AIR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN STUDIO SEMESTER 2 2013
UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE
MUQIU WANG 531459
STUDIO AIR JOURNAL
Contents Introduction -- About Me Part A : Case for Innovation Architecture as a Discourse Computational Architecture Parametric Modelling Conclusion Learning Outcomes References Part B: EOI:Design Approach Design Focus Case Study 1.0--Reversed Engineering Case Study 2.0--Canton Tower Design Technique--- Matrix Technique Development Prototype Rendered Digital Model Mid-Term Presentation and Learning Outcomes References Part C:Project Proposal Concept Map for Initial Design Rethinking Design Approach Design Refienment Form Exploration Rendered Model and Site Response Ivy Growing Performance Prototype Refined Prototype Final Presentation and Feedback Learning objects and Outcomes References Appendix --- Grasshopper Exploration`
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4 12 18 22 23 24 28 32 35 40 42 49 52 54 55 56 58 60 64 70 74 78 82 88 102 103 104
About Me
M
y name is Muqiu Wang, a girl from south part of China. Now I am a third year student of the University of Melbourne, majoring in architecture. I studied VCE in China, however, becouse of the limited educational resources, there was no elective subjects provided to be chosen such as Visual Communications etc. From the time in primary school, I showed interest in drawing and painting but did not keep it during the later school time. Besides that, I always paid a lot of attention to the buildings and interior decorations in daily life. But actually,
after finishing VCE exam I was still struggling which way I should choose in the future. As I was interested in art and design, parents suggested Architecture for me and led me to a brand new world that I have never touched before. It was the first semester I got into the university life made me realized the subject was a big challenge for me. I chose Virtual Environments which made me struggling in ideas as well as softwares during the whole semester. Although the result was not that satisfied, the process of making model and dicussing with tutor or group members was still interesting and impressing which
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persuaded myself keep going on Architecture. I have used several design softwares in virtual environments, studio earth and water, and also visual communications. However, my experiences of using those digital resourcs were still unsatisfactory. To use 1-5 grade each software, Indesign and Photoshop is 3 but Rhino is 2 because of grasshopper. Studio Air is a great opputonity for me to get familiar with Rhino and parametric design approach.
Part A
CASE FOR INNOVATION
A. 1
ARCHITECTURE AS A DISCOURSE
A
rchitecture as a discourse, can be regarded as ‘a network of practice’[1], a tool to communicate, generate, represent, and construct ideas. Architecture can be viewed through many lenses as a spatial experience, a sign or a combination of art. Basicly, what we know and understand about life is from what we see around us. The built environments play an important role in shaping and reflecting both social and cultural discourse. Therefore, architects of modern society hold the responsibility to work well with the relationship between human and place, in order to design a better work to benefit society. Architecture as a discourse is a theoretical thinking that can be exchanged, critiqued, analysised or followed. The idea of the discourse of architecture contains sets of ideas and principles that are ever changing to govern the direction of architectural movements during contemporary
period. In general thinking from the past, the architecture discourse only consists of building, engineering involving with people. While in modern aspect, it requires a much wider range of disciplines that combining with digital technique, mathematics and even science. Like Schmacher said ‘architecture as a system of communications is neither a mere collection of artifacts, nor a mere form of knowledge, nor a merely particular professional practice. Rather it encompasses all three categories: artifacts, knowledge and practice’[2], architecture now should break down the wall between theory and history that may contribute to new architectural discourse. Architecture should be a platform for sharing ideas to push forward the development. I think now it gradually is achieving by architects as they try to explore and test ideas communicating with discourse of other fields. For example, the trend of Biomimicry
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raised from ‘organic deign’ is a process of architecture examining with nature, taking inspiration form models, systems, process and elements to emulate and solve problem. It, somehow, shows the possibility of the way to use materials and resources in a more effective method and also enable the organic architecture reaches a more attractive form. The project of Wyndham City Gateway requires a piece of artwork of architecture that ‘… will have longevity in its appeal, encouraging ongoing interest in the Western Interchange by encouraging further reflection about the installation beyond a first glance.’ [3].Therefore, the architecture for Wyndham city should be able to present an idea or cultural thought in order to engage the community of Wyndham and greater public.
TADAO ANDO
Image Source:archidaily.com
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CHURCH ON WATER, JAPAN
Image Source:archidaily.com
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W
ith the development of global communication, the societies are becoming more interactive. The culture between countries turns to easily accessible. Therefore, it is inevitable that architectural discourse may gradually form a universal language that sharing by different countries with various culture. Although it is good to see architectural discourse goes far beyond the original range, the societies themselves may be led to a wrong direction shifting from their own culture and tradition. The situation is obvious in modern life that large amount of skyscrapers built up in a short time period as people nowadays pursue newness and technology. The questions have raised. Without neglecting traditions, how can we engage architecture with new modern technology? How can we incorporate traditional culture with modern architecture well? How the architects play the role of contacting both past and future? Tadao Ando, one of my favorite architects, has a strong background in Japanese culture which influences his architecture and design. From every of Tadao Ando’s work, the traditional Japanese religion, Zem, representing the concept
of simplicity and inner feelings, can be easily found. The architect favored in nothingness and empty space while designing complicated inner spatial experience of building. As an architect that did not take any academic education, Tadao gained his interest in architecture from the past. ‘I am interested in a dialogue with the architecture of the past, but it must be filtered through my own vision and my own experience. I am indebted to Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies Van Rohe, but the same way, I take what they did and interpret it in my own fashion.’ Combing influences form Japanese tradition with the best of modernism, Ando has developed a completely unique building aesthetic that makes use of concrete, wood, water, light, and nature. As urban populations rise dramatically, and the quality of life declines, the role of certain creative architects becomes central in defining the future of the built environment. ‘As an architect you have to do your best work for any project, but for me the most satisfying thing is when architecture can do something to make people’s lives better, to
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inspire them [4],’ said by Ando. The Church on Water located in Hokkaido in Japan has become one of the most desired wedding destinations for young Japanese women and holds many weddings every year. Ando escaped from detail, decorative elements, and colors in order to magnify the potentiality of geometry and space, combining with nature. The materials that he mainly uses in building are raw concrete, glass and metal which reflect the Japanese tradition with natural spirits. From the aspect of tradition, Ando 1.searches origin deep in Eastern philosophy, history and culture 2.symbolic meaning of architectural discourse; In term of modernity, the architectural discourse of Ando reveals 1.abstraction and representation along with complexity and simplicity; 2. reflects hope and relief of human value. Therefore, as a modern architect, Ando introduces architecture in both modernity and tradition.
