi iyvnen dasaxlebuli: qarTvelebi (qristianebi da muslimebi), rusebi, berZnebi, somxebi, ukrainelebi, azerbaijanelebi, qurTebi, bulgarelebi, latvielebi, litvelebi, estonelebi, uzbekebi, CeCnebi, osebi, moldovelebi... CaqvSi xalxi masobrivad 1930-ian wlebSi Camoasaxles, roca ruseTSi saSineli SimSili iyo. sabWoTa periodSi aq qalTa kolonia* iyo. is Senoba dResac SemorCenilia. swored maT amuSavebdnen Waobis amosaSrobad da Cais plantaciebis gasaSeneblad. dro gadioda. xalxi TandaTan saerTo sacxovreblebidan binebSi gadaiyvanes. maT sakuTari meurneobebic moiwyves. 1960-iani wlebidan ukve kerZo saxlebic gaCnda. interviu Caqvis mcxovrebTan, meore msoflio omis veteranTan, 88 wlis akaki beWvaiasTan, Caiwera madona miqelaZem, 2009 wlis 22 dekemberi.
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wyaro 4. Caqvis Cais meurneobis muSebi, 1949 w.
wyaro 5. ,,gamomyevi, gogo colad...!�, Caqvi, 1965 w.
* kolonia _ qalTa sasjelaRsrulebiTi dawesebuleba.
48 wyaro 6. oficialuri statistikuri monacemebi Caqvis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb 2009 wlis aRweriT, mosaxleobis raodenoba CaqvSi 10 567 adamians Seadgens. maTgan daaxloebiT 2500-ze meti macxovrebeli sxva erovnebisaa. mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba ase gamoiyureba: qarTvelebi, rusebi, somxebi, berZnebi, ukrainelebi, bulgarelebi, CeCnebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi, moldovelebi, latvielebi, litvelebi. Caqvis gamgeobis mier mowodebuli informacia, 2009 wlis 10 aprili.
davaleba 1: 1. wyaroebSi 2 (a, b, g, d) da 3 mocemul informaciaSi xazi gausvi sakvanZo sityvebs, romlebic xsnis XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi CaqvSi mosaxleobis Casaxlebis mizezebs.
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2. axseni, miuxedavad sirTuleebisa, ratom gadawyvites CaqvSi droebiT Casaxlebulma adamianebma iq darCena? 3. wyaroebis 1-6 da mixedviT, romel yvelaze saintereso faqtebs gamoiyenebdi Caqvis Sesaxeb narkvevis _ `me Tavs ucxod ar miviCnev~ dawerisas?
wyaro 7. CaqvSi turizmis ganviTarebisa da misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb a) turizmi mosaxleobis axal talRas uyris saTaves: aq uamravi adamiani Camodis; sxvadasxva erovnebis, sxvadasxva religiis. nawili uZrav qonebas iZens da saxldeba, zogi sezonurad, zogi ki mudmivad. Caqvis mosaxleobis Wreli Semadgenloba ar Semcirebula, piriqiT, ufro ,,gaWrelda“. daematnen Turqebi, Cinelebi, arabebi da sxva. Tumca Cinelebi aq adrec cxovrobdnen... b) mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba, TavisTavad, turizmis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels, maSasadame, mosaxleobis ekonomikur gaZlierebas. es ori faqtori urTierTgadajaWvulia da erTis dakargva meores ganadgurebas iwvevs. interviu Caqvis mcxovreb istorikos i. gorgilaZesTan, Caiwera madona miqelaZem, 2009 wlis 15 dekemberi.
davaleba 2: 1. wyaro 7-is mixedviT, gansazRvre, ra aris avtorisaTvis mTavari sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianebis TanacxovrebaSi?
wyaro 8. Caqvelebi TavianTi dasaxlebis Sesaxeb
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a) v. torosiani, 74 wlis: CaqvSi arasodes momxdara konfliqti eTnikur Tu religiur niadagze. Cven ar gvqonia imis SegrZneba, rom gansxvavebulebi varT erTmaneTisagan. erTad vcxovrobdiT e.w. barakebSi (maSin kerZo saxlebi an aseTi sacxovrebeli korpusebi ar iyo) da Wirsa da lxins erTmaneTs vu足 ziarebdiT. b) o. WaRaliZe, 63 wlis: me ar maxsovs dapirispirebis arc erTi faqti. Cven ar varT konfliqturebi. meorec, yvelas erTnairad gviWirda. aq Camosuli yvela adamiani Tanaswori iyo gaWirvebisa da malariiT sikvdilis winaSe. vis ecala gansxvavebis moZebnisasTvis? g) i. fiodorovi, 40 wlis: Tavs ar vgrZnob ucxod da Tu minda Caqvidan wasvla, es mxolod ekonomikuri faqtoridan gamomdinare, magram ara samudamod!!! 1990-ian wlebSi, roca daixura Cais fabrikebi, funqcionireba Sewyvita Caisa da citrusebis meurneobam, Caqvi masiurad datoves rusebma, berZnebma, somxebma da a.S. iciT, ramdeni dabrunda ukan? bevri. iciT, ratom? maT versad ver ipoves is siTbo, megobroba da urTierTTanadgoma, rogoric CvenTan viciT.
davaleba 3: 1. wyaroSi 8 (a, b, g) ipove fraza, romelsac gamoiyenebdi Caqvze statiis saTaurad.
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ra aris saWiro imisaTvis, rom adamianebi mSvidobianad cxovrobdnen mravaleTnikur qalaqSi?
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interviu CaqvelebTan, Caiwera madona miqelaZem, 2009 wlis 5 marti.
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13. udiebi XX saukunis qarTul garemoSi sakvanZo kiTxva: rogor cxovrobdnen udiebi XX saukunis qarTul garemoSi?
wyaro 1. udiebis gansaxleba sabWoTa kavSirSi 1989 wlis aRweris
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mixedviT
wyaro 2. udiebis raodenoba ssrk-Si 1989 wlisaTvis
azerbaijani ruseTi saqarTvelo yazaxeTi ukraina uzbekeTi
6125 1102 793 366 109 46
TurqmeneTi 32 tajikeTi 31 moldaveTi 16 belorusia 15 latvia 15 yirgizeTi 2
statistikuri monacemebi aRebulia wignidan: g. Cavadovi, udilari, baqo, 1999 (rus.).
wyaro 3. udiebis gansaxleba sabWoTa kavSirSi XX saukuneSi
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udiebis gansaxlebis dinamika sabWoTa kavSirsa da saqarTveloSi 10000 9000
8652 udiebi ssrk-Si
8000
udiebi saqarTveloSi
7000
7000 5900
6000 5000 4000 3000
3700 2500
2000 1000 0
0
0
1926 w.
1959 w.
800
800
793
1970 w.
1979 w.
1989 w.
203 2002 w.
wyaro 4. udiebis Sesaxeb a) 1920-1922 wlebSi azerbaijanelebsa da somxebs Soris saSineli omi, xocvaJleta daiwyo. mamam, cnobilma sazogado moRvawem, udi xalxi moarida iqaurobas da, saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT, saqarTveloSi Camoasaxla. maT Soris iyvnen somxebi da erTi germanul-ukrainuli ojaxi. interviu leila zinovis asul silikaSvilTan, 81 wlis, Caiwera n. agasaSvilma, 2009 wlis 4 ivnisi.
b) udi xalxi kompaqturad dasaxlebulia mxolod sam sofelSi, romelTagan oriAazerbaijanis teritoriaze mdebareobs _ varTaSeni da niji, xolo erTi saqarTveloSi – zinobiani (yvarlis raioni). udma xalxma, miuxedavad mravali Wir-varamisa, qristianuli rwmena da mSobliuri ena dRemde Semoinaxa. evgeni jeiraniSvili, udiuri ena, Tb., 1971, gv. 3.
davaleba 1: 1. wyaroebis 1, 2 daxmarebiT:
a) gaarkvie, sabWoTa kavSiris romel respublikebSi ar cxovrobdnen udiebi?
b) daasaxele, romel respublikaSi cxovrobs yvelaze meti udi da axseni, Seni azriT, ratom?
2. wyaro 3-is mixedviT: a) daadgine udiebis raodenobis cvlilebis tendencia sabWoTa kavSirsa da saqarTveloSi; b) ivaraude am tendenciebis mizezebi.
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diagrama Sedgenilia statistikuri monacemebis safuZvelze wignidan „eTnosebi saqarTveloSi“, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 210–211.
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wyaro 5. udi sazogado moRvawis z. silikaSvilis 1924 wlis 22 aprilis
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mimarTva ganaTlebis saxalxo komisars: saCqarod da sayuradRebod ganaTlebis saxalxo komisars (stili daculia) asli saqarTvelos: 1. aRmasrulebel centralur komitets 2. saxalxo komisarTa sabWos 3. komunisturi partiis centralur komitets 4. axalgazrdaTa komkavSiris centra lur komitets 5. profesiuli kavSiris prezidiums 6. bavSvTa TavSesafaris komitets da 7. gazeT `komunistis~ redaqcias udiebis axal sofelSi daarsdes axali tipis sasoflo skola Svidwledi, msgavsad germanuli sasoflo skolisa, saca sasoflo skolaSi moswavle iswavlis Svid wels, dReSi ki imecadinebs Svid saaTs. sam saaTs swavlobs zogad sagnebs – sazogadod ganaTlebisas, oTx saaTs ki fizikurad Sromas da varjiSobs skolis sazogadod mowyobil fermaSi, bostanSi, venaxSi, safutkreSi da sxva.
udi sazogado moRvawe z. silikaSvili
saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis centraluri arqivi f. 300, ad1 17106, gv. 56.
davaleba 2: imsjele, wyaro 5-is mixedviT, rogori pirobebi Seiqmna saqarTveloSi 1920ian wlebSi udi axalgazrdobis ganviTarebisaTvis, maTi gadasaxlebis Semdeg?
wyaro 6. udiebis warmomadgenlebi
XX saukunis 30-iani wlebi, Zmebi beJaniSvilebi. marcxniv, eqimi mixeili, marjvniv mewarme, agurkeramikis qarxnis direqtori, Salva, SuaSi diplomati, griSa, skkp ck-is baltiispireTis qveynebis ganyofilebis gamge.
e. neSumaSvili, vin arian udinebi, Tb., 2002, gv. 94
davaleba 3: imsjele, ra faqtorebma Seuwyo xeli, rom udiebi sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevrebi gamxdariyvnen?
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wyaro 7. udiuri damwerlobisa da enis Sesaxeb b. udiuri enis problema dRes-dReobiT sofel zinobianSi TiTqmis aravin saubrobs udiurad. yvela laparakobs qarTulad, radgan yovel ojaxSi aris qarTveli rZali an qarTveli siZe. ase droTa ganmavlobaSi udiuri ena daikargeba. amitom saWiroa, rom ada mianebma, romlebic kargad flo ben enas, gamoiyenon swavlebis Tanamedrove saSualebebi da udiuri enis swavlebis kursi Seadginon.
a. albanuri* damwerlobis nimuSi
interviu leila aleqsandres as. silikaSvilTan, 72 wlis, Caiwera n. agasaSvilma, 2009 wlis 7 ivnisi.
interviudan profesor zaza aleqsi ZesTan, Caiwera n. agasaSvilma, Jurnali „Tbiliselebi“, #6, 2003.
imsjeleT, ra gziT axerxeben udiebi TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas?
wyaro 8. sagnebi, romlebsac udiebi Tanamedrove skolaSi swavloben # sagani
1 2 3 4 5 6
7
qarTuli maTematika rusuli ena inglisuri ena istoria geografia samoqalaqo fizika qimia biologia fiz.aRzrda xelovneba musika Sroma istoria udiuri ena religiis istoria da kultura
I ? 5
II ? 6
III
1
IV
1
V 7 4 3 5 2
VI 8 4 3 6 2 1
VII 9 4 3 6 3 2
VIII 8 4 3 4 3 3 2
IX 9 4 3 4 4 3 2 2
jami
42 31 15 27 14 9 2 4
davaleba 5: 1. gaecani wyaros 8. ra enebs swavloben sofel zinobianis Tanamedrove skolaSi? gaakeTe daskvna saaTobrivi badis Sedarebis safuZvelze. 2. imsjeleT, ramdenad xels uwyobs aseTi ganaTleba imas, rom udi mozardi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevri gaxdes?
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ra faqtorebs SeuZlia mcirericxovani xalxebis TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis xelSeuwyoba? * sinas mTaze aRmoCenili xelnaweris safuZvelze, mecnierebma daaskvnes, rom albanuri da udiuri damwerloba erTi da igivea.
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davaleba 4:
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14. qistebi XX saukunis saqarTveloSi sakvanZo kiTxva: rogor aRiqvams qistebs Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba?
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wyaro 1. xanSi Sesuli qisti mamakacebi
wyaro 2. qisti mwerali sakuTari xalxis Sesaxeb jer kidev XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde cota vinmem Tu icoda, rom pankisSi cxovrobda CeCnuri warmoSobis xalxi, romelic mama-papur adaT-wesebs misdevs. aqvs mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mentaliteti, gamoirCeva gamokveTili stumar-maspinZlobiT, maRal-moraluri da zneobrivi etiketiT. am xalxis warmomadgenlebs pankisSi ewerebaT qisti. magram aseTi erovneba saqarTveloSic da sabWoTa kavSirSic arsad fiqsirdeba. mosaxleobis aRwerisas, erovnebis grafaSi qisti iwereboda, mSobliuri ena _ qarTuli, amitom qarTvelebad aRiwerebodnen. skolaSi vaJa-fSavelas poemebis personaJi qistebi ise aRiqmebodnen qarTveli moswavleebis SegnebaSi, rogorc qarTveli. arc muslimuri aRmsarebloba iwvevda gaucxoebas, radgan qarTvelTa zogierTi tomic (ingiloebi, fereidnelebi, aWarlebi) islams aRiarebdnen. oraswlianma cxovrebam saqarTveloSi, qarTulma kulturam iseTi Zlieri zegavlena iqonia CeCnur tomze, rom Camoyalibda CeCnur-qarTuli eTnosi, romelic TavisSi atarebda rogorc qarTul, ise CeCnur kulturas. xaso xangoSvili, qistebi (istoriul-popularuli narkvevi), Tb., 2005, gv. 9-10.
55 wyaro 3. qarTveli mwerali qistebis Sesaxeb arc Cven varT fanatikosi qristianebi da arc qistebi arian fanatikosi muslimanebi. Cven yvelani mainc warmarTi mTiulebi varT. qistebSi nadirobis dros ar maxsovs vinmes uari eTqvas qarTuli Rvinis dalevaze. pankisel qistebze xom zedmetia saubari. qarTvelebisadmi guliT mindobilni, metwilad, qarTuli cxovrebis wess arian naziarebni. jer kidev mTaSi cxovrebis dros erTi znisa da xasiaTis xalxs, bevri ram hqonda saerTo. pankisSi Camosaxlebis Semdeg ki bevri ram SeiTvises baris qarTvelebisagan da gansxvavebulic bevri aRaraferi darCa imdenad, rom isini SesaZlebelia saqarTvelos erT tomadac movixsenioT. rogorc amas eTnografebi varaudoben, uxsovar dros gayrili maTi gzebi TiTqmis SeerTda. interviu mweral besik xaranaulTan, Caiwera l. margoSvilma, 2009 wlis 27 Tebervali.
1. wyaro 2-isa da 3-is mixedviT daaxasiaTe qistebi: a) religiuri; b) eTnikuri; g) teritoriuli niSnebis mixedviT. 2. saskolo programidan daasaxele vaJa-fSavelas poemebi, romelTa personaJebi qistebi arian. 3. ganixile qistebisa da xevsurebis saerTo wes-Cveulebebi vaJa-fSavelas poe mebis mixedviT. 4. ipove wyaroebSi 2 da 3 informacia, romelic adasturebs qistebisa da qarTvelebis saerTo wes-Cveulebebs.
wyaro 4. qistebis sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb a) pankisis xeobaSi mcxovrebi duiselebi amJamad mahmadianur sarwmunoebas aRiareben. qristianul Cveu lebas, romelic gamahmadianebamde hqondaT da aRiarebdnen mainc kidev ar sTmoben. dRemde did dResaswaulad aqvT darCenili „nijuai“, „ooRua“ da „sinii“, romlebic eTanxmeba qristianul dResaswaulebs: Sobas, aRdgomasa da naTlisReba-wyalkurTxevas. informacia maTe albuTaSvilis wignidan, „pankisis xeoba“, Tb., 2005.
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davaleba 1:
b) minareTi duisSi da mariam RvTismSoblis eklesia joyoloSi (pankisis xeoba)
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g) interviu pankisis xeobis sofel joyoloSi mariam RvTismSoblis eklesiis momvlel lado cxadaZesTan
l batono lado, Tqven qarTuli warmoSobis brZandebiT. gviTxariT Tqvens Sesaxeb, ramdeni xania pankisSi cxovrobT? – marTalia, Cemi winaprebi imereTidan arian da warmoSobiT qarTveli var. Cemi didi papa biWia cxadaZe Terjolis raionidan yofila. mas kaci Semoakvda da iZulebuli gaxda imereTi daetovebina da kaxeTSi gadmosuliyo. axmetaSi miwebi SeiZina, mataneli qalic SeirTo da aq dasaxlda. eyola ori vaJiSvili arCili da vaso da sami qaliSvili. orive biWma sasuliero ganaTleba miiRo. saswavleblis dasrulebis Semdeg vaso ganaweses joyolos mariam RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiaSi da maTe albuTaSvilTan erTad diakvnad msaxurobda. Cvenc swored misi STamomavlebi varT.
l dRes Tqven romeli aRmsareblobis xarT? – me winaprebis religia SenarCunebuli maqvs da qristiani var. meuRle qisti myavs da muslimia. oTxi Svili myavs ori maTgani qristiania, ori ki muslimi.
l sainteresoa, ojaxSi romel religiur dResaswaulebs aRniSnavT? _ yvela dResaswauli mixaria da maTi aRniSvnac msiamovnebs. rogorc qristianul, ise muslimur dResaswaulebs aRvniSnavT.
Cemi religiis gamo aravis Sevuwuxebivar. muslimebi duisidan, joyolodan CemTan xSirad saxlSi mosulan, erTad gviqeifia, gvimegobria. arc aqedan wasvlis survili gamCenia rodisme, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens imerel naTesavebs mivageniT da iq Cveni didi papis oda _ saxlic Zveleburi saxiT SenarCunebuli dagvxvda. me aqaur xalxs kargad Sevewyve. d) interviu joyoloSi mcxovreb, imereli diakvanis vaso cxadaZis STamomavalTan vaxtang cxadaZesTan
57
l batono vaxtang, warmogvidgineT Tqveni Tavi. – me var imeruli warmoSobis kaci, myavs meuRle da xuTi Svili, xuTives mivaRebine umaRlesi ganaTleba, samma maTganma javaxiSvilis universiteti warCinebiT daamTavra. axla var 79 wlis. pankisSi Cemi papa movida pirvelad, diakvanad moRvaweobda joyolos eklesiaSi,SeirTo qisti qali da mec misi STamomavali var.
l Tqveni winaprebi qristianebi iyvnen, Tqven ra aRmsareblobis xarT? – me musulmani var. Cemi xuTive Svilic muslimia, kacs erTi rjulis unda swamdes.an unda iyos qristianulad monaTluli an musulmurad. me Cemi surviliT miviRe islami, ZaliT miRebuli rwmena rwmena ar aris. – islamur dResaswaulebs, ise ki, ra Tqma unda. aRdgomis dros SeiZleba rame kerZi, saWmeli damzaddes.
l dRevandeli gadasaxedidan rogor fiqrobT, qarTveli xarT, Tu qisti? – marTalia imereli var modgmiT, magram amJamad qisti var. pasportSi ki miweria qarTveli, magram laparaki, zne-Cveuleba, adaT-wesebi, yvelanairi miqcevmoqceva, gaTxov-gamoTxoveba yvelaferi mahmadianuri wesis mixedviT gvaqvs. am xalxma unda damkrZalos da damasaflavos. interviu Caiwera l. margoSvilma, 2009 wlis 15 oqtomberi.
davaleba 2: 1. axseni, wyaro 4-is safuZvelze, ras efuZneba qristianebisa da muslimebis urTierToba sofel joyoloSi? a) Seadare wyaro 4-is interviuebi da daadgine ra naTesauri kavSiria lado da vaxtang cxadaZeebs Soris? b) riT axsni pankiseli qistebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebas _ SeinarCunon winaparTa sarwmunoeba an piriqiT, miiRon axali sarwmunoeba? 2. Camoayalibe kavkasiis xalxebis saerTo wes-Cveulebebisa da mentalitetis Camoyalibebis mizezebi.
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: eTnikuri, religiuri da enobrivi siWrele – kavkasiuri kulturis simdidrea Tu problemebis wyaro?
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l ojaxSi romeli religiis dResaswaulebs aRniSnavT?
