YCS- Josh Speaking Notes by Josh McDowell Ministry

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I. Introduction  How not to make the same mistakes I did!  Be more effective and fruitful  Learn ins & outs of a speaking / teaching ministry A. Background to Persuasion 1. Persuasive Speakers – Most people who have influenced history a. Historical Figures: Hitler, Mussolini, Churchill, Kennedy Study their styles. Use video from Internet. Look at manuscripts of famous speeches. b. Business Executives Success in a corporation is proportional to language skills. Communication skills are needed to give vision, direction, and instruction. An industrialist was asked the secret of his success: “Know your subject, plan your speech. This means you must know not only what to say, but how to say it.” (i) Book of Lists Americans greatest fears:     

Speaking Heights Insects Financial Deep water

(ii) 3000 college students surveyed:  Three out of four said number one fear was giving a talk  The number three fear was dying

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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(iii)   

A good speaker depends on: How we look How we say it What we say

2. Overview of Persuasion – You earn the right to be heard a. Be vulnerable (i) Be transparent, visible,, but show moderation, e.g., some people do too much initially. Share your heart. (ii) Marriage (check with mate – suspicion can build up). (iii) Holy Spirit: Anyone can do it. My story b. Think on your feet. This comes with practice – dealing with interruptions; adapting yourself to their mindset – example: UCSD, “Josh is dead. (You’re right, I died in Christ).” c. Constitution: Constitution guarantees freedom of speech, but does not guarantee an audience. You have to earn the right to be heard. d. The more you do, the better you become. (i) Practice does not make perfect. But rather, practice with evaluation makes perfect. (ii) Review past talks. (iii) Know yourself. (iv) Pray for creativity.

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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(v) Look for bad habits, but don’t focus on them. Watch past videos of yourself. (vi) Be flexible. e. I never strive to be the best, but to do my best – you don’t climb the ladder of success over other people. (i) If everyone had to be the best – only room for one best in each category. (ii) Does Bible admonish to be the best or to do it glory of God? f. Be Clear (i) General Von Moltke: At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, he said to his officers, “Remember gentlemen, that any order that can be misunderstood will be misunderstood.” (ii) Napoleon, to his secretaries: “Be clear! Be clear!” (iii) Restate in different words (iv) Microphones (see Sound System) B. Basic Method of Persuasion: The basic philosophy of ministry can be summed up with these points: 1. Do your homework: Intellectual integrity Your intellect must have integrity. “That Christian sure did his homework!” 2. Love your audience: Emotional integrity a. Your heart must have integrity. Communicate: “I love you and care about you.” Example: Deedat…God gives genuine love. Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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b. Meet people: 50-60% is ATTITUDE (i) What are you studying? (ii) Where are you from? (iii) What year are you in school? (iv) What are your plans? 3. Tell the truth: Message integrity a. Don’t attack your opponent but show enough light to cast shadows on falsehood. b. If you tell the truth, you don’t have to remember a lot. 4. Be yourself: Personal integrity. a. Avoid the tendency to be “holier than thou.” Example: Bible Teachers: Sometimes they change personalities from private to public Example: a friend at Wheaton imitated Billy Graham b. Communication is “truth through personality.” (i) In front of audience you are the same person but more forceful. 5. Be Biblical: Theological integrity 6. Power of the Holy Spirit: Spiritual integrity C. Strive for clarity, accuracy, and relevancy 1. Spirituality – Holy Spirit 2. Natural gifts 3. Knowledge Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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 Skill – language and delivery  Enthusiasm 4. Bad habits a. Structure – read dictionary b. Pronunciation: Nuclear / nucular Girls / women Boy / Negro Recognize / Recognize c. Repetition: exciting / variety d. Big words D. Definitions of Persuade, Persuasion 1. “To move by argument, entreaty, or expostulation to a belief, position, or course of action.” (Merriam-Webster) 2. “To prevail on (a person) to do something, as be advising or urging.” (Dictionary.com) 3. “Inducing people to action after proper reflection led by the Holy Spirit. Change of attitude, opinions and actions.” (Josh D. McDowell) 4. “That which wins belief or stimulates action by employing all the factors that determine human behavior in order to change attitudes, opinions and actions.” (Josh D. McDowell) ** It’s more difficult to make a “need felt,” than to satisfy a “felt need.” E. Principles of Persuasion: The purpose is to stimulate them to really listen and then follow through at the end of your talk, not merely to get their attention. Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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Needs are not created by the speaker. Without stimulating interest, you are not going to be persuasive. “To make their decision, the audience will ask themselves three important questions:  What qualifies this speaker to talk on this topic?  How does this speech topic involve me personally?  What reasons were given to support the speaker’s ideas and recommendations? Their answers will be based on how they see you and your speech in terms of their frames of reference. 1. NOTE: Getting interest is not the same as getting attention, e.g., Hawaii 2. Burden of Proof – the listener is given a “chance to reason for himself or herself. Your responsibility is to present the evidence fairly; your listeners’ responsibility is to weigh this evidence. 3. Associate statements and propositions with audience’s attitudes, values, and needs. Anticipate how the audience will react to what you say and do. Adapt ideas to people and people to ideas. 4. Arouse and appeal to the audience’s wants and needs. a. A Caution (i) People hear what they want to hear. People tend to see and hear communications that are favorable or congenial to their predispositions. (ii) Change is often threatening.

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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b. Know what they want. Know what they need. You need to expose it. They don’t know they need it. NOTE: Advertising does not make people materialistic, but exploits their materialistic bend. “Tell them what they want to hear, then tell them what they need to hear.” (Randy Marshall) (i) Want: Jewishness. Need: Salvation. (ii) Bookseller’s Convention: what they do is very important to authors Want: Sell books Need: Vision (iii) Athletes: want personal identity and need the spiritual dimension to relationships. Want: Maximum sex Need: Jesus 5. Stimulate interest in what the speaker is saying. a. Hook: Use it in titles and introductory comments – tell half the story. b. Dispel misconceptions at the beginning. c. Make disclaimers to things audience considers trite. d. Intrigue your audience – leave them hanging. e. Examples: (i) Title: “The Six Reasons Why I’m Not Going to Heaven.” (ii) Resurrection Intro: “I want you to use your minds. Look – most students – but certainly not all – are willing to think.” Ask them to weigh and evaluate.  “I’m going to share what I couldn’t share a few years ago…” Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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(iii) Prophecy Intro: “I’m not giving you the official views…I’m not talking about the end of the world…: (iv) Secret of Loving Intro: “I wish my wife were here…I’m not going to shove anything down your throat…I’m going to tick some of you off, I’m going to really irritate some of you…and that’s your problem, not mine.”  (Sex: shove down your throat) (v) Leave them hanging for the next session. Example: Bill Gothard: “Well, tomorrow night, I’ll answer that for you.” (Caution…) (vi) Verbalize their questions. Play devil’s advocate; cause people to question their answers.  Example: Romans Intro: “…What about those that have never heard?”  “…You can’t be saved by faith?” 6. Inform and explain new information. Quote from their authorities. Shoot them with their own guns. Show that you know their sources. a. Use rhetorical questions. b. Don’t distort the truth in order to make a point. Truth will stand by itself. (i) Uniqueness comes from telling the truth in a different way. c. Helpful devices (i) Illustrations (ii) References to occasion or setting