Image Source:archidaily.com
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WANG SHU
Image Source:pritzkerprize.com
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NINGBO HISTORY MUSEUM, CHINA
F
or the first time, the Pritzker Architecture Prize was awarded to an architect based in China. Wang shu, who won this honor, remains characteristically philosophical about his work and just as critical of his profession [5]. As for modern China, Wang Shu shows his concern on the country that losing its connection with tradition and cultural identity. His magnum work, Ningbo History Museum located in my hometown city, speaks of a deep understanding of people and history of his own country. ‘In architectural design,’ said by Wang Shu, ‘I do not differentiate buildings by their size. In my design process, the most important thing is the critical study of local culture and researching social realities. Design is a process of analysis and research with an emphasis on truth and authenticity [6].’ People’s perception of
architecture will be influenced if the building roots in local context that produces a local value. I gain a strong resonance with Wang Shu’s work, especially for Ningbo History Museum as I come from Ningbo. This coastal city experiencing an extreme rapid development of economy that large amount of shiny, hightech modern buildings are being constructed. Just like Wang Shu described about the landscape before the museum was built, ‘there was nothing but rubble. It was a place without memories.’ Wang used two different methods of construction to evoke the sense of lost tradition and nature. TRADITIONAL --- wa pian qiang (clay-tile wall) The combination of recycled materials containing tiles, bricks and stone fixed cement to the wall, creating a rich texture, color and grain, harmoniously sits with natural environment.
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MODERN ---bamboo-strip concrete mould A new invention of forming concrete experimented by Wang Shu and his colleagues, leaving the impression of surface to be supple and sensitive. Wang reshapes the idea of ‘modernity’ of public thoughts. He changed the way that most of Chinese consider old and dirty materials. The issue of identity and cultural preservation is a worldwide problem that all nations may face. Ningbo History Museum provides a place for people to memorize culture and tradition. The recycled materials from demolition site and re-used existing rubble contribute a new vision of modernity, transcending both tradition and modern.
Image Source:pritzkerprize.com Image Source:pritzkerprize.com
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A. 2
COMPUTATIONAL ARCHITECTURE
C
omputational architecture, which cannot be imagined in traditional architectural history, nowadays has been accepted as archictectural practices in part of the design process. If we regard the whole design process as a chemical equation, the computer would be the catalyst to speed up design documentation and presentation. Computational architecture allows designers to employ computing techniques during design process. However, as computer cannot go alone with the design, human creativity, exploration and thought should be work together to produce the outcome. The digital age brings profound effect to designers, expanding the range of form making and constructing. Since computer has applied in architecture for about 50 years
and gradually become a standard tool, the change of the way that use computer in relation to design process has taken place in modern world. The computing technique also is divided by two phases, which are ‘COMPUTATION’ and ‘COMPUTERIZATION’. These two terms should not be mixed up as they are fundamentally different. Computerization is a platform that enables architects import their drawings using program to edit and copy easily and rapidly, while computation is a much fresher technology or practice for architecture field. Computation is ‘the processing of information and interactions between elements which constitute a specific environment; it provides a framework for negotiating and influencing
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the interrelation of datasets of information, with the capacity to generate complex order, form, and structure’, defined by Sean Ahlquist and Achim Menges [7]. The method enlarges the depth of complexity and possibility of creating as well as generating complicated geometries and structures. As Kalay declared in Architecture’s New Media [8] that computation is a logic process of puzzle making rather than solving problem, it shifts the direction and role of architects from making to finding. Digital tool like CAD (Computer Aided Design) is the medium that allow more intelligent, expressive, and responsive design outcomes, with evolvement of experiments to get the results from CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing).
FORSTER +PARTNER
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, AMERICA
Image Source:fosterandpartners.com
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‘When architects have a sufficient understanding of algorithmic concepts, when we no longer need to discuss the digital as something different, then computation can become a true method of design for architecture.’
Image Source:fosterandpartners.com
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The roof structure of Smithsonian Institution designed by Foster+Partner faces a challenge and restriction as it has to conjure contemporary design devoid of any visual disruption with the existing historical building underneath. The curved shaped roof structure was modeled parametrically in digital 3D software and was
made to respond to the historical architecture. Here the computer program is used to generate the special geometry form of the roof. Computation is applied to explore as more as possible design options and modify it throughout the design process. It allows architects to search more responsive outcomes and also enable designers to analyse
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architectural decisions during the design process. The digital process of form-finding is based on the relationship within the space. As a new efficient mode of design, computation in architecture provides a more intelligent and responsive way to help architects tackle with the problem of giant and complicated projects.
As a new efficient mode of design, computation in architecture provides a more intelligent and responsive way to help architects tackle with the problem of giant and complicated projects. The Patricis and Phillip Frost Museum of Science designed by Grimshaw Architects has become the world’s most innovative and
sustainable science building. The living core of the museum that will be a new home of South Florida’s animal, fish and plant species provides a visual framework for visitors. Architects uses digital design tools, such as Rhinoceros and Grasshopper and Autodesk Revit [13] on considering structure and living systems to reach the flexibility requirement of museum
program. Computational methods for design enable dynamic and unpredictable structures and fabrication to update with contextual influences. Computational technology opens up a new world for architecture about the greater possibilities and intelligent and adaptable way to response with environment.
Image Source:designboom.com
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‘Computational design, as part of this workflow, is a fully integrated tool of the firm’s design process rather than a discrete behaviour that drives project development: there is little interest in our tools designing for us.’