58
15. espaneli bebiis istoria sakvanZo kiTxva: ratom iqca saqarTvelo samSoblod espaneTidan evakuirebuli bavSvebisaTvis?
wyaro 1. vikipedia francisko frankos Sesaxeb 1936 wlis 18 ivliss espaneTSi daiwyo samoqalaqo omi. msxvili qalaqebis umravlesobaSi saxalxo frontis winaaRmdeg samxedroebma frankos meTaurobiT moawyes amboxeba, Sedegad `swrafi gamarjveba~ ver ganxorcielda. orive mxarem daiwyo `araswor mxares moxvedrili~ Tavisi politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis daxvreta. vikipedia, francisko franko
wyaro 2. qarTuli presa espaneTis movlenebis Sesaxeb germaneli da italieli faSistebi espaneTSi Sevidnen espaneli faSistebis dasaxmareblad. gazeTi `komunisti~, agvisto, 1936 w.
ojaxi
davaleba 1: xazi gausvi wyaroebSi 1 da 2 im istoriul movlenebs, romlebmac frankos reJimis mowinaaRmdegeebs samSoblos datoveba aiZula.
wyaro 3. didi sabWoTa enciklopedia espaneTis movlenebis Sesaxeb mTel msoflioSi gaCaRda espanel respublikelTa solidarobis moZraoba. ssr kavSirma espaneTis respublikas aRmouCina mravalmxrivi daxmareba. icavda espaneli xalxis interesebs `erTa ligaSi~, gzavnida espaneTSi sakveb produqtebs, aseve sxvadasxva saxis SeiaraRebas. espaneTSi ibrZoda 2000-ze meti sabWoTa moxalise, ZiriTadad tankistebi da mfrinavebi. didi sabWoTa enciklopedia, t.10, gv.504, sveti 1500.
wyaro 4. skp(b) ck-is* politbiuros dadgenileba, oqmi #51, 1937, 5 agvisto: miviRoT asturieli [espaneTis erT-erTi regioni _red.] bavSvebi _ 1000 adamiani. bavSvebis miRebis organizacia daevalos amx. eJovs**. i.b. stalini
wyaro 5. ssrk saxkomsabWos 1937 wlis 16 seqtembris dadgenileba 1. espaneli bavSvebis ganTavsebis, aRzrdisa da swavlebis, administraciulsameurneo momsaxurebis mTeli samuSao daekisros saxkomsabWos, saxkomebis piradi pasuxismgeblobiT 2. samedicino momsaxureba dawesebulebebisa, sadac imyofebian espaneli bav足 Svebi, daevalos ssr kavSiris jandacvis saxalxo komisariats 3. araugvianes 15 oqtombrisa espaneli bavSvebis adgilsamyofeli, romelic ar Seesabameba saswavlo miznebs, Seicvalos amisaTvis gankuTvnili dawesebulebebiT. ssrk-is narkomsabWos Tavmjdomare molotovi
davaleba 2: gansazRvre, wyaroebis 3-5 mixedviT, ra daxmarebas uwevda sabWoTa kavSiri respublikur espaneTs, ra iyo am daxmarebis mizezebi da miznebi? * skp(b) ck _ sakavSiro komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebisa) centraluri komiteti. ** nikoloz eJovi _ sabWoTa saxelmwifo da politikuri moRvawe.
wyaro 6. espaneli bavSvebisa da pedagogebis erT-erTi pirveli nakadi
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saerTaSoriso pionerTa banakSi (arteki, ukraina)
luis fernandesi, pirvel rigSi marcxnidan meoTxe. mogvianebiT igi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda saqarTveloSi.
davaleba 3:
wyaro 7. espaneli bebiis Tavgadasavali dedaCemis deda, tereza sagarsasu garmendia, daibada espaneTSi. misi mama nikasio sagarsasu gem `pilaios~ kapitani iyo. mas mWidro kavSiri hqonda komunistur dajgufebasTan. 1936 wels igi frankistebma daxvrites, xolo deda _ xosefina garmendia, RvTis wyalobiT, gadarCa. mas sami Svili darCa. 1937 wels daiwyo espaneTidan bavSvebis evakuacia. bebiaCemi da misi da-Zma jer safrangeTSi, xolo iqidan gemiT `feliqs ZerJinskiT~ leningradSi aRmoCndnen.Ameore msoflio omis dros bavSvebi leningradis blokadaSi moyvnen. blokadis Semdeg bavSvebis nawili taSkentSi gadaiyvanes. aq erTi weli maT safeiqro saqmes aswavlidnen. am periodSi TbilisSi gaixsna sarTav-satrikotaJo kombinati. bebiaCemi, misi da-Zma da sxva espanelebi, daaxloebiT 40-50-mde axalgazrda, kombinatSi samuSaod gagzavnes. konbinatSi bebiaCemma gaicno papaCemi _ gaioz aleqsandres Ze laliaSvili. maT SeuRleba gadawyvites. bebiaCemis sityvebidan vici, rom is moxvda araCveulebriv qarTul tradiciul ojaxSi, sadac mas didi siyvaruliTa da siTboTi Sexvdnen. aq iswavla man qarTuli ena da siyvaruli samSoblos mimarT. is Tavis samSoblod saqarTvelos miiCnevda da sul ambobda: `netav yvela qarTvels ise uyvardes saqarTvelo, rogorc me~. 1952 wels espaneTis radiom gamoacxada sabWoTa kavSirSi gadayvanili cocxlad gadarCenili espaneli bavSvebis gvarebi. xozefina garmendiam mxolod maSin Seityo, rom misi samive Svili gadarCa. mas Semdeg Svilebis Zebna daiwyo da mxolod 1967 wels SeZlo maTTvis xmis miwvdena. interviu anuki maCaiZesTan, tereza sagarsasu garmendias SviliSvilTan, Caiwera naira mamukelaSvilma, 2010 wlis 20 maisi.
davaleba 4: 1. axseni, wyaroebis 1-7 safuZvelze, rogor moxvdnen tereza sagarsasu garmendia da misi Tanamemamuleebi saqarTveloSi? 2. Seadgine yvela im movlenis qronologiuri cxrili, romlebic tereza sagarsasu garmendias beds Seexo. 3. Camowere is uaryofiTi da dadebiTi movlenebi, romlebmac terezas bedi gansazRvra.
ojaxi
ivaraude, wyaro 6-is mixedviT, rogor grZnobdnen espaneli bavSvebi Tavs sabWoTa kavSirSi.
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მოლდ. სსრ
ბულგარეთი
რუმინეთი
საბერძნეთი
ალბანეთი
იუგოსლავია
სიის
რ
ს
ფ
უ
რ
ქ
ე
თ
ი
რ
თბილისი
ს
მოსკოვი
შ ა ვ ი ზ ღ ვ ა
უკრაინი ს ს სრ
სსრ
ბელორუ
ლენინგრადი
ზღვა
კასპიის
თუ
ყ
რქ
ა
ა
ხ
მე
ნეთ
უზ ბე კე
ზ
ი
ის
თ
ე
ს
ი
სსრ
თ
ს
რ
ტაჯიკეთის სსრ
სსრ
ყირგიზეთის
ს
ტაშკენტი
ს
ესპანელი ბავშვების გადაადგილება საბჭოთა კავშირის ტერიტორიაზე
ესპანელი ბავშვების ევაკუაციის მარშრუტი ზღვით
რესპუბლიკელები ესპანეთში
სსრკ დედაქალაქი ქალაქი ფრანკოს რეჟიმი ესპანეთში
პირობითი აღნიშვნები
რ
ხ
ე
ტ
უნგრეთი
ა
ვაკი
ლიტვა
ლატვია
ესტონეთი
ფინეთი
ს
მ
ი
შვეიცარია
ავსტრია
ა
ა
პოლონეთი
ბ
ოსლ ო
ჩეხ
ი
მადრიდი
ე
საფრანგეთი
ბელგია
გერმანია
დანია
ნიდერლანდები
ჩრდილოეთის ზღვა
დიდი ბრიტანეთი
სანსებასტიანი
ირლანდია
პორტუგალია
შვედეთი
ბავშვების ევაკუაცია ესპანეთიდან ნორვეგია საბჭოთა კავშირში 1937 წელს
ნ
ojaxi
ს
ე ს პ ა
ტ ი ი ს ზ ღ ვ
ლ
60 wyaro 8. bavSvebis evakuacia espaneTidan sabWoTa kavSirSi 1937 wels
ა
ლ
შ
davaleba 5:
miuTiTe rukaze tereza sagarsasu garmendiasa da misi Tanamemamuleebis marSrutis ZiriTadi punqtebi.
wyaro 9. „qarTveli espanelebi“
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sarTav-satrikotaJo kombinatSi bevri espaneli muSaobda. umravlesobam Sereuli ojaxi Seqmna. saqarTveloSi kargad cnobili momRerali xose suaresi erTerTi aseTi Sereuli espanur-qarTuli ojaxis Svilia. igi qarTul filmSic iyo gadaRebuli ansambl „mziuris“ bavSvebTan erTad. rodesac kombinatSi raime RonisZieba imarTeboda, espanelebi aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen. dario suaressa da luis fernandess vokaluri dueti hqondaT Camoyalibebuli da espanur simRerebs asrulebdnen. qarTul filmSi _ `Rimilis biWebi~ _ erT-erT epizodSi maTi simRera `bandera roxa~ JRers. luis fernandesi mxatvari iyo. igi kombinatis kulturis saxlSi bavSvebs xatvas aswavlida, misi aRsazrdelebi xSirad gamofenebsac marTavdnen. amave dros, igi multiplikatoric iyo. misi Seqmnilia cnobili multiplikaciuri filmi `o, moda, moda~. tereza sagarsasu, romelic espaneTis komunisturi partiis wevri iyo da uSualo kontaqti hqonda espaneTis kompartiis liderTan dolores ibarurisTan, espanur saTvistomos xelmZRvanelobda. `qarTveli espanelebi~, rogorc maT uwodebdnen, xSirad ikribebodnen ojaxebTan erTad. interviu lamara WanWaleiSvilTan, sarTav-satrikotaJo kombinatis yofil TanamSromelTan, Caiwera naira mamukelaSvilma, 2009 wlis 1 seqtemberi.
wyaro 10. tereza sagarsasu espa-
wyaro 11. 2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg 2008 wlis agvistoSi, rodesac rusul-qarTuli konfliqti daiwyo, telefonze damireka Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis espanuri enis profesorma adela martinesma. man miTxra, rom espaneTis saelCos gadawyvetilebiT saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela espaneli Tavisi memkvidreebiT, sarkozis TviTmfrinaviT safrangeTSi, xolo iqidan espaneTSi unda gadaeyvanaT. saaTnaxevarSi ukve aeroportSi viyaviT, xolo or saaTSi parizSi. Tvenaxevari bilbaoSi vcxovrobdiT. espaneTis mTavroba yvelanair pirobebs gvTavazobda, gvaZlevdnen binas, gviniSnavdnen did pensiebs. dedaCemi daJinebiT moiTxovda saqarTveloSi dabrunebas. misi argumentebi iyo: verasodes ver vuRalateb im xalxis suls, vinc mimiRo, gamzarda da pirovnebad Camomayaliba. saqarTvelo CemTvis meore ki ara, pirveli samSobloa. 2008 wlis seqtembris bolos ukve saqarTveloSi viyaviT, xolo 2009 wlis 30 ivniss deda gardaicvala. interviu marina laliaSvilTan, tereza sagarsasus qaliSvilTan, Caiwera naira mamukelaSvilma, 2010 wlis 5 maisi.
davaleba 6: 1. dasaxele, wyaroebis 7, 9, 10-is mixedviT, ra saqmianobas eweodnen tereza sagarsasu da misi Tanamemamuleebi saqarTveloSi? 2. axseni, wyaroebis 7-11 mixedviT, ratom Tvlida tereza sagarsasu saqarTvelos Tavis samSoblod?
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: romel istoriul movlenebs SeuZlia gavlenis moxdena calkeuli adamianebis bedze?
ojaxi
nuri saTvistomos Sekrebaze
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16. eTnokonfliqtebi da bavSvebi sakvanZo kiTxva: 1990-iani wlebis ra istoriulma movlenebma iqonia gavlena bavSvebis cxovrebis pirobebze saqarTveloSi?
ojaxi
wyaro 1. daarqvi saxeli!
sur. 1
sur. 2
davaleba 1: 1. ganixile fotosuraTebze gamosaxuli bavSvebis cxovrebis yvela detali. 2. moifiqre fotosuraTebis saTaurebi.
wyaro 2. konfliqtis regionebidan devnili bavSvebis bedi
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a) Teo, osi, 17 wlis eqvs wlamde ojaxSi vizrdebodi. samaCabloSi eTnokonfliqtis Semdeg saxli dagvewva. mama konfliqtis dros dameRupa. male dedac momikvda.Mmere quCaSi aRmovCndi. erTma qalma amiyvana Svilad da mzrdida. mas zaira dedas veZaxi. is rom ara, axla quCaSi viqnebodi. b) vaso, rusi, 11 wlis afxazeTis konfliqtis Semdeg mSoblebs avcdi, bavSvTa saxlSi mimiyvanes, mogvianebiT gairkva, rom dedaCemi, warmoSobiT rusi, ruseTSi gamgzavrebula, mamaCemma ki sxva colo SeirTo. bavSvTa saxls ver Sevegue da gavipare. amJamad quCaSi vcxovrob amxanagebTan erTad. erT mitovebul saxlSi vaTev Rames. iq deni da gaTboba ar aris. Ffuls bazrobaze vSoulob. xan tvirTs vezidebi, xanac vqurdob.
rva wlis viyavi, rodesac Cemi ojaxi iZulebuli iyo Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgili daetovebina. mamaCemi qarTvelia, deda ki afxazi myavs. rodesac dedam mamas Tavis naTesavebTan gadasvla SesTavaza, mamam uari ganacxada da sxva ltolvilebTan erTad umZimesi gziT TbilisSi Camosvla mogvixda. sanam binas mogvcemdnen, TbilisSi raRac mitovebul SenobaSi mogvixda cxovreba, sadac Suqic ki ar iyo. mamas didxans ar hqonda mudmivi samuSao, deda ki fiqrobda, rom radgan erovnebiT afxazia, saqarTveloSi mas samuSaos aravin miscems da arc ucdia misi moZebna. maxsovs erTxans imdenad gagviWirda, rom saskolo wignebic ki ver miyides da mTeli Tve uwignod davdiodi skolaSi. Cemi asakis nacnobebic ar gvyavda TbilisSi, rom wignebi vinmes eTxovebina. gazeTi ,,alia~, 2005 weli, 23-25 ivlisi
d) nino, qarTveli, 12 wlis mama afxazeTis omSi dameRupa. deda saberZneTSi gaemgzavra samuSaos saZebnelad. Mavadmyof bebiasTan erTad marto vcxovrob. vpatronob mas. ojaxSi yvelafers me vakeTeb. rodesac bebia cudad aris, Rameebsac vaTeneb. amis gamo skolasac xSirad vacden. interviu Caiwera m. kirvaliZem,…2009 wlis 6 maisi.
davaleba 2. 1. wyaroSi 2 a, b, g, d: a) xazi gausvi winadadebebs, romlebic am bavSvebis mdgomareobis mizezebze metyvelebs. b) ganixile bavSvebis yoveldRiuri cxovreba. 2. imsjele Semdeg sakiTxebze: a) ra aris saerTo am mozardebis biografiaSi? b) rogor SeiZleba daexmaros sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo eTnokonfliqte bis Sedegad dazaralebul bavSvebs?
ojaxi
g) ana, qarTveli, 16 wlis
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wyaro 3. bavSvTa soflis* mcxovreblebis istoria a) manana, 9 wlis omSi mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg ukve 6 welia, rac bavSvTa sofelSi vcxovrob. aq dedam 3 wlis asakSi momiyvana. oTxi da myavs. isini Cemze ufrosebi arian da dedasTan cxovroben. deda xSirad makiTxavs. bavSvTa sofelSi CemTan erTad erT ojaxSi cxovroben sxvadasxva erovnebis bavSvebi. skolaSi erTad davdivarT. Cemi sayvareli sagania maTematika. Tavisufal dros vTamaSob, verTobi, xan televizors vuyureb. b) giorgi, 12 wlis 6 wlis viyavi, rodesac babuam bavSvTa sofelSi momiyvana. mSoblebi gardacvlili myavs, babuac gardamecvala da axla deida makiTxavs xolme. Aaq, ojaxSi Svidni vcxovrobT: sami da, sami Zma da deda. Nnamdvili da-Zma ar myavs. davdivar skolaSi. yvelaze metad maTematika miyvars. Aroca Tavisufali dro maqvs, xan kompiuters vTamaSob, xan fexburTs da teniss. Mminda momavalSi arqiteqtori gavxde. vawyobT sxvadasxva RonisZiebebs. AbavSvTa sofelSi modian stumrebi sxvadasxva qveynebidan da agreTve qarTuli kompaniebidan. Zalian kmayofili var aq cxovrebiT.M
ojaxi
interviu Caiwera m. kirvaliZem,…2009 wlis 17 aprili.
davaleba 3: 1. daasaxele, wyaro 3-is mixedviT, vin daexmara dazaralebul bavSvebs? 2. axseni, ratom unda iyos dainteresebuli saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba mozardi Taobis problemebis gadawyvetiT? 3. ganixileT sakiTxi, vin unda izrunos dazaralebul mozardebze: a) saxelmwifom; b) sazogadoebam. g) ipoveT argumentebi wyaroSi 3.
wyaro 4. kanonebi bavSvis uflebebis Sesaxeb a) ,,bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia’’ muxli 20 bavSvs, romelic droebiT an mudmivad moklebulia ojaxur garemos anda misive interesebidan gamomdinare, ar SeiZleba darCes aseT garemoSi, ufleba aqvs sargeblobdes saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli mfarvelobiTa da daxmarebiT; muxli 6, 24, 26, 31 konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebi aRiareben, rom yvela bavSvs aqvs: ganviTarebis, socialuri usafrTxoebis, sacxovreblis, samedicino momsaxurebiT sargeblobis, ganaTlebis, informirebulobis, TamaSis, dasvenebis, Zalebis aRdgenis, kulturul cxovrebaSi monawileobis ufleba.
* bavSvTa sofeli _ saerTaSoriso saqvelmoqmedo organizacia, romelic saqarTveloSi 1989 wels daarsda. 2011 wlisTvis 2 bavSvTa sofeli funqcio nirebda.
muxli 27 monawile saxelmwifoebi aRiareben yvela bavSvis uflebas uzrunvelyofili iyos cxovrebis iseTi doniT, romelic aucilebelia misi fizikuri, gonebrivi, sulieri, zneobrivi da socialuri ganviTarebisaTvis.
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b) saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tavi II _ saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. Aadamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisufleba M muxli 35 yvelas aqvs ganaTlebis miRebisa da misi formis arCevis ufleba. dawyebiTi da sabazo ganaTleba savaldebuloa. Mmoqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT kanoniT dadgenili wesiT da gansazRvrul farglebSi saxelmwifo saswavlebelSi miiRon saSualo, profesiuli da umaRlesi ganaTleba.
muxli 3 saqarTveloSi zogadi ganaTlebis sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis ZiriTadi miznebia: a) moswavlis erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis mqone, Tavisufal pirovnebad CamoyalibebisaTvis saWiro pirobebis Seqmna; b) moswavlis gonebrivi da fizikuri unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba, aucilebeli codniT uzrunvelyofa... muxli 22 saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs sruli zogadi ganaTlebis miRebas. moswavlis ganaTlebis saxelmwifo dafinanseba zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi grZeldeba 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
davaleba 4: 1. Seusabame wyaroebSi 1, 2, 3 miTiTebuli magaliTebi im dokumentebs, romlebic wyaroSi 4 (a, b, g) aris mocemuli. 2. daadgine am uflebebidan, romeli xorcieldeboda eTnokonfliqtebis Sedegad dazaralebul bavSvebTan dakavSirebiT?
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ra gavlena iqonia 1990-iani wlebis eTnokonfliqtebma saqarTveloSi bavSvebis bedze?
ojaxi
g) kanoni zogadi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb
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17. `gayofili lukma~ sakvanZo
kiTxva: rogor cxovrobdnen erTad qarTvelebi da
ukrainelebi saqarTveloSi 1930-40-ian wlebSi?
wyaro 1. ukrainaSi SimSilis Sesaxeb 1932 weli ukrainaSi saocrad gvalviani iyo. yvelaferi ganadgurda, rasac momdevno wels eniT auwereli SimSiloba mohyva. SimSils Seewira aTasobiT ukrainelis sicocxle. man imsxverpla Cemi 28 wlis dedac, sxva axloblebi. adamianebi iZulebuli gaxdnen mietovebinaT mSobliuri adgilebi da SimSilisagan xsnis gza sxvagan eZebnaT. bevri maTgani maSin saqarTveloSi Camovida, maT Soris, Cvenc _ mamaCveni da sami mcirewlovani bavSvi. nikolaevidan Tbomavalma foTSi Camogviyvana. SimSilisagan daosebulebs siaruli ar SegveZlo, gemidan sakaciT gadmogviyvanes. qarTvelebma dagvayenes fexze, ukanasknel lukmas gviyofdnen, binac migviCines.
migracia
Uukraineli Jurnalistis mixeil gluSCenkos naambobi. gazeTi `Tbilisi,~ 1990 w., 8 maisi.
wyaro 2. meore msoflio omis dros evakuaciis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mcxovrebTa raodenoba meore msoflio omis periodisaTvis sagrZnoblad gaizarda, faSisturi germaniis mier okupirebuli ukrainisa Tu centraluri ruseTis raionebidan ltolvili mosaxleobis xarjze. saqarTvelom Seikedla frontispira zonidan evakuirebuli mravali sabavSvo saxli. qarTulma ojaxebma iSviles upatronod darCenili rusi, ukraineli, belorusi Tu sxva erovnebis aseulobiT mozardi. o. janeliZe, saqarTvelos axali da Tanamedrove istoria, Tb., 2009, gv. 176.
wyaro 3. saxelmwifos RonisZiebebi frontispira zonebidan mosaxleobis evakuaciis Sesaxeb ssr kavSir-germanias Soris omis dawyebidan axlo xanebSi faSistebis samxedro warmatebebma aucilebeli gaxada frontispira zonidan mosaxleobis, samrewvelo sawarmoebis, zogierTi dawesebulebis, mza produqciis, nedleulisa da sxva faseulobaTa evakuacia aRmosavleTis raionebSi. 1941 wlis 24 ivniss, sak. kp (b) centraluri komitetisa da saxkomsabWos dadgenilebiT, Seiqmna evakuaciis sabWo l. kaganoviCis TavmjdomareobiT. imave wlis 26 seqtembers evakuaciis sabWosTan Camoyalibda mosaxleobis evakuaciis sammarTvelo. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos saxkomsabWosTan daarsda respublikis teritoriaze evakuirebuli mosaxleobis daxmarebis mudmivi komisia, specialuri saevakuacio sammarTvelo da sxva adgilobrivi struqturebi. 1942 wlis noemberSi Seiqmna saqarTveloSi evakuirebuli ojaxebis dabinavebis mTavrobis komisia. e. kupataZe, evakuirebuli samrewvelo sawarmoebis, dawesebulebebisa da mosaxleobis miReba da ganlageba saqarTveloSi sabWoTa kavSiris didi samamulo omis periodSi. 1941-1945 ww, Tb., 1978, gv. 14-17, 68.
wyaro 4. evakuirebulebis cxovrebis Sesaxeb omi rom daiwyo 6 wlis viyavi. deda ukraineli myavda, mama _ rusi, ami足 tom pataraobidanve vicodi rusulica da ukrainulic. mamaCemi 1941 wlis ivnisidanve frontze imyofeboda. roca Cemi soflidan mosaxleobis evakuacia ganxorciel-
da me da dedaCemi CvenTvis sruliad ucxo garemoSi, saqarTveloSi CamovediT da maxaraZis raionis sofel SromaSi aRmovCndiT. deda male Caeba aqauri kolmeurneobis muSaobaSi. me maSin saskolo asaki ar mqonda, sofelSi ki sabavSvo baRi jerac ar arsebobda, ris gamoc, xSirad, im ojaxSi moxuc bebia anikosTan vrCebodi, romelmac Cven Segvikedla. me qarTuli ar mesmoda, bebias _ Cemi ena. mezoblad Cemi asakis gogo cxovrobda, saTamaSod gadmodioda, magram erTmaneTs bevrs verafers vagebinebdiT da ufro metad gabutulebiviT viyaviT. Cveni urTierTobis ena, sanam salaparako qarTuls viswavlidi, Rimili iyo.
