1.Thebestdescriptionofthemultidimensionalintegrativeapproachtounderstandingpsychopathologyisthatitis basedon
a. biologicaldimensions.
b.biologicalandpsychologicaldimensions.
c. biologicalandpsychologicaldimensions,aswellasemotionalinfluences.
d.biologicalandpsychologicaldimensions,aswellasemotionalanddevelopmentalinfluences.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: One-DimensionalversusMultidimensionalModels
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
2.Withinthemultidimensionalintegrativeapproachtounderstandingpsychopathology,learnedhelplessnessis considereda(n)______dimension.
a. biological b.psychological
c. emotional d.psychological
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: One-DimensionalversusMultidimensionalModels
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
3.Thebasisofthemultidimensionalintegrativeapproachtounderstandingpsychopathologyisthateachdimension (psychological,biological,emotional,etc.)
a. operatesindependently. b.issufficienttocausepathology.
c. buildsonthedimensionthatprecedesit. d.isinfluencedbytheotherdimensions.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: One-DimensionalversusMultidimensionalModels
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
4.Yourunclespentmostofhisteenyearsinahospitalundergoingtreatmentforaseverephysicalillness.Asanadult, heisrathershyandwithdrawn,particularlyaroundwomen.Hehasbeendiagnosedwithsocialphobia,whichyou believeisentirelyduetolackofsocializationduringhisteenyears.Yourtheoryormodelofwhatcausedhisphobia is ________.
a. multidimensional b.integrative
c. one-dimensional d.biological
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: One-DimensionalversusMultidimensionalModels
OTHER: TYPE:Applied
5.Accordingtothemultidimensionalintegrativeapproachtopsychopathology,thefollowingstatementistrueformost psychologicaldisorders:
a. Ifonemonozygotictwinhasaparticulardisorder,theothertwinwilldefinitelyhavethedisorderaswell
b.Monozygotictwinsarenomorelikelytosharepsychologicaldisordersthananyothersiblings
c. Monozygotictwinsarenomorelikelytosharedisordersthananyothertwopeopleselectedatrandomfrom thepopulation
d.Ifonemonozygotictwinhasaparticularpsychologicaldisorder,theothertwinismorelikelytohavethe disorderthantherestofthepopulation
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: One-DimensionalversusMultidimensionalModels
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
6.Amandais12yearsold,andhersisterSamanthaisfiveyearsold.Whileridinginacarwiththeirparents,thegirls witnessamajorautomobileaccidentwhereanumberofpeopleareinjured.Thegirlsreactverydifferentlytothe accident.Thisisprobablydueto
a. biologicaldifferences.
c. psychologicaldifferences
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
b.developmentaldifferences.
d.socioculturaldifferences
REFERENCES: One-DimensionalversusMultidimensionalModels
OTHER: TYPE:Applied
7.Themostaccuratewaytothinkofgenesisthatthey
a. setboundariesforourdevelopment.
b.determinebothourphysicalandpsychologicalcharacteristics.
c. determinephysicalbutnotpsychologicalcharacteristics.
d.actuallyhaveverylittletodowithanyofthecharacteristicsthatwedisplay.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
8.Referringtobehaviorandpersonalityaspolygenicmeansthatbothare
a. influencedbyonlyafewgenes,buteachhasalargeeffect.
b.influencedbymanygenes,witheachindividualgenecontributingarelativelysmalleffect.
c. influencedbyindividualgenesonlyrarely.
d.aresultofourgeneticstructureonly.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
9.Theproceduresreferredtoasquantitativegeneticsareusedto
a. determinetheeffectsofmultiplegenes.
b.providegeneticcounseling.
c. correctgeneticabnormalities.
d.testthemultidimensionalintegrativemodel.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
10.Mostpsychologicaldisordersappeartobeinfluencedbymanyindividualgenesratherthancausedbyonesingle gene,aprocessreferredtoas________influence.
a. multigenic b.polygenic
c. unigenic d.morphogenic
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
11.Ingaisacharmingandintelligentyoungladywhoiswell-likedbyfamilyandfriends.Approximately______of Inga’s enduring personality traits and cognitive abilities can be attributed to genetic influence.