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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(iii) Action questions (iv) Unusual or Dramatic Devices 7. Drive home a point. a. Use many points to drive home one point. Attention span is 6-7 minutes. Change the pace or you will lose their attention: pause, cough, humor, slap podium, stories, raise voice b. The point to drive him or her is an attitude, not information. If they get the attitude, they’ll want more information. (i) “I love my wife and I’m excited about her.” (ii) It’s intellectually acceptable. (iii) Drive home a point: 11 points Purpose 9-point whammy – not each point, but overall impact. c. Avoid peripheral issues. (i) Differences come from limitations, riding hobby horses, different spiritual gifts, cultural and emotional backgrounds. 8. Conciliate the suspicious, the antagonistic, and the skeptical. Conciliate but don’t compromise. a. Example: 48-page letter to pastor to explain finances. b. Don’t build unnecessary barriers. Your purpose is not to win an argument, but to win a soul. (i) Look at opposition, not as an adversary to be overcome, but as a soul to be won – a person to be loved into the kingdom. (ii) On the free speech platform, many alienated their audience by asserting that Jesus was the Answer without qualifying themselves.

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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There are economic, social and political answers that don’t directly relate to Christ. The root of the problem is answered in Jesus Christ, but the average Christian – much less the non-Christian – doesn’t understand that. Does not build unnecessary barriers. “Jesus is the only answer!” Not going to lose your Judaism. Sex! Your life to live (premarital sex) – do with it what you want. NOTE: There’s one way to God, but many ways to Christ. (iii) Acknowledge your own unanswered questions. Those who have always got the answer can hardly be trusted. Handle material honestly. NOTE: There’s a built-in agnosticism to language, be as clear with it as you can. Example: Bob Thieme c. Compliment – make an effort to find something positive to say about them. (i) You can always find something that you like about any situation or person (be sincere). Example: “I believe I’ll leave this place a better person for being with you tonight.” (ii) If you don’t believe it, don’t say it. d. Disarm, recognize and verbalize areas that you know are of concern to them or offend them. (i) Look behind problems and differences and lovingly deal with the source.

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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(ii) Come in the back door, especially with those who are threatened about losing their cultural identity, e.g. Jews and Muslims (iii) Don’t always ride your hobby horse. Your audience will get alienated. Don’t hammer home when it is expected. For example, if speaking on pre-marital sex, the emphasis, “You’ve got your lives to live, and I have mine. You make your bed and sleep in it, and I make mine,” conciliates, but is not a compromise. 9. Identify, acknowledge and compliment. (Alumni, award, sports, history of organization or university, humor, objective faith – fortunate to have pastor, etc., CMA – budget – Argentina $$). a. Shine their trophies. b. Establish rapport. c. Share good gossip about them. d. Do your homework before coming and get data they might not know about their background, history, traditions, heroes, villians. e. Identify by finding common ground, some reason for unity or association. f. Acknowledge an achievement, famous alumni, a championship team, an anecdote, an historical event, or something that will make them feel that you’re aware of them. (i) Example: While speaking at a Christian Missionary Alliance Church, mentioning, “I’ve told some denominations, ‘You know, if you did half as much with your resources as CMA does, we’d have fulfilled the Great Commission a long time ago.’” (ii) Example: While speaking with the Southern Baptists, “You know, with the manpower and resources you have, you could probably fulfill the Great Commission yourself.” Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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(iii) Example: Messiah College and Ron Sider (iv) U.T. – Austin and meeting Dottie (v) KD’s and Dottie being a KD. (vi) Pump and idea or organization:  Ethical  Good taste  Common ground  Relationship to personality, church, group, denomination, concept 10. Suggest a specific action: give them something to aim at when they leave the room tonight. a. Example: Read John 3 three times; pray this prayer; look for changes in your attitudes and actions. 11. Obtain greater retention a. By making the receiver aware that he or she has a new attitude b. By relating the new attitude to the individual’s self-interest c. By achieving the maximum initial change of attitude d. By including evidence in the message, and by inoculating the audience against counter-persuasion. 12. Persuasion Appeals a. Psychological appeals

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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b. Achievement and display c. Companionship d. Adventure e. Creativity – persuasive motivator f. Curiosity g. Deference h. Dependence i. Destruction j. Power and Authority k. Sense of Pride l. Reverence or Worship m. Independence n. Personal enjoyment o. Loyalty p. Revulsion q. Sympathy r. Affection s. Fear (i) Fear of not having food, shelter, and health

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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(ii) Fear of loss of freedom, of not developing one’s talents, and of not living a fulfilled life (iii) Fear of the unknown F. Wrong Methods of Persuasion – methods not involved in as Christians 1. Force 2. Threat – moral suasion – threatening someone 3. Propaganda NOTE: Propaganda is inducing people to action without proper reflection; presenting only one side G. Wrong Principles of Persuasion: Five fallacies of persuasion to avoid 1. Glittering Generalities a. Example: All historians / Most historians All philosophers / Most philosophers 2. Name calling NOTE: Former Moral Majority was at times guilty of name calling – don’t reject the person, even if you reject their beliefs. 3. Transfer a. Making a connection between two things that appear to be related but actually are not. b. Commercials – toothpaste (beer, family, fun), x charged 4. Bandwagon a. Crowd-pleasing – appealing to the crowd’s desires Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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5. Card Stacking – Balance both sides a. Presenting a case as though all the evidence is on your side. Not acknowledging the opponent’s side. b. 5% think, 15% think they think, 80% would rather die than think. 6. Exaggeration 7. Hasty Generalizations 8. Faulty Causal Relation 9. Faulty Analogy H. People who are resistant to persuasion 1. Who are polarized (who have already taken an extreme position) on an issue are highly resistant to persuasion. 2. Who are highly ego-involved in an issue. 3. Who have well-integrated and highly consistent systems of values, beliefs, and attitudes. 4. Who have basic needs and values different from those of the persuader 5. Who have been previously rewarded or reinforced for their attitude of belief. 6. Who identify with groups opposite of those of the persuader II. Elements of Proof (Aristotle) A. Confidence comes from 1. Exposure to Christ Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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2. Filling of the Holy Spirit 3. Exercising the Authority of the Believer (have CD) 4. Experiencing a message personally 5. Having a backlog of success 6. Knowing your subject 7. Knowing your opponent’s subject B. Barriers to Confidence 1. Not knowing how large the audience will be 2. Not knowing who will be in the audience 3. Not knowing that the audience expects 4. Not knowing what previous speakers have said 5. Not knowing what the audience knows about what you are going to say 6. Degree of evaluation 7. Conspicuousness 8. Novelty 9. Prior success C. Ethos: Ethical Proof or Being Yourself 1. Be what you are selling; preach what you practice