67
interviu Tbilisis mcxovreb genadi petrenkosTan, 75 wlis, pensioneri, Caiwera oTar janeliZem, 2010 wlis 8 ianvari.
q. foTma omis dros aTasobiT evakuirebuli miiRo, ZiriTadad, odesidan, sevastopolidan, nikolaevidan da sxv. qalaqi patara iyo. yvelas dabinaveba saxelmwifo nagebobebSi SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda da xelmZRvanelobam mimarTa kerZo saxlebis mflobelT, SeekedlebinaT es adamianebi. isini didi gulisxmierebiT gamoexmaurnen am Txovnas. qalaqSi ar darCenila arc erTi, TviT patara xis saxlic ki, sadac ar CaesaxlebinaT evakuirebulni. patara samoTaxian saxlSi, CvenTan erTad cxovrobda samxedro mosamsaxuris pavle SevCenkos ojaxi. vcxovrobdiT simWidroveSi, magram rogorc erTi ojaxi. eqim venera jobavas mogonebidan: Jurnali `Русский клуб,~ Тб., 2008, #5, gv. 12.
davaleba 1: 1. amowere wyaroebidan 1-5 is sityvebi/frazebi, romlebic asaxavs 1930-40-ian wlebSi ukrainelTa saqarTveloSi migraciis mizezebs. 2. xazi gausvi wyaroebSi 1-5 frazebs, romlebic gamoxatavs qarTuli mosaxleobis damokidebulebas evakuirebuli ukrainelebis mimarT. 3. airCie erTi romelime fraza, romliTac SeiZleba am samuSao furclis dasaTaureba. 4. Seavse cxrili im informaciis gamoyenebiT, romelic wyaroebidan 1-5 miiRe. ukrainelTa saqarTveloSi migraciis mizezebi (miuTiTe wyaros nomeri) 1930-iani ww
1940-iani ww
saerTo siZneleebi, romelsac awydebodnen evakuirebuli ukrainelebi da saqarTvelos danarCeni mosaxleoba wyaroSi miTiTebuli Seni azriT, savaraudo
migracia
wyaro 5. evakuirebulebi foTSi
68
wyaro 6. bavSvebis evakuacia ....1942 wlis noembrisaTvis saqarTveloSi aRricxuli iyo 4452 evakuirebuli udedmamo bavSvi. unda vivaraudoT, rom mSoblebTan da naTesavebTan erTad, saqarTveloSi evakuirebuli bavSvebis raodenoba aTjer mainc aRemateboda udedmamod evakuirebuli bavSvebis ricxvs. ...marto 1941-1942 wlebSi qarTul skolebTan 50 klasi gaixsna evakuirebuli bavSvebisaTvis. e. kupataZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 98.
wyaro 7. saqarTvelos statistikuri sammarTvelos monacemebi 1941-1942 wlebSi saqarTveloSi evakuirebuli samxedro mosamsaxureTa ojaxis wevrebis Sesaxeb
migracia
#
TariRi
samxedro mosamsaxureTa ojaxis wevrebi, romlebic evakuirebuli iyvnen saqarTveloSi (aTasobiT) frontispira qalaqe- frontispira soflis bidan raionebidan
sul
1
1941 w. dekembrisaTvis
25
5
30
2
1942 w. 1 ianvrisaTvis
27
7
34
3
1942 w. 1 TebervlisaTvis
31
11
42
4
1942 w. 1 martisaTvis
32
11
43
5
1942 w. 1 aprilisaTvis
32
11
43
6
1942 w. 1 maisisaTvis
28
9
37
7
1942 w. 1 ivnisisaTvis
25
7
32
8
1942 w. 1 agvistosaTvis
24
7
31
saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis saxelmwifo arqivi, fondi 334, anaw. 2, saqm. #45, furc. 44, 46, 60, 77, 82, 98, 115.
wyaro 8. mosaxleobis evakuacia frontis zurgSi, 1941 w.
http://rtemes.livejournal.com/11661. v. podSivailovis foto
http://www.yk.kz/news/show/4475
davaleba 2. 1. daiTvale, ramdeni evakuirebuli Camovida 1942 wlis 1 agvistosaTvis saqarTveloSi? 2. ivaraude wyaroebis 6-8 mixedviT, ra gavle足 nas moaxdenda evakuaciis mas足 Stabebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze?
wyaro 9. ukrainidan evakuirebulTa gansaxleba saqarTveloSi 1941-1945
69
wlebSi
უკრაინიდან ევაკუირებულთა განსახლება საქართველოში 1941-1945 წლებში
პირობითი აღნიშვნები
სსჽკ ევაკუა იის პუნქ ები ევაკუიჽებულთა განსახლების ადგილები
r
ევაკუიჽებულთა საბავშვო სახლები
s f s
r
quTaisi q
ozurgeTi
a
r
T
v
e
l
o
s
gori
s
r
kojori
so mxeTis ssr
a
n i s
beTania
s
j a z e r b a i
davaleba 3: 1. rukis mixedviT daadgine: a) saqarTvelos romel qalaqebSi iyrida Tavs ukrainidan evakuirebuli mosaxleoba? b) romel punqtebSi daasaxles evakuirebuli ojaxebi? g) bavSvTa romel saxlebSi daabinaves evakuirebuli bavSvebi, daadgineT am dawesebulebebis raodenoba; 2. dawere mokle werili foTSi evakuirebuli Seni ukraineli Tanatolis saxeliT, romlis gagzavna mas Tavis megobrebTan an naTesavebTan surs. 3. gaarkvie, cxovroben Tu ara Sens mSobliur qalaqSi an sofelSi evakuirebuli ukrainelebis STamomavlebi.
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ra aris samuSao furclis saTauris gzavnili?
migracia
a
s s r
s
70
18. mudmivad samSoblos ZiebaSi (mesxeTidan deportirebulebi) sakvanZo SekiTxva: ratom `eZeben~ dRemde deportirebuli mesxebi TavianT samSoblos?
davaleba 1: daiyaviT sam jgufad:
pirveli jgufi _ saxelmwifo struqturebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi.
meore jgufi _ deportirebuli mesxebi
mesame jgufi _ saqarTvelos sazogadoeba
migracia
gaecaniT Tqveni jgufisTvis gankuTvnili wyaroebis pakets da moawyeT mrgva足 li magida-diskusia Temaze: `deportirebuli mesxebi samSoblos mudmiv ZiebaSi~.
wyaroebi jgufisaTvis 1. saxelmwifo struqturebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi wyaro 1.1. deportaciis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos ssr-is TurqeTTan mosazRvre raionebSi cxovrobs Turquli mosaxleoba. wlebis ganmavlobaSi, am mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili, romelic naTesaur kavSirSia TurqeTis mosazRvre raionebis mcxovreblebTan, amJRavnebs emigraciul ganwyobas, eweva kontrabandas da TanamSromlobs TurqeTis dazvervasTan agentebis gadmobirebisa da bandituri jgufebis SeqmnisaTvis. saqarTvelos ssr monakveTze ssrk-is sazRvris dacvis gaZlirebis mizniT, sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati mizanSewonilad miiCnevs gadaasaxlos axalcixis, adigenis, aspinZis, axalqalaqis, bogdanovkis raionebidan da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis zogierTi sasoflo sabWodan Turqebis, qurTebis da xemSilebis 16700 ojaxi, sul 86 000 suli yazaxeTis, uzbekeTisa da yirgizeTis ssr-Si. l. berias* werili stalins, #789/6, 24 ivlisi, 1944 weli.
* lavrenti beria _ ssrk-is Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari.
wyaro 1.2. sabWoTa kavSiris dros gamocemuli brZanebulebebi TariRi
organo
1956 w. ssrk-is uze28 apri- naesi sabWos li prezidiumis brZanebuleba #135/142, muxli@2.
maregulirebeli aqti
71
SeniSvna
„specgadasaxlebasTan dakavSirebuli SezRudvebis moxsna yirimeli TaTrebis, balkarebis, Turqebis – ssrk-is moqalaqeebi, qurTebis, xemSilebisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebisaTvis, romlebic gadasaxlebulni iyvnen didi samamulo omis dros”.
1991 w. ssrk-is uze7 marti naesi sabWos dadgenileba, muxli@2
sakanonmdeblo aqtebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb ssrk-is umaRlesi sabWos 1989 wlis 14 noembris deklaraciis _ „iZulebiT gadasaxlebuli xalxebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli represiuli aqtebis, ukanonod da danaSaulebrivad cnobisa da xalxebis uflebebiT uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb”_ safuZvelze.
gauqmdes: 1956 wlis 28 aprilis brZanebu leba, muxli@2;
http://reksin.ru/news/news040406.shtml.html; http://kpd.nvrsk.ru/bib/tm/4-07-03.htm; http://www.cidct.org.ua/uk/publications/deport2/235.html (Targmani rusulidan).
wyaro 1.3. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi Tariorgano Ri 18 saqarTvelos maisi, meTauris 1993 w. e.SevardnaZis gankarguleba #106 1994 w.
maregulirebeli aqti
SeniSvna TbilisSi, deportirebuli mesxebis STamomavlebisaTvis, Seiqmna qarTuli enisa da saqarTvelos istoriis adaptaciis centri. daarsda repatriaciis samsaxuri, rogorc saxelmwifo struqtura.
dekem- saqarTvelos „saqarTveloSi beri, prezidentis deportirebuli 1996 w. e.SevardnaZis da brZanebuleba repatrirebuli mesxebis samarTlebrivi da socialuri problemebis gadaWris saxelmwifo programis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“
... samcxe-javaxeTidan ... gasaxlebuli qarTvelebis eTnocidi, ganxorcielda maTi deportaciis gziT ssrkSi maSin arsebuli reJimis mier, radgan saqarTvelos ssr-s ar hqonda realuri suvereniteti. damoukidebeli demokratiuli saqarTvelo miznad isaxavs dasaxelebuli mosaxleobis gaTelili uflebebis reabilitacias maTi repatraciisa da eTnocidis Sedegebis TandaTanobiTi aRmofxvris gziT.
http://www.ca-c.org/journal/cac-02-1999/st_19_mamulija.shtml
migracia
1987 w. saqarTvelos „1987-1988 wlebSi saqarTvelos ssr-Si 8 dekem- ministrTa mesxTa im ojaxebis organizebuli Camosaberi sabWos xlebis Sesaxeb, romelTac survili aqvT dadgenileba mudmivad sacxovreblad Camovidnen saqar#600 TveloSi sxva mokavSire respublikebidan~
72
wyaro 1.4. saqarTvelos valdebulebebi evrosabWos mimarT ¾¾ 1999 w. 27 ianvari _ evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleis mosazreba #209 valdebulebebi: II. e: yy miRebul iqnas samarTlebrivi baza, romelic dauSvebs deportirebuli mesxi mosaxleobis repatriaciasa da integracias (gawevrianebidan ori wlis ganmavlobaSi); yy daiwyos repatriaciis da integraciis procesi (gawevrianebidan sami wlis ganmavlobaSi); yy dasruldes mesxi mosaxleobis repatriaciis procesi (gawevrianebidan Tormeti wlis ganmavlobaSi). ¾¾ 1999 w. 27 aprili _ saqarTvelo gawevrianda evropis sabWoSi;
http://www.msa.gov.ge http://www.portal.coe.ge
migracia
wyaro 1.5. kanoni repatriaciis Sesaxeb muxli 1. am kanonis mizania yofili ssrk-is mier XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos ssr-idan iZulebiT gadasaxlebul pirTa da maT STamomavalTa saqarTveloSi dabrunebisaTvis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebis Seqmna. am kanoniT dadgenili repatriaciis sistema efuZneba istoriuli samarTlianobis aRdgenas, Rirseuli da nebayoflobiTi dabrunebis principebs da iTvaliswinebs etapobriv repatriacias. muxli 3. repatriantis statusis mosapoveblad Sesabamisi ganacxadis wardgenis uflebis mqone pirebi muxli 8. repatriantis statusis miniWeba muxli 9. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miReba repatriantis statusis safuZvelze muxli 10. repatriantis statusis SeCereba da Sewyveta. saqarTvelos kanoni. yofili ssrk-is mier XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos ssr-dan iZulebiT gadasaxlebul pirTa repatriaciis Sesaxeb #5261 – rs (2007 wlis 11 ivlisi)
wyaroebi jgufisaTvis 2. deportirebuli mesxebi
73
wyaro 2.1. mesxebis mogonebebi a) es moxda 1944 wlis 15 noembers. jariskacebi SemoiWrnen Cvens saxlSi dilis 3 saaTze da gvibrZanes gavyolodiT ise, rom Zlivs movaswariT tansacmlis Cacma. Cven mogvaTavses satvirTo vagonebSi vmgzavrobdiT 40 dRis ganmavlobaSi saWmlisa da Tbili tansacmlis gareSe. maxsovs, xalxi balaxs Wamda, rom gadarCeniliyo. bevri daiRupa SimSilisa da daavadebebisagan. me vnaxe rogor isrodnen jariskacebi gvamebs pirdapir vagonebidan. dRemde ver ganvTavisuf ldi im dReebis koSmarebisagan. osman Mmexriev-yuraZe, http://www.osce.org/photos/show_photos.php
kamila nuritdinova (goCaZe), wignidan `mesxebi – usamSoblo adamianebi~, Tb., 2008, gv. 203, masala moamzada klara baraTaSvilma.
g) 1956 wels moixsna specgadasaxlebis reJimi da mesxebi fiqrobdnen, rom movida ganTavisufleba ...xelisufleba, aZlevda ra pasportebs yofil specgadasaxlebulebs, TviTneburad ucvlida mesxebis qarTul gvarebs, maT pasportebSi uwerda sxvadasxva erovnebas. ase magaliTad, mamaCemi, latifSax baraTaSvili, Cawerili iqna rogorc azerbaijaneli, Cem Zmas marats, romelic daibada deportaciaSi, mianiWes „uzbekis“ erovneba. iyvnen „Turqebi“, „TaTrebi“ da TviT „kavkasielic“ ki. araerTi mcdelobis Semdeg mamaCemma moaxerxa, CemTvis, erTaderTisaTvis Cveni didi ojaxidan, rodesac davibade deportaciaSi, Caewera „qarTveli“. klara baraTaSvili, http://georgia.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/16599
d) 1956 wels moxsnes sakomendanto meTvalyureoba. 1957 wels Cven wamovediT uzbekeTidan ... matarebliT TurqmeneTamde, iqidan – baqoSi. iq ar gavCerebul varT – pirdapir saqarTveloSi. Tumca CvenTvis ar iyo nebadarTuli saqarTve loSi Sesvla, Cven mainc wavediT, iqneb gagvmarTleboda .... Tbilisidan wavediT maxaraZeSi, Cais kolmeurneobaSi... zugdidSic vcxovrobdiT. megrelebma kargad migviRes. mesxeTSi kvlav ar SeiZleboda da Cven wavediT azerbaijanSi, kirovabadSi... 1988 wels Sromis saxelmwifo komitetma daiwyo mesxebisagan gancxadebebis Segroveba, romlebsac surdaT mesxeTSi gadasaxleba da Cven, beriZeebis ojaxi, marat baraTaSvilisa da abuzar safarovis ojaxebi viyaviT pirveli mercxlebi, romlebic davsaxldiT mesxeTSi... Cven viyideT saxli Cvens mSobliur sofel mugareTSi... azo beriZe, wignidan `mesxebi – usamSoblo adamianebi~, Tb., 2008, gv.243, masala moamzada klara baraTaSvilma.
wyaro 2.2. ferRanis tragedia a) 1989 wlis ivnisSi, ferRanis dablobSi (uzbekeTi) mcxovrebi gadasaxlebuli mahmadiani mesxebi masiuri xocva-Jletis msxverplni gaxdnen. sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobis mier centralur ruseTSi daaxloebiT 17 aTasi adamianis
migracia
b) [Sua aziaSi] gadasaxlebul mesxebSi dawesebuli iyo komendantis saaTi. Cven ar gvqonda ufleba, rom gadavsuliyaviT erTi soflidan meoreSi. yovel saRamos ufrosebi xels awerdnen Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis adgilobriv ganyofilebaSi. [ase iyo 1956 wlamde]
74
[`Turqi-mesxebis~] evakuacia ganxorcielda... naxevari wlis Semdeg deportirebulebi iZulebulebi gaxdnen sakuTari usafrTxoebis mizniT uzbekeTis sxva raionebic daetovebinaT, radgan konfliqti erovnuli niSniT grZeldeboda.... gadasaxleba mimdinareobda ZiriTadad azerbaijansa da ruseTSi, mcire nawili gadavida ukrainasa da yazaxeTSi. saqarTvelos parlamentis aparati, kvleviTi departamenti, analitikuri ganyofileba, 2005; http://www.parliament.ge/files/1005_15713_452804_turqi-mesxebi-TEXT.pdf
b) erT-erTi versiis mixedviT, yvelaferi daiwyo CxubiT uzbekebsa da Turq-mesxebs Soris, romlis drosac daiRupa axalgazrda uzbeki... ferRanidan evakuaciamde dazaralebuli Turqebis ojaxebi gahyavdaT samxedro poligonze qalaqgareT, sadac maT darbevebisagan icavdnen.
migracia
g)
uzbekeTSi mcxovrebi mesxeTidan deportire bulebi. ferRanis sam xedro poligonze – ru seTSi gamgzavrebamde. aleqsandr osipovi, „ferRanis mogonebebi“ 20 wlis Semdeg. ugakveTilo istoria? 09.06.2009 (Targmani rusulidan.).
http://www.ferghana.ru/article.php?id=6197
wyaro 2.3. deportirebuli mesxebis mdgomareoba krasnodaris mxareSi (ruseTi) krasnodaris mxareSi 1989 [fenRanis tragediis Semdeg-red.] wlidan faqtobrivrad cxovrobs 15 aTasi deportirebuli mesxebi, maTgan mxolod 4000 aqvs moqalaqeoba [...]…maT ar SeuZliaT mudmiv samsaxurSi muSaoba, maTi qorwineba oficialurad ar registrirdeba da kanonieri safuZveli ar gaaCnia; srulad moklebulni arian socialur dacvas (ar eZlevaT pensia da daxmareba) da samedicino dazRvevis sistemas [...]…maT ar SeuZliaT referendumSi da arCevnebis arcerT doneze monawileobis miReba[...] zogierT skolaSi arsebobs segregaciis problema: devnilebis Svilebs erT klasSi iReben da maT SedarebiT dabali donis ganaTlebas aZleven. mSobliuri enis swavlebaze saerTod saubaric araa [...] saqarTvelos parlamentis aparati, kvleviTi departamenti, analitikuri ganyofileba, 2005;
http://www.parliament.ge/files/1005_15713_452804_turqi-mesxebi-TEXT.pdf
75
wyaro 2.4. mesxeTis mosaxleobiobis deportacia da repatriacia.
პირáƒ?ბითი áƒ?áƒŚáƒœáƒ˜áƒ¨áƒ•áƒœáƒ”áƒ‘áƒ˜ áƒĄáƒĄáƒ˝áƒ™ დედáƒ?áƒĽáƒ?ლáƒ?áƒĽáƒ˜
áƒ›áƒ”áƒĄáƒŽáƒ”áƒ—áƒ˜áƒĄ მáƒ?áƒĄáƒ?჎ლეáƒ?áƒ‘áƒ˜áƒĄ დეპáƒ?áƒ áƒ˘áƒ?áƒŞáƒ˜áƒ? დáƒ? რეპáƒ?áƒ˘áƒ áƒ˜áƒ?áƒŞáƒ˜áƒ?
áƒ
áƒĄ
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áƒ›áƒ”áƒĄáƒŽáƒ”áƒ—áƒ˜áƒĄ მáƒ?áƒĄáƒ?჎ლეáƒ?áƒ‘áƒ˜áƒĄ დეპáƒ?áƒ˝ áƒ? იáƒ? 1944 áƒ”áƒšáƒĄ áƒ›áƒ”áƒĄáƒŽáƒ”áƒ—áƒ˜áƒĄ მáƒ?áƒĄáƒ?჎ლეáƒ?áƒ‘áƒ˜áƒĄ áƒ˝áƒ”áƒžáƒ? áƒ˝áƒ˜áƒ? იáƒ? 1956 áƒ”áƒšáƒĄ
ე
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ი
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áƒ˘áƒ?áƒ¨áƒ™áƒ”áƒœáƒ˘áƒ˜
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wyaro 2.5. saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli mesxebi
žž yy yy yy yy yy yy
1980–1990-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi 2 000-mde repatrianti mesxia Semosuli: TbilisSi (8 ojaxi) xaSuris raionSi (3 ojaxi) goris raionis sofel wiTelubanSi (5 ojaxi) samtrediis raionis sofel ianeTis me–9 ubanSi (30 ojaxi) ozurgeTis raionis sofel nasakiralSi (32 ojaxi) samcxe-javaxeTSi (50 ojaxi /165 kaci: axalcixe 38, adigeni 12, abasTumani 12)
žž 2010 wlis ianvrisTvis saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa gansaxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministroSi Sesulia repatrirebulTa 841 gancxadeba:
• azerbaijanidan _ 5348 • TurqeTidan _ 118
• ruseTidan _ 62 • sxvadasxva qveynidan _ 313
http://\meskhebi.wordpress.com/2011/01/24 mesxebis-gza-ucxoeTidan.
migracia
áƒŁ ზ ბ ე კ ე თ
პ
áƒĄ
áƒ—áƒ‘áƒ˜áƒšáƒ˜áƒĄáƒ˜
ეთ
áƒĄ
áƒ˜áƒĄ
�
შáƒ?ვი áƒĄáƒ?áƒĽáƒ? რთ ველ áƒ–áƒŚáƒ•áƒ? áƒ? áƒĄáƒĄáƒ
áƒ¤áƒ áƒŁáƒœáƒ–áƒ”
áƒ–áƒŚáƒ•áƒ?