a. 25% b.50%
c. 75% d.100%
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Applied
12.Themostrecentestimatesarethatgeneticscontributeapproximately__________tothedevelopmentof personalitycharacteristicssuchasshynessoractivitylevel.
a. 10-20% b.30-50%
c. 75-85% d.nothing
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
Accordingtorecentestimates,geneticcontributionstothedevelopmentofmostpsychological disorders are __________________.
a. below50%
b.above50%
c. differentforeachdisorder(estimatesrangefrom0to100%)
d.nonexistent
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
14.Recentevidenceregardingthegeneticinfluenceonmostpsychologicaldisordershasshownthat
a. singlegenesareusuallyresponsibleforpsychologicaldisorders.
b.genesthatinfluencepsychopathologyareusuallyrecessive.
c. thereisnoevidencethatgenesinfluencepsychopathology.
d.multiplegenesinteract,witheachgenecontributingasmalleffect.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
15.Inthediathesis-stressmodel,"diathesis"refersto
a. aninheriteddisorder.
b.conditionsintheenvironmentthatcantriggeradisorderdependinguponhowseverethestressorsare.
c. aninheritedtendencyorconditionthatmakesapersonsusceptibletodevelopingadisorder.
d.theinheritanceofmultipledisorders.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
16.Inthediathesis-stressmodel,"stress"refersto
a. lifeevents,incombinationwithaninheritedtendency,thattriggeradisorder.
b.inheritedtendencies,incombinationwithlifeevents,thattriggeradisorder.
c. defectivegenes.
d.exposuretoveryunusualandextremeenvironmentalconditions.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
17.Accordingtothediathesis-stressmodel,psychopathologyistheresultofthe
a. interactionbetweennormalanddefectiveordamagedgenes.
b.stresslevelofanindividualandhowstressismanagedinaperson'slife.
c. familyhistoryofanindividual.
d.interactionofaninheritedtendencyandeventsinaperson'slife.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
18.Accordingtothediathesis-stressmodel,monozygotictwinsraisedinthesamehouseholdwill
a. notnecessarilyhavethesamedisordersbecauseofpotentialdifferencesintheirdiathesis.
b.havethesamedisordersbecausetheirdiathesisandstressareexactlythesame.
c. notnecessarilyhavethesamedisordersbecauseofpotentialdifferencesintheirstress.
d.havenomorelikelihoodofsharingadisorderthananyothertworandomlyselectedindividualsfromthe population.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
19.Accordingtothediathesis-stressmodel,
a. mentaldisorderswillalwaysdevelopgivenacertainlevelofstress.
b.onceadiathesisforaparticulardisorderisinherited,thedisorderwilleventuallydevelop.
c. anindividual'sinheritedtendenciesarenotaffectedbystressfullifeeventsheorsheencounters.
d.itispossibletoinheritadiathesisandneverdevelopadisorder.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
20.Themodelthatdescribesthedevelopmentofpsychopathologyasacombinationofaninheritedpredispositionand theeventsthathaveoccurredintheindividual'slifeiscalled_____________.
a. diathesis-stress b.genetic
c. bio-behavioral d.psychoanalytic
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
InalandmarkstudybyCaspiet.al.(2003),researchersstudiedthestressfullifeeventsand geneticsof847individuals.Forindividualswhohadatleastfourstressfullifeevents,theriskof majordepression
a. remainedunchangedregardlessofgeneticmakeup.
b.doublediftheypossessedtwoshortallelesofthegenebeingstudied.
c. wasreducedbyhalfiftheypossessedtwoshortallelesofthegenebeingstudied.
d.wasentirelyrelatedtothegeneticmakeupandnotthenumberoflifestressors.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
22.Theideathatourinheritedtendenciesinfluencetheprobabilitythatwewillencounterstressfullifeeventsisa characteristic of the _________________.
a. diathesis-stressmodel b.reciprocalgene-environmentmodel
c. geneticmodel d.psycho-socialmodel
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
23.Johnhasinheritedapersonalitytraitthatmakeshimmorelikelytokeeptohimselfthantosocialize.Asaresult,he doesnothavemanyfriendsandspendsalotoftimealone.IfJohnweretodevelopdepression,themodelthat wouldprobablybestexplainthissituationandthecauseofhisdepressionis______________.