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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a. “The quality of a man is the foundation of his appeal.” (Cicero) b. “An orator is a good man, skilled in speech.” (Cicero) NOTE: One can be persuasive without being good – e.g., Hitler and Mussolini. 2. Character – speaking from… a. Confidence and poise b. Physical energy and excitement (i) Stay fit and know your limits…(80% of the time, Josh is very tired) – often the difference between the speaker’s ability to persuade is their enthusiasm. c. Sincerity and conviction (i) Sincerity: Do you believe it? Does the audience believe that you believe it? d. Decisiveness: Stand up; speak up; shut up. e. Eccentricity – saying it a different way (people think better or you? Or better communicate?) f. Be what you are selling g. Truth through personality 3. Intelligence – knowledge a. Mental alertness – think through (you are in the process of becoming worth listening to) b. Tangible attainment prior to the speaking situation – Introduction

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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NOTE: Degrees, experience, and personal success adds to clout. A daring life-style leads to more credibility. c. Good will – acknowledge your opponent’s good points. (i) Fairness; able to apologize and forgive  Good point brought up – acknowledge  Careful use of quotes (ii) Self-discipline; even-tempered, self-restrained. (iii) Sympathy and understanding (iv) Speaker reveals common ground with the audience  Grandson born in Dallas  “Truth through personality” d. Understanding of audience; know what is true from your audience’s and your opponent’s perspective. e. Open-mindedness 4. Good delivery 5. Sincerity 6. Organization of material 7. Affiliation with worthy organization D. Pathos: Emotional Proof, or Loving Your Audience 1. Moderate to strong emotion facilitates persuasion. a. Can help someone move to action Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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b. Careful not to manipulate c. Participant leaves with, “I need to do (Indianapolis talk show) what he was talking about.” 2. Intense emotion hinders intelligent behavior. a. Only intense emotionality interrupts intelligent behavior (student demonstration, Hitler) 3. Narratives that recreate emotional experiences can be very effective. “Most effective method of presenting emotional proof is a vivid description and narrative to recreate real, emotion-producing situations. “Feel the same way…” “Oh, it hurts!” Jesus healing of the leper – Mark 2 a. Environment: recreating the original emotional situation. b. Internalized: Stir it up yourself. Act out – hammer hitting your thumb c. Complications – the complication arouses suspense d. Dialog e. Imaginary visual aids 4. Any emotional appeal must be genuine. a. Beach – stopped immediately 5. Humor can make you a heel or a hero. a. Never force it. Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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b. Don’t feel obligated or bound to be funny at every occasion (faintest uneasiness or doubt – don’t) c. Don’t be flippant. Especially about sacred things – blue bird book. Don’t allow it to distract from dignity to the point or flippancy. d. Avoid cutting remarks; don’t let humor become invective (sharp, cutting remarks) e. Don’t give the impression of striving after it. f. When funny, be very funny; when serious, be very serious. Use it to release tension. Humor on yourself (foreign country or language). g. Have a purpose for your humor; tie it in with the subject or audience – Bill Bright. Johnny Carson never put down a guest with his humor. h. Make yourself the butt of the joke. Don’t let it be at the expense of someone else. Racial, minority – no. i. Know your audience. 6. Suggested use of humor a. Telling a joke on oneself. b. Telling a joke on someone in the group or on some well-known person. c. Making humorous reference to the speech situation or to the local, state, or national situation. d. Mentioning the occasion or other occasions. e. Associating a speech with past incidents that have been amusing. Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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f. “Panning” members of the group or local, state, national, or world figures. g. Exaggeration. h. Deliberate understatement. i. Sudden change of thought. j. Surprise thoughts. k. Afterthoughts tacked onto the end of an otherwise serious statement. l. Twisting ideas (do not overdo this) m. Misinterpreting facts or figures (be clever about this). n. Intentionally making errors (this must be skillfully done). o. Intentionally placing oneself in a humorous situation p. Misquoting someone present or a well-known authority (be discreet). q. Restating a well-known quotation to give it a humorous twist. r. Pantomime (also humorous props or humorous use of props). s. Gestures poorly timed or timed too late. t. Facial grimaces. u. Anecdotes. v. Examples that are humorous or make an amusing point.

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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w. Impersonating a character used as an illustration (do not make your whole speech an impersonation) x. Demonstrating or dramatizing a point (do this for purposes of illustrating to achieve humor – who moved the stone?) y. Clever wording (concoct new words, apply certain words to new situations or give them new meaning, join two or more words together with hyphens, then apply them in your speech). E. Logos: Logical Proof…or…Doing Your Homework 1. Discover trustworthy arguments. (Tell the truth and you don’t have to remember a lot) a. Evidence (i) Determine its relevance. (ii) Determine its reliability.  Check consistency within the source; from the same source  Check consistency with other known sources: Bio – speaking on the New Testament – not “just on source”  Document the source and the date; give references in talk – page numbers, source and date, etc. (iii) Determining its competency (iv) Determining its sufficiency (v) Determining if it’s up-to-date b. Look for analogies. Bridge your knowledge with the knowledge of your audience. The unknown to the known. (i) Example: to the moon Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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(ii) Example: the state of Texas

