STUDIO AIR 2017, SEMESTER 2, TUTOR: DAVID WEGMAN TOW JOON HAN
Table of Contents INTRODUCTION
A PART A
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1. DESIGN FUTURING 8 2. DESIGN COMPUTATION
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3. COMPOSITION/ GENERATION
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4. CONCLUSION
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5. LEARNING OUTCOME
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ALGORITHMIC SKETCHBOOK BILBLOGRAPHY
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CONCEPTUALISATION
INTRODUCTION Hey there! I am Joon Han. I am currently a third year architecture student in University of Melbourne. I have always enjoyed being an observer since young, observing the ripples made by every drop, how they interact with one another. As I slowly explore and figure out the intricacies of this world, one way or rather it has led me to Architecture, a physical manifestation of human interactions.
My fascination with Architecture began with understanding humans’ innate need for shelter, which then transcend through conception of forms & function, spatial programming to ripples affecting social/cultural aspect of the site. Nonetheless, there are so much more to discover and question. CONCEPTUALISATION 5
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CONCEPTUALISATION
PART A: CONCEPTUALISATION With the advancement of technology, the disruptive impact of technology can be observed across different industries, from primary to tertiary sectors; Architecture included. Part A aims to deconstruct the Avant-Garde approach of the digital age and rationalise the benefits of computational design.
CONCEPTUALISATION 7
A.1 DESIGN FUTURING The dramatic portrayal of the dawning of machine age by Archigram in the 1960s should not be seen as a dissuasive argument against new technology but it is to be understood as a stern reminder of blind pursuits of technological advancement without the realising the complex context of our civilization. This subset of Part A explores the adoption of parametric design and hopes to convince the audience of the importance and relevance that computation design have in the future. Two case studies are presented to validate the positive benefits that computational design can bring to designing the future. Two factors that is significant to the development of the future is identified to be sustainability (or rather sustainable development1.) and cultural development. In his book, Tony Fry shares the need to defuture, to radically and structurally change our course as designers to development of the Sustainment.2 Greg Lynn, a front proponent of computational design, sums up his view of architecture as a cultural practice .3 Hence, the case studies explore the benefits computational design can contribute to designing the future, in terms of sustainability & cultural significance.
1. TONY FRY, DESIGN FUTURING: SUSTAINABILITY, ETHICS AND NEW PRACTICE (OXFORD, BERG, 2009) 2. IBID. 3. WIA, GREG LYNN: WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE? (YOUTUBE, 2017) < HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=TN6KTY1QHWS&T=240S> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] 8
CONCEPTUALISATION
CONCEPTUALISATION 9
SUSTANABILITY
CASE STUDY 1 Project: Siemens HQ Architects: Sheeppard Robson Location: Masdar City, Adu Dhabi UAE Project Year: 2013 The building sets a new precedent in the Middle East in terms of sustainability; being one of the first in the area to achieve LEED Platinum. It was conceived by combining traditional design with parametric analysis that is able to deliver a sustainable design for the same cost as a typical headquarter in UAE. It is able to do so by using parametric modelling to optimise several components of the buildings: FAร ADE The solar analysis of the site dictates the variation of the fins. Each light-weight aluminium fin is specific to each individual part of the building faรงade. This not only creates a faรงade that is most responsive to the solar element, but also results in a unique architecture language that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing. LAYOUT Making use of parametric modelling, the building was able to optimise its office space for natural lighting and flexibility by over 90%.1 The flexible layout allows for subdividing each floor to various space sizes and accommodation for up to 32 tenants.2 MATERIAL Due to its unique layout and an innovative structural system, it resulted in a 60% reduction of construction material, which greatly reduce the initial carbon footprint of the building.3
1. ARCHDAILY, SIEMENS HQ IN MASDAR CITY / SHEPPARD ROBSON (ARCHDAILY, 2014) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/539213/SIEMENS-HQIN-MASDAR-CITY-SHEPPARD-ROBSON> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] 2. IBID. 3. IBID. 4. IBID. 5. TONY FRY, DESIGN FUTURING: SUSTAINABLE, ETHICS AND NEW PRACTICE (OXFORD: BERG, 2008), PG 2
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CONCEPTUALISATION
FIG.1: PARAMETRICALLY DESIGNED FACADE