áƒĄáƒĄ
კ
áƒ
áƒ?რáƒ?áƒšáƒ˜áƒĄ
76
wyaroebi jgufisaTvis 3. saqarTvelos sazogadoeba wyaro 3.1. qarTveli inteligenciis mimarTva saqarTvelos kompartiis
migracia
centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis eduard SevardnaZisadmi, 1979 w. Tebervali Cven, qvemore xelmomweri, qarTveli inteligenciis erTi nawili, qarTveli sazogadoebis saxeliT vacxadebT, rom mesxebis Turqad wodebas aranairi safuZveli ar gaaCnia da am sisuleles bolo unda moeRos. sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos 1968 wlis 30 maisis da 1974 wlis 9 ianvris brZanebebiT, am sawyali xalxis dabruneba unda momxdariyo, magram mainc ferxdeba. gadasaxlebulma mesxebma sabWoTa mTavrobas ramdenimejer mimarTes, magram mizans ver miaRwies. moskovSi Casulebs mudam TbilisSi abrunebdnen.…umorCilesad gTxovT, Cveni Txovna gaiTvaliswinoT da Cveni RviZli Zmebis dasabruneblad yvelaferi iRonoT. xels aweren: giorgi Citaia, sergi jiqia, vaxtang beriZe, arnold Ciqobava, akaki SaniZe, paata guguSvili, giorgi meliqiSvili, oTar jafariZe, guram mamulia, zurab cincaZe, revaz jafariZe, jansuR Carkviani, guram asaTiani, kamilakorinTeli, akaki baqraZe, muxran maWavariani, revaz inaniSvili, uCa jafariZe, giga lorTqifaniZe, merab berZeniSvili, aleqsi maWavariani, revaz TabukaSvili, daviT ToraZe... giga qamuSaZe, ianeTSi repatrirebuli mosaxleobis Turquli metyvelebis Taviseburebani, disertacia, Tbilisi, 2006, gv.23-24.
wyaro 3.2. qarTveli inteligenciis warmomadgenlebis mosazreba mesxe bis deportaciaze a) 1944 wels danaSauli Caidines adamianebis, da ara eTnosis mimarT. rac Seexeba deportirebulTa moTxovnas saqarTveloSi Camosaxlebaze, minda xazgasmiT aRvniSno, amis uflebamosileba maT ara aqvT. erTaderTi, risi moTxovnac logikuria, es aris winaparTa kerZo sakuTrebaze memkvidreobis principis dacva, rac unda Sefasdes da materialuri kompensaciis saxiT aunazRaurdes deportirebulTa STamomavlobas. saqarTvelos ufleba aqvs deportirebulTa is nawili Semoiyvanos, romelic mas saimedod miaCnia. Cveni arCevani upirobod maTze unda SeCerdes, vinc Tavs qarTvelad aRiarebs. iseTi adamianebis Camosaxleba, vinc Tavs Turqad miiCnevs, saqarTvelos sikvdils niSnavs.…maT unda SevaswavloT ena, Cvens istoriasa da kulturas vaziaroT, movaxdinoT qarTuli eTnosis sxeulSi maTi integrireba. evrosabWos rekomendacia _ 2012 wlamde saqarTveloSi mahmadiani mosaxleobis mTlianad Semosaxlebaze, miuRebelia. nodar naTaZe, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, e.w. Turqi mesxebi, gaz. „dilis gazeTi“, 20 oqtomberi, 2003; http://www.sapikhvno.org/viewtopic.php?t=2115.
b) istoriam isini „damnaSaveebad“ cno imis gamo, rom isini cxovrobdnen jer ruseT-TurqeTis, xolo Semdeg sabWoTa kavSir-TurqeTis sazRvarze, xolo qarTvel ma xalxma, romelic moklebuli iyo realur suverenitets, ver SeZlo maTi dacva... qarTveli eris eTnikuri mSeneblobis gzaze mesxebis problema warmoadgens Cvens arcTu iol memkvidreobas. am memkvidreobis gaazreba da masze zrunva – aris istoriuli pasuxismgebloba im Taobisa, romelic gauZRveba XXI saukuneSi ganaxlebul saqarTvelos. amaSi mdgomareobs saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politikis arsi deportirebili da saqarTveloSi repatrirebuli mesxebis mimarT... guram mamulia, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politikis koncefcia deportirebuli da saqarTveloSi repatrirebuli mesxebis mimarT. istoria da Tanamedroveoba.
http://www.ca-c.org/journal/cac-02-1999/st_19_mamulija.shtml
g) muslimi mesxebi, Cvens msgavsad, iyvnen saqarTvelos sruluflebiani moqalaqeebi da isini arasamarTlianad, barbarosulad gaasaxles samSoblodan 1944 wels […] maTTvis uaris Tqma reabilitaciaze, repatriaciaze ara marto ukanonoba da usamaTlobaa, aramed warmoadgens im danaSaulis axal dakanonebas, romelic Caidines stalinma da beriam da romelic moraluri TvalsazrisiT ufro mZime danaSaulia, radgan axla mas sCadis ara marto xelisufleba, aramed xalxi, is adamianebi, romlebic, ueWvelia, Tavis Tavs miiCneven demokratebad, qristianebad, adamianis uflebebis damcvelebad da a.S. ... Tu saxelmwifo, xalxi srulad gaiazrebs am problemas da izrunebs dabrunebulebze, kerZod, maTi adaptaciis procesze, maT usafrTxoebaze da a.S., es imuSavebs saqarTvelos sasargeblod.
77
naira gelaSvili, mwerali, `kavkasiuri saxlis~ direqtori, gazeTi `axali Taoba~, #35, 31.10-2.11. 2000.
1944 wels qvemo qarTlis mkvidri arc erTi azerbaijaneli da arc erTi mahmadiani aWareli ar gausaxlebiaT. TaTarTa, anu „Turq mesxTa“, winaprebis gadasaxlebas religiuri da eTnikuri safuZveli ar hqonia. ubralod, esoden destruqciuli Zalis sazRvarze datoveba TviT sabWoTa kavSirisTvisac ki safrTxes warmoadgenda. somxebiT mWidrod dasaxlebul regionSi maTi dabinaveba ueWvelad gamoiwvevs konfliqts. svimon masxaraSvili, gazeTi `kviris palitra~, 7 maisi, 2007.
wyaro 3.4. qarTuli media deportirebuli mesxebis Sesaxeb „mSobliur soflebSi unda davbrundeT“, reportaJi ianeTis mecxre ubnidan 1975 wels dabrunebul mesxTa nawili samtrediaSi dasaxlda. maSin yirgizeTidan, yazaxeTidan da azerbaijanidan ramdenime ojaxi sakuTari surviliT erTdroulad gadmosaxlda. komunistebma isini pirutyvis mosaSenebel kompleqsSi samuSaod kompaqturad daasaxla. 26 saxlisgan Semdgar sofelSi, romelsac Semdeg ianeTis mecxre ubani ewoda, 30 mahmadiani mesxi ojaxebiT Sesaxlda. ukve wlebia, dasaxlebaSi sazogadoebrivi transporti ar funqcionirebs. … am dasaxlebis Sesaxeb mezobel samtrediaSic ki bevrs araferi smenia. mecxre ubanSi qarTulad mxolod mozardebi saubroben.…29 wlis ganmavlobaSi aq arcerTi Sereuli ojaxi ar Seqmnila. mesxebis saarsebo saSualeba mecxoveleoba da soflis meurneobaa. TiToeuli ojaxi, sadac minimum rva wevri cxovrobs, heqtarze met miwis farTobs amuSavebs. hyavs aTobiT cxvari, Zroxa, qaTami. „cudad ar vcxovrobT, magram aq mainc ver davrCebi. rogorc ki saSualeba momecema, Cems mSobliur sofelSi, varxanSi davbrundebi. iq unda movkvde, iq unda davimarxo”, _ acxadebs malxaz baxtaZe. sxvagvarad fiqroben mecxre ubanSi mcxovrebi axalgazrdebi. „ar minda axalcixeSi cxovreba. aq mirCvenia. Cemi mSoblebic apireben mesxeTSi wasvlas, magram ar gavyvebi maT”, _ ambobs mecxre klasis moswavle gagi WinWaraZe. Tamuna uCiZe, samtredia, gazeTi „samxreTis karibWe“, 2004.
http://www.regions.ge/2&newsid=391&year=2009&position=news_main&q=samtredia
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ratom gaasaxla saxelmwifom saqarTvelodan, xolo Semdeg daabruna mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili?
migracia
wyaro 3.3. istorikosis mosazreba deportirebuli mesxebis sakiTxze
78
19. rusTavi _ `ormoci Zmis~ qalaqi sakvanZo SekiTxva: saidan warmoiSva rusTavis zedmetsaxeli `ormoci Zmis~ qalaqi?
migracia
wyaro 1. rusTavSi rusebis gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb mamaCemi, ivan Mmixeilis Ze ovadovski, xersonidan iyo. igi jer sevastopolSi muSaobda, xolo samamulo omis dawyebisas _ Celiabinskis metalurgiul qarxanaSi. Mmas, rogorc gamocdil specialists misces „broni“* da amitom frontze ar wauyvaniaT. 1944 wlis TebervalSi mama, ise rom misTvis arc ki ukiTxavT, surda Tu ara, samuSaod gadaiyvanes rusTavSi, rusTavis metalurgiuli qarxnis mSeneblobaze. me am dros aTi wlis viyavi, Cemi umcrosi da – Tamara ki samis. Tavdapirvelad, mxolod mama Cavida. mogvianebiT, es Zalian kargad maxsovs, 11 ivniss, Cvenc _ deda, bebia, Cemi da da me _ Cagviyvanes eSeloniT rusTavSi. maSin rusTavi triali mindori iyo, mxolod karvebi da sami barakis tipis saxli idga. Cven erT-erT saxlSi mogvces erTi patara oTaxi, radgan mama daniSnes centraluri samSeneblo laboratoriis ganyofilebis ufrosad. Cvens win karvebSi, aseve, sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva adgilebidan gadmoyvanili ojaxebi cxovrobdnen, yovelgvar pirobebs moklebulni. gardabansa da rusTavs Soris iyo dasaxleba, romelsac „roza luqsemburgs“ eZaxdnen. iq germanelebi cxovrobdnen, romlebic omis dros gaasaxles. mogvianebiT, maT mier datovebul erT-erT saxlSi Cven Segvasaxles. noemberSi gavagrZele swavla rusul skolaSi, romelic maSin erTaderTi iyo da sadac sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva kuTxidan Camosuli ojaxebis bavSvebi swavlobdnen. skolaSi gvaswavlidnen qarTuls. interviu qalaq rusTavis mkvidrTan zoia ovadovskaiasTan, Caiwera cira CikvaiZem, 2009 wlis 29 maisi.
wyaro 2. rusTavis #1 skolis 1951-1952 wlis kursdamTavrebulTa sia
* broni _ gankarguleba, romliTac Tavisufldebodnen omSi gawvevidan. ** MC _ niSnavs skolis vercxlis medalze damTavrebas.
wyaro 3. rusTavis #1 skolis moswavleebi
79
a) 1951-1952 wlis kursdamTavrebulTa foto dganan (marcxnidan marjvniv): Tamara safronova _ rusi; iuri tiSaevi _ rusi; viqtor liagi ni _ rusi; maria nikolaeva _ rusi, duxabori; tolik rotenbergi _ germaneli ebraeli; zoia ovadovskaia – rusi; sxedan (marcxnidan marjvniv): liudmila beregova _ yazaneli Ta Ta ri; Tamara Cuba _ ukraineli; giorgi luarsabisZe _ qarTveli, ge o g rafiis maswavlebeli; isai aleqsis-Ze skrinikovi _ rusi, maTematikis maswavlebeli, klasis damrigebeli; iuri fiodoris Ze _ ukraineli, fizikis maswavlebeli; maria aleqsis asuli tibicaeva _ osi, literaturis maswavlebeli.
migracia
b) zoia ovadovskaias mowmoba oTxi klasis damTavrebis Sesaxeb
fotoebi zoia ovadovskaias arqividan.
wyaro 4. rusTavis rusuli skolis Senoba da abra
80
wyaro 5. rusTavis #1 skolis daarsebis istoria 1943 wels saqarTvelos sxvadasva kuTxidan CamosulTaTvis pirveli skola gaixsna. misi sruli dasaxeleba iyo yarais (axlandeli gardabnis) raioni, sof. rusTavis rusuli arasruli saSualo skola. skola ganTavsebuli iyo barakis tipis SenobaSi, romlis saerTo farTs warmoadgenda 58 m2 da sami saklaso oTaxiT Semoifargleboda. qarTvel bavSvTa raodenobis zrdis gamo 1946-1947 saswavlo wels funqcionireba daiwyo qarTulma klasma, xolo 1948 wels amave skolaSi pirvelad gaixsna qarTuli arasruli saSualo skola, romlis direqtoradac dainiSna qsenia zarqua.
www.rustavi.ge rusTavis pirveli saSualo skola, (19 agvisto, 2009 weli).
wyaro 6. mravalerovani rusTavis Sesaxeb
migracia
me viyavi #1 skolis direqtori 1969-87 wlebSi. Cvens skolaSi, Tu ar vaWarbeb, ocdaToTxmeti erovnebis, daaxloebiT, 1 400 moswavle swavlobda. iyo Zalian megobruli ganwyoba ara marto Cvens skolaSi, aramed mTels qalaqSi. rusTavi iseTi internacionaluri iyo, rom mas „ormoci Zmis“ qalaqs eZaxdnen. interviu qalaq rusTavis mkvidrTan, #1 saSualo skolis direqtorTan natalia sanoZesTan, Caiwera cira CikvaiZem, 2009 wlis 29 maisi.
wyaro 7. dadgenileba rusTavis metalurgiuli qarxnis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb ssrk saxkomsabWosa da sakavSiro kp(b) centraluri komitetis 1940 wlis 12 seqtembris #1677 dadgenilebis _ „saqarTveloSi amierkavkasiis metalurgiuli qarxnis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb“ – aRsrulebisaTvis _ Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos ssr saxkomsabWo da saqarTvelos kp(b) centraluri komiteti adgens: eTanxmeba ssrk saxkomsabWos specialuri komisiis daskvnas, raTa saqarTvelos ssr-Si amierkavkasiis metalurgiuli qarxnis mSeneblobisaTvis SeirCes moedani navTisWalaSi, romelic esazRvreba q.Tbiliss navTluRis raionSi. „saqarTveloSi amierkavkasiis metalurgiuli qarxnis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos ssr sax.kom. sabWosa da saqarTvelos kp(b) centraluri komitetis dadgenileba, 14 oqtomberi, 1940 w.
wyaro 8. rusTavis metalurgiuli qarxnisTvis kadrebis mozidvis Sesaxeb a) partiuli lideris mogonebebi omamde qarxnis ZiriTadi obieqtebis daproeqteba ver moeswro da maTi saZirkvelic ki ar Cagviyria [...] 1944 wlis 23 marts gamovida Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komitetis dadgenileba, romliTac amierkavkasiis metalurgiuli qarxnis mSenebloba axldeboda, magram axldeboda „rkinizis sadgur rusTavTan mdebare moedanze“ Tbilisidan 26-27 kilometris daSorebiT [...] 1944 wels qarxnis daproeqteba mimdinareobda. 1 agvistosaTvis moedanze ukve mzad iyo saerTo sacxovreblebi 9 000 mSeneblisaTvis [...] seqtembrisTvis ukve mzad iyo saerTo sacxovrebeli 22 aTasi muSisaTvis da 9000 kv. metri sabinao farTobi sainJinro-teqnikuri muSakebisa da maTi ojaxebisaTvis [...] 2-3 weliwadSi qarxanas unda mieRo kvalificiur muSaTa da specialistTa kadrebi, romlebic mas aamoqmedebdnen. aseTi kadrebi respublikas ar gaaCnda [...] saqarTvelos udidesi sawarmo mTel xalxs unda aeSenebina [...] es niSnavda, rom metalurgTa momavali qalaqis mosaxleobac respublikis yvela istoriuli provinciidan gamosulTa
Senadnobi iqneboda. yvela did regions 150-250-mde kaci unda gamoegzavna, saSualo da mcires ki _ 50-dan 100-mde. gasawvevebs winaswar ganemartaT, rom isini igzavnebodnen kvalifikaciis misaRebad, raTa Semdeg rusTavis metalurgiul qarxanaSi emuSavaT da rom amis gamo wiTel armiaSi samsaxuridan Tavisufldebodnen. 3 000 axalgazrda samxreTis (igulisxmeba ruseTis da ukrainis _ red.) metalurgiul qarxnebSi gaigzavna (praqtikis gasavlelad _ red.), 2000 _ respublikis sawarmoebSi moewyo.
81
k. Carkviani, gancdili da naazrevi, Tb., gv. 344-355.
b) Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komitetis dadgenileba qarxanaSi mTlianad damTavrebis Semdeg, unda muSaobdes sul 9200 kaci, aqedan 8 400 muSa da 800 sainJinro-teqnikuri muSaki [...] neba daerTos Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komitets Catardes respublikaSi sam xed ro uwyebis meSveobiT 1926 wels dabadebuli 5000 gasawvevis mobilizacia, maTi Savi metalurgiis saxalxo komisariatis gankargulebaSi gadacemiT, amierkavkasiis metalurgiul qarxanaSi samuSaod.
wyaro 9. qarTveli axalgazrdebi miemgzavrebian ruseTisa da ukrainis metalurgiul qarxnebSi, 1944 w.
rusTavis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis fondi
wyaro 10. mSenebelTa Casvla rusTavSi omis pirveli xuTwledis periodSi saqarTveloSi yovelwliurad tardeboda muSaTa organizebuli Segroveba. saqarTvelos yvela raionSi (avtonomiuri erTeulebis CaTvliT) Segrovda 20 aTasamde muSa [...] Mmarto 1950 wels saqarTvelos mrewvelobisa da mSeneblobisaTvis organizebuli Segrovebis wesiT miRebuli 8 aTasi kacidan trest `metalurgmSens~ gadaeca 3 aTasi muSa[...] qarxnis mSeneblobis mTel manZilze (ufro metad ki mis pirvel xanebSi) igzavnebodnen moZme respublikebidan, gansakuTrebiT, ruseTsa da ukrainidan metalurgiuli qarxnebis mSenebeli kadrebi – inJiner-teqnikuri personali da kvalificiuri muSebi. jer kidev 1944 wels rusTavis mSeneblobaze Camovida mSenebelTa didi jgufi, romelic Celiabinskisa da tagilis metalurgiuli qarxnebis agebaSi iRebda monawileobas. mSenebel muSaTa es kategoria, e.i. sxva respublikebidan Camosuli kvalificiuri muSebi, rusTavis mSeneblebis Tumca mcire, magram udavod maRalnayofieri ujredi iyo. q. TofuriZe, rusTavi, Tb., gv. 61.
migracia
Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komitets centraluri komitetisagan, 23 ivnisi, 1944 w.
82
wyaro 11. qalaq rusTavis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis brZanebuleba saqarTvelos ssr gardabnis raionis daba rusTavis qalaq rusTavad gardaqmnis Sesaxeb gamoeyos saqarTvelos ssr gardabnis raions daba rusTavi da gardaiqmnas respublikuri daqvemdebarebis qalaqad. saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis brZanebuleba, 19 ianvari, 1948 w.,QTbilisi.
wyaro 12. rusTavis mSeneblobis istoria
migracia
a) adgili, sadac rusTavis metalurgiuli qarxana aSenda, 1944 w.
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, fondi 0-21778
b) Tavdapirvelad, karvebis qalaqi gaCnda, marti, 1944 w.
saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, fondi 0-28329
g) zoia ovadovskaias ojaxi axal saxlTan, 1949 w.
ojaxis arqividan
d) Tanamedrove rusTavi metalurgiuli qarxnisa da qalaq rusTavis mSenebloba erTdroulad daiwyo da paralelurad mimdinareobda [...] 1946 wlis zafxulisaTvis rusTavSi 3000 mcxovrebi iTvleboda. pirveli mosaxleni umetesad mSeneblebi iyvnen, axlo momavalSi rusTavSi unda damkvidrebuliyvnen pirvel samrewvelo sawarmoTa – metalurgiuli qarxnis damxmare saamqroebis muSebi. maTTvis mzaddeboda 14 saxli da erTi saerTo sacxovrebeli [...] qalaqis zrdasa da gafarToebasTan erTad intensiurad viTardeboda axali saskolo Senobebis, axali sabavSvo baRebisa da internatebis mSenebloba. 1948-49 saswavlo wels rusTavSi 4 skola iyo: 2 saSualo skola (aqedan erTi muSa axalgazrdobis), erTi – rvawliani, da erTic – dawyebiTi. 1952 wels qalaqis 11 skolaSi 2500-ze meti moswavle swavlobda, xolo 19531954 saswavlo wels rusTavis skolebis raodenobam 16-s miaRwia da moswavleTa ricxvma 3 500-s gadaaWarba. q. TofuriZe, rusTavi, Tb., gv. 112-113.
wyaro 13. rusTavis mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba 1950 wlisaTvis erovneba
raodenoba
qarTveli afxazi osi rusi somexi azerbaijaneli ukraineli berZeni ebraeli qurTi sxva erovneba
6193 150 452 1807 535 858 544 165 92 41 192
sul
83
% 56.15 1.36 4.1 10.2 4.85 5.97 4.93 1.5 0.83 0.37 1.74
11 029
wyaro 14. Tbilisisa da rusTavis mosaxleoba 1930-1950-ian wlebSi Mmosaxleoba aTasobiT Qqalaqis dasaxeleba
1939 w. 17 ianvrisaTvis
1959 w. 19 ianvrisaTvis
Tbilisi
519,2
694,7
rusTavi
_
64,7
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t.VIII, 1980, gv. 477.
davaleba 1: 1. dawereT scenari da `gadaiReT~ dokumenturi filmi qalaq rusTavze. filmis ZiriTadi siuJetebia: a) rusuli skola rusTavSi b) rusTavis mSeneblebi 2. daiyaviT or jgufad, airCieT TqvenTvis saintereso erTi siuJeti; ganixileT, ra aris Tqveni filmis mTavari mizani da CamoayalibeT sakvanZo SekiTxva, romelzec gsurT pasuxis miReba a) SearCieT filmisTvis saWiro wyaroebi. b) warmoadgineT filmis 5-8 kadri.
siuJeti 1. rusuli skola rusTavSi • originaluri saTauri • skolis Seqmnis istoria • saintereso movlenebi da faqtebi
siuJeti 2. rusTavis mSeneblebi • originaluri saTauri • qalaqis Seqmnis istoria • saintereso movlenebi da faqtebi
skolis cxovrebidan
• moswavleebi, maswavleblebi da a.S.
qalaqis cxovrebidan
• qalaqis mSeneblebi da a.S.
g) Seicvala Tu ara siuJetis sakvanZo SekiTxvis formulireba da filmis saTauri? Tu Seicvala, CamoayalibeT axali sakvanZo SekiTxva da saTauri.
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ra roli iTamaSa migraciulma procesebma mravalerovani rusTavis SeqmnaSi?
migracia
rusTavis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis fondi
84
20. `agorebuli qvebi~ (ekologiuri migrantebi saqarTveloSi) sakvanZo kiTxva: ratom iqca ekomigrantebis gansaxlebis sakiTxi erovnebaTaSoris urTierTobis problemad saqarTveloSi?
migracia
wyaro 1. svaneTSi ekologiuri katastrofis Sedegebis Sesaxeb 1987 wels svaneTi bolo wlebis yvelaze mZime zamTris mowme gaxda. ianvarSi ramdenime sofeli 3-dan 5 metramde Tovlis safarqveS aRmoCnda. daaxloebiT 2 000 saxli zvavSi mohyva, xolo 85 adamiani gardaicvala. gansakuTrebiT dazaralda mestiisa (zemo svaneTi) da lentexis (qvemo svaneTi) raionebi. soflebTan kavSiri gawyda. riskis zonidan 16000 adamiani iqna evakuirebuli. luara niJaraZe, svanebis migracia da misi gansaxlebis arealebi, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb., 1999, gv. 13-17.
wyaro 2. ekomigrantebis gansaxlebis arealis Sesaxeb 1981 wlidan dRevandlamde [2006 w.] gansaxlebis saxelmwifo programis farglebSi daaxloebiT 11000 ojaxi gadaasaxles (daaxloebiT 60000 adamiani), ZiriTadad, aWarisa da svaneTis maRalmTliani regionebidan. amave periodSi, migrantTa daudgeneli raodenoba, ZiriTadad, aWaridan damoukideblad gadasaxlda saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi, maTi mSobliuri regionebis mosaxleobiT gadatvirTulobisa da mciremiwianobis gamo. 1980-ianebSi da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ekomigrantTa mimRebi ZiriTadi regionebi iyo kaxeTi, imereTi, samegrelo, Sida qarTli, guria, samcxe da javaxeTi. mogvianebiT, 1990iani wlebis meore naxevridan moyolebuli, migrantTa ZiriTadi mimRebi gaxda qvemo qarTli. saqarTvelos ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministros wliuri angariSi, 2006 weli.