III. Audience Analysis A. Prior Analysis: Analyze the audience prior to preparing and delivering the speech so that the content, the language, and the delivery of the message will be appropriate for the intended listeners. (Helps the speaker select the topic as well as language). 1. Do they know you? 2. Do they respect you? 3. Do they agree or disagree with your past association with the subject? 4. The audience’s attitude toward the occasion and setting also are important. 5. Attending because of their personal involvement? 6. A captive audience. 7. What other speaker have they heard? 8. Program chairpersons are valuable sources of information 9. Age 10. Sex 11. Religion 12. Cultural background 13. Intellectual level 14. Occupation Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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15. Race 16. Political affiliation 17. Social level 18. Economic level 19. Values 20. Marital status 21. Trade 22. Business 23. Profession 24. Political party 25. Educational background 26. Attitudes 27. Prejudices 28. Biases 29. Values 30. Expectations of you as a speaker. 31. Mood 32. Can they be challenged to undertake a difficult project? 33. Will they respond to notions of rivalry? (Texas A&M / Texas)

Speaking Notes â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Master Josh copy â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12.29.11 ycs

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34. Competition 35. Will they be friendly? 36. Will they be indifferent or neutral? 37. Will they be hostile, antagonistic, prejudiced? 38. What image does the audience have of the speaker? 39. Does it see the speaker as an expert? 40. Does it have any misleading ideas about the speaker’s qualifications? 41. What does the audience already know about this subject? 42. How interested are they in this subject? 43. What is their attitude toward this subject? B. Types of Audiences 1. Casual audience 2. Passive audience – best characterized as being disinterested 3. Selected audience. It is composed of individuals who have gathered for some common and known purpose. 4. Concerted audience which has an active purpose, with sympathetic interest in a mutual enterprise, but with no clear division of labor or rigid organization of authority.

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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IV. Preparing a Message: Doing Your Homework A. Goal: Thoroughly know your material. B. Determining Purpose. Ask yourself, “Why am I giving this talk?” 1. To clarify 2. To impress, to convince 3. To move to action 4. To entertain. Leave them laughing. A communicator should be free to be part entertainer. C. Finding Material – use concrete detail (Specific) Kansas City 1. Restatements: Be creative; find a fresh way to say it. Give credit to other’s ideas. 2. Definitions – define your words 3. Contrasts and comparisons 4. Testimony or quotes: “Quote one person – you plagiarize. Quote many – you’re a scholar.” 5. Stories, illustrations or narratives 6. Background information, history, causes and effects. Avoid overinforming. 7. Rules or principles. 8. Reports, data and statistics; give concrete details. Journals are good sources. 9. Strategies or plans; use diagrams.

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10. Goals. D. Method 1. Personal knowledge: write everything you know about the subject. a. Use legal pad and write. b. Exhaust your own material before you look for more. c. Think on it: write everything you know. (i) Files – time saver (ii) Interested in Interested in you and your ideas (iii) Write down all 2. Don’t borrow other’s material unless you have internalized it. a. Be inquisitive. b. Focus on personal insight into needs and desires. c. Internalize your material (i) Borrow someone else’s material – you have problems if not run through your grid, mill. Give credit. (ii) Read books but internalize. 3. Research questions: ask all possible questions. Read after you exhaust yourself. 4. Collect and know more information than you could possibly use in a speech. a. Your greatest asset is not your time, but your focus. b. Find material

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(i) Read all the time – collect ideas (ii) Hunt for material – antique shop (iii) Tireless note-taker (iv) Curiosity (v) Stories, jokes, illustrations, etc. (vi) Personal experience (vii) Bible (viii) Other’s experiences (interviews) (ix) Clip morning paper, TV, news, campus paper (x) Get all the details of a good story, illustration or quote (background, reasons, people, position, occupation, etc.) (xi) Collect opposing views, research, etc. (xii) Be honest and be thorough 5. File the material in a logical system a. Aim to get the gist of an idea or article – highlight the most important points. b. Categorize like subjects / facts. (Example – if speaking on parenting – have categories for statistics, parenting tips, mothers, fathers, etc.) c. Keep each category separate – either by separate documents or with page breaks. d. Use numbers or bullet points to separate your facts.

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e. Keep your sources with your facts when you are doing your initial research. f. Use quotation marks when you are using material word-for-word from another source. Quote accurately. g. Use headers / footers to accurately name your documents and where they are stored (also with PowerPoint documentation). h. Utilize Microsoft Word resources (they are good resources!) for: (i) Endnotes (ii) Footnotes (iii) Managing sources (iv) Bibliography (v) Table of Contents 6. Purposes…write out. a. Audience needs b. Core ideas c. Questions E. Sources 1. Website research: a. Do searches with keywords (Example for parenting research: parents, family, children, mother, father, home, etc.) b. Follow links from good websites that will direct you to other sources c. DON’T USE WIKIPEDIA for a source! (Wikipedia can be edited by just about anyone).

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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d. Mark reputable websites in your favorites on your computer so you can easily return to them in the future. e. Subscribe to online updates in your field of interest (example – Barna weekly updates) f. Think outside the box – if you can’t find what you are looking for going one direction – try a new direction! 2. Published material a. Collect more information than you can use. Know more than you can use. (1-½ hours of research for each minute that I speak) b. Books c. Journals, periodicals, magazines d. Newspapers (much easier with the Internet) (Examples – Christianity Today, Wall Street Journal, L.A. Times, Washington Post, Psychology Today, Time, U.S. News & World Report, The Economist, etc.) 3. Unpublished material a. Lectures b. Audio CDs, MP3’s c. Interviews d. Webcasts e. Podcasts f. TV g. Radio

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h. Movies i. Exhibitions j. Conversations k. E-mails / letters 4. Corroboration of others – the more “earth-shattering,” the more corroborates 5. Outline Rousseau – love letter. “He had begun without knowing what he was going to say, and he had finished without knowing what he had uttered.”

V. Organizing Material. “When a man’s knowledge is not in order, the more of it he has, the greater will be his confusion of thought.” (Herbert Spencer) Build a house. “The art of war is a science in which nothing succeeds which has not been calculated and thought out.” (Napoleon) A. Strategy 1. Five versions of any speech a. The one you prepared. b. The one you delivered. c. The one the newspaper said you delivered. d. The one your spouse said you should have delivered. e. The one you wish you had delivered. Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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2. Anticipate questions and conflict 3. Anticipate misunderstandings 4. People listen to support their prejudices 5. What about? Why important? Especially interesting or noteworthy? 6. Builds suspense 7. Plan 1. a. State your facts: Who What When Where Why How b. Argue for them c. Appeal for action 8. Plan 2. a. Share what is wrong. b. Share how to remedy. c. Ask for cooperation. (Example – Problem: def. my father.

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Why is it a problem?