“THE RECEPTION OF THE BUILDING, BOTH LOCALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY, HAS BEEN FANTASTIC WITH MANY RECOGNISING THE POTENTIAL FOR APPLYING THE FINDINGS FROM THE PROJECT TO OTHER SCHEMES IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND BEYOND ... PROCESS-DRIVEN APPROACH HAS RESULTED IN AN INCREDIBLY ENVIRONMENTALLY EFFICIENT STRUCTURE THAT IS ALSO COMMERCIALLY RIGOROUS.”- DAVID ARDILL4
FIG.2: DESIGN INTELLIGENCE1 INFORMED BY PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS
FIG.3: FLEXIBLE FLOOR PLAN
In this instance, the outcome of traditional design that is augmented by parametric design results one of the most sustainable building in its region. The findings from the building suggest possibilities for a new way of approaching sustainability in the Middle East and beyond. It also highlights that parametricism goes beyond skin-deep (Façade design) and can provide quantifiable benefits (Layout, Material requirement etc) to Architecture. Even die-hards of traditional design could make use of parametric tools as it offers calculable benefits. If all future buildings could leverage on the objectively beneficial tools, we will be on track to defuturing our future.5 CONCEPTUALISATION 11
CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE
CASE STUDY 2 Project: Negative Precision. On-site Fabrication of a Parametric Brick Facade Architects: Sstudiomm Location: Damavand, Iran Project Year: 2016 In this project, Iranian firm Sstudiomm uses parametric architecture to give traditional Iranian brickwork a new twist. Their work differs from the famed Industrial method of assembling brickwork by Gramazio Kohler1 as Sstudiomm took a cultural related approach towards brickworking.
Iran has a long history of brick construction, while most vernacular buildings uses plain brick walls, landmark Iranian buildings either features geometrical pattern brickwork or hides the brick walls.2 Sstudiomm thus turn towards parametricism to make the ornamental character of Iranian brickwork more readily available to a large part of the population.
The studio uses grasshopper to create stencils to guide brick layers in laying of bricks. They first code various patterns by rotating the bricks between 9 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 27 degrees depending on the brickâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s position in the pattern.After which they then laser cut the stencils, layer by layer. The workers will follow the stencil to lay out the brickwork. 3 In addition, the characteristic of brickwork allows for minor deviation from brick laying. All the steps do not require much technology or cost as it relies on local resources and crafts, which does not disrupt the local economy or culture. Sstudiomm encourages other architects to adopt this low-fi version fabrication by making their construction method open-sourced, giving other designers a tool for DIY constructions of brick wall. The new approach also promotes parametricism to a larger audience, and shows that parametricism can be economically and culturally sensible.
FIG.2: ADOPTION OF PARAMETRIC APPROACH IN TRADITIONAL MATERIAL 12
CONCEPTUALISATION
FIG.1: “HUMAN” TOUCH OF PARAMETRIC DESIGN FIG.3(LEFT): DECONSTRUCTING PARAMETRIC DESIGN FOR LASER CUTTING
FIG.5: STENCIL BRICK LAYING
FIG.4(RIGHT): TRANSLATING DESIGN INTO BRICKWORK 1. PATRICK KUNKEL, GRAMAZIO KOHLER’S ROBOTIC ARM CREATES AN ELEGANT TWISTING BRICK FACADE (ARCHDAILY, 2015) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY. COM/770578/GRAMAZIO-KOHLERS-ROBOTIC-ARM-CREATES-AN-ELEGANT-TWISTING-BRICK-FACADE> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] 2. MARIA CHATEL, “DIY FOR ARCHITECTS”: THIS PARAMETRIC BRICK FACADE WAS BUILT USING TRADITIONAL CRAFT TECHNIQUES (ARCHDAILY, 2016) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY. COM/791588/DIY-FOR-ARCHITECTS-THIS-PARAMETRIC-BRICK-FACADE-WAS-BUILT-USING-TRADITIONAL-CRAFT-TECHNIQUES> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] 3. IBID. CONCEPTUALISATION 13
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CONCEPTUALISATION
A.2 DESIGN COMPUTATION The introduction of Computer-Aided Design softwares changed the way we practice architecture. Duplicating and altering design no longer require half/ full day of drafting. CAD has allowed architects to search for better designs in a much smaller time frame, it frees us from the mundane manual drafting that doesn’t forward one’s agenda. In the advent of Parametric tools, one is drawn to the similarity of the rise of the CAD programs. However, Parametric tools are radically different from CAD. There are no precedent for the introduction of Parametric tools. Although CAD also belongs in the digital sphere, CAD is merely a digital imitation of the laborious drafting work that once dominated the industry. Parametric tool is different. It has the ability to generate new information based on given inputs and directions. In the words of Achim Menges, the transition from CAD to computational design shifts from modelling objects to modelling process, from designing shapes to designing behaviour, from defining static digital constructs to defining computing systems capable of reciprocal data exchange and feedback information.1 In one of his papers, he identifies the different form of computational design, mainly dynamic (morphogenetic in biomimetic terms) and evolutionary. The following case studies explore the divergent approach to computational design.