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ი
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wyaro 3. ekomigracia saqarTveloSi 1981-2006 wlebSi
85
ა
86
davaleba 1: 1. CamoTvale is faqtorebi, romlebic gaxda, an SeiZleba gaxdes ekologiuri migraciis gamomwvevi mizezi? 2. wyaroebis 1-3 mixedviT, rukaze miuTiTe raionebi, romelTa mcxovreblebi ekologiuri migrantebi aRmoCndnen. 3. daadgine, saqarTvelos ZiriTadad, romeli raionebi SearCies ekologiuri migrantebis Casaxlebis adgilebad da ivarude, ratom?
migracia
wyaro 4. ekomigrantebis gansaxlebis gamocdilebidan 1981-1988 wlebSi (aWaridan _ red.) Camosuli mosaxleoba metwilad aspinZisa da adigenis raionebSi Caasaxles. es regionebi ori mizeziT iyo mimzidveli migrirebuli mosaxleobisaTvis. pirvel rigSi imitom, rom isini mTian aWarasTan axlosaa. meore mxriv imitom, rom am raionebSi Casaxlebis istoriuli gamocdileba ukve arsebobs 1940-iani wlebidan, rodesac mesxebi iZulebiT iqnen deportirebulni Sua aziaSi da maT nacvlad saqarTvelos sxva nawilebidan Camoasaxles aq xalxi. is faqti, rom samcxis qarTuli mosaxleobis umetesoba regionSi axlaxans (1980-ian ww. _ red.) Casaxlda, bevri migrantis azriT, ufro stumarTmoyvares xdis am regions axalCamosulTaTvis. saqarTvelos parlamentisaTvis wardgenili saxalxo damcvelis angariSi, 23 dekemberi, 2005 w.
wyaro 5. ekomigrantebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis urTierTobis Sesaxeb a) qvemo qarTli da samcxe-javaxeTi eTnikurad araqarTveli mosaxleobiT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli mxareebia. samcxe-javaxeTi upiratesad somxuria, gansakuTrebiT javaxeTis regioni (axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis raionebi), alagalag, rusi duxoborebis, berZnebis da mkvidri qarTvelebis mcirericxovani dasaxlebebiT. qvemo qarTlis sam raionSi (marneulSi, dmanissa da bolnisSi) eTnikuri azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba dominirebs, xolo walkis raioni somxebiT, qarTvelebiTa da berZnebiTaa dasaxlebuli. erovnuli umciresobebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi ekomigrantebis talRa xSirad daZabulobas iwvevs. gansxvavebuli socialuri da kulturuli sawyisebis mqone ekomigrantebi adgilobriv TemTan integraciis gzaze xSirad seriozul problemebs awydebian da arajerovnad Semzadebul mimReb TemSi axalCamosaxlebulTa mimarT eWvebi da undobloba Cndeba. Sesabamisad, adgilobrivebsa da axalCamosaxlebulebs Soris cudi urTierToba viTardeba. tom trieri, medea turaSvili, ekologiuri mizezebiT adgilnacval pirTa gansaxleba, arsebuli problemis gadawyveta Tu axlis Seqmna? krebuli `ekomigracia saqarTveloSi 1981-2006 ww~, Tb., 2007, gv.6.
b) 1989-1991 wlebSi 215 ojaxi moamzades CasaxlebisaTvis, magram faqtobrivad mxolod 159 dasaxlda. gadmosaxlebulTa did nawils axal klimatTan, socialur da politikur mdgomareobasTan adaptacia gauWirda da umetesobam regioni datova. gamonakliss mxolod spasovkaSi Casaxlebulebi warmoadgenen. aq kompaqturad Casaxlebulma ekomigrantebma darCena moaxerxes. rac Seexeba sxva soflebSi Casaxlebul migrantebs, axalCasulebi sami barieris winaSe
aRmoCndnen, romlebmac maT am soflebSi (gorelovka, efremovka, orlovka da sameba) mudmivad darCenas SeuSala xeli. pirveli iyo klimati, romelic aq Zalze mZimea, zamTarSi temperatura -25 gradusamde ecema da gzebi didTovlobis gamo Svid Tves Caketilia. meorec, zog SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT araekologiuri mizeziT migrirebulni, soflis cxovrebas - miwis damuSavebas Tu saqonlis moSenebas _ ar iyvnen Cveulni. dabolos, maTi Casaxlebis adreul wlebSi SidaeTnikuri situacia gansakuTrebiT daZabuli iyo. ase rom, ekomigrantebma metwilad datoves es soflebi da sadReisod [2000 w.] mxolod ramdenime qarTuli ojaxia iq darCenili. Tumca, bevrma ekomigrantma ninowmindisa da axalqalaqis raionebSi Casaxlebis pirvelsave wlebSi datova Casaxlebis adgilebi.
87
hedvig lomi, duxoborebi saqarTveloSi, kvleva ninowmindis raionSi miwis mflobelobis da intereTnikuri urTierTobebis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb, samuSao moxseneba #35, noemberi, 2006 w.
1. gansazRvre wyaroebis 4-5 mixedviT, romeli faqtorebi iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da romeli ara ekomigrantTa gansaxlebis adgilebis SerCevisas 1980-90ian wlebSi? 2.Aaxseni, ra SeiZleba iyos ekomigrantebis axal sacxovrebel adgilebze warmatebuli Casaxlebis winapiroba? 3. SeimuSaveT ekomigrantebis warmatebuli Casaxlebis Tqveni versiebi da warmoadgineT klasis winaSe.
wyaro 6. ekomigrantebis cxovreba axal adgilebze a) samTawyaroSi (dedofliswyaros raioni) aWarlebi 1979-1980 wlebSi xulodan da Suaxevidan Camosaxldnen. maTi soflis Tavkacebma (uxucesebma) kaxeTSi daaTvalieres adgilebi da airCies sad unda dasaxlebuliyvnen. arCevani maTi sameurneo saqmianobis mixedviT gakeTda – radgan ZiriTadad mesaqonleebi iyvnen, iseTi adgili airCies, sadac uxvi saZovrebi iyo. Semdeg Camovidnen im ojaxebis ufrosebi, romlebic Camosaxlebas apirebdnen da Tavad moizomes sakarmidamo nakveTebi. am droisaTvis sofelSi ukve cxovrobdnen 1930-ian wlebSi saingilos sofel alibeglodan da yorangelidan Camosaxlebuli qarTvelebi. mosulebi pirvelad vagonebSi dasaxldnen da daiwyes saxlebis mSenebloba. Tavidan Zalian gauWirdaT, radgan ver eguebodnen klimats da meurneobis aqaur tradiciebs. mamaCemma nikoloz TagoSvilma Cvens mezoblebs piradad aswavla venaxis gasxvla, movla da baRCeulis moyvana. miuxedavad imisa, rom qristianebi ar iyvnen, amis gamo ukmayofileba ar gvqonia. salocavad pirvel xanebSi zaqaTalas raionSi dadiodnen. dRes, aq dabadebuli Taoba umetesad qristiania. bavSvebi qristianul saeklesio ritualebSic ki Rebuloben monawileobas. gaxSirda Sereuli qorwinebebi. adre micvalebulebs aq ar krZalavdnen, aWaraSi miasvenebdnen. axla Cveni soflis sasaflaos gverdze Tavisi sasaflao aqvT. erTmaneTTan WirSic da lxinSic yovelTvis davdivarT da mosulebad TiTqmis aRaravis vTvliT. interviu varlam TagoSvilTan, samTawyaros sajaro skolis direqtorTan, 55 wlis, Caiwera amiran jamagiZem, 2009 wlis 5 agvisto.
migracia
davaleba 2:
88
b) Cven marneulisa da gardabnis raionebSi, svaneTSi 1987 wlis didTovlobisas, uSgulidan da mulaxidan CamovsaxldiT. Tavdapirvelad, daaxloebiT, 106 ojaxi. sacxovrebeli adgilebi Cvenma uxucesebma Camosaxlebamde airCies. sofel jandaris maxloblad, dausaxlebel adgilze, daarsda Cveni sofeli, romelsac lemSveniera daerqva. dRes aq 500-mde ojaxi vcxovrobT. jandaris adgilobrivi azerbijaneli mosaxleoba Cvens Camosvlas Tavidan dadebiTad Sexvda, magram qveyanaSi gamefebulma maSindelma areulobam Cvens mezoblobas mainc daasva daRi. gvqonda patara gaugebrobebi, romelic ZiriTadad miwisa da sarwyavi wylis gamo xdeboda, Tumca am 23 wlis ganmavlobaSi urTierTobebi TandaTan umjobesdeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom Sereuli qorwinebebisa da danaTesavebis arcerTi SemTxveva ar yofila. Cveni aq dasaxlebis mTavari problema mainc aradamakmayofilebeli sacxovrebeli pirobebia _ saxlebi, romlebic CvenTvis maSin aaSenes uxarisxo iyo, umravlesoba dResac daumTavrebelia. magaliTad, soflis skolas dResac ar aqvs kanalizacia. udidesi problemaa sarwyavi wyali. interviu oTar niJaraZesTan, sofel lemSvenieras mcxovrebTan, 48 wlis, Caiwera amiran jamagiZem, 2009 wlis 29 agvisto.
wyaro 7. ekomigrantebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis urTierTobis
migracia
erTi magaliTi 2004 wlis maisSi sofel qvemo xarebaSi Semdgari fexburTis matCi _ sofelSi mcxovreb aWarel da sofel kizilkalisadan Camosul somex bavSvebs Soris _ CxubSi gadaizarda. msxverpli ar yofila, magram ramdenime adamiani daiWra. Sejaxebis Semdeg aWarlebi Camovidnen TbilisSi, sadac maT saprotesto demonstracia moawyves. incidentis gamoZiebis dros, somxebma da berZnebma ganac足 xades, rom aWarlebi maT uflebebs arRvevdnen, maSin roca aWarlebi acxadeben, rom somxebi da berZnebi regionSi qarTvelebis cxovrebas ewinaaRmdegebian. jonaTan uitli, konfliqtis ganeitraleba walkis raionSi, saqarTveloSi: migracia, saerTaSoriso intervencia da saxelmwifos roli, samuSao moxseneba #36, dekemberi, 2006, gv. 9.
wyaro 8. ekomigrantebis sacxovrebeli saxlebi
a) sofeli disveli
g) xatisofeli
b) sofeli lemSveniera
wyaro 9. ukumigracia aWaris mTian raionebSi
89
xulosa da Suaxevis gamgeobebis mier mowodebuli monacemebi, 2006 wlis oqtomberi.
wyaro 10. 1980-ian wlebSi ekomigrantebisaTvis axali soflis mSeneb足 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisidan saxelmwifo programebiT ganisazRvra saqarTvelos 17 raionSi 55 axali soflis aSeneba. unda aSenebuliyo 5094 saxli, faqtobrivad, aSenda 3090 saxli, romelTagan dasaxlebulia 2723. danarCeni 367 Senoba carielia. 1724 saxli dausrulebelia, xolo 280 saxlis mSenebloba arc dawyebula. monacemebi motanilia ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministros 2006 wlis angariSidan. tom trieri, media turaSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi gv. 14.
davaleba 3: 1. daaskveni, wyaros 6 mixedviT, riT iyo ganpirobebuli aWaridan dedofliswyaroSi Casaxlebuli ekomigrantebis warmatebuli gansaxleba? 2. axseni, wyaroebis 8-10 mixedviT, urTierTobis ra problemebs awydebodnen adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi da ekomigrantebi, romelTa gadaWra maT damoukideblad ar SeeZloT? 3. gaarkvie, ra aris ekomigrantebisa da adgilobriv mcxovrebTa dapirispirebis ZiriTadi mizezebi? 4. gansazRvre, ra saxis sayofacxovrebo da ekonomikuri mizezebi ganapirobebs ekomigrantTa maRal denadobas (ukumigracias) pirveladi Casaxlebis adgilebidan? 5. daasaxele, wyaro 9-is mixedviT, raioni da periodi, rodesac yvelaze maRali iyo ukumigraciis done. 6. SeimuSave jgufebSi ekomigrantTa problemebis gadaWris RonisZiebebi. 7. moawyeT SemuSavebuli RonisZiebebis prezentacia da ganixileT saerTo poziciebi.
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: rogori unda iyos xelisuflebis politika da sazogadoebis pozicia, raTa ekomigrantebis adaptaciisaTvis xelsayreli garemo Seiqmnas?
migracia
lobis programis Sesaxeb
90
21. medlis ori mxare: qarTvelebi da osebi (1980-90-iani wlebi) sakvanZo SekiTxva: ratom gaxda politikuri liderebis sajaro gamosvla eTnikuri jgufis migraciis mizezi? wyaro 1. osi politikuri lideris gamoxmaureba 1980-iani wlebis bo-
migracia
los afxazeTis movlenebze Zvirfaso afxazo megobrebo! ... Cven imeds gvinergavs ,,afxazeTis sakiTxis” samarTliani da saboloo gadawyvetis perspeqtiva. amas ki ZaluZs Seqmnas de faqto tolfasovani pariteti precedenti e.w. mokavSire da sxva avtonomiur warmonaqmnebs Soris. ... Cvens aRtacebas iwvevs mamacoba, erTianoba da darazmuloba afxazi xalxisa, romelic araviTar kompromisze ar midis sakiTxSi, romelic mis winaSe dgas istoriis mocemul monakveTSi _ sakiTxi sruli, upirobo erovnuli suverenitetis aRdgenisa [...] ,,adamon nixasis~ wevrebi iseve, rogorc mTeli osi xalxi, daZabulad da TanagrZnobiT adevnebs Tvalyurs afxazeTis movlenebs. amis wadils aRgviZravs oseTisa da afxazeTis socialur-ekonomikuri viTarebis sakmaod didi msgavseba, raSic SegveZlo kidev erTxel davrwmunebuliyaviT, roca wavikiTxeT afxazi xalxis werili XIX partiuli konferenciisadmi, raSic gvarwmunebs Cveni xalxebis kulturul-istoriuli da mravalsaukunovani kontaqtebi..., agreTve is sakmaod mniSvnelovani faqti, rom Cven amayi, damoukidebeli sulis mTieli xalxebi varT. am sulis gatexva ki Cven gmirobiTa da tanjviT aRsavse istoriaSi mravalricxovan ,,stumarTagan~ verc erTma ver SeZlo. miT ufro dRes ver SeZlebs amas veravin imaTagan, vinc fsevdoritorikuli najRabniT ikvebeba da erovnuli zviadobis gacveTili droSiT cdilobs ,,dahyavi da ibatones~ principiT imoqmedos. magram Cveni uryevobis sawindaria Cveni megobroba da jerjerobiT mxolod moraluri mxardaWera Cveni mamaci afxazi megobrebisa da Zmebisa. oseTis xalxi Tqven mxars giWerT – mxars giWerT Cveni xelmZRvanelobac, oRond mas jer simamace ar hyofnis. a. CoCievi, adamon nixasi (saxalxo kreba), q. cxinvali. samxreTi oseTi, gaz.eTi ,,bzifi“, gudauTa, 4 aprili, 1989 w.; gazeTi ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo”, 5 maisi, 1989 w.
wyaro 2. 1990 wlis karikatura
gazeTi `Sansi~, 2 dekemberi, 1990 w.
wyaro 3. qarTul gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli gazeT ,,sovetos irisTonis”
91
saredaqcio statia a. CoCievis werilze
gazeTi `literaturuli saqarTvelo,~ 12 maisi, 1989 w.
wyaro 4. qarTveli politikuri lideri zviad gamsaxurdia 1980-iani wlebis bolos saqarTveloSi Seqmnil viTarebaze roca Cven vebrZviT afxazi da osi eqstremistebis Zaladobas, maT mier istoriis gayalbebas, vamxelT maT mier qarTvelTa Seviwrovebis faqtebs _ es helsinkis xelSekrulebis SesrulebisaTvis brZolaa [...] vibrZviT mSvidobiani politikuri brZolis gziT, vamxelT usamarTlobas, ukanonobas Cveni sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. [...] Cven axla katastrofuli demografiuli mdgomareoba gvaqvs [...] gaZlierda azerbaijanuli eqspansia qarTl-kaxeTSi, gaZlierda osuri separatizmi e.w. samxreT oseTSi, sadac qarTul mosaxleobas osuri Sovinizmi emuqreba. oseTis saxalxo fronti, e.w. `adamon nixasi,~ aqezebs osur mosaxleobas, avrcelebs moskovidan Camotanil rukebs, sadac aRmosavleT saqarTvelo alanTa qveynad aris gamocxadebuli da amtkicebs, TiTqos istoriuli samaCablo osuri miwa-wyalia, sadac osebi XIII saukuneSi ki ar Camosaxldnen, rogorc cnobilia saqarTvelos istoriaSi, aramed aq viTomdac odiTgan mkvidrobdnen. amis Sedegad grZeldeba `adamon nixasis~ provokatorTa agresiuli mitingebi. qarTvelTagan moiTxoven TavianTi miwa-wylis datovebas. nawyveti zviad gamsaxurdias interviudan, gazeTi `axalgazrda komunisti~, 14 seqtemberi, 1989 w.
wyaro 5. gancxadeba cxinvalSi dagegmili mitingis Sesaxeb dRes 15 saaTze istoriul samaCabloSi, dRevandeli samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi, cxinvalis centrSi, adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleobis iniciativiT gaimarTeba sanqcirebuli mitingi. mitingis monawileobis msurvelebi dRes dilis 9 saaTidan Seikribebian sportis sasaxlesTan da kinos saxlTan, sadac mobilizebuli iqneba transporti. gazeTi „axalgazrda komunisti“, 23 noemberi, 1989 w.
migracia
a. CoCievis werilis gamoqveynebam `SeiZleba warmoSvas arasasiamovno tendenciebi respublikis erTaSoris urTierTobaTa ganviTarebaSi... vis aZlevs xels amgvari werilebis wera da gamoqveyneba? am kiTxvas erTa derTi pasuxi SeiZleba gaeces: es sWirdebaT maT, visac swadia erTaSoris SuRlis gaRviveba, qarTvelTa da osTa Zmuri urTierTobis moSla. ai, ratom gmobs olqis (samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi _ red.) sazogadoeba am werilis gamoqveynebis faqts, gmobs werilis avtors. rogorc gamoirkva, es werili piradad a. CoCievma dawera da amaze araferi icodnen araformaluri gaerTianeba ,,adamon nixasis” prezidiumis wevrebmac ki. amitom a. CoCievis es mosazreba mTeli osi xalxis azrad ar unda CavTvaloT. dRes, ise rogorc arasdros, aucilebelia ufro xSirad mivapyroT Tvali qarTvelTa da osTa urTierTobis istorias, romelic mdidaria WeSmariti Zmobis, urTierTTanadgomisa da urTierTgagebis magaliTebiT. istoriulma xvedrma Cven imdenad dagvakavSira, rom Cvens mravalerovan kavSirSi tradiciaTa, kulturaTa siaxlovis da naTesaur urTierTobaTa aseTi sxva magaliTi ar arsebobs.
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wyaro 6. informacia cxinvalSi dagegmili mitingis CaSlis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos sxvadasxva formalur Tu araformalur sazogadoebriv organizaciaTa warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT 23 noembers istoriul samaCabloSi, q. cxinvalSi unda Catarebuliyo mitingi, romlis mizanic iyo qarTvel da os erebs Soris warmoSobili seriozuli konfliqtis mogvareba, rom dawyebuliyo konstruqciuli dialogi. magram samSvidobo misia ar Sedga. Tbilisidan da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan Casuli momitingeebi qarTlSi ar SeuSves (?!). amitom cxinvalSi mivlinebulma Cvenma specialurma korespodentebma ver SeZles dagegmili reportaJis momzadeba. gazeTi `axalgazrda komunisti~, 25 noemberi, 1989 w.
migracia
wyaro 7. cxinvalis misadgomebTan, 23 noemberi, 1989 w.
http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/article/1885523.html
wyaro 8. sabWoTa jariskacebi cxinvalis misadgomebTan, 23 noemberi, 1989 w.
http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/article/1885523.html
wyaro 9. cxinvalidan devnilis dRiuridan
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2 ianvari, 1991 weli... zamTris susxiani dRea... bedoba dRe... bednierebac damekveba da ubedurebac... bednieri var, gogona SemeZina, patara maka. Zalian lamazi gogonaa... ubeduri ki im faqtiT, rom guSin Cveni saxli gadawves cxinvalSi... arada, ra kargi mezobloba da urTierToba gvqonda Cven, qarTvel da os ojaxebs... Cven erTmaneTisaTvis keTili mezoblebi viyaviT, erTmaneTs mxarSi vudeqiT WirSic da lxinSic... axla ki tanze SerCenili samosis amara iZulebulebi varT Cems sofelSi, mSoblebTan varianSi davsaxldeT... RmerTo, Sen iyav Semwe Cveni keTili mezoblobis aRdgenisa... amonaridi piradi dRiuridan (mariam maisuraZe, sofeli variani).
davaleba 1:
1. opiziciis politikuri liderebis mimarTvebSi (wyaroebi 1, 4) moniSneT frazebi, winadadebebi, romlebic: a) aRvivebs erebs Soris daZabulobas; b) xels uwyobs konfliqtis mogvarebas; 2. periodul gamocemaSi (wyaro 2) gamoqveynebuli informaciis mixedviT, gansazRvreT xelisuflebis pozicia da SeadareT is opoziciis liderebis Tvalsazriss. 3. daakvirdiT wyaroebs 7, 8 da gansazRvreT: a) rogori ganwyoba ikiTxeba am fotoebze: mSvidobiani? Zaladobrivi? b) ra ikiTxeba fotoze (wyaro 8) warmodgenil lozungze? ra qmedebebisaken mouwodebs aseTi lozungi? 4. wyaroebis 1–9 mixedviT gansazRvreT: istoriuli movlenebis ganviTarebis mizezebi 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi? gaixseneT, ra migraciuli procesebi mohyva am movlenebs? ras SecvlidiT, raTa movlenebi sxva gziT ganviTarebuliyo? jgufebSi Sesrulebuli samuSao warudgineT klass.
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ra gavlena iqonia 1980-iani wlebis bo losa da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisis movlenebma saqarTvelos mosaxleo bis migraciul procesebze?
migracia
daiyaviT jgufebad. gaecaniT wyaroebs 1_9 da SeasruleT Semdegi davalebebi:
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22. sami qalis dRiuri: baltiispirelebis bedi saqarTveloSi sakvanZo SekiTxva: ra pirobebi iyo baltiispirelebis integraciisaTvis XX saukunis qarTul sazogadoebaSi?