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Solution to the problem? Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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9. Dewey’s Critical Sequence Problem Solving Model  What is the problem?

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 What are the causes of the problem?

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 What are the possible solutions?

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 What are the advantages and disadvantages of each solution?

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 What is the best solution?

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 How can the best solution(s) be put into effect? 10. Large print – key points and phrases – charts, PowerPoint, graphics, etc. B. The Emcee 1. Is not the event or the star, but takes second place. He is the setting of the jewel. 2. Builds up and supports the main speaker. 3. Is like a picture frame – he embellishes the program. 4. Needs to be prepared by having done his homework – background reading. 5. Should never give the speaker’s outline. 6. Should be careful with humor. 7. Should not be too familiar with the speaker. Be sincere if the person has had a personal ministry in your life. Talk with the speaker ahead of time.

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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8. Intro speaker to audience: a. “Some of the best…” b. “Big red” welcome c. “We love you…” “We appreciate you…” “Time away from family…” “Heavy schedule…” 9. Build interest 10. Avoid a. “My good friend…” b. “He gave me…” c. “Don’t need to say anything” 1,000 there 500 had heard… d. “I remember when…” (funny to you only) Do this only when it elevates the speaker C. Introduction: To inform, get attention and establish their needs. Should be prepared last. 1. Purpose of Introduction a. To get on common ground with the listener. b. To remove a prejudice. c. To establish credibility. d. To arouse interest. Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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e. To state your purpose or central idea. 2. Doesn’t need to have a joke 3. Should contain compliments 4. Should explain why you’re enthused about the subject 5. Should tie the talk in with the group. Reference to situation – careful if negative. 6. Should demonstrate knowledge of the special achievements within the group, audience, or organization a. Issues b. Personalities c. Sports d. Projects e. History f. Officers 7. Could begin with a quote, poem, story – as long as it ties in with the talk. 8. Question 9. Suspense 10. Illustration 11. Humor 12. Challenge the audience Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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13. Personal reference or experience 14. Explain purpose of talk 15. Refer to recent incident 16. Refer to previous speaker D. Body: To convince them, present the solution to their need, and help them visualize the benefits of the solution. 1. Make each major point a message. 2. Make each sub-point a message. E. Conclusion: To motivate them and give steps to action or appeal for action. 1. Apply the solution to yourself. NOTE: Application can be either in the body or the conclusion. 2. Apply the solution to someone in history. 3. Apply the solution to a contemporary, possibly someone in the audience, or outside. 4. Make the conclusion short and concise. Don’t ramble. 5. Leave them laughing; humorous close. “Always leave them laughing when you say good-bye.” (George Cohan) 6. Summarize your points. 7. Pay a sincere compliment. Compliment the audience. 8. Don’t add any new information.

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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9. Use quotes, or poetry or the Bible. 10. Give a teaser for the next talk, if in a series. 11. Allow for questions; use comment cards. 12. Thank them for allowing you to speak. When through, shut up.

VI. Delivery and Style: (Loving Your Audience and Being Yourself) No boring subjects; just boring speakers. People are bombarded all day long – why you? People are easily offended – jokes – jovial Apologize – stop and make correction Never talk down to your audience – comment on what they say…not who they are. A. The Importance of Practice: “You don’t need practice, you need nerve control.” Nerve control comes through practice: videos, tapes, mirrors. Desire to improve; evaluate your progress. Practice does not make perfect…practice with critique makes perfect. 1. Read great orators, sermons and literature aloud. Learn how to say things well. Write out illustrations. Enhancement, develop, purification 2. Examples:

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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a. Skid Row: if you can hold their attention for thirty minutes, you’re a speaker. b. Rock quarry on our farm. c. Dependability: Josh hasn’t cancelled a major talk in 16 years. 3. Don’t impersonate someone else! Be yourself. Your style of speaking will often set you apart from others. 4. Speak with convictions a. Informed – your position and opponents b. Holy Spirit c. Personal experience – a man with an argument is at the mercy of a man with an experience (a Christian should have both). d. Goal e. Strategy – how to get there 5. Personal a. Puff up b. Makes you look good c. Still struggling, but potential solution there – “Honest to God.” d. Careful of shock factor e. Past, present, future = dreams f. Never share a defeat until you have a victory 6. The way you sit. Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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7. Get to meetings early (banquets) 8. Remember names, events 9. Dress appropriately B. Physical Aspects of Delivery 1. Breathing: from the diaphragm. Breathe through your lungs. John Reed at DTS has tips on breathing 2. Voice and pitch. a. Vary pitch and the rate of speaking. Pitch should have the proper correlation to the context. Voice variation – every 5-7 minutes – change your pitch; vary your rate of speaking. b. Don’t impersonate somebody else; be yourself. c. Talk as in a chat, but with more force; heightened conversation. d. Don’t repeat until monotonous. e. Animation f. Emotion corresponding with content and audience g. Pause (i) Pauses can be golden (ii) Control Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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(iii) Confidence (iv) Emphasize ideas (v) Give the audience an opportunity to mentally catch up with the speaker h. Speak to persons farthest away without a mike. i. The body (i) Have weight evenly distributed on both feet. (ii) Have feet a comfortable distance apart (iii) Look before you walk (iv) Don’t twist your body (v) Lectern: the purpose is to hold your notes, not to lean on 3. Gestures: They are like a toothbrush – a very personal thing. a. Mannerisms are as important as your words. b. Face and head (i) Facial expression is the most important. (ii) Light should be on face at a 45 degree angle (iii) Focus on the joy you have. (iv) Stare down the opposition. (v) Smile. Chinese Proverb: “He who cannot smile ought not to keep shop.” Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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(vi) Don’t let your hair be a distraction. c. The eyes (i) “Eye to eye principle” – never speak without a pair of eyes.  Eliminates distractions and reduces pressure. Easier to concentrate-maximize thinking ability  More personal  Control nervousness  Keeps you from scanning (ii) Work the audience (iii) Finish one thought with one person, not one thought to a group  No one else in the room  “I to him” not “I to them” – (you focus)  Five seconds  With a spotlight – imagine a pair of eyes  Start in the back (iv) It’s value  It suggests audience-centeredness. It makes the audience feel a part of the communicative event.