a. diathesis-stress b.biological
c. reciprocalgene-environment d.interpersonal
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Applied
24.Somepeoplemaybegeneticallypredisposedtoseekoutdifficultrelationships.Thesedifficultrelationshipsmay contributetotheirexperienceofdepression.Thisisanexampleofthe________.
a. diathesis-stressmodel b.reciprocalgene-environmentmodel
c. geneticmodel d.quantitativegeneticsmodel
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
25.Researchstudiesusingtheprocedurecalled"crossfostering"haveshownthatgeneticallyemotionalandreactive younganimalsraisedbycalmmotherstendedtobe
a. calm.
b.emotionalandreactive.
c. calmbutemotionalandreactivewhenraisingtheirownyoung.
d.emotionalandreactivebutcalmwhenraisingtheirownyoung.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
26.Cross-fosteringstudiesindicatethattheenvironmentaleffectsofearlyparenting
a. hadnoeffectonanygeneticcontributiontobereactivetostress.
b.seemtooverrideanygeneticcontributiontobereactivetostress.
c. hadnoeffectonfuturegenerationsintheexpressionofpersonalitytraitsortemperament.
d.hadrandomeffectsonanygeneticcontributiontobereactivetostress.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
27.Lookingatthefindingsofmanycross-fosteringstudies(Francisetal.,1999,Suomi,1999,Tienarietal.,1994)it appearsthatpositiveinterventionssuchasgoodparentinginearlylifemay
a. havelittleeffectintermsofpreventingpsychopathologyinthosegeneticallypredisposedtosuchconditions.
b.dramaticallychangethegeneticsofindividualsgeneticallypredisposedtopsychopathology.
c. haveagreatereffectonfuturegenerationsthanontheindividualexposedtothe"goodparenting."
d.overridethegeneticallyinfluencedtendencytodeveloppsychopathologyinlaterlife.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
28.Someofthemostrecentresearchstudiesregardinggeneticvs.environmentalcausesofdisordersinanimalsand humanshavesuggested
a. geneticinfluencesaregreaterthanoriginallyobservedbecausepositiveenvironmentalconditionsdonot preventdisorders.
b.geneticsandtheenvironmentshareequalrolesinthedevelopmentofallpsychologicaldisorders.
c. therelativecontributionsofgeneticsandtheenvironmentinthedevelopmentofpsychologicaldisordersare differentforloweranimalsthanforhumans.
d.geneticinfluencesmayhavebeenoversimplifiedbypreviousstudies(i.e.,withoutsufficientenvironmental stress,thegeneticpredispositionmayneverbeactivated.)
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
29.Recentresearchsuggeststhat
a. environmentalmanipulationsearlyinlifemaydomuchtooverridethegeneticallyinducedtendencyto developundesirablebehavioralactivities.
b.environmentalmanipulationsearlyinlifemaydomuchtooverridethegeneticallyinducedtendencyto developundesirableemotionalactivities.
c. aninteractionbetweengenesandenvironmentplaysanimportantroleineverypsychologicaldisorder.
d.allofthese
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
30.Thecentralnervoussystemismadeupofthe_______________.
a. brainandspinalcord b.brainonly
c. spinalcordonly d.nervesleadingtoandfromthebrain
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
31.Thebrainandthespinalcordcomprisethe
a. peripheralnervoussystem. b.somaticnervoussystem.
c. parasympatheticnervoussystem. d.centralnervoussystem.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
32.Theareabetweentheaxonofoneneuronandthedendriteofanotherneuronisthe________.
a. axonterminal b.soma
c. synapticcleft d.transmissioncleft
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
33.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?
a. Glialcellsarepassivecellsthatservetoconnectandinsulateneurons.
b.Therearefewerglialcellsthanthereareneurons.
c. Therearedifferenttypesofglialcellswithseveralspecificfunctions.