GRIMSHAW ARCHITECT
MIAMI MUSEUM OF SCIENCE, USA
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“parametric systems bring fresh and needed new capabilities in adapting to context and contigency and exploring the possibilities inherent in an idea.”
FOSTER AND PARTNERS
NATIONAL BANK OF KUWAIT HEADQUATERS, KUWAIT AIR 18 JOURNAL
A. 3
P
PARAMETRIC MODELLING
arametric modelling system, differing from the traditional design, is kind of a geometry design that determined by the changeble given values and equation. It enables designers to add or even erase nodes within the design process. Based on a set of algorithmic explorations, parametric modelling is kind of a digital tool that allows more computational design approaches and also gets control on the design form. In a way, parametric modelling helps architects solve the challengeble computational or contextural problem efficienctly. Just like Burry (2011) said about this system that it provides “a significantcly deeper engagement between the computer and user by automating routine aspects and repetitive activities, thus facilitating a far greater range of potential outcomes for the
same investment in time” [9], parametric modelling does widen the range of the posilibily of design outcomes and save the time usage for designers struggling for the complex design issues. Parametic modelling is not just about searching the aethestic form-making, but it combines the function and appearance of the design through evaluating, modifying and re-analysing of the project. The parametric tool provides architects a much wider scope of design concepts [10] and then assists them to get best outcome based on the database under evaluation and discussion. Howeve, as parametric modelling has a short history and is a sort of new technique for architects, it sometimes used by architects
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who are urge to be professors in digital world but without the fully understand about the real meaning of it in architectural aspect. Some of the buildings are so free in form, sense of culture and even surrounding landscape but seeking the cool appearances. It was stated in ‘Scripting Culture’ that “the architectural filed’s current use of hte parametric modelling has been superficial and skin-deep, maybe importantly so, lacking of a larger framework of referents, narratives, history, and forces.’ Now in modern architecture, the design, in some ways, should be related to its historical social aspects, expressing its materiality, spatial experience as well as the interconnection with the local environments.
T
he National Bank of Kuwait Headquaters, designed by architectural practice Foster and Parters, is still being built from the concept of Kuwait’s heritage as a nation depending on the sea and the arrival of oil [11]. The whole tower is 300m tall with 62 levels. The form and geometry of the headquaters presents a symbol of the kuwait’s skylines as well as responses to the local climate. The parametric modelling tool here is used to experiment the various optionos such as for the arrangement of steel fins, the angle of archs forming north facade and placement of detail joints, strenghth of the materials. As the design team Foster and Parterns intented to make the building response to the local environment, the shading fins were designed to get natural light and views by the early involvement of the parametric modelling approach.
The parametric modelling with scripted tools enables design team to involve the refined full shape into the initial design intents. And at the same time, lots of different performance parameters would be embedded under precise consideration of the environmental, cultural, stuctural, functional and operational requirements. Moreover, the parametric modelling allows designers to get full constructional description of the shading fins through inputing the data to the software. That means the parametric tools can also be used into controlling the details of the design to leave them adjustable. Another example is the Madrid Civil Court of Justice designed by Zaha Hadid in an environmental adaptive facade that gradually changing the sunlight exposure. The metallic panels were arranged in hexagonal shapes ovelapping
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with each other. The complex geometry was tranlated into the grasshopper with artistic agenda but also embodded a will to form. The parametric modelling of this design combined the distinguished aesthistic geometry [12], integral structure and building qualities togeteher. As the parametric modelling becomes more universal nowadays, more and more architects are trying to handle this technique. Parametric modelling, as a powerful digital designing tool, is to make the design more efficient and changeble. Though, the possibility of changes is limitless. However, there is also disadvantage about parametric design that it is a bit hard for sharing the paramatric model within a team because it requires everyone in the group fully understand the meaning of each parametres. It is also a problem that we may face in our later gateway design works.
ZAHA HADID Image Source:zaha-hadid.com
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MADRID CIVIL COURT OF JUSTICE, MADRID
A. 4
T
CONCLUSION
he development of the computational technology allows architecture to be more capable in searching new ideas of the design. Digital tools such as parameric modelling enables architects getting more possible complocated geometries, more creative design approaches and also much quicker installation in fabrication and construction. The architecture has grown up from the advancement of the tecnologies, and at the same time it has been widen not only from the form-making, but the materiality and performance.
Moreover, computation and parametric modelling relates the extior and interior design together to give a complete experience for clients. It enables the building responsing to the local environment through the spatial and visiual link. Because of this new advanced techniques, the architectural system becomes more dynamic, efficient and even intellegent. Also, it brings total brand new ideas and informantions to the architectural era. The architecture needs revolution
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to achieve another great progress. I think now the revolutionary century has begun and we already foresee an optimistic future of the architectural environments. The digital tools is indeed challenging the traditional fundamental architectural design.
A. 5
B
LEARNING OUTCOME
efore I took the course in University of Melbourne, my knowledge about architecture was superficial and shallow. What I used to think about the architecture was just physical forms and some engineering calculations. However, this concept totally changed just after I took the first class of Virtual Environments and the later studios gradually enriches my thought about the area. Architecure contains a really huge range of the knowledge including culture, policy, religion, value and also the
most important, environment. It is no longer just a concrete building standing just right there but it is more like a symbol that representing our vision as well as shaping our living world.
form-making and geometry. Before the studio studying, I knew little about the exploration of the spatial experience and materiality but now I will search the potential possibility in the Gateway project.
Through the exploration of Part A done in previous three weeks, I gained some more understanding about the role that computational technology plays in architecture design process. The three-dimensional model of Rhino and parametric tools such as Grasshopper changed the way what I think about the
To be a good architect should be up-to-date and catch as much as possible knowledge and latest technique. In this way, we can earn creativity in order to design modern structures.
