Table 5 Kenya’s WASH Data on Indicator 6.b.1 Reported in the VNR 2020

Table 4 Kenya’s WASH Data on Indicators 6.1.1 and 6.1.2 Reported in the VNR 2020

Indicator 6.1.1: Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services

The proportion of households using safely managed drinking water services increased from 72.6 per cent in 2016 to 73.3 per cent in 2019. Subsequently, the proportion of individuals using safely managed drinking water increased from 68.8 per cent in 2016 to 72.4 per cent in 2019. The increase was attributed to the construction and expansion of water supply schemes in urban and rural areas by both National and County governments

Indicator 6.2.1: a) Proportion of population using safely managed sanitation services

The proportion of households with safely managed sanitation services rose from 65.7 per cent in 2016 to 68 per cent in 2017 and 82.5 per cent in 2019. On the other hand, the proportion of individuals with safely managed sanitation services rose from 59.3 per cent in 2016 to 81.5 per cent in 2019. The sector target is to increase the percentage of the national population with access to improved sanitation from 68 per cent in 2017 to 80 per cent by 2022.

Source: VNR (2020)

It is not clear where these numbers came from or represents which population of the country, since the sources are not stated. For reference, the data table is added in Appendix 11. In addition, the report also presents the data on the indicator 6.b.1 as shown in Table 5. The government of Kenya seems highly confident to present that the 47 County governments are operating water and sanitation policies and procedures, engaging the local communities 100% in the past few years, which seems quite unrealistic. Overall, although the human rights are mentioned several times throughout the document, in a more general sense, there is no referring to human rights to water and sanitation explicitly in the VNR 2020.

Table 5 Kenya’s WASH Data on Indicator 6.b.1 Reported in the VNR 2020

Indicator 6.b.1: Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management

The proportion of local administrative units (47 County governments) with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management has remained the same at 100 per cent in the 2017-2019 period.

Source: VNR (2020)

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

In this chapter, the overall aim and the specific objectives are restated, along with the summary of the findings from the research related to the specific objectives. Conclusions from this research is derived and linked to the research aim. Furthermore, the value of this research is stated, as well as the limitations. Finally, recommendations for further research is provided.

5.1 Conclusion

The unfortunate and tragic situation of global water and sanitation crisis affect people in low-income households much more than anyone. The consequences of this crisis is experienced even more in the Global South, especially in the region of subSaharan Africa, where freshwater source is relatively limited, and social and economic inequalities are higher. In the hopes for realising the safe and clean water and adequate sanitation provision for all, this research was conducted to study the nexus and the interrelations of the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation (HRWS) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 – ‘the water goal’ – to identify any existing gaps between the implementations of human rights-based and the sustainable development approaches through a case study of Kenya. Water and sanitation policies and legislations of Kenya were reviewed to identify references to Human Rights to Water and Sanitation, was well as water and sanitation related frameworks and development plans of Kenya. The overall Sustainable Development Goals performance and specifically the SDG 6 data of Kenya was analysed, to evaluate the current WASH situation in Kenya. The data collected were cross-analysed with the human rights-based approaches in consideration. From the analysis of collected data, it was concluded that there are potential synergies in combining both human rights-based approach with sustainable development approach. On the other hand, it was observed that there are other factors that affect the realisation of universal water and sanitation provision in Kenya, including the colonial history of Kenya and how it created unequal development in the country; the rapid urbanisation that is hard for water service providers to keep up with the speed; lack of frameworks and policies on sanitation and wastewater management; insufficient amount of financial and technical support from the government; as well as the lack of strong institutions.

5.2 Value of This Research

As mentioned earlier, the proportion of people in extreme water and sanitation poverty is much higher in the Global South. This unfortunate condition is worse when combined with the geographical limitations of its local climate. Sub-Saharan Africa

suffers from this consequence much more than other parts of the world. This research provides insights to how the current situation in water and sanitation related policies in the national level, international human rights framework on water and sanitation and Sustainable Development Goals are interrelated. This research can be duplicated in any other country fighting for the basic rights to clean water and adequate sanitation, along with sustainable development of the country. This research adds value to the current debates on the human rights-based approach to sustainable development in the water sector. This research can also lead to water policy reforms and paradigm shifts in water management and governance. I hope that this case study will inform and give insights to individuals, practitioners, academic scholars, researchers, and governments on the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation and the Sustainable Development framework, their inter-connections and potential synergies, in pursuit of safe and clean water and adequate sanitation provision for the better quality and dignified life for all.

5.3 Limitations

In conducting research, there were methodological limitations due to the current situation of COVID-19 pandemic. The research design had to adapt to desk research, because it was not feasible to travel to Kenya for any fieldwork. Moreover, due to the limited time given, the study was not able be conducted so much in-depth, and due to access to certain academic journals or books, there was a limitation in collecting data for research background and data collection

5.4 Recommendations

For future research, it is recommended that a better study of the local context is conducted, as well as more in-depth review of literature review for theoretical frameworks and analysis of policy documents. Moreover, it is recommended to obtain the most up to date empirical data for accuracy in evaluation of the current state. Household surveys, and interviews can be also useful in understanding the expectations of the types of rights the people want. Moreover, specific human rightsbased approach tools for frameworks can be used to analyse the data with more coherence to the analysis.

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APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Human Rights to Water and Sanitation Indicators (with SDG6 indicators highlighted) (Source: OHCHR, n.d.)

Appendix 2. Integrated Monitoring Guide for Sustainable Development Goal 6 on Water and Sanitation: Targets and global indicators (Source: UN-Water, 2017)

Appendix 2. Integrated Monitoring Guide for Sustainable Development Goal 6 on Water and Sanitation: Targets and global indicators (continued)

Appendix 3. UN-Water’s Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water (GLAAS) report on National Systems to Support Drinking-Water, Sanitation and Hygiene – Kenya Data (Source: UN-Water, 2019)

Appendix 4. World Maps showing SDG Performance Index Scores from JMP WASH Database (Source: JMP website)

(a) SDG overall score

(b) SDG 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation (overall score)

(c) SDG 6 – Indicator on Population using at least basic drinking water services (%)

(d) SDG 6 – Indicator on Population using at least basic sanitation services (%)

Appendix 5. JMP Household WASH Core Questions, Indicators, and New Service Ladders (Source: JMP, 2018)

Appendix 6. 26 indicators Produced by JMP (Source: JMP, 2018)

Appendix 7. Kenya’s Household Drinking Water (left) and Sanitation (right) Provision Trend – Urban (a) / Rural (b) Comparison(showing population), 2000-2017 (Source: JMP Website)

(a) Total

(b) Urban

(c) Rural

Appendix 8. Kenya’s Household Drinking Water (left) and Sanitation (right) Provision Trend Based on Service Type - Urban (a) / Rural (b) Comparison (showing population), 2000-2017 (Source: JMP Website)

(a) Total

(b) Urban

(c) Rural

Appendix 9. WASH Data on the Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000-2017 – Kenya’s WASH Data Estimates (Source: JMP, 2019)

(a) Drinking Water Data Estimates

Appendix 9. WASH Data on the Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000-2017 – Kenya’s WASH Data Estimates (continued)

(b) Sanitation Data Estimates

c) Hygiene Data Estimates

Appendix 10. JMP Metrics for Assessing Progress in reducing inequalities in WASH (JMP, 2019)

Appendix 11. Kenya’s WASH Data on Selected SDG Indicators (Source: VNR, 2020)