d.Glialcellsslowdowntheprocessofneuralcommunication.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
34.Thesynapticcleftistheareabetweenthe
a. somaofoneneuronandthedendriteofanotherneuron.
b.axonofoneneuronandthedendriteofanotherneuron.
c. axonofoneneuronandthesomaofanotherneuron.
d.somasoftwoneurons.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
35.Neurotransmittersareimportantbecausethey
a. allowneuronstosendsignalstootherneurons.
b.maintaintheoxygenationofthebrain.
c. preventthedevelopmentofpsychopathology.
d.allowthebraintomaintainitsstructuralintegrity.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
36.Thechemicalsthatallowtransmissionofsignalsbetweenneuronsarecalled________.
a. re-uptakeinhibitors b.hormones
c. neurotransmitters d.genes
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
37.GABA,dopamine,andnorepinephrineareallexamplesof__________.
a. electricalbrainwaves b.neurons
c. neurotransmitters d.areasofthebrain
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
38.Mostautomaticfunctions(e.g.,breathing,sleeping,andmotorcoordination)arecontrolledbythepartofthebrain called the _________.
a. brainstem b.forebrain
c. cortex d.frontallobes
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
39.Recentresearchhasassociatedthe_____________withautism.Thisisalsothepartofthebrainthatcontrols motorcoordination.
a. reticularactivatingsystem(RAS) b.medulla
c. pons d.cerebellum
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
40. Thepartofthebrainstemthatregulatesvitalactivitiessuchasheartbeat,breathing, anddigestionisthe__________.
a. cerebellum b.reticularactivatingsystem(RAS)
c. hindbrain d.thalamus
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
41.The____________coordinatesmovementwithsensoryinputandcontainspartsofthereticularactivating system.
a. hindbrain b.midbrain
c. cerebralcortex d.forebrain
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
42.Functionsofthelimbicsystemincludecontrolorregulationof
a. basicbodyfunctionssuchasbreathing.
b.sleepcycles.
c. emotionalexperiences,expressions,impulsecontrol,andbasicdrivessuchasaggression,sex,hunger,and thirst.
d.bodyposture,coordinatedmovement,andinvoluntaryresponsessuchasreflexesandotherautomatic processes.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
43.About80%oftheneuronscontainedinthecentralnervoussystemarelocatedinthe
a. cerebralcortex b.brainstem
c. midbrain d.basalganglia
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
44.Theabilitytoplan,think,reason,andcreateislocatedinthepartofthebraincalledthe_________.
a. thalamus b.midbrain
c. cerebralcortex d.brainstem
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
45.Althoughthetwohalvesofthecortexlookalikestructurally,thelefthemisphereseemstobechieflyresponsiblefor a. motorcoordination. b.perceivingtheworldaroundus.
c. creatingimages. d.verbalandothercognitiveprocesses.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
46.Formostpeople,verbalandcognitiveprocessesareusuallycontrolledbythe________.
a. lefthemisphereofthecortex b.righthemisphereofthecortex
c. entirecortex d.midbrain
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
47.Formostpeople,perceptionandthecreationofimagesareusuallyhandledbythe_______.
a. lefthemisphereofthecortex b.entirecortex
c. midbrain d.righthemisphereofthecortex
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
48.Thepart(s)ofthebrainmostassociatedwithmemory,thought,andreasoningis(are)the______.
a. occipitallobes b.brainstem
c. leftparietallobe d.frontallobes
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
49.Theperipheralnervoussystemismadeupofthe__________.
a. endocrinesystem
c. somaticandautonomicnervoussystem
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
b.brainstemandcortex
d.brainandspinalcord
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
50.Themajorfunctionoftheperipheralnervoussystemisto
a. carrymessagestoandfromthecentralnervoussystem.
b.processinformationreceivedfromthecentralnervoussystem.
c. regulatearousal.
d.controlhormonalactivity.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
51.Thenetworkofglandsthatreleasechemicalmessengersdirectlyintothebloodstreamiscalledthe________.
a. autonomicnervoussystem. b.somaticnervoussystem.
c. limbicsystem. d.endocrinesystem.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
52.Accordingtoyourtext'sdiscussionofhowneurotransmitterssuchasserotoninwork,theterm"biochemical imbalance"forthecauseofdisorderssuchasdepressionisprobably_________.