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A. 6
REFERENCES
1.William Richard, Architecture and Visual Culture – in exploring visual culture: definitions, concepts, contexts, Ed. By Matthew Rampley, (Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press), 2005. 2.Patrick Schumacher, ‘Introduction : Architecture as Autopoetic System’, The Autopoiesis of Architecture (2011). 3.Wyndham City Western Gateway Design Project Document. Available : [online] http://edu.au/bbcswebdav/ pid-3815738-dt-content-rid-10327484_2/courses/ABPL30048_2012_SM1/Project/. 4. Juhani Pallasmaa, ‘Newness, Tradition and Identity – existential content and meaning in architecture’, Architectural Design, 82, (2012),14-21 (15). 5.Edward Denison and Guang Yu Ren, ‘The Reluctant Architect: an interview with Wang Shu of amateur architects studio’, Architectural Design, 82, (2012), 122-129 (123-125). 6. Pham Thanh Hien, ‘Abstraction and Transcendence: nature, shintai, and geometry in the Architecture of Tadao Ando’, University of Cincinnati, 1998 7. Brady Peters, ‘The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, (2013), 9-15 (12). 8. . Kalay. Yehuda E., Architecture’s New Media: Principles, Theories, and Method of Computer-Aided Design (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press,2004). 9. Burry Mark. ‘Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming’, Chichester: Wiley, (2011), 8 - 71. 10. Daniel Bosia, ‘Long Form and Algorithm’, Architectural Design, 81, (2011), 58-65 (64-65). 11. Dusanka Popovska, ‘Integrated Computational Design : National Bank of Kuwait Headquaters’, Architectural Design, 83, (2013), 85-85 12. Patrik Schumacher, ‘Parametirc Patterns’, Architectural Design, 79, (2009), 28-41 (35-36). 13. Seth Edwards, ‘Embedding Intelligence: Architecture and Computation at Grimshaw, NY’, Architectural Design, 83, (2013), 104-109 (108-109).
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IMAGE SOURCES Church on Water, <http://www.archdaily.com/97455/ad-classics-church-on-the-water-tadao-ando/> Ningbo History Museum, <http://www.pritzkerprize.com/media/2012_media/images-download> Smithsonian Institution, <http://www.fosterandpartners.com/practice-data/essays/> Miami Museum of Science, <http://grimshaw-architects.com/project/miami-science-museum/> Madrid Civil Courts of Justice, <http://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/madrid-civil-courts-of-justice/>
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Part B
EOI: DESIGN APPROACH
B. 1
DESIGN APPROACH --- STRUCTURE
A
s discussed in previous chapter of journal, computational parametric method of digital design software provide a wider range of design opportunities for Wyndham City Gateway Project to explore a variety of design focus. Therefore, in this chapter of journal, the focus is based on combination of case studies in order to explore and strengthen design concepts and methods for Gateway project. After forming a group with 2 other members, we began to focus on our design method that could use in Wyndham Gateway project. To relate the project with discussion about Architectural Discourse of Part A, the Wyndham City Gateway
Project should be designed as a striking, breath-taking and culture-responsive structure that also resonant with environments. In other words, the design must be integrity of function, structure, and aesthetics aspect as well as spirit that hide behind the design. Therefore, we decided to put our focus on ‘structure’ as the original design focus of our project. Moreover, review back to Virtual Environment we did, the emphasis on structure enable the development of natural forms to articulate the design representing the city of Wyndham. Taking Beijing National Stadium (Bird’s Nest) by Herzog and de Meuron as a precedent, the random formation of lattice
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constructs the whole structure based on software examination. What behind this natural pattern and structure is the idea of ‘bird’s nest’ that references to Chinese cultural icon, phoenixes, which represents the innovation of athletes for Olympics.
Image Source:beijingbirdsnest.wordpress.com
HEZOG BEIJING NATIONAL STA& de DIUM, CHINA MEURON AIR 29 JOURNAL
ARCHITECTURE MUNICH
THE SWARM
Image Source: grasshopper3d.com
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Another similar project, THE SWARM, done by Fakult채t f체r Architektur imitates a passing flock of birds which streaks the ground and then moves upwards to the sky. The curved form of the pavilion is dynamic. The each element contributes to the whole natural and fluid form. To catch the structural element of design, it is also possible to achieve aesthetics and transfer massage of the design purpose. Thus, the initial experiment we did was to explore the possibilities of changes in forms through digital program based on case studies we chose for engineering system.
T
o meet the architectural discourse for our design in relation to culture and contextual response, we define the Wyndham Gateway Project as a metaphor which reflects internal emotion of residents within community and also try to convey
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this to travelers. For next stage what we did was to experiment the form with computational technique to achieve the concept of our design as well as to respond the spiritual experience of locals. As a result, the themes of interest of our design are: gravity and depth visual contrast and deception emotion reflection Two projects were taken into account for inspiration, which were Canton Tower and B of Bang, making iterations in a sequence that produces a variety of outputs. We design according to what we know and understand about the world. The following pages of Part B will be a combination of exploration, experiment, and also the discussion of the details of our design concept and process.
B. 2
CASE STUDY 1.0 --- REVERSE ENGINEERING
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ATTRACTOR LINE WITH 2D PANEL A set of grids were created by Lunchbox Plug-in that enable to differ the panel type. The differing sized holes within the grid were attracted by the line created. The number and size of holes would response with the line.
ONE-SURFACE FRAME A set of grid points were created on a surface and the frame pattern was applied on it. The effect was changing with the value of u and v. This frame structure could be easily achieved by using Lunchbox plug-in.
TWO-SURFACE-SPACE FRAME Create a set of grid lines through two adjustable lofted surfaces. Change the u and v values to examine the effect. The Lunchbox plug-in makes the results achieved easily.
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By the advantage of the Lunchbox, it is more flexible and adjustable to create the custom space frame grid. And also the bending of the surface was resulted by changing the parameter in Grasshopper.
F
or starting point of form-finding for case study 1, the team and I are provided with a variety of methods and options based on using Rhinoceros and Grasshopper plug-in in order to explore and examine different â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;structure systemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; as our design focus for the gateway project. The Grasshopper and Lunchbox plug-in is the main computational design program we used for primary design and then we related it with two relevant categories to advance the design. The matrix shows capable ability of Grasshopper and Lunchbox plug-in in forming complex structure. Though, they not directly relate to concept of structure, the matrix still helps us find a direction to move forward.