1. ACHIM MENGES, BIOMIMETIC DESIGN PROCESSES IN ARCHITECTURE: MORPHOGENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN: BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS , (VOLUME 7 , 2012 ) < HTTP://IOPSCIENCE.IOP.ORG/ARTICLE/10.1088/1748-3182/7/1/015003/META#BB398809S2> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017]
CONCEPTUALISATION 15
FIG.1: SPAN OF PAVILION 16
CONCEPTUALISATION
DYNAMIC COMPUTATION
CASE STUDY 3 Project: IDC-ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2016-2017 Architects: IDC-ITKE UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART Location: STTUTTGART, GERMANY Project Year: 2017 The pavilion is an interdisciplinary collaboration between architects, engineers and biologists. It explores the characteristic of fibre structure and seeks to develop a fibre winding technique over a longer span, which reduces the required formwork to a minimum whilst taking advantage of the structural performance of continuous filament.1
FIG.2: MMCP FABRICATION (NOTE THE LACK OF OPERATORS)
This pavilion showcases the potential of computational design and construction through incorporation of structural capacities, material behaviour, fabrication logics, biological principles and architectural design constraints into integrative computational design and construction. The prototypical pavilion is a proof-of-concept for a scalable fabrication process of long-span, fibre composite structural elements, suitable for architectural applications.2
The manifestation of the design was accomplished using Multi-Machine Cyber-Physical Fabrication. It make use of stationary and mobile machines (UAV) that work in sync to fabricate the structure. The UAV could work independently without inputs from human pilots, the tension of the fibre is adaptively controlled in realtime to changing conditions. This kind of fabrication is made possible due to computation of such workflow.3
FIG.3: USING PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS TO STUDY ITâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S STRUCTURAL STRESS.
The multi disciplinary approach coupled with advanced use of parametric tools showcases the dynamism of computational design.
FIG.4: COLLABORATION OF MULTI-DISCIPLINARY TEAM
1. ARCHIDAILY, ICD-ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2016-17 / ICD-ITKE UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART (ARCHDAILY, 2017) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY. COM/869450/ICD-ITKE-RESEARCH-PAVILION-2016-17-ICD-ITKE-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] 2. IBID. 3. IBID.
CONCEPTUALISATION 17
EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATION
CASE STUDY 4 Project: Elbophilharmonie Hamburg Architects: Herzog & de Meuron Location: Hamburg, Germany Project Year: 2016 The main focus for this case study is Elbphilharmonie Hamburg’s concert hall. It topography resembles a football field as the arrangement is influenced by the logic and acoustic perception of the audience. Such design language allows the audience to revel in the performance. The acoustic quality of the concert hall is reinvented with parametric design further closen the proximity of it’s users and performancers.1 Herzog and de Meuron worked with famed acoustician Yasuhisa Toyota, who created the sound map of the interior. He then used parametric design to populate 1 million “cells” on 10,000 uniquely acoustic panels. Using the information from the sound map, the depth of the cells varies by location. For example, the back wall of the auditorium would have deeper and bigger groves to absorb the echoes whiles places like ceiling surfaces behind the reflector would require shallower cells.2 Although balanced reverberation in auditorium has been studied tackled by architects of the past before, Elbphilharmonie’s parametric design recreates the acoustic quality in a contemporary way.
FIG.2: GENERATIVE PARAMETER FOR THE 1 MILLION CELLS TO BE POPULATED ACROSS 10,000 ACOUSTIC PANELS.