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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 You cannot adapt to the audience’s response unless you see those responses. (v) Pause to look at notes (vi) Preparation of notes  Key words  Be kept to a minimum  Small note cards  Not to be used in gesturing  Don’t attempt to conceal notes from the audience  Symbols  Teleprompter  Laptop, iPad (vii) Reading from a prepared text or from extensive notes  Divide text into small memory bites (see Appendix L).  Put notes in front loading plastic protector sheets  Do not speak without a pair of eyes  Do not phase in or out of text.  Pause to catch thought is OK  It is okay to place your fingers on the notes or iPad, etc. d. The Gestures

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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(i) Toothbrush – very personal (ii) Let the body go (iii) Don’t make short jerky gestures from the elbow. For small crowds, use small gestures. Use large gestures for large crowds. Make complete motions; make them flow. (iv) Energy – nervousness (v) Don’t walk off energy (vi) Above the waist – upper body would be mobile (vii) Two arms are better than one (viii) Should complement your words, ideas, and principles (ix) Should be properly blended with the voice (x) Should not be repeated, so that they become monotonous (xi) Telephone booth syndrome (xii) Smile – Chinese Proverb (xiii) Body will follow voice : vocal – visual (xiv) Start with hands at your side (xv) Don’t lock your elbows (xvi) Don’t make short jerky gestures, i.e., home movie syndrome (xvii) Don’t be prohibitive (xviii) Don’t abort gestures

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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(xix) Use your eyes (xx) Hold the gesture when emphasis is needed. Freeze, stop action, and wait for audience response. (xxi) The larger the room, the more important the body language (xxii) Manifestation of nervous tension:  Fiddling with a pencil  Clothes  Watch-winding  Fingers drumming  Leaning on lectern  Slumping  Weaving  Excessive body action  Wandering  “Ahs,” “ers”  Hair  Belt  Spider on a mirror (xxiii) Clothes  Be yourself Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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 Don’t dress down  Dress for age /  Profession appropriate  Acquire special identification clothes  Dress with colors that are distinct from the background, i.e., dark background – don’t wear a dark jacket. Wear a contrasting colored shirt. e. The Platform (i) Should have pleasing background. (ii) Should be no guests on the platform (iii) Should not sit facing audience. The talk begins from the moment they see you. (iv) Don’t fidget with clothes or hair, no flipping hair (v) Don’t be afraid to be informal, lean on the podium, sit on a stool, put hands in pocket. (When appropriate and serves a purpose). (vi) Sit down in front, order to come up to the podium fresh. (vii) Be more interested in what you saying than how you appear. Prepare to look sharp before you arrive to speak. If you get excited about your subject, the audience will too. (viii) Don’t let how you dress disgrace from your message. Show respect Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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Be informal when needed. Don’t let your dress hog attention. Are you more interested in what you are saying or how you appear? (both ARE important). (ix) Pretend that you talking to someone in the back. Speak to the same individuals to avoid scanning the audience. Take charge. (x) There are no small audiences, just small speakers. There are no boring subjects, just boring speakers. (xi) If speaking outdoors, have something to hold your notes down (so they don’t blow away). Example – in Austin, TX day of prayer, I used a notebook with front loading plastic protector sheets. (xii) Be sensitive to those who are running the auditorium. (xiii) Podium size. (xiv) Movement (xv) If on platform before delivering talk  Don’t appear self-conscious (adjusting your tie, hair, etc.)  Be inconspicuous  Sit like you are in control; smile, laugh, little quip, nod head (approval, disapproval); write note  Legs; crossing your legs Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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 Don’t talk during performance of others  Look at emcee, singers, etc.  Stand when a lady come on the platform (xvi) Room set-up  Center aisle when possible  Front chairs rounded off, not straight

C. Mental Aspects of Delivery 1. Memory – also memorize transitions a. Write out illustrations before they are presented. b. Memorize quotes, statistics, poems, key phrases, and opening lines (i) How does it affect me? (ii) Repetition (iii) Association (iv) Visualization

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c. Memorize: 1st paragraph (i) Repetition Concentration Word association Outline Impression d. Visualize entire talk…every move, every facial expression 2. Convictions a. Be informed of your position as well as your opponent’s. b. Speak with the authority that the Holy Spirit gives. Clear Conscience. c. Use your personal convictions. d. Relate content to your life’s goal. e. Relate content to your personal strategy. 3. Attitudes…a great privilege to be invited. a. Like begets like. “…if we are interested in our audience, there is a likelihood that our audience will be interested in us.” (Professor Overstreet, Influencing Human Nature) b. People are easily offended, be careful of humor. c. Out of 3,000, 56% of communication is attitude (non-verbal) 37% is behavior Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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Only 7% is words d. Act confident, like everybody owes you money, and they are begging you to extend the credit. e. Never begin with an apology. f. One speaker often is judged to be better than another because of their different moods. The better speakers are enthusiastic, energetic, alive and full of vitality. g. Humility – always someone who knows a little bit more! h. Love i. Respect, but disagree – you are nothing but an imbecile; that is dumb j. Conviction k. Respect others’ rights – don’t downgrade a person, but what they say l. Their decision – invitation. D. Style 1. Enthusiasm a. People enjoy those who are: (i) Enthusiastic (ii) Energetic (iii) Alive

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(iv) Full of vitality b. There are no boring subjects, just boring speakers. Educators need to be better communicators. c. Ask yourself, “Why should they listen to me?” d. Talk as in a chat, but with more force e. Mannerism is as important as words: cocky, proud, scared f. Run to the podium: if you are excited about your audience (and your message), your audience will be excited about you (and your message). 2. Confidence a. Communication is: 56% attitude 37% behavior 7% words b. What people look for in a speaker is: (i) Loyalty (ii) Integrity (iii) Convictions (iv) Credibility (v) Dedication (vi) Confidence (vii) Sincerity – look in their eyes

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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c. The above are communicated: (i) Physically (ii) Visually (iii) Vocally d. Creating Confidence (i) Poise in delivery (ii) Relevant subject (iii) Knowledge of the subject (iv) Conviction – do you believe in it? Do you believe in what you are doing? Or are you just acting? (University of Oklahoma – Communist recruiter) (v) Knowing your audience  Carlton College – Heterosexual  Beirut, Lebanon – Islamic University – “I’m an evangelical Christian,” “I am an American.” (vi) Be aware of the make-up of your audience. (vii) Being yourself (Carlton College) (viii) Filled with the Holy Spirit (ix) Personally experiencing the subject

Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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“A man with an argument is at the mercy of a man with an experience.” e. Feel free to entertain. f. Each person has their own style. Don’t ever change it, but make it more effective. (i) Bing Crosby Red Skelton Johnny Carson Merv Griffin Bob Hope George Burns Phil Donahue (ii) All are unique, but have something in common. g. Be so interested in what you are saying so that the audience is interested in your subject. h. Tiredness: one speaker better than another? Vitality, aliveness, enthusiasm, energetic i. Smile (gets confidence) “I’m glad I’m here!” Chinese Proverb – “He who cannot smile ought not to keep shop.” j. People don’t learn boring information; make material interesting, informative, and motivating – ask self questions. 3. Attitudes a. Interest in them – interest in you b. If you love them, they will probably love you Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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c. If you are excited about them (your message), they will be excited about you (your message). 4. Choice of Words a. Always look up questionable pronunciations. b. Use metaphors. Be sure you are contemporary. c. Don’t repeat clichés. d. Be cautious about big words. e. Read the dictionary and encyclopedias (I’ve read the entire Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary three times). f. Avoid repetitious words, strive for variety. g. Explain big words for didactic purposes. h. Be aware of bad habits that you might have grown up with. i. Pause after key statements to let them sink in j. Repeat the correct information as soon as you realize you have made a mistake. k. Communicators should achieve two qualities of language. (i) Clarity (ii) Vividness l. Words and phrases to avoid (i) Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure which you are used to seeing in print.

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(ii) Never use a long word when a short word will do (iii) If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out. (iv) Never use a passive phrase when you can use an active phrase (v) Never use a foreign phrase, scientific word, or a jargon word in you can think of an everyday equivalent in English. (vi) Excessive use of slang is tiresome and deadly. (vii) Mass language style  Cool, turkey, neat, straight, chick, and get down  Clichés – words or phrases robbed of their effectiveness and meaning through overuse. m. Specific words (i) Instead of a “Western state,” say “Idaho.” (ii) Instead of a “comedian,” say “Bob Hope.” n. Consider the emotional implication of words. o. If you’re inspired, your audience will be inspired No small audiences – only small speakers No boring subjects – only boring speakers p. What is Evidence? (i) Personal story (ii) Analogy / comparison

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(iii) Expert opinion (iv) Example (v) Statistics / facts (vi) Biblical Insights q. Think on your feet (e.g., parachutist) (Christ is coming back) r. Agitators (taking fire out) (i) Know people (ii) Seek agreement (iii) Say their name E. Helpful Suggestions 1. Talk begins when you walk into the room. 2. Be vulnerable. 3. The Constitution guarantees the freedom of speech, but does not guarantee an audience. 4. Think on your feet. 5. Man who makes no mistakes does not really make anything 6. Practice with critique. 7. Own comfort zone.

Speaking Notes â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Master Josh copy â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 12.29.11 ycs

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VII. The Audience and Special Situations A. Charts 1. Few words – simple graphics Review 2. Look – turn – talk. Don’t speak with a pair of eyes a. Don’t talk to the chart b. Don’t talk without a pair of eyes 3. Don’t phase in and out B. Debate, Forums or Symposiums 1. Know your opponent’s position as well as your own. Be a master of the subject – confidence. 2. Emphasize your strongest point and his weakest point. 3. Strive to win the audience, not the opponent. 4. Let your opponent see your reactions. 5. Debate secular issues. 6. In the rebuttal, give your testimony. 7. Note preparation (color coded) C. Question and Answer Periods 1. Identify the subject 2. You ask a question first a. Make it non-threatening Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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b. Don’t ask for agreement c. Make it broad enough to get a substantial response (i) How many of you share my concern? (ii) How many of you feel this is an important subject? 3. Put your hand in the air just before you ask for another question 4. Each question should: a. Repeat (i) In order to buy time to formulate your answer (ii) In order for entire audience to hear question b. Rephrase (i) To clarify or simplify (ii) To diffuse or de-emotionalize  You don’t want to legitimize the statement  Don’t repeat emotional words o Aren’t you really being presumptuous? Not everyone has heard about Jesus! Don’t you think you are being a little arrogant? o “Fat Cat” o “Ripping people off” o “Profiteering” Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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o “Manipulating” o “Misuse of funds” c. Relate back to initial subject 5. Eye-to-eye contact with person asking the question 6. Break eye contact with questioner after he/she asks the question. 7. After the question is asked, it becomes the audience’s question – give the answer to the entire audience. 8. Be well informed and love your audience. a. First names – more personal 9. When you don’t know an answer, tell the audience you don’t know…then go find the answer. a. People are skeptical of those who know everything. 10. Especially avoid overstatements. Don’t wing it. Dogmatism – “all, everyone,” etc. Better – “many” JESUS is the only way! 11. After the first few meetings, you have answered most of the questions that will be asked of you. a. Same question – new individual b. Often an attitude will win more to Christ than an answer. 12. Don’t be evasive if you’re in a corner. Admit mistakes.

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13. Organize your answer. a. Take the time to pace yourself. Develop a disciplined way of saying things. b. Formulate a quick outline of one or two points so that the audience knows that you’re headed in a certain direction. c. 2-3 points. Three reasons why a person listening to you knows where you are headed – more prone to be quiet – let me touch on the other two reasons – base response on authoritative evidence source. 14. Rephrase, questions, e.g., about the heathen 15. Back up your answers with concrete sources – books, quotes, etc. 16. Don’t hesitate to apologize if you’ve offended someone. 17. In hostile situations, make sure it is your convictions, and not your ego that is coming out. Show humility with firmness. 18. Often an attitude will win more to your side than an answer. The audience won’t remember your answer, but they will remember your attitude. 19. If an antagonist gets to you, don’t let him know it. Walk away. Look away. 20. Be sensitive but firm to those who want to dominate the questioning. Hog time – someone wants to take all the time. 21. Love: Be kind; stand in an unthreatened manner. 22. Agree to disagree a. Paul / Barnabas – Mark b. Ego or convictions? Searching after truth Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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c. Humility with firmness d. Apologize e. I disagree – tell why – Dixon f. Calgary, UT – Woman; B.G. – Oklahoma; Rochester 23. Audience with your notes, PowerPoint, illustrations, etc. a. Get their e-mail b. Make physical copies available c. Provide information on your website to view or download D. Interviews 1. Meet ahead of time 2. Set up a. Purpose b. Timing c. Format 3. High level of energy – higher than the interviewer. 4. First-name basis – use often 5. Host state in broad sense – give the bigger picture E. Free Speech 1. Come on fast and strong.