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B. 3
CASE STUDY 2.0 --- CANTON TOWER
N
owadays buildings tend to be designed using computational and parametric methods, Canton Tower designed by IBA (Information Based Architecture) was chosen by us to be a mirror of design technique.
of structural design combining architecture with digital method. The whole structure of tower is in a natural and slender twisted form towards sky. The open lattice structure is constructed by intersecting diagonal columns, holding together by diagonal bracing rings [1].
The tower demonstrates the use
Image Source: gztvtower.info/24-17%20info_photos.htm
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Moreover, behind this swirl building, architects tend to make the building represent the city, Guangzhou. The form is referenced to ‘female’s body’ to transfer liveliness, elegance. Thus it can be seen that grids and lattice can also be used to convey abstract concept and aesthetics.
GRASSHOPPER EXPRESSION 1 Construct the basic loft surface by two twisted curve in Rhino. Use Grasshopper plugin to make lattice system.
surface range
point
iso curve
GRASSHOPPER EXPRESSION 2 Draw curves and loft them for the basic column of tower. Change the direction of base curve after apply lattice to achieve the twisted form.
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loft surface
curve
divide curve
flip
line
pipe pipe
shift points
flip
pipe
gird braced reverse surface
gird braced
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hile exploring the structure of Canton Tower in Rhinoceros and Grasshopper plug-in, we found the flexibility of digital design software program that can provide various ways to achieve one result. Though the outcomes share the same basic shape, the qualities vary. It shows the importance to incorporate human mind with computational techniques. Also the process of exploring structure in digital program is also the process to challenge the way we think. In other words, computation evokes our potential in both solving problem and finding form.
line
pipe
line
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The Canton Tower itself demonstrates flexibility of form. After racking our brains trying to work out the most expressive and efficient method to construct Canton Tower, we finally got satisfied outcome. Refers to fundamental instruction of IBA that they developed the tower, Lunchbox plug-in easily replicates what have done in Rhinoceros and applies required lattice and grid system.
straight thick and solid columns rise up
The matrix on later page is based on change in rotation degree, number of lattice, and divided points on curve. The change in form of tower is limited in this matrix but we still established our interest in the connected curve structure. It inspired us the idea of a tangled form which could express the community within city.
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thinner columns swirl through thicker one
two different columns form the whole structure
Image Source: gztvtower.info/24-17%20info_photos.htm
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ROTATION DEGREE NUMBER OF LATTICE
2
B. 4 DESIGN TECHNIQUE --- MATRIX
1
3
6
DIVIDED POINTS ON CURVE
9
Variation 1-- 0째 3
5
10
2
Variation 2-- 45째 3
5
10
2
Variation 3-- 90째 3 5
10
2
Variation 3-- 180째 3 5
10
B. 5
TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT
F
or this stage, as we have experiment the parametric design method of Canton Tower based on ‘structure’, we found a great deep hidden story should relate to the project on order to make the structure expressive. The Canton Tower gave us an initial inspiration on arrangement of lines to represent relationship within community and even within the city. Therefore, searching for precedents from internet, we shifted our attention on the sculpture, ‘The B of Bang’ designed by Heatherwick studio. Because it was designed for 2002 Commonwealth Games, a time capsule was placed in each of the spikes of the structure that contains children’s poems and paintings. This sculpture shows us
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an explosive and aggressive form as all its spikes stretching towards sky. Review back to our design context, we also made a development in relation to a book, ‘Blueprints for a Barbed Wire Canoe’ [2]. The book reveals people living far away from central city facing the problem of being isolated not only in physical and also
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spiritual. The poor infrastructure, especially transportation, drives residents away from city life. As we wanted our project to convey human emotion and local context, we decided to design our project based on form of ‘The B of Bang’ to achieve this emotional and visual engagement. As the structure was consisted of reverse engineering of Canton Tower and ‘The B of Bang’, the death of process of neutron was seen as a metaphor for our design idea. Neutron gathers its energy into centre and explodes to release inner tensions while going to death. This contributed the sphere form of our design to represent a whole community and inner emotion of individual.
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T
his shows a different density of spikes of digital structure referencing to the sculpture done by Heatherwick studio. However, this form met a limitation with what we wanted the structure as a sphere. To transfer it into our design concept, we made variation on the structure and especially for the lattice system. Like the book I mentioned before, the barbed
wire is a ‘cage’ that limit people touch with outside world. The tangled nest mesh was generated to present the idea of ‘cage’. The left residents are relatively separated from central city. Hence the staggered pattern of wire mesh was chosen by us to imply the stressful tensions of inner and outer city and also an urge to break it.
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Variation of number of strips The different effects with number of strips and radius of them were explored through parameters in Grasshopper plug-in. The final structure we chose containing opened up voids which allowed people from outside see through it. The cut sphere was taken into account as the project will be located beside the highway, the design should enable travellers see clearly under the high speed. Variation of radius of strips
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B. 6
PROTOTYPE
W
e believed that the left residents of city like Wyndham that ignored by government would experience deeply upset, helpless and even angry feelings. So to translate it into visual language, we symbolised each individual into a sharp 3D triangular segment, and array it onto a strip to represent human emotion and life. The drawing on left side page shows a conceptual process of translating the individual to a 3D structural form. The strips within the sphere are all going to centre point, inspired from the self-compression of energy of Neutron. The reverse
engineering precedent provides the method by building curves through a set of controlling points on surface. This makes each single strip â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;growsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; out from the skin of sphere which implies the tight and complex inner relationship between residents and community. Here computational technique shows it advancement on fabrication. It allows designers like us to transfer 3D structure into 2D form in order to send to required machine to get the segments of prototype.