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CONCEPTUALISATION
FIG.1: UNIQUELY SHAPED PANELS
1. ARCHDAILY, ELBPHILHARMONIE HAMBURG / HERZOG & DE MEURON (ARCHDAILY, 2016) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY. COM/802093/ELBPHILHARMONIE-HAMBURG-HERZOG-AND-DE-MEURON> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] 2. ELIZABETH STINSTON, â&#x20AC;&#x153;DESIGN: WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ALGORITHMS DESIGN A CONCERT HALL? THE STUNNING ELBPHILHARMONIE (WIRED, 2017) < HTTPS://WWW. WIRED.COM/2017/01/HAPPENS-ALGORITHMS-DESIGN-CONCERT-HALL-STUNNING-ELBPHILHARMONIE/?MBID=SOCIAL_FB> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] CONCEPTUALISATION 19
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CONCEPTUALISATION
A.3 COMPOSITION/ GENERATION In DIGITAL MORPHOGENESIS, Branko Kolarevic mentioned that Architects are designing not the specific shape of the building but a set of principles encoded as a sequence of parametric equations by which specific instances of the design can be generated and varied in time as needed.1 The lack of clear approach towards parametric design creates a disconnect among some architects, where some uses parametric design to generate superficial forms/façade and using parametric data to justify their design. Such actions not only delude non-architectural peers, it propagates the wrong meaning behind Parametricism. In Animate Form, Greg Lynn said, “it is important for any parameter-based design that there be both the unfolding of an internal system and the infolding of contextual information fields.” 2 Hence the following case studies explores the positive values that Parametricism can stands for and those that uses parametric tools for superficial design. 1. BRANKO KOLAREVIC, ARCHITECTURE IN THE DIGITAL AGE: DIGITAL MORPHOGENESIS (NEW YORK, SPON PRESS, 2003) PG 25 2. GREG LYNN. ANIMATE FORM. (PRINCETON: PRINCETON ARCHITECTURAL PRESS, 1998)
CONCEPTUALISATION 21
FIG.1: POSSIBLE DESIGN OF THE HOUSES BASED ON
ADAPTABILITY GENERATION
CASE STUDY 5 Project: Growing Systems Designers: Tutor: Shajay Bhooshan Students: Marta Bermejo, Ruxandra Matei, Vladislav Bek-Bulatov, Li Chen Location: The AA School of Architecture, London, UK Project Year: 2016 The project is a thesis project by AA School of Architecture Masters students. It explores adaptable building systems within the housing context, which focus on the methods of robotic fabrication and generative printing.1 The material of choice is a biodegradable plastic that has adhesive properties when heated, thus, it can be heated and melted to connect or remove components of the housing. Also, the malleable material is sustainable, efficient, flexible, strong yet light-weight.
The project centred on the use of prefabricated structural elements with on-site fabrication to adjust to site-specific needs and challenges. The flexibility of the project allows the housings to be responsiveness to the parameters of the surrounding and the elements. An intelligent robotic arms that is able to handle data processing in real-time will first be installed on the site. After which the robot(s) will form the structure using both prefabricated structures and on-site fabrication to print the structure of the housing. Real time feedback will be processed by the robots and it will be analysis and inform the generative algorithm to adapt to the feedbacks. This project blurs the boundary between product design, Architecture & material science. The advanced use of parametric design with real time data processing suggests a probable future of adaptive housing.
1. ARCHIDAILY, ICD-ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2016-17 / ICD-ITKE UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART (ARCHDAILY, 2017) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY. COM/869450/ICD-ITKE-RESEARCH-PAVILION-2016-17-ICD-ITKE-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017]
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CONCEPTUALISATION
FIG.2: RATIONALE BEHIND THE PARAMETRIC ALGORITHM
However, the project is not without its flaws. Like many generative designs, the quality of the spaces within is undeveloped, the user context is forgotten. The algorithm still has to include another considerations (eg privacy, heat gains, spatial programming etc.) before it is able to assist in construction of structures. Ultimately, it introduces that possibility of an Artificial Intelligence assisted architecture practice. This could be our contemporary floor plan that allows Vitruvius freedom from the daily supervision of the site, to allow for higher pursuits.