1. litvelebi saqarTveloSi
migracia
wyaro 1.1. litvelebis saqarTveloSi dasaxlebis istoria yy pirveli cnobebi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi litvelebis Sesaxeb XIX saukunis meore naxevridan gvxvdeba. zogi aq msaxurobda, sxvebi gadmoasaxles. aq mcxovreb litvelTa Soris iyvnen maswavleblebi, eqimebi, inJinrebi, farmacevtebi, mosamsaxureebi, romlebic mefis ruseTis xelisuflebam (maSin litva ruseTis imperiis Semadgeneli nawili iyo) `samsaxuris sasargeblod~ ruseTis sxva adgilebidan gadmoiyvana. yy 1912 w. daarsda urTierTdaxmarebis litvuri sazogadoeba. Tavmjdomared airCies me-4 vaJTa gimnaziis maTematikis maswavlebeli pranas dailide. yy litvelebis ricxvma amierkavkasiaSi gansakuTrebiT imata pirveli msoflio omis dros. eseni iyvnen ltolvilebi da gadmosaxlebulebi, aseve litveli jariskacebi, romlebsac mefis xelisufleba kavkasiis frontze TurqeTis winaaRmdeg saomrad gzavnida. yy yvelaze mravalricxovani iyo litvelTa Tbilisis kolonia. yvela amierkav kasieli litveli TbilisSi moxvedras cdilobda. aqve Seiqmna kavkasiis lit velTa sabWo, romlis ZiriTad saqmianobas warmoadgenda litvelTa registrireba da aRricxva, litvelTa samSobloSi dabrunebis organizeba, ris Sedegadac sakuTar qveyanaSi 10 aTasi adamiani dabrunda. yy litvelTa sabWo, faqtobrivad, warmoadgenda litvis araoficialur sakonsulos amierkavkasiaSi. 1918 wlis 30 agvistos pranas dailide dainiSna litvis sruluflebian warmomadgenlad saqarTveloSi, romelsac Tavisi Tanamemamuleebis uflebebi unda daecva. Jurn. „Лучше знатъ друг друга“, Тб., 2009, gv. 51.
davibade litvaSi, qalaq kaunasSi. davamTavre kaunasis samedicino instituti. CemTan erTad swa v lobda Temur qaruxniSvili _ Cemi momavali meu R le. 1970 wels kaunasSi davqorwindiT, Semdeg ki TbilisSi CamovediT. muSaoba daviwye janmrTelobis dacvis saministroSi. gvyavs ori Svili. Cemi meuRle gorgasalis ordenis kavaleria. davi ca vi sakandidato disertacia. maqvs umaRlesi ka te go riis eqimi-kardiologis wodeba. amasTanave var litvuri sazogadoebis `rutas~ Tavmjdomare. es organizacia oficialurad dare gis trirda 1996 wels TbilisSi. is iren jiqiam daaarsa. `ruta~, romelic 60-mde wevrs iTvlis, mniSvnelovani mxardaWeriT sar geb lobs litvidanac da litvis saelCodanac. gvigzavnian wignebs, filmebs, DVD diskebs, plakatebs. arsebobs specialuri proeqtebi, romelTa mizania msoflioSi gafantul litvelebs, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic mWidro kavSiri hqondeT samSoblosTan, raTa SeinarCunon ena, tradiciebi, samzareulo, dResaswaulebi, mTel msoflioSi vrceldeba Jurnalebi. diasporasTan funqcionirebs sakvirao skola, romelic yovelwliurad afinansebs Cvens litvel-qarTvel bavSvebs, raTa gaemgzavron litvaSi sazafxulo banakebSi da 2-3 kvira daisvenon. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela litvelis Svilebi qarTul skolebSi swavloben. ZiriTadad ojaxebi Sereulia. sazogadoebis wevrTa umravlesoba qarTvelebze gaTxovili litveli qalebia. interviu zinaida qaruxniSvilTan, Caiwera ia xubaSvilma, 2009 wlis 10 oqtomberi.
wyaro 1.3. litvuri sazogadoebis `rutas~ roli qarTul-litvuri urTierTobis saqmeSi a) 2002 wels `rutas~ TaosnobiT sazeimod aRniSna litvuri literaturis klasikosis antanas vienolis-Jukauskasis dabadebidan 120 wlis iubile. sazeimod gaixsna memorialuri dafa im afTiaqis Senobaze, sadac is muSaobda TbilisSi yofnis dros 1903-1905 wlebSi. kavkasiur saxlSi moewyo mwerlis xsovnis saRamo. naCvenebi iqna litveli klasikosis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis amsaxveli dokumenturi filmi. b) 1998 wlis ivlisSi diasporis folklorulma ansamblma - `ruta zaligi~ - monawileoba miiRo mTeli msoflios litvelTa cekvisa da simReris rigiT meore festivalSi, romelic vilniusSi Catarda. diasporis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovan RonisZiebas warmoadgenda litvis kulturis dReebi saqarTveloSi.
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wyaro 1.2. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi litveli qalis mogoneba
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g) 2006 wels litvuri wignebis fondis mxardaWeriT, romelic daarsebulia litvis respublikis kulturisa da sportis ganviTarebis fondTan, qarTul enaze gamoica Tanamedrove litvuri proza `Cemi velebi~. 2008 wels damTavrda proeqti, romlis mizanic iyo qarTulad Targmniliyo litvuri simRerebi, folkloruli istoriuli simRerebi, romlebSic asaxu lia nacionaluri adaT-wesebi. Pproeqti dafinansebuli iyo litvis saxelmwifos mier. wignis mxatvari, redaqtori da proeqtis avtoric qarTvelebi iyvnen. Jurnali `Лучше знатъ друг друга~, Тб., 2009, gv. 43, 51.
wyaro 1.4. religiis roli litvelTa cxovrebaSi litvis saxelmwifo religia kaTolikobaa. wina saukuneebSi kaTolikuri eklesia cdilobda ar daeSva qorwineba arakaTolikebs Soris. dReisaTvis col-qmris erToblivi mrwamsi ojaxis keTildReobis mniSvnelovan pirobad iTvleba, magram miuxedavad amisa, eklesia ar ewinaaRmdegeba Sereul qorwinebas. Zalian bevria saerTo qristianuli wes-Cveuleba, iqneba es taZrebis, binis Tu sxvadasxva nivTis kurTxeva, dakrZalvis ritualebi.
migracia
Jurnali `saqarTvelos qalebi~, Tb., 2006, gv. 44-45.
2. latvielebi saqarTveloSi wyaro 2.1. latvielebis diasporis istoria saqarTveloSi a) latvielTa pirveli didi diaspora TbilisSi pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg Camoyalibda. oficialurad sazogadoeba daregistrirebuli iyo mixailovis prospeqtis # 180-Si (axlandeli daviT aRmaSeneblis # 180). sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi gamovida kanoni ucxoel moqalaqeTa Sesaxeb, romlebsac qveyana unda daetovebinaT. latvielebs, sxva ucxoelebis msgavsad, qoneba CamoerTvaT da isini deportirebul iqnen samSobloSi. Jurnali `Лучше знать друг друга~, Тб., 2009, gv. 45.
b) latvielTa meore diasporis daarseba meore msoflio oms ukavSirdeba. 1940 wlis 17 ivniss sabWoTa jarebis mier latviis okupaciis Semdeg, sasamarTlos gareSe, latviidan sabWoTa kavSiris mTel teritoriaze, maT Soris, saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebam daaxloebiT 20 aTasi adamiani gadaasaxla. 1941-1945 wlebSi germanelma nacistebma latvia daipyres. 1945 wlis 8 maiss sabWoTa jarebma gaaTavisufles latvia germaneli nacistebisagan. 1949 wlis 25 marts sabWoTa xelisuflebam meored ganaxorciela deportacia da sabWoTa kavSiris Soreul teritoriebze, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic, gadaasaxla 43 aTasi adamiani. TbilisSi latvielebi dasaxldnen germanul koloniaSi, romelic mdebareobda didubeSi, baRis quCaze.
http:// www. Acadbib./ v/
g) latviidan saqarTveloSi Camosuli emigrantebi TbilisSi dasaxldnen da xelaxla daiwyes cxovreba. maT gaxsnes maRaziebi, afTiaqebi. maT Soris yvelaze cnobili iyo evgenis zemelis afTiaqi. latvielebi muSaobdnen TeatrebSi, saxelosnoebSi da a.S. gansakuTrebiT didi roli iTamaSes latvielma inJinrebma saqarTvelos eleqtrofikaciis saqmeSi. Ppeteris urkevici iyo amierkavkasiis samoqalaqo aviaciis pirveli ministri. misi Svilebi da SvilTaSvilebi SromiT saqmianobas dResac agrZeleben saqarTveloSi. arnold zibergsi 40 weli muSaobda qarxana `centrolitis~ direqtoris moadgiled. Aarturs griSansma ki mTeli Tavisi saqmianoba qarTuli sahaero transportis ganviTarebas daukavSira. 1941-43 wlebSi saqarTvelos kinostudiaSi mxatvar-dekoratorad muSaobda mxatvari roman suta. igi filmis `giorgi saakaZis~ mxatvar-konsultanti iyo.
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d) latvielTa diaspora saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxva diasporebTan SedarebiT mcirea [...] ZiriTadi nawili umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone asakovani xalxia. Bbevr maTgans samecniero xarisxic aqvs. maTma Taobam SeinarCuna latviuri ena. maTi Svilebi da SvilTaSvilebi ki ZiriTadad qarTulad, ufro naklebad ki latviurad saubroben. Aamitomac diasporasTan moqmedebs sakvirao skola, sadac swavloben latviur enas, simRerebsa da cekvebs. diasporis wevrebi icmeven nacionalur tansacmels da monawileobas iReben sxvadasxva koncertsa da festivalSi, romlebsac saqarTveloSi nacionaluri umciresobebi marTaven [...] ukanasknel wlebSi latviam diaspora aRiara Tavis Semadgenel nawilad. organizaciis wevrebs sistematurad iwveven latviaSi konferenciebze, simRerisa da cekvis dResaswaulebze, romlebic yovel 4 weliwadSi erTxel imarTeba. latviis ulamazes adgilebSi Seiqmna sazafxulo banakebi, sadac msoflios yvela qveynidan iwveven latviel ojaxTa sam Taobas [...] interviu regina koleda-iakobiZesTan Caiwera ia xubaSvilma, 2009 wlis 12 oqtomberi.
wyaro 2.2. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi latvieli qalis bedi a) davibade rigaSi. davamTavre latviis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikis fakulteti, moskovis saxelmwifo universitetis aspirantura. aspiranturaSi swavlis dros gavicani Cemi momavali meuRle daviT iakobiZe (SemdgomSi saqarTvelos finansTa ministri, romlis xelmowerac aris qarTuli fulis – laris erTe ulze _ red.) da davqorwindiT. 1975 wels rigaSi sakandidato disertacia davicavi. vkiTxulobdi leqciebs saqarTvelos politeqnikur institut sa da puSkinis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiur institutSi, 1990 wlidan ki Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi. b) latvielTa diaspora 1994 wels Cemi uSualo TaosnobiT daarsda. mas ian rainisis poemis saxelwodeba – Ave Sol (dideba mzes) davarqviT. amiT Cven gvinda vTqvaT, rom msoflios mze aerTianebs da araviTari dayofa sikeTemde ar migviyvans. Cveni diasporis saxelwodeba amave dros mokle gzavnilicaa: Segnebam imisa, rom Cven jer adamianebi varT da mere latvielebi, qarTvelebi, rusebi Tu somxebi. latvielTa sazogadoeba 200 wevrs iTvlis. var latviis sapatio konsuli saqarTveloSi. interviu regina koleda-iakobiZesTan Caiwera ia xubaSvilma, 2009 wlis 12 oqtomberi.
migracia
Информасионний Календарь, 2003 w.
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wyaro 2.3. qarTul-latviuri Sereuli ojaxebis Sesaxeb a) meore msoflio omis Semdeg Camosulma latvielebma qarTvelebTan qorwinebiT Sereuli ojaxebi Seqmnes. ase gaCnda qarTul-latviuri ojaxebi. Sereul ojaxebSi qals damatebiTi pasuxismgebloba akisria. man Svilebi ise unda aRzardos, rom isini erTnairi pasuxismgeblobiT moekidon orive erovnebis kulturasa da tradiciebs. latviur-qarTul ojaxebSi ar momxdara bavSvebis rusifikacia. maTi umravlesoba swavlobda da swavlobs qarTul skolebSi da SesaniSnavad flobs qarTul enas. piradad Cems ojaxSi patara globaluri samyaro arsebobs; vsaubrobT qarTul, rulatviuri diasporis warmomadgenlebi sul, latviur da inglisur enebze. Cemma vaJma, romelic rigaSi daibada, qarTveli gogona SeirTo colad, TbilisSi dabadebuli qaliSvili, nino iakobiZe ki latviels gahyva colad. nino 2004 wlidan Tavmjdomareobs latviis qarTul sazogadoebas `samSoblo~. sazogadoebaSi saqarTvelodan repatrirebuli yvela adamiania gawevrianebuli. b) unda iTqvas, rom latvieli qalebisaTvis arc Tu ise advilia qarTuli kulturisa da tradiciis miReba, magram ojaxis faseuloba nebismier situacias agvarebs. Sereul ojaxebSi iSviaTad ismis kiTxva: vin ukeTesia, qarTveli Tu latvieli? bavSvebs SesaniSnavad esmiT, ra aris kargi da ra cudi. problema ojaxSi araa. interviu regina koleda-iakobiZesTan, Caiwera ia xubaSvilma, 2009 wlis 12 oqtomberi.
wyaro 2.4. latviuri diasporis kulturuli saqmianoba latviuri diasporis pirveli erToblivi RonisZieba iyo ligos dResaswauli, romelsac warmarTuli istoriuli fesvebi aqvs da aRniSnaven yoveli wlis 23 da 24 ivniss. es aris Ramis dResaswauli koconebiT, ludiTa da yveliT. am dros maTi saxlis karebi Riaa mezoblebisTvis, megobrebisa da SemTxveviTi stumrebisTvisac ki. latvielebi Caketili da individualizmiT gamorCeuli xalxia. maT arasodes ucxovriaT Temebad, amitomacaa ligos zeimi gansakuTrebuli datvirTvis. ligo erTianobis zeimia da misi aRniSvna martoobaSi ar SeiZleba. zeimis damTavrebis Semdeg irkveva, vin ukeTesi maspinZeli iyo. interviu regina koleda-iakobiZesTan, Caiwera ia xubaSvilma, 2009 wlis 12 oqtomberi.
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3. estonelebi saqarTveloSi wyaro 3.1. estonuri diasporis istoria saqarTveloSi jer kidev XIX saukuneSi afxazeTSi gaCnda estonuri dasaxlebebi. dRes saqarTveloSi cxovrobs patara estonuri diaspora. rogorc wesi, am adamianebs ormagi moqalaqeoba aqvT, romlebsac erTnairad uyvarT estoneTic da saqarTveloc. estonuri diasporis xelmZRvanelia regina kaxiZe, romelic dainteresebul pirebs estonur enas aswavlis da mTargmnelobiT saqmianobasac eweva. Jurnali `Лучше знать друг друга~, Тб, 2009. gv. 92.
wyaro 3.2. estonelebis dasaxleba gagris raionSi
salmenis soflis sabWosTan arsebuli stalinis saxelobis kolmeurne qalebi vazis nargevebs uvlian, 1940 w.
saqarTvelos erov nuli arqivi, kinofoto-fono ganyofileba, salmenis soflis sabWos albomi, A37.
wyaro 3.3. estoneli qalis mogonebebi a) davibade 1944 wlis 16 Tebervals estoneTSi, qalaq piarnuSi. mama _ eduard palmi Teatris cnobili reJisori iyo. igi 1945 wels cimbirSi gadaasaxles da samgzis gaqcevis mcdelobisaTvis daxvrites. 1962 wels talinSi davamTavre skola. viyavi qalTa kalaTburTis gundis kapitani. skolis damTavrebisTanave Cems gundTan erTad moskovSi gavemgzavre, sadac tardeboda sabWoTa kavSiris Cempionati kalaTburTSi. iq gavicani Cemi momavali meuRle daviT bedia, romelic qarTvel kalaTburTelTa gundis `dinamos~ kapitani iyo. maSin 18 wlis viyavi, daviTi ki 19-is. moskovis Semdeg
iuta palmi
migracia
sabWoTa periodSi, jer kidev meore msoflio omamde estonelebis erT-erTi dasaxleba iyo gagris raionSi, salmenis soflis sabWosTan arsebuli stalinis saxelobis kolmeurneoba. zogi aq sakuTari nebiT gadmosaxlda, rodesac siduxWiresa da mciremiwianobas gamoeqca, zogi ki iZulebis wesiT daasaxles, rogorc sasjeli.
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gvqonda mimowera. 1963 wels davqorwindiT. sacxovreblad TbilisSi gadmovedi. qarTulis Seswavla daviwye. 1973 wels davamTavre i. WavWavaZis saxelobis ucxo enaTa saxelmwifo pedagogiuri instituti germanuli enis specialobiT da muSaoba daviwye literaturuli Targmanis mTavar saredaqcio kolegiaSi. myavs ori Svili; gogona inga da vaJi _ daviTi.
migracia
b) bunebam enebis advilad Seswavlis niWiT damajildova. vflob 6 enas, vxatav da vmReri. 1975 wels pirvelad vTargmne estonur enaze n. dumbaZis `didro~, 1977 wels talinSi gamovida misi moTxrobebis krebuli saxelwodebiT `mze~, Semdeg vTargmne r. inaniSvilis moTxrobebi, n. dumbaZis romani `maradisobis kanoni~, a. kusraSvilis, o. WilaZis, n. lorTqifaniZis, g. rCeuliSvilis, g. petriaSvilis nawarmoebebi. vTargmne, aseve, m. javaxiSvilis `kvaWi kvaWantiraZe~. mTargmnelobiTi gamocdileba damexmara da 1981 wels daviwye SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosnis~ Targmna, romelic aTi wlis Semdeg davasrule. es poema estoneTSi ramdenjerme gamoica. g) me ar mjera im adamianebis, vinc amayad acxadebs: `me ori samSoblo maqvs~. samSoblo erTia. Mme Zalian miyvars saqarTvelo, am qveynis moqalaqe var, magram Cemi samSoblo estoneTia. gana SeiZleba gulgrili viyo im miwisadmi, sadac davibade da gavizarde, sadac vcxovrobdi. mxolod maSin xar Seni samSoblos erTguli, Tu mudam gexsomeba is. d) iuta palmi-bedia damakavSirebeli xidi gaxda estoneT-saqarTvelos mxatvrul-literaturuli saqmianobis sferoSi. misi saxeli estoneTis enciklopediaSia Setanili. igi 1996 wels gardaicvala. iuta palmis mogonebidan, Jurnali `Лучше знать друг друга~, Тб, 2009, gv. 92.
wyaro 3. 4. tartus universitetis iubile TbilisSi 2008 wlis oqtomberSi aRiniSna tartus universitetis 375 wlis iubile. Aam xnis ganmavlobaSi iq daaxloebiT 500 qarTveli swavlobda. es sazeimo TariRi TbilisSic aRiniSna. mixeil TumaniSvilis saxelobis kinomsaxiobTa TeatrSi moewyo estoneTis cekvis ansamblis gastrolebi. am saRamoze estonuri diasporis xelmZRvanels saqarTveloSi regina kaxiZes gadaeca estoneTis respublikis mexuTe klasis `TeTri varskvlavi~ samSoblosa da estoneli xalxis winaSe damsaxurebisaTvis. iqve.
101 davaleba: daiyaviT sam jgufad yy litveli qalis mogonebebi yy latvieli qalis mogonebebi yy estoneli qalis mogonebebi da mocemuli wyaroebis daxmarebiT dawereT erTi furceli erT an or qvemoT miTiTebul Temaze: a) yoveldRiuri cxovreba b) urTierToba qarTul garemosTan g) axal garemoSi cxovrebis siZneleebi d) sazeimo dReebi e) litvelebis/latvielebis/estonelebis moRvaweoba. saqarTveloSi datovebuli kvali
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ra aris saerTo saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi baltiispireli qalebis bedSi?
migracia
TiToeulma jgufma warmoadgineT muSaobis Sedegebi.
102
23. `sxva saqarTvelo sad aris~: 1990-iani wlebis emigracia sakvanZo kiTxva: ratom tovebdnen saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi samSoblos 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi?
wyaro 1. emigrantebis eTnikuri Semadgenloba
migracia
saqarTvelodan wasuli emigrantebis umetes nawils erovnuli umciresobebi Seadgens. magaliTisaTvis movitanT 1992 wlis monacemebs. es periodi emigraciis gansakuTrebuli intensiurobiT gamoirCeoda. saqarTvelodan gasul pirTa 60%-s rusebi da ukrainelebi Seadgens. maTi umetesoba qalaqelebi arian. saqarTvelodan wasul azerbaijanelTa umetoba soflelebia [...] emigraciaSi wasuli somxebis didi nawili ruseTSi an ucxoeTSi gadaixvewa. osebis migraciuli aqtiuroba 1992 wels iyo da ganpirobebuli iyo qarTul-osuri konfliqtis eskalaciiT. guram svaniZe, emigracia saqarTelodan da misi gamomwvevi mizezebi (sociologiuri gamokiTxvis Sedegebi), iuridiuli Jurnali, 1998, #1, gv. 71-73.
davaleba 1: 1. ganixileT, ra movlenebi moxda saqarTveloSi 1991-1992 wlebSi, ramac, Tqveni azriT, aiZula es adamianebi saqarTvelodan wasuliyvnen? 2. daadgineT maTi Tanmimdevroba.
wyaro 2. qarTuli kuponis mimarT ucxouri valutis kursi ucxouri valuta
1993 w. 23 seqtemberi
1994 w. 27 ianvari
inglisuri girvanqa sterlingi
18,468.07 kuponi
227,119.58 kuponi
germanuli marka
7,489.61 kuponi
106,949.09 kuponi
aSS dolari
12,047.00 kuponi
185,675.00 kuponi
franguli franki
2,146.48 kuponi
31,428.33 kuponi
100 rusuli rubli
1,140.00 kuponi
1,110.00 kuponi
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier dadgenili ucxouri valutis kursi qarTuli kuponis mimarT, 1993 wlis 23 seqtemberi da 1994 wlis 27 ianvari.
wyaro 3. saqarTvelos respublikis erovnuli bankis gamgeobis dadge-
103
nileba saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis 100 000 Rirebulebis nominalis kuponis mimoqcevaSi gamoSvebis Sesaxeb gamoSvebul iqnes mimoqcevaSi saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis kuponi – 100 000 Rirebulebis nominaliT.P bankis prezidenti n. javaxiSvili Tbilisi, 25 Tebervali, 1994 w. .
wyaro 4. gancxadeba gazeTSi eleqtroenergiis miuwodeblobis Sesaxeb Zvirfaso mkiTxvelo! gasul SabaTs, 5 marts, Cveni gazeTi isev da isev eleqtroenergiis mouwodeblobis gamo ver gamovida! kidev erTxel (es ukve meramdened) gixdiT bodiSs da gulwrfelad vwuxvarT, rom saqenergos mouqneli, uniaTo muSaobis gamo, mdgomareoba ver gamovasworeT! iqneb dReidan mainc... gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika~, #35 (838), 8 marti, 1994 w.
adgili
qveyana
cxovrebis xarisxi (10 qulidan)
1
irlandia
8.333
22
saberZneTi
7.163
85
somxeTi
5.422
86
azerbaijani
5.377
87
saqarTvelo
5.365
111
zimbabve
3.892
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality-of-life_index
davaleba 2: Seafase, wyaroebis 2-5 mixedviT, saqarTveloSi arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba.
wyaro 6. afxazeTis respublikis konstitucia, 1994 wlis 26 noemberi Cven, afxazeTis xalxi, vaxorcilebT ra sakuTari TviTgamorkvevis uflebas... sazeimod vacxadebT da vadgenT am konstitucias [...] Mmuxli 1. respublika afxazeTi (afsni) aris suverenuli, demokratiuli, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, romelic Camoyalibda xalxTa Tavisufali TviTgamorkvevis uflebiT [...] regionuli konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi _ samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, afxazeTis assr (1989-2005). politikur-samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, Tb., 2005, gv.194-195.
migracia
wyaro 5. cxovrebis xarisxis indeqsi, 2005 w.