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To make the wire mesh by hand is a tough work as wire is not easy to shape a structure. We tried to fix the wire on basketball to form the sphere structure but it was too small to scale. Then we decided to make it in rectangular shape to prototype part of wired mesh. The three different materials were chose to fabricate â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, which
were MDF, boxboard and clear plastic. The variety of materials conveyed the diverse experiences of residents living in Wyndham city. What failed in this prototype was the connection between the strips and sphere surface as we just stranded the wires
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by hand. However, the random wired sphere and the connection between strips and sphere can be easily achieved by industrial work after we searched the wire mesh technique.
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B. 7
RENDERED DIGITAL MODELES
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C
onsidering the siting of our design, there were several key conditions taken into account. The Wyndham City Gateway Project should be eyecatching and visible for travellers and also stimulate intellectual and emotional reactions. We wanted travellers attracted by the whole structure at the first sight, so the project we designed was defined in a monumental proportion. In
order to achieve that, we thought site A was the best location to satisfy both sides of the freeway. In addition, site A also responses to monumental for its huge and open area.
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B. 8
MID-TERM FEEDBACK AND LEARNING OUTCOMES
A
fter presenting our design approach for mid-term presentation, we got some valuable suggestions about our design. The first problem was the design concept. What questioned critiques and also ourselves was the feelings of residents towards Wyndham. Does every resident feel the same way as we proposed, helpless and even angry? The idea should be critical and at the same time it should resonant with people who will use it and visit it. The understanding of people within Wyndham was too extreme to persuade clients. Secondly, the ‘cage’ was in regular pattern which lacked of interest and flexibility. Even though our
original thinking was to use the wired nest structure to express the tangled relationship between residents and community, the evenly spaced pattern seemed to block the potential of communication as well as development. Lastly, as the design should get rid of extreme subjective feeling of designers, the symbolized structure of ‘person’ was extreme and will shift visitors’ eyes into those extrordinary structures rather than the main nest ‘cage’. Further, we have been challenged to explore different techniques in the design of the nest structure. For later work of Part C, we will
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be exploring new Grasshopper definitions in the creation of a new structure. Through the online tutorials and groupwork, I have been able to expand my knowledge in the era of parametric modelling and gain skills about Rhinoceros and Grasshopper plug-in. Meanwhile, Studio Air provides me an opportunity to criticise my own work which also help me to think the design critically. The subject is really a great challenge for me as well as my group members, but meanwhile it allows us to search a new interesting filed of architecture.
B. 9
REFERENCES
1. ‘Engineering’ Canton Tower, last modified 18 October 2012, < http://gztvtower.info/03b%20Engineering. htm.> 2. Macauley, W., ‘Blueprints for a Barbed Wire Canoe’, 2004, Melbourne: The Text Publishing Company.
IMAGE SOURCES Beijing National Stadium (photo), <http://beijingbirdsnest.wordpress.com/architecture/architechuralinfluence/> Beijing National Stadium (rendered model), <http://www.designbymany.com/content/modeling-bejjingnational-stadium> The Swarm, <http://www.grasshopper3d.com/profiles/blogs/the-swarm>
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Part C
PROJECT PROPOSAL
C. 1
CONCEPT MAP FOR INITIAL DESIGN CONTEXT IDEA Blueprints for a Barbed Wire Canoe
William Heatherwick Studio The B of Bang
STRUCTURE PRESENTING GRAVITY
PROCESS The Death Process of Neutron Star
REFERENCING FORM
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CONCEPT
STRUCTURE
FORM
G
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C. 2
RETHINKING DESIGN APPROACH
Figure 1: The city of Wyndham and Melbourne and Geelong, current area boundaries.
Figure 2: The Princess Highway t Wyndham and Geelong
O
ne of the feedbacks that we gained from midsemester presentation was the understanding towards the city like Wyndham. The three figures illustrate the relationship between Wyndham and adjacent central big cities. Wyndham city is currently a developing city
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that connecting Melbourne,
with a rate of 7.1% and 187,788 populations. It shows the potential of Wyndham as a fast developing and growing city. From the figure, we can also see the growing tendency of Wyndham city that towards Melbourne Central and Geelong.
Figure 3: The expected urban expansion --- convergence of metropolis
As for our initial site analysis, it was too extreme to say people there suffering an isolated and helpless situation. Rather than that, the design should response to the development of Wyndham in order to raise the pride of residents for their own community.
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— a number of points stand for houses or villages or any point of interest in a city — evenly spaced around the circumference of a wire ring — the resulting pattern is predictable, symmetrical — if one imagines the threads as roads or pathways in a city, incredibly inefficient
— an 8% over-length is added to each thread — the ‘web’ looks messy, chaotic and just as inefficient as the tightened version
— the fine threads merge and cluster into major and minor paths — large voids open up in the network — the result is a combination of idealization and contingency
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LINKAGE ISOLATION GROWTH
T
he problem of our initial design was CONCEPT. We focused too much on individual emotion. The most crutial thing was the feelings of residents we understood were too extreme. It was good for design to be critical, however, at the same time we should also make a resonance between people and design. HOW TO IMPROVE--- We decided to refine the concept in a larger scale for the whole community and Wyndham city. Besides, we needed to get rid of the arrows as they conveyed an extreme
idea. They shifted travellers eyes from the whole structure that we mainly focused for design to the rectangular structures. The form of sphere is symmetrical and the strips are regular, which seems too limited and boring. And also it broke the possibility of growing and communicating. HOW TO IMPROVE--- We reexplored the arrangement of strips, making them in a more efficient system based on Frei Ottoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wool experiment to express the idea of intersection and contigency.
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The wool experiment by Frei Otto showed a clear process of refinement about the regular grid pattern, that blocked the capacity of the community. The evenly space made the outcome predictable and symmetrical. The tangled part of our initial design seemed blocked the potential of people communicate as well as the growth of city. Following the direction of merge and cluster, we made a reference to vine for gateway project. The dynamic form of vine branches that sway through gives us the idea of organic form.