FIG.3: COMBINING PREFRABRICATED AND ON-SITE FABRICATION CONCEPTUALISATION 23
The main focus of this case study is design process of the façade. “The irregular façade was determined by computing a design to avoid arbitrary forms and to approximate forms in nature.”1 After the form finding process, the façade is then recomputed for construction. The architect was able to find a single type of panel that is able to materialise the irregular façade, which resulted in an excellent material yield. The issue with such parametric design propagates the common misconception that parametric design is only skin-deep (Façade design). It insults Parametricism and disconnects the average consumers from the rich architectural discourse regarding computational design. It disregards the substance of Parametricism in search of vanity/mindless imitations.
COMPOSITION GENERATION CASE STUDY 6 Project: Dear Ginza Architect: Amano design office Location: Chuo, Tokyo, Japan Project Year: 2013
FIG.1: GENERATIVE FACADE 24
CONCEPTUALISATION
FORM GENERATION
CASE STUDY 7 Project: The TWIST The students explore with the properties of milled plywood to create a pavilion to showcase the possibility of using a lightweight surface that permeates light. They first document the structural characteristic of individual plywood. They decided on creating a subsystem of “combs” and “perps”, documenting the physical qualities of the subsystem.2 They then created a surface that is within the physical constraints of the subsystem. It was then constructed, each plywood rotates and twist according to the position of the surface they are situated. This shows the degree of helical axis tolerance the plywood can sustain. It also creates an interesting shading device.
FORM GENERATION
CASE STUDY 8 Project: ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2010 Lead Designers: Achim Menges, Jan Knippers Location: Campus ground Project Year: 2010 The pavilion is the result of the research of material property and structural characteristic of 6.5mm thick birch plywood sheets. This pavilion explores an alternative approach to computational design, one where the form is driven solely based on the physical behaviour and material characteristic of the birch plywoods. The model is also structurally analysed using a FEM simulation.3 When the generative computational design coincides with the FEM simulation data, it demonstrates the feasibility of the generated design. This project shows the sensibility and understanding of the materials and uses computational design to generate a self-supporting structure that showcases the physical property of the material. 1. ARCHDAILY, DEAR GINZA / AMANO DESIGN OFFICE, (ARCHDAILY, 2015) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY. COM/427501/DEAR-GINZA-AMANO-DESIGN-OFFICE> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] 2. ERIC OH, EMTECH TWISTS PLYWOOD AT THE TIMBER EXPO IN BIRMINGHAM, (ARCHDAILY, 2015) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY. COM/775842/EMTECHS-TWIST-DISPLAYED-AT-THE-TIMBER-EXPO-IN-BIRMINGHAM> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] 3. ACHIM MENGES, ICD/ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2010 (ICD, UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART, 2010) < HTTP://ICD.UNI-STUTTGART.DE/?P=4458> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] CONCEPTUALISATION 25
A.4 CONCLUSION To requote Greg Lynn, â&#x20AC;&#x153;it is important for any parameter-based design that there be both the unfolding of an internal system and the infolding of contextual information fields.â&#x20AC;?1 Designing has to change radically, to be designing process, behaviour etc.2 from ground up. Only then can the full benefit of parametric design can be reaped, allowing architecture discourse to develop a higher purpose.
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CONCEPTUALISATION
A.5 LEARNING OUTCOME The benefit of parametric approach was clear from the start. The data -mining and the abundant information that parametric tools could provide is objectively useful and it can definitely augment current design process. The power of computation is able to translate highly complex compositional forms into reality. However, that is not the main benefit of architectural computing. Architecture practice can best benefit from process based, data-informed algorithm when architects can find relevance between the digital world with reality, Thus, architects are the “glue3 between architecture discourse and society as a whole; translating the idea of a better world through architecture to the society.
1. GREG LYNN. ANIMATE FORM. (PRINCETON: PRINCETON ARCHITECTURAL PRESS, 1998) 2. ACHIM MENGES, BIOMIMETIC DESIGN PROCESSES IN ARCHITECTURE: MORPHOGENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN: BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS , (VOLUME 7 , 2012 ) < HTTP://IOPSCIENCE.IOP.ORG/ARTICLE/10.1088/1748-3182/7/1/015003/META#BB398809S2> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] 3. KALAY YEHUDA. E , ARCHITECTURE’S NEW MEDIA: PRINCIPLES, THEORIES, AND METHODS OF COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAMBRIDGE,MA: MIT PRESS, 2004) /WATCH?V=TN6KTY1QHWS&T=240S> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] CONCEPTUALISATION 27
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CONCEPTUALISATION
ALGORITHMIC SKETCHBOOK CONCEPTUALISATION 29
WEEK 1 SHATTERED VASE
EXPLORATION OF LOFT COMPONENT
A SIMPLE VASE
FRUSTRATION - SHATTERED (ISOTRIM>MOVE)
AFTER FRUSTATION COMES REFLECTION (RANDOM SCALE OF SERIES, N=0.7) A LIGHTING ORNAMENT?