104
wyaro 7. samxreT oseTis respublikis konstitucia (ZiriTadi kanoni), 1993 wlis 2 noemberi samxreT oseTis xalxi, gamoxatavs ra Tavisuflebisa da demokratiisadmi swrafvas, [...] acxadebs ra samxreT oseTis respublikas suverenul saxelmwifod da erTa Tanamegobrobis Tanasworuflebian subieqtad, iRebs am konstitucias, Cveni xalxisa da saxelmwifos ZiriTad kanons... gazeTi „Южная Осетия”, #132, 8 dekemberi, 1993 w.
wyaro 8. saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba afzazeTSi konfliqtis mowesrigebis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, 1996 wlis 17 aprili [...] separatistebis mier organizebuli terorisa da aparteiduli reJimis msxverpli gaxdnen aseve afxazeTis berZnebi, ebraelebi, rusebi, ukrainelebi, somxebi da TviT afzaxebic, romelTa erTi nawili iZulebuli gaxda mietovebina saxl-kari da Tavi Seefarebina saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebisa da raionebisaTvis, sazRvargareTis qveynebisaTvis. Pparlamentis uwyebebi. saqarTvelos parlamentis yovelkvireuli Jurnali, 1996, #5-6, gv.56.
migracia
davaleba 3: Seafase, wyaroebis 6-8 mixedviT, saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri viTareba.
wyaro 9. respublikaSi moqmedebs sagangebo wesebi ... im mZime kriminogenuli viTarebis Taobaze, ris gamoc aucilebeli gaxda respublikaSi sagangebo wesebis SemoReba. 8 TveSi registrirebulia 12 850 sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli, moxda 573 ganzrax mkvleloba, 200-ze meti sxeulis ganzrax mZime dazianeba, Cadenilia 2000-mde Zarcva-yaCaRoba, respublikis sxvadasxva regionSi saavtomobilo da sarkinigzo magistralebze daTareSoben SeiaraRebuli bandebi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT aqtiuroben sxvadasxva ukanono SeiraRebuli dajgufebebi... danaSaulis 60%-ze meti cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebiT aris Cadenili. interviu saqarTvelos respublikis Sinagan saqmeTa ministrTan, policiis generalmaiorTan jemal miqelaZesTan. gazeTi „saqarTvelos respulika,“ 21 seqtemberi, 1993 w., #207, gv. 3.
wyaro 10. emigrantebis mdgomareoba sazRvargareT [...] vizebis vadis gasvlis Semdeg saberZneTSi Casuli emigrantebi, ZiriTadad ki, ojaxis marCenali qalebi, sxvadasxva asakis adamianTa tyveobaSi xvdebian. yvelaze mZime samuSaod bavSvebisa da loginad Cavardnili moxucebis movla iTvleba. Tumca, gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi aqac aris. emigranti qalebi, umetesad, gamiznulad midian am nabijze. Tumca, zogjer ufulod da upasportod, ucxo enis armcodneni, Ria cis qveS, bedis anabara rCebian. vinc ena icis, mas meti fasi aqvs. amdenad Seuracxyofas ar iTmens. axalbedebs ki, romlebsac enis barieris gamo `uenoebs~ uwodeben, didxans uwevT lodini, vidre maTTvis misaReb samsaxurs iSovian. amitom ojaxSi fulis gamogzavnis nacvlad, valebs igroveben. nino cxoiZe, mdidari berZnebi sxvebze metad qarTvel qalebs endobian. trefikingi, Tu iZulebiTi monoba?!, Jurnali `emigranti”, #2, 5-19 ivlisi, 2004 w.
wyaro 11. gazeTi kulturuli da sportuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb 1990-iani
105
wlebis Sua xanis saqarTveloSi a) cameti wlis ganSorebis Semdeg mSobliur TbilisSi 4 agvistos Tbilisis musikaluri centri da simfoniuri orkestri umaspinZlebs cnobil qarTvel diriJors herbert fon karaianis saxelobis konkursis erTad-erT qarTvel laureats, amJamad ki, samxreT koreis cnobili orkestrisa da erovnuli saopero Teatris mTavar diriJors vaxtang Jordanias. gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika~, # 89, 25 ivlisi, 1995 w.
b) tradiciuli karates qarTveli ostatebi amerikis Ria Cemtionatze imsaxu足 reben oc medals, maTi sen-sei paata WeliZe ki Cemtionatis saukeTeso mwvrTnelis did oqros medals. gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika~, #89, 25 ivlisi 1995 w.
davaleba 4:
Canawerebis furceli #1 ra mniSvnelovani movlenebi iyo saqarTveloSi 1990-ian wlebSi? politikuri movlenebi
TariRi
Eekonomikuri movlenebi
socialuri movlenebi
yoveldRiuroba
2. TiToeulma jgufma daasaxelos xuTi mizezi, ris gamoc SeiZleboda saqarTvelos datoveba an darCena. CawereT es mizezebi Canawerebis furcelze #2. Canawerebis furceli #2. ratom tovebdnen saqarTvelos 1992-1993 wlebSi
-5
+5
-4.
+4
+3
-3 -2
+2 -1
_ saqarTvelos datovebis
0
+1 + darCenis 5 mizezi
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: SeZles Tu ara 1990-iani wlebis emig足 rantebma sxva saqarTvelos naxva?
migracia
1. daiyaviT jgufebad da wyaroebis 1-11 mixedviT. SeavseT Canawerebis furceli 1.
106
24. kanoni da realoba sakvanZo kiTxva: rogori iyo sabWoTa saxelmwifos religiuri politika 1920-40-ian wlebSi?
wyaro 1. saxalxo komisarTa sabWos dekreti saxelmwifos religiur
religia
po足litikaze 1. eklesia saxelmwifosgan gamoyofilia... 3. TiToeul moqalaqes SeuZlia iwamos nebismieri religia, an ar iwamos arc erTi... 5. uzrunvelyofilia religiuri ritualebis Tavisuflad aRsruleba, Tu isini ar arRvevs sazogadoebriv wesrigs da sabWoTa respublikis kano足nebs. 9. skola gamoyofilia eklesiisgan. yvela saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv, aseve, kerZo saswavlo dawesebulebebSi, sadac saero-saganmanaTleblo sagnebi iswavleba, religiuri mrwamsis swavleba ikrZaleba. saxalxo komisarTa sabWos dekreti, 23 ianvari, 1918 weli.
wyaro 2. v. i. lenini aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb Cemi azriT, religia nebismieri adamianis piradi, kerZo saqmea da saxelmwifo masSi ar unda ereodes. amave dros, partiis wevrisTvis religiis mimarT damokidebuleba ar aris piradi saqme. saxelmwifos araferi esaqmeba religiasTan _ yvela adamiani Tavisufalia da SeuZlia iwamos nebismieri religia an ar iwamos arc erTi, e. i. iyos aTeisti, uRmerTo, rogorc Cveulebriv aris yvela socialisti. v. i. lenini, sabWoTa xelisuflebis morigi amocanebi, 1918 weli, gamomc. `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1969, gv. 17.
wyaro 3. l. n. trocki* saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobaze saxelmwifo eklesiisgan damoukideblad unda viTardebodes. Cven qveynis feodaluri gadmonaSTebisgan gaTavisuflebisaken miviswrafiT. droa samRvdeloebis arseboba dasruldes. Cveni warmateba mxolod eklesiisgan damouki足 deblad aris SesaZlebeli.
l. n. trocki, permanentuli revolucia, moskovi, 1918, gv. 12 (rusul enaze).
* l. n. trocki _ bolSevikebis erT-erTi lideri. v. i. leninTan erTad meTaurobda 1917 wlis oqtombris revolucias.
107 davaleba 1. 1. wyaroebis 1, 2, 3 daxmarebiT axseni, ras niSnavs, Seni azriT, `eklesia gamoeyo saxelmwifos~? 2. gansazRvre wyaroebs 1-3 Soris, romels aqvs sakanonmdeblo Zala? 3. wyaroebSi 2 da 3 xazi gausvi winadadebebs, romlebSic gamoxatulia sabWoTa liderebis damokidebuleba religiis mimarT. 4. gaarkvie sabWoTa moqalaqeebis romeli jgufis interesebia daculi am wyaroebSi? 5. Camoayalibe argumentebi bolSevikebis religiuri politikis sasargeb足 lod da sawinaaRmdegod. 6. Seni azriT, ra rols aniWebdnen religias bolSevikebis liderebi: a) adamianebis pirad cxovrebaSi b) revoluciur partiaSi g) saxelmwifoSi
religia
wyaro 4. eklesiebis ngreva 1920-40-iani wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi
a)
b)
108 davaleba 2. 1. Seni azriT, vin SeiZleba yofiliyvnen adamianebi, gadaRebuli dangreuli eklesiebis fonze? 2. ipove kavSiri wyaroebs 1-4 Soris da warmoidgine, rom im dros iq iyavi; gamoxate Seni damokidebuleba fotoebze gamosaxuli procesis mimarT, Tu xar: a) moxuci adamiani b) axalgazrda moxele g) Seni asakis mozardi. 3. wyaroebSi 1-3 monaxe winadadebebi, romlebic imdroindeli lozungebisaTvis gamogadgeba, magaliTad, `Zirs eklesia, gaumarjos aTeizms!~ da moifiqre sapirispiro Sinaarsis lozungebi.
religia
wyaro 5. saxelmwifos religiuri politikis Sedegebi TbilisSi
a) aleqsandre nevelis sa足xelobis taZari golovinis (axl. rusTavelis) prospeqtze
igive adgili dRes
109
igive adgili dRes
g) kirxes* germanuli eklesia marjaniSvilis moedanze
igive adgili dRes
religia
b) Siituri meCeTi avlabris xidTan
davaleba 3: ganmarte wyaroze 5 (a,b,g) asaxuli movlenebi. ratom angrevdnen eklesiebs, samlocveloebs saqarTveloSi?
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ra monawileobas iRebdnen qarTveli bolSevikebi saxelmwifos religiuri politikis ganxorcielebaSi?
* kirxes eklesia _ 1944 wels TbilisSi germanel tyveebs daangrevines 1897 wels agebuli wm. petres da pavles saxelobis luTeruli eklesia (kirxe).
110
25. `uRmerTo saxelmwifo~ sakvanZo
kiTxva:
ratom ebrZoda sabWoTa aRmsareb足lobis adamians 1920-30-ian wlebSi?
saxelmwifo
yvela
religia
wyaro 1. 1920-30-iani wlebis sabWoTa plakatebi
a) `religia-sawamlavia; daicavi bavSvebi~
b) `religia adamianebs abruebs~
g) `Zirs religiuri dResaswaulebi~
111
davaleba 1: 1. aRwere TiToeuli plakati cal-calke: ra aris maTi Sinaarsi? vin da ra obieqtebia maTze gamosaxuli?
2. gansazRvre TiToeuli plakatis mizani, zegavlenis ra saSualebebia gamo足 yenebuli da mosaxleobis romel jgufebze zemoqmedebas iTvaliswinebs?
3. axseni plakatebze mocemuli lozungebis Sinaarsi. 4. ivaraude, vin aRiqvamda maT dadebiTad da vin _ uaryofiTad?
emelian iaroslavskim 1925 wlisTvis Seqmna `uRmerToTa kavSiri~, romelic 1929 wlisTvis `mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSirad~ gadakeTda. igi 1932 wlisTvis sakavSiro masStabiT 5 500 000 wevrs aerTianebda; man metad aqtiuri muSao足 ba gaSala. uSvebda samecniero Jurnals `religiis winaaRmdeg~ (1926-1941). mraval足 aTasiani tiraJiT gamodioda broSurebi, karikaturebi, plakatebi, rac gaTvlili iyo gansxvavebul socialur Tu politikur fenebze. aqtiurad mimdinareobda saeklesio rwmena-warmodgenebis da wes-Cveulebebis winaaRmdeg brZo足la, raSic CarTes literatura, kino da Teatri. tardeboda antisaeklesio Tematikis konferenciebi, gamofenebi. Jan lui van reJemorteri, miSel lorani. eklesiis mdgomareoba sabWoTa sinamdvileSi (1917-1945), qristianuli kvlevebi, III, 2009, gv. 223-224.
davaleba 2: 1. Seni azriT, ra mizniT Seiqmna `mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiri~? 2. moZebne da gamoyavi wyaroSi 2 is winadadebebi, romlebic asaxavs saxelmwifos religiur politikas.
3. wyarodan 2 airCie erTi winadadeba, romelic, Seni azriT, am dokumentis saTaurad gamodgeba.
4. wyaroebis 1 da 2 mixedviT, CamoTvale, ra xerxebiT ebrZoda sabWoTa saxelmwifo sxvadasxva religias? Seni azriT, romeli iqneboda maT Soris yvelaze efeqturi da ratom?
5. daiyaviT or jgufad. TiToeul jgufSi: a) CamoayalibeT 3-3 Sexeduleba, rogori unda iyos saxelmwifos damokidebuleba mosaxleobis religiuri uflebebisadmi; b) SeqmeniT plakati, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba yvela morwmunis, aseve, aTeistebis Sexedulebebi da uflebebi.
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: rogor axsni samuSao furclis saTaurs `uRmerTo saxelmwifo~?
religia
wyaro 2. Tanamedrove ucxoeli avtoris gamokvleva
112
26. faruli locva
sakvanZo kiTxva: ra Sedegi mohyva religiuri politikis cvlilebas sabWoTa kavSirSi 1940-70-ian wlebSi?
wyaro 1. sabWoTa xelisuflebis religiuri politikis cvlilebis Sesaxeb
religia
a) maSin, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri seriozuli safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda, saero da sasuliero xelisuflebam erToblivi da SeTanxmebuli nabiji gadadga sagareo safrTxis winaaRmdeg mosaxleobis dasarazmad. germaneli faSistebis sabWoTa kavSirze TavdasxmisTanave samRvdeloebam mosaxleobas sabWoTa kavSirisadmi patriotuli erTgulebisa da mtris winaaRmdeg gmiruli brZolisken mouwoda. mTavrobam gaauqma aTeisturi gaerTianebebi da mTlianad amoiRo antireligiuri gamocemebi, ris paraleluradac 1942 wels gamoqveynda saeklesio kalendrebi da sasuliero Sinaarsis Tematuri krebulebi. Jan lui van reJemorteri, miSel lorani, eklesiis mdgomareoba sabWoTa sinamdvileSi (1917-1945), qristianuli kvlevebi, III, 2009, gv. 226.
b) 1945 wlis 5-16 dekembers saqarTvelos azerbaijanulma mosaxleobam, romelic religiuri TvalsazrisiT Siitebi iyvnen, Caatara religiuri dResaswauli `Saxsei-vaxsei“*. gansakuTrebiT didi pompezurobiT Catarda is yaraiazis (igive gardabanis) raionSi, sadac monawileobas iRebdnen eqvsi soflis mcxovrebni... 1950-ian wlebSi islamuri religia aWaraSi da, kerZod, baTumSi kidev ufro gaZlierda. ramazanis** TveSi meCeTSi morwmuneTa raodenoba xSirad 300 kacs aRwevda, xolo `bairamobis“*** dawyebamde meCeTSi Rames aTevda 400 adamiani, romelTa Soris mravali Camosuli iyo aWaris sxvadasxva soflidan. 1954 wels `bairamobis“ dResaswaulze morwmuneTa saerTo raodenobam 2500 miaRwia. a. sonRulaSvili, erovnuli umciresobani da konfesiebi saqarTveloSi, I, Tb., 2005, gv. 234.
g) sabWoTa kavSirSi qristianuli eklesia Tavisufalia Sinaur saqmeebSi. mas rwmunebulTa meSveobiT xelsac uwyoben. eklesias wminda naSTebic daubrunes da umaRlesi Tu saSualo skolebic gauxsnes. sanTlis saxelosnoebisa da xateb-jvrebis sawyobis gaxsnis uflebac misces, wignebsa da Jurnalebsac ustambaven, litaniebsac**** amarTvineben. nawyveti saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis kalistrates (1932-1952) sityvidan, wignSi: v. ToraZe, n. ToraZe, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesia XIX da XX saukuneebSi, 1996, Tb., gv. 268.
* Saxsei-vaxsei, igive aSura _ Siit muslimebTan imam huseinis moxsenieba, romelic 680 wels mokles. ** ramazani _ muslimuri mTvaris kalendris me-9 Tve, rodesac morwmuneni inaxaven marxvas mzis amosvlidan Casvlamde 40 dRis ganmavlobaSi. *** bairamoba, igive yurban-bairami _ islamSi msxverplSewirvis dResaswauli. am dRes mor wmuneebi klaven cxvrebs, saWmels urigeben gaWirvebulebs da maT, visTanac naCxubrebi arian. **** litania _ qristianobaSi, sayovelTao locva, romlis dros eklesias gars uvlian.
113 davaleba 1: 1. moZebne wyaroSi 1 (a, b, g) sabWoTa kavSirSi axali religiuri politikis amsaxveli faqtebi.
2. axseni, ratom hqonda saerTo pozicia eklesias da saxelmwifos omis wlebSi?
3. imsjele, wyaro 1-is safuZvelze, meore msoflio omis wlebsa da mis Semdeg religiuri politikis cvlilebis mizezebsa da Sedegebze.
wyaro 2. xelisuflebis warmomadgeneli saxelmwifos eklesiisadmi sabunebismetyvelo mecnieruli codniT da religiasTan ideuri brZolis propagandis nacvlad, zogierT centralur da adgilobriv gazeTSi, aseve, zogierTi leqtorisa da momxseneblis gamosvlaSi daSvebulia Seuracmyofeli gamonaTqvamebi da gamoxdomebi im sasuliero pirebisa da morwmuneebis mimarT, romlebic religiur kultmsaxurebas ewevian; aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac presis furclebsa da propagandistebis sityvier gamosvlebSi zogierTi religiuri kultmsaxuri da morwmune yovelgvari safuZvlis gareSe gamoyvanilia adamianebad, romelTa politikuri ndoba ar SeiZleba. zogierT raionSi adgilobRivi organizaciebis da calkeuli pirebis mxridan xdeba religiuri gaerTianebebisa da jgufebis saqmianobaSi Careva, aseve, sasuliero wodebis mimarT uxeSi damokidebulebis SemTxvevebi. nawyveti skkp ck* mdivnis n. xruSCovis werilidan, 1954, 10 noemberi.
davaleba 2: 1. daukavSire xruSCovis werili (wyaro 2) axal religiur politikas. 2. moZebne wyaroebSi 1 (g) da 2 Seni mosazrebis damadasturebeli sityvebi. 3. Seadare kaTalikos patriarqis kalistrates da n. xruSCovis gamonaTqvamebi. ramdenad Seesabameboda isini realobas? Â
*
skkp ck _ sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis centraluri komiteti
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damokidebulebis SesaxebÂ
114 wyaro 3. samoqalaqo uflebebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos respublikis moqalaqeebs garantirebuli aqvT sindisis Tavisufleba, anu ufleba _ aRiarebdnen nebismier religias an ar aRiarebdnen araviTar religias, asrulebdnen sareligio ritualebs an eweodnen aTeistur propagandas. religiur rwmenasTan dakavSirebiT SuRlisa da siZulvilis gaRviveba akrZalulia. saqarTvelos respublikaSi eklesia gamoyofilia saxelmwifosgan.
saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis konstitucia, Tavi 7, muxli 50, Tbilisi, 1978.
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wyaro 4. religia 1970-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos eklesia yovelwliurad gamoscems kalendrebs, sasuliero seminariis `saRvTismetyvelo krebuls“, sapatriarqos sainformacio biuletens, aseve uSvebs almanaxs `jvari vazisa“. es ilustrirebuli Jurnali 1978 wlidan weliwadSi orjer gamoicema. gankuTvnilia ZiriTadad RvTismsaxurebisa da saeklesio aqtivisTvis. nawili vrceldeba ucxoeTSi. m. besonovi, marTlmadidebloba dRevandel dRes, moskovi, 1990, gv. 89-90 (rusul enaze).
wyaro 5. Tanamedroveebis mogonebebi a) 1973 wels, sabWoTa kavSiris periodSi, babuaCemi alievi ali maSadi hasan-oRli gardaicvala. dasaflavebis dRes locvis aRvlenis ufleba ar mogvces. es imitom moxda, rom misi yvela vaJi komunisturi partiis wevri iyo da eridebodaT xalxis dasanaxad molis moyvana. amitom is malulad oTaxSi SeviyvaneT, sadac Cumad loculobda; xalxma veraferi gaigo. mec Tavad partiis wevri viyavi da meCeTSi ar davdiodi, radgan samsaxuris dakargvis meSinoda. interviu eliura alievasTan (marneuli), 55 wlis, Caiwera b. lorTqifaniZem, 2009 wlis 7 ivlisi.
b) sabWoTa periodSi kompartiis wevrebs eklesiaSi siaruli oficialurad ar ekrZalebodaT. Tumca, Tu raime Tanamdebobaze iyavi da eklesiaSi daginaxavdnen, an sayvedurs gamogicxadebdnen, an komunisturi partiidan gagricxavdnen, rac samsaxuris dakargvas niSnavda. amitom partiis wevrebi eridebodnen eklesiaSi siaruls. miuxedavad amisa, TiTqmis yvela naTlavda Svilebs. mec ase moviqeci da Cemi Svilebi malulad movnaTle. interviu oTar axmetelTan (Tbilisi), 78 wlis, Caiwera b. lorTqifaniZem, 2009 wlis 19 maisi
115 wyaro 6. religia 1960-70-iani wlebis sabWoTa satiraSi
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a) _ rogor mkurnalobdiT? – ai amiT...
b)
is arc Tanaxmaa da arc winaaRmdegi, man ubralod Tvali aarida. kukriniksebis* plakatebi
davaleba 3: Seadare wyaroebi 3-6 da gaakeTe daskvnebi. moifiqre yoveli karikaturisTvis sakuTari teqsti.
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ratom loculobdnen sabWoTa saqarTve loSi farulad?
* kukriniksi _ sami mxatvris _ mixeil kuprianovis, porfiri krilovisa da nikolai sokolovis fsevdonimi.