C. 3
DESIGN REFINEMENTES
L
ooked back to Virtual Environment that we all learnt in first semester of our University education, we found natural performance is an important inspiration of form finding for design concept. It was also discussed in Part A of the journal that nowadays biomimicry has also become a main design focus for searching structural form and performance. Therefore, in relation to our initial wired mesh design, we developed our design based on the growth of vine. The growing process reflects the features of Wyndham naturally, as residents in Wyndham freely
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connect and the community expands gradually. We believe that the design for Wyndham City Gateway Project should be a responsive monument, meanwhile, as a tribute for its great potential rather than a knell of its decay.
THE VINE
referencing a natural process
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LINKAGE OF BRANCH SHOWING CONNECT WITHIN COMMUNITY
LARGE VOID PRESEN FALLEN ISOLATION
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H TION Y
NTING THE
Through analysising and simplifying the growing process and form of vine, we found it indeed relate to our design concept. The structure is random but containing major and minor paths which meets the idea of Frei Ottoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wool experiment. Not only that, the large void between tangled branches opens up the possibility for breaking down the isolation. While the combination of branches contributes a sense of strong connection.
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POTENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD
EFFICIENT SYSTEM AND ORGANIC FORM
HOPE
INTERSECTION
LINKAGE
FUTURE
MOVEMENT RESIDENTS
RELATIONSHIP
ENVIRONMENTAL
VORONOI METHOD
CONNECTION COMMUNITY DESIRE
MERGE STRUCTURE AND VOID PATTERN
GROWTH
IMPROVEMENT
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--- Nearest neighbor search --- Facility location --- Largest empty circle --- Path planning
To transfer the abstract design concept into concrete design form, the VORONOI system was worked out to visualize the design. The voronoi system is organic, formed naturally and contains a quality of growing.
In mathematics, a Voronoi diagram is a special kind of decomposition of a metric space determined by distances to a specified discrete set of objects in the space, e.g., by a discrete set of points. San Francisco-based architect Thom Faulders and developed in collaboration with digital technologist Sean Ahlquist of proces2, Airspace Tokyo appears to be covered with layer upon layer of artificial vegetation. Inspired by the abundant greenery that previously occupied the site, the screen faรงade comprises four different overlapping organic patterns.
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C. 4
FORM EXPLORATION
Digitalization of the growing proce [Main parameter: controlling point
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From a series of outcomes that we manipulated based on voronoi system, we selected a geometry that best fit in our expectation. The chosen geometry is a reflection of the early stage of growing vine as the potential to expand in the future.
ess of vine ts numbers]
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Box defined in 3d region to populate with points
Decompose the brep into component parts
Create mesh and cull the box to get central skeleton
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Voronoi
Extract points in grou voronoi skeleton
Weaverbird lighter and s
Digitalization of the growing process of vine [Main parameter: density]
Digitalization of the growing process of vine [Main parameter: strength of branches]
Scale the box of voronoi into seperate inner and outer level
ups forming the joint of
used to make the skeleton smoother
Produce the whole geometry
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C. 5.1
RENDERED MODEL AND SITE RESPONSE
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The final outcome of digital model shows the possibility of growth and development by contrast with the previous design. The entire structure expands outwards from the central point. The large voids and connections demonstrate the relationship within community and peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s feelings. The void can be seen as the fallen part of negative feelings such as isolation while connection shows the positive aspect such as linkage. Overall, the final digital model suggests expansion which makes people see a continued developing and expanding future for Wyndham city.
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The existing site is relatively flat and open. As the context for gateway is along the Princess Highway, travellers are driving in a high speed. The three applicable sites have provided by Wyndham city council to place the project, A, B and C. It is clear to see that
the site A and B are most desirable location because of larger area. Site C is too small for considering visual shock to travellers.
is 26 meters high and 23 meters wide. The location as discussed before in Part B is the best siting to draw travelers attention on the freeway.
Given the sculpture of our design a momumental proportion in order to be visual striking, the size of it
MODEL ON SITE A
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VIEWING
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C. 5.2
IVY GROWING PERFORMANCE
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F
urthermore, rather than designing a boring landmark besides the freeway, we considered the way on how to make the sculpture more vivid and lively. Wyndham city still has the problem on public transportation which forces residents here drive to work every day. It raises an environmental issue on the increase of carbon dioxide emissions. Also as the whole for this project is besides the freeway
and is huge and open without beautiful vegetation, we decided to merge lively elements into design. Therefore, the vine was planted into the structure and performance as a part of the design concept. It naturally climbs up to the structure, becoming intertwined with another branch and roots where is possible during its climbing. For the siting issue,
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Hedera Algeriensis was decided by us to plant as its durability of temperature and water. The diagrams here illustrate the growing performance responding to time spending and how they will grow along the structure. After several years, the whole sculpture will be covered by vine to achieve the incorporation between architectural design and natural environment.
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C. 6.1
PROTOTYPE
F
or prototyping the whole structure, we used clay to test the form. This prototype gave us the initial idea about the process to construct the digital model. As voronoi element was in a fluid random form, we considered each joint as an entirety. Therefore, several small joints was made out and then we connected them using wire inserted inbetween each of the segment. Also for this initial physical clay model, we put it on site model to test the stability of the whole structure as well as the siting on Site A. Site A contains a slight slope with elevaiton from 14 to 18 meters, we put the design in a middle place to make the structure also transfer a sense of climbing.
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The detail prototype of joint was used to test the connection method between each element of the joint. The clay was used to shape the structure of joint. The pipe, as they also need to support the soil that allows vine grows up, a transparent plastic paper was inserted inside of the wire mesh. The softness of chicken wire allowed us to easily roll it up to shape the pipe. However, we faced a challenge while covering the wire mesh onto the clay joint structure. As the joint was curved shape in three different directions, it was difficult to arrange the wire mesh in a good way without overlapping.
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C. 6.2
JOINT CONNECTION AND MATERIAL
Bolt Joint This connection method can be easily seen in many constructions due to its reliability of force and strength.
HDPE (High Density Polythylene) HDPE is a flexible material that usually used in tensile structure. It has incredible elasticity and strength to make any shape. In order to protect the soil within the pipe, we choose HDPE as it also has the quality of waterproofing that allows vine grows.