AFTER FRUSTATION COMES REFLECTION (RANDOM SCALE OF SERIES, N=1.0) WALT DISNEY BY FRANK GEHRY?
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CONCEPTUALISATION
WEEK 2 FEAR
IMPERMANENCE
THESE PAST COUPLE OF WEEKS HAVE BEEN ABOUT DESIGNING FOR THE FUTURE, SUSTANIBILITY, DISCOURSE ON THE WAY DESIGNERS SHOULD APPROACH DESIGN ETC. A FORWARD THINKING MINDSET. WHAT IF THE FUTURE DOESNâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;T ARRIVE. WHAT IF ALL THESE EFFORT INVESTED INTO THE FUTURE COMES TO NOUGHT. THE FEAR OF IMPERMANENCE. HOW WOULD IT CHANGE THE DISCOURSE OF OUR DESIGN LANGUAGE.
HUMAN IMPERMANENCE
DEATH.
NATURE IMPERMANENCE
WITHER.
TECHNOLOGY IMPERMANENCE
OBSOLETE.
CONCEPTUALISATION 31
TEXT ACHIM MENGES, BIOMIMETIC DESIGN PROCESSES IN ARCHITECTURE: MORPHOGENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTATIONAL DESIGN: BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS , (VOLUME 7 , 2012 ) < HTTP://IOPSCIENCE. IOP.ORG/ARTICLE/10.1088/1748-3182/7/1/015003/META#BB398809S2> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] ACHIM MENGES, ICD/ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2010 (ICD, UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART, 2010) < HTTP://ICD.UNI-STUTTGART.DE/?P=4458> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] ARCHDAILY, DEAR GINZA / AMANO DESIGN OFFICE, (ARCHDAILY, 2015) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY. COM/427501/DEAR-GINZA-AMANO-DESIGN-OFFICE> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] ARCHDAILY, ELBPHILHARMONIE HAMBURG / HERZOG & DE MEURON (ARCHDAILY, 2016) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY. COM/802093/ELBPHILHARMONIE-HAMBURG-HERZOG-AND-DE-MEURON> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] ARCHIDAILY, ICD-ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2016-17 / ICD-ITKE UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART (ARCHDAILY, 2017) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/869450/ICD-ITKE-RESEARCH-PAVILION2016-17-ICD-ITKE-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] ARCHDAILY, SIEMENS HQ IN MASDAR CITY / SHEPPARD ROBSON (ARCHDAILY, 2014) < HTTP://WWW. ARCHDAILY.COM/539213/SIEMENS-HQ-IN-MASDAR-CITY-SHEPPARD-ROBSON> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] BRANKO KOLAREVIC, ARCHITECTURE IN THE DIGITAL AGE: DIGITAL MORPHOGENESIS (NEW YORK, SPON PRESS, 2003) PG 25 ELIZABETH STINSTON, “DESIGN: WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ALGORITHMS DESIGN A CONCERT HALL? THE STUNNING ELBPHILHARMONIE (WIRED, 2017) < HTTPS://WWW.WIRED.COM/2017/01/HAPPENS-ALGORITHMSDESIGN-CONCERT-HALL-STUNNING-ELBPHILHARMONIE/?MBID=SOCIAL_FB> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] ERIC OH, EMTECH TWISTS PLYWOOD AT THE TIMBER EXPO IN BIRMINGHAM, (ARCHDAILY, 2015) < HTTP://WWW. ARCHDAILY.COM/775842/EMTECHS-TWIST-DISPLAYED-AT-THE-TIMBER-EXPO-IN-BIRMINGHAM> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] GREG LYNN. ANIMATE FORM. (PRINCETON: PRINCETON ARCHITECTURAL PRESS, 1998) KALAY YEHUDA. E , ARCHITECTURE’S NEW MEDIA: PRINCIPLES, THEORIES, AND METHODS OF COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN (CAMBRIDGE,MA: MIT PRESS, 2004) /WATCH MARIA CHATEL, “DIY FOR ARCHITECTS”: THIS PARAMETRIC BRICK FACADE WAS BUILT USING