a. anoversimplification b.aboutaccurate
c. completelyincorrect d.aperfectdescription
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
53.Drugsthatincreasetheactivityofaneurotransmitterarecalled_______________.
a. agonists b.antagonists
c. enhancers d.psychotropics
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
54.Drugsthatdecreasetheactivityofaneurotransmitterarecalled_____________.
a. agonists b.blockers
c. reuptakeinhibitors d.antagonists
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
55.Theneurotransmitterassociatedwithregulationofmood,behavior,andthoughtprocessesis______.
a. GABA b.norepinephrine
c. serotonin d.dopamine
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
56.ExtremelylowlevelsofGABAareassociatedwith____________.
a. decreasedanxiety b.increaseddepression
c. increasedanxiety d.decreaseddepression
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
57.Recentresearchandincreasedunderstandingabouttheroleofneurotransmittersinpsychopathologypointoutthat
a. eachpsychologicaldisorderiscausedbyadeficitinaspecificneurotransmitter.
b.chemicalimbalancesofthebrainarethecauseofpsychopathology.
c. simplecause/effectconclusionsstatingthatanindividualneurotransmitterabnormalitycausesadisorderare incomplete.
d.neurotransmittershaveverylittletodowithpsychopathologyformostindividualsbutmaybethesinglecause ofdisordersforothers.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
58.Extremelylowactivitylevelsofserotoninareassociatedwith___________.
a. aggression,suicide,andimpulsivebehavior
b.schizophrenia
c. anxietydisordersandgeneralfeelingsofnervousness
d.mania
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
59. Theneurotransmitterthoughttoregulateormoderatecertainbehavioraltendenciesratherthan directlyinfluencingspecificpatternsofbehaviororpsychologicaldisordersis____________.
a. norepinephrine b.GABA
c. dopamine d.serotonin
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
60.TheneurotransmitterassociatedwithbothschizophreniaandParkinson'sdiseaseis_________.
a. GABA b.norepinephrine
c. dopamine d.serotonin
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
61.Extremelylowlevelsofdopamineactivityareassociatedwith________________.
a. musclerigidity,tremors,andimpairedjudgment
b.schizophrenia
c. pleasureseeking
d.exploratorybehaviors
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
62.Inthe1992studiesconductedbyBaxteretal.,OCDpatientswereprovidedwithcognitive-behavioraltherapy (exposureandresponseprevention)butnodrugs.Thisstudyisimportantbecausebrainimagingshowedthat
a. theneurotransmittercircuitsofthebrainhadbeennormalized.
b.thepatients'OCDsymptomsimprovedwithoutchangesinneurotransmitterfunction.
c. neitherOCDsymptomsnorneurotransmitterfunctionhadimproved.
d.neurotransmittercircuitsarethedirectandonlycauseofOCD.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
63.Whatisoneoftheconclusionsgenerallydrawnfromthe1990sstudiesofOCD,brainimaging,andcognitivebehavioraltherapybyBaxteretal.,andthefollowupstudiesbySchwartzetal.?
a. Neurotransmittersaffecthowpeoplefeelandact
b.Drugsaretheonlywaytoimpactfaultyneurotransmittercircuits
c. Neurotransmittersarearesultofhowpeoplefeelandact,notacause
d.Psychosocialfactorssuchastherapyaffectneurotransmitters
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
64.Inarecentstudy(Petrovic,Kalso,Peterson&Ingvar,2002),subjectswereexposedtoapainfulstimulus(heatto thehand)underthreeconditions:opiatemedication,placebo(sugarpill)medication,andnomedication.Brainscans indicatedthatasubject'sexperienceofreducedpainwiththeplaceboisdueto
a. activationofbrainregionsidenticaltothoseactivatedbyopiatemedication.
b.activationofbrainregionsthatareoverlapping,butnotidentical,tothoseactivatedbyopiatemedication.
c. psychologicalexpectationsinceaplacebodoesnotactivatebrainregionsassociatedwithpaincontrol.
