By: Jose Pablo
Grammar
Unit I Performing arts:
Present simple: question
We form questions as follows: Verb be: Are you Spanish? Is he news at this school? What´s your school like? Others verbs: Do you like ice cream? Does she live near here?
How much/ how many
We use how much and how many to ask about quatity. We use how much with uncountable plural nouns.
How much money have you got?
How many cars can you see?
Present simple v. present continuous
We use the present continuous and present simple for differeny situations.
Present simple:
For rautines and habits Samantha gets up at 7 o´ clock. For facts and things that are always true. December isn´t a warm month in europe. With adverbs of frequency and other expressions. I go to the park every day.
ď‚Ą
Present continuous:
For things that are happening now. Im talking to John now. With time expressions like now, at the moment. She´s listening to music at the moment
Past simple: question ď‚Ą
We form past simple questions of most verbs as follows:
Where did they go on holiday? What sports did you like when you were young? -In short answers we repeat the auxiliary did: Did you see the match on Saturday? Yes, i did. No, i didn´t
Like + ing form
We use the followings verbs to talk about things we like and dont like doing: Love/like/enjoy Dont mind Prefer Hate/cant stand
I cant stand watching hockey.
Gary doent mind getting up early.
Does patricia enjoy listening to music?
ING FORM
Prepositions + ing form.
After prepositions, we use the ing form leonardo reads before going to sleep
There adjectives related to feelings are followed by prepositions + ing form.
Adjective: good, hopeless, afraid, keen, interested, serious.
Preposition: at, of, on, in, about.
Verbs of ambition + infinitive
We yse the followings verbs to talk about our hopes and plans for the future.
Want, hope, plan, ´d like, wouldn´t like
UNIT II looking back
Past simple
For a list of irregular verbs, see p.120 in the workbook.
Affirmative: i talked you, you talked, he talked, she talked, it talked.
Negative: i didnt talk, you didnt talk, he didnt halk, she didnt talk, it didnt talk.
ď‚Ą
Question:
Did i talk? Did you talk? Did he talk? Did she talk? Did it talk? Did we talk? Did you talk? Did they talk?
Short answers Affirmative
Yes, i did
Yes, you did
Yes, he did
Yes, she did
Yes, it did
Yes we did.
Yes you did
Yes they did.
negative
No you didnt
No he didnt
No she didnt
No i didnt
No it didnt No we didnt No you didnt
No they didnt
Past continuous
Affirmative:
I was eating
You were eating
He was eating
She was eating
It was eating
We were eating
You were eating
Thay were eating
QUESTION: Was i eating? Were you eating? Was he eating? Was she eating? Was it eating? Were we eating? Were you eating? Were they eating?
ď‚Ą
When we use the past simple and continuous in the same sentence, the past continuous describes an action in progress, and the present simple introduces a shortes, second action.
ď‚Ą
We usually use while before the past continous, but when is also possible.
ď‚Ą
Here is a summary of other past simple and past continuous uses:
Past simple
For complete actions in the past.
After when in a past continuous sentence to introduce a second action.
Past continuous
For actions that were in progress at a specific time in the past.
After when or while yo describe two actions that were happening at the same time.
UNIT III On the road
Present perfect with just
We use just with affirmative sentence and question in the present perfect to emphasize that something happened a short time ago.
The position of just is before the past participle.
Already and yet
We use already in affirmative sentences and questions to talk about somting that has happened before now, of before it was expected to happen.
The position of already is before the past participle.
We use yet in negative sentences to say that someting hasnt happened at the time of speaking, but we expect it to happen has happened before now.
The position of yet is at the end of the clause.
Present perfect with for/since
We often use the question how long? With the present perfect to find how much time has passed between the begginnig of an action and now.
If we ask the questions in the past simple, it means that gina is not working there now.
We often reply to how long? Questions with the present perfect + for/ since.
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if + a period of time, e.g. a day, a week, a mouth, a year, several weeks/months/years
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Since+ a specific time, day, date, year or clause.
We can answer how long? Questions with full sentences or just the for/ since expressions itself