TRADITIONAL CRAFT TECHNIQUES (ARCHDAILY, 2016) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/791588/DIY-FOR-ARCHITECTS-THISPARAMETRIC-BRICK-FACADE-WAS-BUILT-USING-TRADITIONAL-CRAFT-TECHNIQUES> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] PATRICK KUNKEL, GRAMAZIO KOHLER’S ROBOTIC ARM CREATES AN ELEGANT TWISTING BRICK FACADE (ARCHDAILY, 2015) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/770578/GRAMAZIO-KOHLERS-ROBOTICARM-CREATES-AN-ELEGANT-TWISTING-BRICK-FACADE> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] TONY FRY, DESIGN FUTURING: SUSTAINABILITY, ETHICS AND NEW PRACTICE (OXFORD, BERG, 2009) WIA, GREG LYNN: WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE? (YOUTUBE, 2017) < HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE. COM/WATCH?V=TN6KTY1QHWS&T=240S> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017]
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IMAGES ACHIM MENGES, ICD/ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2010 (ICD, UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART, 2010) < HTTP://ICD.UNI-STUTTGART.DE/?P=4458> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] ARCHDAILY, DEAR GINZA / AMANO DESIGN OFFICE, (ARCHDAILY, 2015) < HTTP://WWW. ARCHDAILY.COM/427501/DEAR-GINZA-AMANO-DESIGN-OFFICE> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] ARCHDAILY, ELBPHILHARMONIE HAMBURG / HERZOG & DE MEURON (ARCHDAILY, 2016) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/802093/ELBPHILHARMONIEHAMBURG-HERZOG-AND-DE-MEURON> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] ARCHIDAILY, ICD-ITKE RESEARCH PAVILION 2016-17 / ICD-ITKE UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART (ARCHDAILY, 2017) < HTTP://WWW. ARCHDAILY.COM/869450/ICD-ITKE-RESEARCH-PAVILION-2016-17-ICDITKE-UNIVERSITY-OF-STUTTGART> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] ARCHDAILY, SIEMENS HQ IN MASDAR CITY / SHEPPARD ROBSON (ARCHDAILY, 2014) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/539213/SIEMENS-HQ-IN-MASDARCITY-SHEPPARD-ROBSON> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] ELIZABETH STINSTON, “DESIGN: WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ALGORITHMS DESIGN A CONCERT HALL? THE STUNNING ELBPHILHARMONIE (WIRED, 2017) < HTTPS://WWW. WIRED.COM/2017/01/HAPPENS-ALGORITHMS-DESIGN-CONCERT-HALL-STUNNINGELBPHILHARMONIE/?MBID=SOCIAL_FB> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] ERIC OH, EMTECH TWISTS PLYWOOD AT THE TIMBER EXPO IN BIRMINGHAM, (ARCHDAILY, 2015) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/775842/EMTECHS-TWISTDISPLAYED-AT-THE-TIMBER-EXPO-IN-BIRMINGHAM> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] MARIA CHATEL, “DIY FOR ARCHITECTS”: THIS PARAMETRIC BRICK FACADE WAS BUILT USING TRADITIONAL CRAFT TECHNIQUES (ARCHDAILY, 2016) < HTTP://WWW. ARCHDAILY.COM/791588/DIY-FOR-ARCHITECTS-THIS-PARAMETRIC-BRICK-FACADEWAS-BUILT-USING-TRADITIONAL-CRAFT-TECHNIQUES> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017] PATRICK KUNKEL, GRAMAZIO KOHLER’S ROBOTIC ARM CREATES AN ELEGANT TWISTING BRICK FACADE (ARCHDAILY, 2015) < HTTP://WWW.ARCHDAILY.COM/770578/GRAMAZIO-KOHLERSROBOTIC-ARM-CREATES-AN-ELEGANT-TWISTING-BRICK-FACADE> [ ACCESSED 11 AUG 2017]
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