d.similaritiesinactivatedbrainregionsduringthe"nomedication"condition.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
65.Cognitive-behaviortherapyfacilitateschangesinthinkingpatternsinthecortex,whichinturnaffectstheemotional brain.Thisiscalled______________.
a. confabulation b.consolidation
c. atop-downchange d.abottom-upchange
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
66.Drugsoftenseemtoworkinamannerbyreachinghigherareasofthecortexwherethinkingoccurslast.Thisis called _____________.
a. consolidation b.confabulation
c. top-downprocessing d.bottom-upprocessing
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
67.Insel,Scanlan,Champoux,andSoumi(1988)raisedonegroupofrhesusmonkeyswiththeabilitytocontrolthingsin theirenvironmentandanothergroupofmonkeyswhohadnocontroloftheirenvironment(e.g.,whentheywould receivetreatsandtoys).Wheninjectedwithadrugthatproducesafeelingofsevereanxiety,themonkeys
a. raisedwithasenseofcontrolappearedangryandaggressivewhilethemonkeysraisedwithoutasenseof controlappearedveryanxious.
b.raisedwithasenseofcontrolappearedanxiouswhilethemonkeysraisedwithoutasenseofcontrol appearedangryandaggressive.
c. inbothgroupsappearedanxious.
d.inbothgroupsappearedangryandaggressive.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
68.ThesignificanceofthestudyconductedbyInsel,Scanlan,Champoux,andSoumi(1988)inwhichrhesusmonkeys wereraisedeitherwithasenseofcontrolorwithoutoneandlaterexposedtoananxiety-inducingdrugisthat chemicalssuchasneurotransmitters
a. haveverydirecteffectsonbehavior.
b.influencebehaviorindifferentwaysdependinguponthepsychologicalhistoryoftheindividual.
c. influenceindividualsinfairlydirectandconsistentwaysregardlessofthepsychologicalhistoryofthe individual.
d.havefewreliableandconsistenteffectsonobservedbehavior.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
69.Themostrecentresearchevidencesuggeststhattherelationshipbetweenthebrain(structure,function, neurotransmitters)andpsychosocialfactors(socialization,rearing,lifeevents)isbestdescribedas
a. asystemwhereourbrainsdirectlyinfluenceourbehaviorandpsychosocialfactorsbutnottheotherway around.
b.aninteractionwherethebrainaffectsourpsychosocialfactorsandpsychosocialfactorsimpactourbrain.
c. asystemwhereourbehaviorandpsychosocialfactorsimpactourbrainbutnottheotherwayaround.
d.fartoocomplextoeverunderstandwhetheronesysteminfluencestheother.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
70.Whencomparingthebrainsofratsraisedinarichenvironmentrequiringlotsoflearningandmotorbehaviorwith thebrainsofratsraisedas"couchpotatoes"(Greenough,etal.,1990),thecerebellumsofthemoreactiverats
a. containedmoreneuronalconnectionsanddendrites.
b.containedfewerneuronalconnectionsbutmoreaxonsanddendrites.
c. werelesslikelytopossesspathologicalneurotransmittercircuits.
d.wereexactlythesameastheinactiverats.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
71.StudiesregardingratlearningandbrainstructurebyGreenough,etal.(1990)andWallace,etal.(1992)suggest that
a. earlyexperiencessuchaslearningcausephysicalchangesinthebrain.
b.psychopathologyistheresultofearlylearningexperiences.
c. whilepsychopathologyisoftenaresultofearlylifeexperiences,itisgenerallyduetothephysicalchangesin thebrainthatsuchexperiencescause.
d.geneticallycausedbrainstructureproblemscanbecorrectedbypositivelifeexperiences.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
72.Oneconclusionthatcanbedrawnfromthestudiesregardingratlearningandbrainstructure(Greenough,etal., 1990;Wallace,etal.,1992)isthat
a. earlypsychologicalexperienceaffectsthedevelopmentofthenervoussystemandwillabsolutelydetermine whetherornottheindividualwilldevelopapsychologicaldisorderlaterinlife.
b.earlypsychologicalexperiencedoesnotresultinphysicalchangestothenervoussystembutcanstill influencewhetherornotonedevelopsapsychologicaldisorder.