Reinforced Wire Mesh The idea of wire mesh was followed with the previous design that derived from our design focus â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;grid and latticeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. The wire mesh allows space for vine growing out of the pipe.
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C. 7.1
REFINED PROTOTYPE
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B
ased on the previous experience doing the prototype, we decided to use foam to make the shape of the joint because the clay was too heavy to be supported by wiremeshed pipes. The photos show the process as we cut the foam and then sanded it into required structure. The thin plaster mesh is a good material to pouring the AIR 89 JOURNAL
joint as it can be shaped in any structure we like. Lastly, the wire was placed onto the plaster-foam joint one by one. The construction of wire mesh was still a problem for us to hand made. This time, we used Rhinoceros to firstly draw out the outline of the connection. We divided it into several rings and glued them together to make the whole thing. Then we sprayed them in silver to demonstrate the mental material and the effect was really good.
The bolt was used to connect the pipe and joint. The finished detail model was beyond our expectation as all elements worked to perform the function. However, in real factory work, the wire mesh will be produced throughout the accurate measurement of arrangement and welded together in a whole structure.
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C. 7.2
JOINT DETAIL MODEL 1:20
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C. 7.3
3D PRINTING MODEL WITH SITE RESPONSE
F
or the limitation of constructing wire mesh by hand, we used 3D printing technique to fabricate the final model in order to test the performance with site. The design is large enough to attract travelers and the structure was stable while standing on the slight slope. To ensure the 3D printing will go well, the voronoi form should be refined as a continuous mesh and also the smallest part of the digital model should not less than 2 millimeters due to the intensity of the structure. The computational method of design enables a efficient way to apply the digital design into fabricating process.
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C. 7.4
FOOTING CONSTRUCTION DETAIL
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A
s the size of our design was huge and giant, the footing system was considered to make sure the stability of the structure. By referenced to foundation of Dubai Tower, the building sits on a thick triangular frame foundation, supported by 192 rounded steel piles. Each of pile extends to 50m deep under the ground. Therefore, as the footing system for our project, we firstly bolted the footing legs with ground, pouring concrete slab to fix it. The pile with reinforcement stuck into the concrete slab and extends into deep ground.
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C. 8
T
FINAL PRESENTATION FEEDBACK
he final presentation was good and it was indeed beyond our expectation. The feedbacks we got were positive than that of mid-term presentation. The concept and idea of our design was clear to tutors this time which comforted us a lot. The main problem that confused guest critique was the way we construct the joint. The point he questioned about was the old hand making process of the foam. In fact, we could use a more efficient and intelligent way to make the structure. Here we experienced the important role and position of computational method play for architects. However, as a subject that introduced the advanced
technology of architecture, we showed a limit skill of making the detail model. Meanwhile, the scale and measurement of the joint could not match our digital model due to hand making. Another question was about the scale of our design. The rendered model with site with wrong scale made understanding confused. The model of people or car should be placed with 3D printing model to demonstrate the scale. But the issue of scale also confused me after the presentation, just as Dave questioned why it should be so large, we just thought about the monumental proportion about the design but neglected the close view for visitors. Will
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that be alright if the element of a structure, for example a joint part or dimension of pipe, is much larger than people? Will visitors get the sense of aesthetics through such a huge structure? The criticism helped me to rethink the design performance.
C. 9
T
LEARNING OBJECTS AND OUTCOMES
he ability required by this course:
1.establish a design brief 2.generate a variety of design possibilities through parametric modeling method 3.develop skills based on 3D program 4.a deep understanding about the relationship between air and architecture 5.critical analysis of conceptual, technical design outcomes 6.good communication with group menbers Before start all design process, we should pick out keywords
and requirement through the Wyndham City Gateway Project brief that needed to emphasis during design process. Throughout the semester, we explored parametric design engaging with architectural discourse and also be able to design own thought through parametric tools. Parametricism as an epochal phenomenon in the history of architecture has defined many rules for the current designers and for the future practitioners to follow. Neri Oxman’s quote “Forget about how it looks, think about how it behaves”, is what every designer should look into deep consideration and some effort needs to be put on the behavioral aspect of design, specifically the shape. In relation with outcome of digital model, 3D medium was introduced, for example the 3D printing
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technique, to best express design. Nowadays, designers and architects pay their attention more on environmental issue. For this course, we also believed that to create a strong link between our piece of architectural design and surrounding environmental context. This journal was a great medium that showing the critical process of both conceptual and technical analysis. By searching out the precedents to support our design, I believed I gained the critical analyzing skill for considering the design approach. Meanwhile, I was able to gain a larger range of computational techniques due to the exploration of Grasshopper and other plug-ins of Rhinoceros during the design of our voronoi structure.
C. 10
REFERENCES
IMAGE SOURCES 1. Frei Otto wool experiment, http://code.algorithmicdesign.net/Self-Organizing-Curves 2. Voronoi design process,< http://www.arch2o.com/shapes-of-parametric-architecture/> 3. Proces2, Airspace Tokyo,< http://www.archinfo.it/studio-m-thom-faulders-architecture-with-proces2airspace-tokyo/0,1254,53_ART_198146,00.html>
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SPECIAL THANKS TO MY GROUP MEMEBER KAILING WANG RUOXI HONG
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STUDIO AIR END
LOFT APPENDIX ALGORITHMIC EXPLORATION
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GRIDSHELL GEODESIC AND EXTRUDE
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CULL PARTITION EXTRUDE AIR 116 JOURNAL
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TETRAHEDRA TRIM EXPLODE SOLID
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COMPUTATIONAL METHOD GRAPH MAPPER AND NURBS
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VORONOI
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GRID DISTORTION
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Effect without extruding curves which means the region of points does not defined. So if the Vonoroi command is added, the pattern will go out of the rectangle.
The list item is used to define the edge curves of segments. So if one list item is deleted, the edge surface will be different.
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GRASSHOPPER DEFINITION EXPLANATION
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WEAVERBIRD
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