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27. TanamSromloba Tu Seuwynarebloba?! sakvanZo kiTxva: ramdenad iyo aRmsarebloba da erovnuloba konfliqtebis mizezi damoukidebel saqarTveloSi XX _ XXI saukuneebis mijnaze?
wyaro 1. qarTveli mecnieri 1980-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi arsebul
religia
religiur viTarebaze erovnuli aqtivizaciis kvalobaze, gansakuTrebiT 1980-iani wlebis meore naxe varSi, mravali umwvavesi problema dagvigrovda, romlebmac eTnokonfliqtebis saxiT iCina Tavi. amis mizezia, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi uyuradRebod rCeboda da `xalxTa urRvevi Zmobis” moCvenebiTi lozungis ukan iCqmaleboda uamravi mtkivneuli problema. mravali erovnuli da erovnebaTSorisi sakiTxi arasworad, mxolod administraciul-mbrZanebluri meTodebiT wydeboda. a. sonRulaSvili, erovnuli umciresobani da konfesiebi saqarTveloSi, I, 2005, gv.209.
davaleba 1: gansazRvre, mecnieris azriT, romeli iyo eTnikuri mniSvnelovani mizezi?
konfliqtebis yvelaze
wyaro 2. sagazeTo statia eklesiis gamo religiur davaze samcxe-javaxeTis patara sofel ivlitaSi karga xania arsebobs religiur niadagze aRmocenebuli konfliqti. aqauri kaTolikebi da marTlmadideblebi ver iyofen taZars. amitom jerjerobiT, taZarSi loculobs morwmuneTa orive jgufi _ TerTmet saaTamde kaTolikebi, TerTmetis Semdeg _ marTlmadi deblebi. xatebi da sxva siwmindeebic aseve Sereulia _ kaTolikuricaa da marTlmadidebluric. saqmis aseTi gadawyvetiT ukmayofiloa yvela. TiToeuli mxare cdilobs meore mxaris taZridan gandevnas: kaTolikebi irwmunebian,
rom taZari maTi aSenebulia da amitom maTi kuTvnilebaa. marTlmadideblebis azriT, taZari maTi agebulia. orive mxare irwmuneba, rom aqvs sakuTari poziciis myari argumentebi. saqmes arTulebs isic, rom taZris kuTvnilebis sakiTxis gadawyetaSi erevian sxvadasxva politikuri da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. kerZod, marTlmadidebeli winamZRvari da misi mrevli Civis, rom Tavisuflebis institutis da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier arian Sewuxebuli; am organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi sofelSi Cadian da mouwodeben mrevls, datovon taZari. aq igulisxmeba, rom SarSan kavkasiuri institutis iniciativiT, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva warmomadgeneli sof. ivlitaSi Cavida, radgan gavrcelda cnoba, rom marTlmadidebelma winamZRvarma taZris ezoSi dakrZaluli kaTolike misionerebis uZvelesi saflavebi asfaltis fenis qveS moaqcevina. winamZRvarma Casulebs ganumarta, rom mas mxolod keTili zraxvebi amoZravebda _ surda ukeT Seenaxa saflavebi.
117
gazeTi `axali Taoba _ kviridan kviramde~, 24-25 aprili, 2005 w.
erT-erT sofelSi axalqalaqis raionis somxur sofel winubanSi adgilobrivi kaTolikebi evangelist-ormocdaaTianelebs daupirispirdnen. sofelSi 300 mosaxlea, saidanac 36 ormocdaaTianelia*, danarCeni ki kaTolikebi. gazeTis mixedviT, ormocdaaTianelebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli SeuwynareblobiT adgilobrivi kaTolike mRvdeli – mama poRos grigoriani gamoirCeva, romelic maT winaaRmdeg eklesiaSi qadagebs. man ormocdaaTianelebs `karitasis~ fondis humanitaruli daxmarebis miwodebac Seuwyvita. saqme iqamde mivida, rom kaTolike Tanasoflelebma ormocdaaTianelebs soflis sasaflaoze Sesvla aukrZles – sxva adgili moiTxoveTo. gairkva, rom soflis saSualo skolaSi mama poRosi religiis gakveTilebs atarebs, rac kanoniTaa akrZaluli; mRvdeli am faqts TviTonac ar uaryofs. ormocdaaTianelebma Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad saxalxo damcvelis ofiss miaSures. faqtebis gadamowmebis Semdeg aq CaTvales, rom adgili aqvs aSkara religiur diskriminacias da generalur prokuraturas mimarTes. n. frangiSvili, kaTolikeebi ormocdaaTianelebis winaaRmdeg, gaz. `rezonansi~, 21 ianvari, 2006 w.
davaleba 2: 1. wyaroebis 2 da 3 safuZvelze gansazRvre, ra aris religiuri jgufebis konfliqtis konkretuli mizezi? 2. Seni azriT, ra aris am konfliqturi viTarebis mogvarebis gza?
*
ormocdaaTianelebi _ marTlmadidebluri eklesiis erT-erTi seqta.
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wyaro 3. presa religiuri konfliqtis Sesaxeb samxreT saqarTvelos
118
wyaro 4. saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gancxadeba romis kaTolikuri
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eklesiis mier saqarTvelos zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi axalgazrduli klubebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb mimdinare wlis 24 agvistos romis kaTolikuri eklesiis kardinali, vaSingtonis mTavarepiskoposi Teodore (makariki) Sexvda sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqs uwmin足 des da unetares ilia II-s. Sexvedras, romelic saqarTvelos sapatriarqoSi gaimarTa, eswrebodnen wminda saydris despani saqarTveloSi, mTavarepiskoposi monsinior klaudio gujeroti, kaTolikuri daxmarebis samsaxuris warmomadgenlebi, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis mRvdelmTavrebi, sruliad saqarTvelos sxva sasuliero da saero pirebi. kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II saubari Seexo kaTolikuri daxmarebis samsaxuris mier SemoTavazebul programas `vaSenoT momavali~, romelic iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi axalgazrduli klubebis Seqmnas. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesias dauSveblad miaCnia, rom im qveyanaSi, romlis mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesobac marTlmadidebelia, romis kaTolikuri eklesiis episkoposTa mier dafuZnebuli organizacia, saqarTvelos sapatriarqosTan SeuTanxmeblad, anxorcielebdes saganmanaTleb足 lo programas saero skolebSi, rodesac saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT isini religiisgan Tavisufalia. amgvari qmedebani safuZvlian ukmayofilebas iwvevs Cvens mosaxleobaSi da Crdils ayenebs romis saydarsa da saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris arsebul tradiciul urTierTobas. Sexvedraze, romelic urTierTpativiscemis atmosferoSi warimarTa, naTlad gamoikveTa orive mxaris pozicia, romelTa Sejerebis Sedegad romis kaTolikuri eklesiis warmomadgenlobam ganacxada, rom aRniSnuli programa SeCerdeba. axali ambebis saagento, 25 agvisto, 2005 weli.
wyaro 5. kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-isa da saqarTvelos eklesiis wminda sinodis mimarTva saqarTvelos Zlierebasa da eris erTobas dResac safuZvlad suliereba da zneobrioba unda daedos. amasTan aucilebelia TviTmyofadi cnobierebisa da kulturis SenarCuneba, romelic mTlianad qristianul msoflmxedvelobazea dafuZnebuli. amiT deda eklesia ar qadagebs karCaketilobas da odnavadac ar akninebs sxva qveynebTan urTierTobebis mniSvnelobas: piriqiT, yvelam kargad viciT, rom Cveni cxovrebis wesis Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena iqonia rogorc aRmosavleTma, ise dasavleTma, Cveni tradiciisTvis aseve miuRebelia Seuwynarebloba da agresia ucxo erebisa da aRmsareblobis warmomadgenlebisadmi. istoriulad saqarTveloSi arasodes yofila devna da Seviwroeba eTnikuri da religiuri niSniT. esaa mizezi imisa, rom aq mcxovrebi sxva erisa da sarwmunoebis warmomadgenlebi siyvaruliT arian ganmsWvalulni Cveni miwa-wylisa da xalxisadmi. `sapatriarqos uwyebani~, #35 (243), 5-11 seqtemberi, 2003 w.
wyaro 6.
119
b) 2008 wlis 29 seqtembers 12 eklesiis warmomadgenelma monawileoba miiRo mSvidobis kurTxevaSi eCmiaZinSi (somxeTi).
davaleba 3: 1. Seni azriT, ras gulisxmobs kaTolikos-patriarqi karCaketilobaSi? 2. imsjeleT, motanil wyaroebSi sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis warmomadgenelTa Soris warmoqmnili davis gadawyvetis rogori xerxi moinaxa da SeuZliaT Tu ara, es ori magaliTi gamoiyenon sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis warmomadgenlebma Semdgomi urTierTobebisas. 3. wyaros 6 (a, b) mixedviT gansazRvre, ra mizniT Seikribnen sxvadasxva religiis liderebi.
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: istoriidan magaliTebis moSveliebiT, ra gavlenas axdens qveynis ganviTarebaze sxvadasxva religiis warmomadgenelTa TanamSromloba da urTierTSemwynarebloba?
religia
a) patriarqis viziti azerbaijanSi, religiaTaSorisi dialogi _ ,,urTierTgagebidan TanamSromlobamde�, saerTaSoriso konferencia, baqo, 2009 weli.
120
28. saqarTvelo marTlmadideblebisTvis?! sakvanZo kiTxva: ramdenad misaRebia fraza: saqarTvelo mxolod marTlmadideblebisTvis?
religia
wyaro 1. Tbilisi, 2010 weli, erT-erTi skolis kedeli
davaleba 1: rogor fiqrobT, skolis kedelze moTavsebuli warwera aris Tu ara sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis adamianebisTvis Seuracxmyofeli?
wyaro 2. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis religiuri Semadgenloba 2002 wels saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentma mosaxleobis religiurobis niSniT aRwera awarmoa, romlis Sedegebi 2004 wels gaxda cnobili. gairkva: saqarTvelos im teritoriis mosaxleoba, romelsac maSin centraluri xelisufleba akontrolebda, 4 375 535 suls iTvlida; marTlmadidebleblad Tavs 3 666 233 anu 83,9% Tvlida, kaToliked –34 727, anu 0,8%; somexTa samociqulo eklesiis wevrad –171 139, anu 3,9%; iudevelad – 3 541, anu 0,1%; muslimad– 433 784, anu 9,9%; sxva religiis aRmsareblad – 28 631, anu sul 0,8%; arcerTi religiis mimdevari ar iyo – 28 631, anu 0,6%. religiebi saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelTan arsebuli tolerantobis centri, Tbilisi, 2008, gv. 11.
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davaleba 1: 1. rogor axsni saqarTveloSi amgvar religiur mravalferovnebas? 2. moitane religiur niadagze warmoqmnili nebismieri konfliqturi viTareba saqarTvelos an msoflio istoriidan; konfliqtebis gadaWris ra gzebi gamoiyenes da ra Sedegebi mohyva maT?
wyaro 3. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis ilia II-is mimarTva 2005 w. noemberSi q. stambulSi Catarda saerTaSoriso konferencia `mSvidoba da Semwynarebloba~. konferencias sityviT mimarTa sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqma, uwmindesma da unetaresma ilia II-m. man mouwoda msoflios sxvadasxva religiis warmomadgenlebs gaerTiandnen da aqtiurad Seuwyon xeli erTa Soris ndobisa da urTierTpativiscemis aRdgenas. biblioTeka da religiuri ganaTleba, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 16.
davaleba 2: Si Tanamedrove epoqaSi? vis SeuZlia kidev amgvari konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi monawileobis miReba? 2. Seni azri, ra kavSirSia erTmaneTTan `mSvidoba da Semwynarebloba~?
wyaro 4. kulturuli urTierTobis centris „kavkasiuri saxlis“ gamo kiTxvis Sedegebi. 2004 wlis maisi gamoikiTxa Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis 170 studenti _ 65% ma makaci, 35% qali; gamokiTxulTagan marTlmadidebelia 96%, aTeisti _ 4%. religiuri rwmenis adamianebi, romlebTanac respondentebi ar isurvebdnen megobrobas grafiki #1 40%
38%
35% 30% 25%
22%
20%
17%
15% 10% 5%
8%
7% 4% 1%
3%
0 ieRoveli baptisti muslimi budisti protes- sxva nebismi- arc erTi tanti eri marTlmadi deblis garda
religia
1. ra roli SeiZleba iTamaSos eklesiam konfliqturi viTarebis mogvareba-
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religiuri rwmenis adamianebi, romlebTanac respondentebi ar isurvebdnen ojaxis Seqmnas
25%
23%
(grafiki #2)
22%
20% 16%
17%
15%
13%
10%
5%
4%
4% 2%
0
religia
ieRovel- baptist- muslim- budist- protes- sxva nebismi- arc erTTan Tan Tan Tan Tan tantTan erTan marTlmadi deblis garda
davaleba 3: 1. daakavSire gamokiTxulTa pasuxebi
wyaro 1-sTan da imsjele, ramdenad tolerantulia gamokiTxulTa ZiriTadi nawili. 2. gamoxate Seni damokidebuleba am gamokiTxvis mimarT da Senc gaeci pasuxi imave kiTxvebs.
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ratom unda izrunos qveynis mosaxleobis marTlmadidebelma umravlesobam sxva aRmsareblobis adamianebis uflebebze?
religia
123
124
29. kaTolikebi XX saukunis quTaisSi sakvanZo kiTxva: rogori iyo quTaisis mosaxleobis damokidebuleba adgilobrivi kaTolikebis mimarT XX saukuneSi?
wyaro 1.
qarTveli kaTolikebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb
kaTolike misionerebisa da qarTveli kaTolikebis erT-erT did damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos imereTSi samkurnalo saqmis danergva da misi Semdgomi ganviTareba, saafTiaqo saqmis aRorZineba, mcire sawarmo fabrikebis danergva da ucxoeTis qveynebTan savaWro ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba. isini aseve kargad Candnen kulturul da sazogadoebriv ganviTarebaSi. nugzar kvaracxelia, quTaiseli kaTolikebi XIX saukuneSi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis quTaisis n. berZeniSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi. quTaisis muzeumis masalebi, krebuli XI, gv. 97.
religia
wyaro 2. quTaiseli kaTolikebis saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobis Sesaxeb quTaisis kaTolikoba aris swavla-ganaTlebis mimdevari. swavlas emsaxureba maTi eklesiac da yvelaferi, rac iq aris. aq hpoveben Svebas da mfarvelobas gvemulni, Ratakni, qvrivni, oxerni, moxucni da uqonelni. mis xidad ki xsenebuli eklesia aris gamxdari da mis SeZlebul mrevlTa wvlili, romelsac isini xSirad gaiReben xolme. z. WiWinaZe, kaTolikeTa eklesia saqarTveloSi, quTaisi, 1903, gv. 75.
wyaro 3. quTaisis kaTolikuri eklesia
125 wyaro 4. kaTolike sasuliero pirebis moRvaweoba quTaisSi Cemi bavSvobis dros kaTolikeTa eklesiaSi mRvdeli don damiane saakaSvili qalaqis yvela bavSvs uyvarda. axla, rom vukvirdebi, maocebs is damoki足 debuleba, romelic maSin kaTolike patrs hqonda xalxTan... imden SesaniSnav ambavs gviyveboda es `frangi mRvdeli~,... sxvaTaSoris, igi naklebad exeboda religiis sakiTxebs. misi Tema iyo saqarTvelos istoria... Cvenc warmoSobiT marTlmadidebeli bavSvebi, romlebic metad aTeisturad viyaviT ganwyobili, sulganabuli vusmendiT padres. mamia asaTiani, geguTis Zelqvebi, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1968, gv. 335-336.
1. gaecani wyaroebs 1-4, upasuxe kiTxvebs, miuTiTe Sesabamisi wyaro: a) rogor dasaxldnen kaTolikebi quTaisSi? b) rogori iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis damokidebuleba kaTolikeTa mimarT? g) ratom eZaxdnen padre don damiane saakaSvils `frang mRvdels~? 2. aRwere kaTolikeTa saqmianoba da Seafase igi? 3. airCie wyaro 4-dan erTi winadadeba, romliTac daasaTaurebdi narkvevs quTaisel kaTolikebze
wyaro 5. kaTolikebis saganmanaTleblo moRvaweobis Sesaxeb XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze quTaisSi cnobili pirovneba iyo ioseb ivanes Ze ocxeli. 1892 wels man quTaisSi daaarsa sabavSvo baRi, romelic 1903 wlamde arsebobda. 1901 wlidan iyo quTaisis saTavadaznauro skolis gamge, romelic 1904 wels misi iniciativiT gimnaziad gadakeTda da sikvdilamde mas xelmZRvanelobda. ioseb ocxeli iyo qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis quTaisis ganyofilebis Tavmjdomare. sxvasTan erTad, misi erT-erTi damsaxurebaa quTaisSi wignis gamomcemlobis `ganaTleba~ da `Skolas~ daarseba. nugzar kvaracxelia, quTaiseli kaTolikebi XIX s-Si, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis quTaisis n. berZeniSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumi. quTaisis muzeumis masalebi, krebuli XI, gv. 96.
religia
davaleba 1:
126 wyaro 6. quTaisis guberniis Tavadaznauroba adgilobrivi skolis aRmzrdelze
mis aRmatebulebas baton kavkasiis olqis mzrunvels quTaisis guberniis aznaurebisagan g a n c x a d e b a
qvemore amisa xelis momwerni gTxovT miaqcioT Tqveni yuradReba quTaisis saTavadaznauro skolas. adgilobrivma komitetma warmoadgina skolis inspeqtoris Tanamdebobaze kaci, Tumca umaRlesi ganaTlebiT, magram ara marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis. TavadaznaurTa skolaSi, romelic inaxeba TavadaznaurTa saSualebiT, swavlobs 500 bavSvi. yvelani quTaisis guberniis TavadaznaurTa Svilebia, sarwmunoebiT marTlmadidebelni... ar gvsurs Cveni Svilebis aRmzrdeli iyos kaTolike. batoni ioseb ocxeli WeSmariti kaTolikea.~ quTaisi, 1900 wlis 12 dekemberi xels awers 15 aznauri.
religia
ilia genZexaZe, ioseb ocxeli, gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, quTaisis filiali, 1989, gv.9.
davaleba 2: gaecani wyaroebs 5 da 6. ganixile, ra Sedegi mohyveboda gancxadebas? daasabuTe Seni varaudi.
wyaro 7. adgilobrivi Tavadaznauri qalis pasuxi ai xelT maqvs piri im samarcxvino gancxadebisa, im saocari mowmobisa, Cveni Tavadaznaurobis sibnelisa, sibeCavisa, gonebrivi sisustisa da sruli gamoTayvanebisa... ai moismineT, ras weren es vaJbatonebi mis aRmatebulebas kavkasiis olqis mzrunvels: ocxelis moSorebas Txouloben! xels awers TxuTmeti aznauri! eseni arian Tqveni mowinave mamuliSvilebi da keTilSobili aznaurebi?... zogjer me mrcxvenia, rom maT wodebas vekuTvni!.. taso lorTqifaniZe, mSobeli, Tengiz buaCiZis deda. Tengiz buaCiZe*, aRsareba, gamomcemloba `merani~, Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 21.
davaleba 3. 1. ipove wyaroSi 6 is sityvebi, romliTac quTaiselma qalbatonma gancxadebisadmi Tavisi damokidebuleba gamoxata.
2. monaxe wyaroebSi 5 da 6 msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis niSnebi. 3. ilia genZexaZis wignSi `ioseb ocxeli~ (quTaisi, 1989, gv. 9) miTiTebulia, rom aznaurTa gancxadebas Sedegi ar mohyolia. axseni, raze metyvelebs es? 4. moitane da ganixile SenTvis cnobili msgavsi magaliTebi Tanamedroveobidan.
*
Tengiz buaCiZe _ quTaisis mkvidri, mwerali.
wyaro 8. zaqaria faliaSvilis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb
127
a) didi saeklesio da sazogado moRvawe sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqi kalistrate cincaZe da saxelovani kompozitori zaqaria faliaSvili, aRmsareblobaTa sxvaobis miuxedavad, erTad iRvwodnen pedagogiur da saeklesio safuZvelze. z. faliaSvilma quTaisis kaTolikur eklesiaSi aRzrdilma, Semdgom _ Tbilisis feriscvalobis kaTolikuri taZris orRanistma da regentma, Tavs ido qarTuli marTlmadidebluri sagaloblebis Seswavla da damuSaveba. man saqarTveloSi pirvelma gadaiRo notebze `wminda ioane oqropiris wirvis wesi~ da Seadgina qal-vaJTa oTx xmaze mgalobeli gundi. nugzar papuaSvili, zaqaria faliaSvili _ mogoneba, gazeTi `saqarTvelos kaTolike~, Tbilisi, Jurnali `saba~, Tbilisi, #1, 1994, aprili, gv. 5.
b) xom iciT `frangi“ var da roca `frangebis~ yuramde miva Saqro (zaqaria) sakuTari iniciativiT swers marTlmadidebeli eklesiis sagaloblebs, meti rom ar vTqva, ar momiwonebeno. sul sxva STabeWdileba moxdeba, roca gaigeben Saqro sazogadoebis davalebiT swers sagaloblebso,~ _ uTqvams kaTolikos patriarq kalistrate cincaZisaTvis zaqaria faliaSvils (1938 w).
davaleba 4: 1. axseni wyaro 7-is safuZvelze: a) ras gulisxmobdnen Tanamedroveebi saxelwodeba `frangis~ qveS? b) risi eSinoda zaqaria faliaSvils?
wyaro 9. saqvelmoqmedo fondis `saqarTvelos karitasis~ Sesaxeb 15 welia moqmedebs quTaisSi da mTel saqarTveloSi kaTolikur eklesiasTan arsebuli saqvelmoqmedo fondi `karitasi~, romelic axorcielebs humanitarul proeqtebs. bavSvTa saganmanaTleblo centri, ufaso ambulatoria invalidTa da pensionerTaTvis, ufaso medikamentebi, Sin movlis sapatronaJo samsaxuri, devnilebis daxmarebis programa, ufaso sasadilo umweoTaTvis, puris sacxobi (30 dasaqmebuli). am proeqtebSi dasaqmebulTa absoluturi umravlesoba marTlmadidebelia. interviu levan begiSvilTan, saqvelmoqmedo fondis `saqarTvelos karitasis~ xelmZRvanelTan, Caiwera naTia namiWeiSvilma, 2010, 5 ivnisi.
davaleba 5. 1. Seadare wyaro 9 wina wyaroebs da axseni, ra cvlilebebi moxda kaTolikebsa da marTlmadideblebs Soris urTierTobaSi?
ganmazogadebeli kiTxva: ratom Tvlidnen Tavs sxvadasxva konfesiis adamianebi, maT Soris, kaTolikebi, upirvelesad, WeSmarit quTaislebad?
religia
nugzar papuaSvili, zaqaria faliaSvili _ mogoneba, Jurnali `saba~, #9 (21), 2004, seqtemberi, gv. 6.