c. earlypsychologicalexperienceaffectsthedevelopmentofthenervoussystemandinfluencesvulnerabilityto psychologicaldisorderslaterinlife.
d.earlypsychologicalexperiencehaslittletodowithbrainstructureorlaterdevelopmentofpsychopathology.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
73.Regardingbiologicalinfluencesonthedevelopmentofpsychopathology,themostaccuratestatementis
a. bothgeneticsandlifeeventsplayapartinthedevelopmentofbrainstructureandfunctionthatcanaffect vulnerabilitytopsychopathology.
b.lifeeventscanonlycausechangesinbrainstructureorfunctionforthosewithgeneticdefects.
c. earlylifeeventsplayamuchgreaterroleinthedevelopmentofbrainstructureorfunctionthangenetics.
d.vulnerabilitytopsychopathologyhaslittletodowiththebrainchangesassociatedwithgeneticsorearlylife events.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
74.Whenoneexaminesthecurrentstateofknowledgeregardinggeneticsandlifeexperienceeffectsonbrain structureandfunction,thebestoverallconclusionisthatmostpsychologicaldisordersare
a. theresultofacomplexinteractionofgeneticsandfaultyneurotransmittercircuits.
b.theresultofstressfulearlylifeexperiencesandthenegativeeffectssuchexperienceshaveonbrain structureorfunction.
c. theresultofbothbiologicalandpsychosocialfactors.
d.beyondourcurrentabilitytounderstandinanymeaningfulway.
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
75.Recentresearchsuggeststhatlearningandexperience
a. onlychangethebrainbeforebirth.
b.changethebrainthroughchildhood.
c. changethebrainthroughyoungadulthood.
d.changethebrainatanyage.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
76.Bullyingstudiesinmicesuggestthatthefunctionsofthemesolimbicsystem
a. canbeswitchedfromavoidancetoreinforcement.
b.canbeswitchedfromreinforcementtoavoidance.
c. cannotbechangedbyexperience.
d.canonlybechangedwithdrugs.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: NeuroscienceandItsContributionstoPsychopathology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
77.Rescorla(1988)demonstratedthatsimplypairingtwoeventscloselyintime
a. demonstratesthesimplicityofclassicalconditioning.
b.doesnotallowustomakepredictions.
c. becomesmoremeaningfulasthepairingscontinue.
d.is not what’s important in this type of learning.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
REFERENCES: BehavioralandCognitiveScience
OTHER: TYPE:Conceptual
78.Learnedhelplessnessisdemonstratedinlaboratoryanimalsby
a. creatingaversivestimuli(suchaselectricalshockstothefoot)thattheanimalcancontrol.
b.creatingaversivestimuli(suchaselectricalshockstothefoot)thattheanimalcannotcontrol.
c. creatingpleasantstimuli(suchasafoodpellet)thattheanimalcannotcontrol.
d.creatingpleasantstimuli(suchasafoodpellet)thattheanimalcancontrol.
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: BehavioralandCognitivePsychology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
79. Placingaratinacagewhereelectricalshocksoverwhichtherathasnocontrolareoccasionally administeredthroughthefloorisawaytocreate_____________.
a. sociallearning
b.learnedhelplessness
c. unconsciouslearning
d.negativeneurotransmitterpathways
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: BehavioralandCognitivePsychology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
80.Itisimportanttounderstandtheprocessofhowlearnedhelplessnessiscreatedinlaboratoryanimalsbecause learnedhelplessnessinanimalsresemblesthehumandisorderof_______.
a. panicdisorder
c. mania
ANSWER: b
b.depression
d.schizophrenia
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: BehavioralandCognitivePsychology
OTHER: TYPE:Factual
81.Candacebelievesthatnomatterhowhardshestudies,shewillneversucceedincollege.Thisbehaviorcanbestbe explained by _______________.
a. personalitydisorder
c. learnedhelplessness
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
b.faultyneurotransmittercircuits
d.internalconflicts
REFERENCES: BehavioralandCognitivePsychology
OTHER: TYPE:Applied