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2. Project your voice. 3. Don’t pause when the audience is antagonistic 4. Be shocking to get their attention F. Banquets 1. They always run long a. Canada – tape b. Chicago – bathroom c. YFC – Vancouver, WA d. If a fundraiser – promote host and identify with their cause. (i) Explain value of the cause and (if true) how it has affected you and how it will affect kids and their families. 2. Be prepared for flexible time of speaking. 3. Never put down the host in difficult situations. 4. Be sensitive to the audience’s comfort. Don’t make them sit too long without a break. G. Churches 1. Be honest about your convictions in promoting another organization. If you can’t endorse something, don’t. 2. Get to the church early to meet people. 3. Remember names. 4. Find out if they have a special theme/emphasis for the year.

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5. Use of equipment…be very careful. 6. Write notes of appreciation. 7. Be sensitive to dress. 8. Be time conscious, especially with multiple services. Same is true of keynote talks, conferences. H. Conferences I. Classrooms 1. Don’t enter classroom until the professor or teacher arrives. 2. Method of lining up classrooms. 3. Speaking in classrooms. 4. Follow-up. 5. Look at professor where there is agreement. a. Refer to him / her and not agree, also b. Compliment J. Interviews K. Music Groups 1. Let them know you are willing not to sing if they are willing not to preach. 2. Have the host communicate with them in sensitive situations. L. Feedback 1. Comment Cards Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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2. Applause 3. Compliments that you receive 4. The grapevine 5. Changes in the audience’s behavior 6. Crowd attendance 7. Questions and answers a. Let them ask you questions. b. You ask them questions. 8. Staff give you all negative comments, notes, letters, e-mails, etc. The positive ones are nice, but the negative are educational. 9. Don’t read anonymous letters, etc. 10. You will rarely get a negative comment or letter from a Christian written “in love” (I Corinthians) 11. Don’t write a critical letter without fully understanding the situation. Write an inquisitive letter to clarify. M. How to Handle Hecklers – SPECIAL HINTS 1. Be firm but flexible. 2. Retain a sense of humor, but do not interpret everything as if you were a comedian. 3. Show no anger, but do not be afraid to stand up and face your audience vigorously and forcefully. 4. Maintain self-control. Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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5. Take advantage of opportunities offered by events that occur while you speak. 6. Stay with your speech by refusing to be “jockeyed” out of position. 7. Do not ask questions or opinions of your hecklers when replying to them. They will only argue with you. 8. Give short, direct, vigorous, and specific replies. 9. When questions come fast and furiously, point to one person to ask his question while signaling for the others to be quiet so you can answer. Try to direct the audience’s attention to the person who is questioning (and heckling). An audience will usually be courteous to one of its own members. This will give the speaker a chance. 10. Whenever the opportunity comes to flatten a heckler verbally, give him both barrels with a triple charge of powder. 11. Do not answer more than two questions at a time from one person. Give others a chance to be heard. 12. Do not argue with a heckler; switch to someone who has a question. 13. If the session gets too rough, frankly ask the audience to give you a chance – appeal to their sense of fair play. 14. When the heckling gets loud, stop completely, wait calmly until quiet returns, then quietly and definitively answer a question or resume your speech. Do not attempt to talk louder than your heckler.

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N. Sound Systems 1. Always check the mike first. Check ahead of time. 2. Put it on ahead of time if possible. Adjust neck mike. 3. Don’t make negative statements about the mike in public. 4. Find out if it is a directional or a non-directional mike. Check distance to speak into. 5. If you use a hand-held mike, try to make it look inconspicuous. O. Visual aids 1. Be large enough to be seen. P. Speaker’s Library 1. If you visualize your career as one requiring effective language, you will find the following books or eBooks essential. The list under each heading is designed to be helpful, but not exhaustive. a. College level dictionary (i) The American Heritage Dictionary (ii) The Random House College Dictionary (iii) Webster’s New Dictionary If your interest is historical, you will want to know about Webster’s Biographical Dictionary. If your interest is geographical, you will find Webster’s Geographical Dictionary helpful. b. A Thesaurus. Titles vary. (i) Roget’s Thesaurus in Dictionary Form

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(ii) The New American Roget’s College Thesaurus in Dictionary Form You will probably prefer the “dictionary form” style to Roget’s original style, but bookstores handle both sorts, so look for yourself. c. A book of synonyms (i) Webster’s New Dictionary of Synonyms (ii) Merriam-Webster Pocket Dictionary of Synonyms, abridged, paperback d. A book of quotations (i) Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations (ii) Penguin Dictionary of Modern Quotations e. A Fact Book (i) Information Please Almanac (ii) World Almanac (iii) Hammond Almanac 2. You can find all of the above on the Internet.

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APPENDIX A TRAVEL TIPS 1. International Travel 2. Packing a. Roll b. Use plastic c. Travel adapters 3. Hotel Room a. Each day partially make your bed b. Hang towels c. Combine trash d. Leave notes for the cleaning staff 4. When you leave at the end of your stay… a. Partially make bed b. Pile all towels together c. Combine trash

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APPENDIX B POWER POINT 1. How to create 2. How to use 3. How to document

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APPENDIX C PROMOTIONS

1. TRUTH: Ability without visibility = 0 You need to market yourself! 2. PR 3. How to optimize TV appearances (Josh) 4. Getting endorsements from others (potential hosts want to know what others think of you) 5. Doing interviews 6. Get copies of all your talks / interviews 7. Multi-task marketing 8. Media & Technology a. Website b. Facebook c. Twitter d. Blogs e. Skype f. YouTube g. Podcast h. New technologies 9. Graphic design 10.

How to handle / disarm an antagonistic interviewer on radio / TV

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APPENDIX D LEADERSHIP 1. Wisdom – how to know when a good thing runs its course 2. Motivating people – creating a creative environment 3. Listen to alternatives 4. Listen to potential 5. Ask what is right – not that which is conventional or popular (Bush – late term abortions) 6. Express appreciation

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APPENDIX E PERSONAL FINANCES 1. Budget. 2. Pay your bills. 3. Keep in reserves six months of living expenses. 4. Don’t go to bed worrying about your financial challenges (Philippians 4:6-7, 19). 5. Get help on handling your personal finances (Dave Ramsey seminars, excellent product books – i.e., Ethan Pope).

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APPENDIX F PERSONAL GROWTH 1. Personal integrity 2. How to maintain your personal spiritual growth and walk with Christ on the road. 3. Accountability 4. Taking risks – having the courage to fail 5. Being a good listener 6. How to recharge your batteries 7. Know yourself – strengths AND weaknesses

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APPENDIX G FAMILY 1. Never put your family before your ministry…your family IS YOUR FIRST MINISTRY! 2. Take children with you and build in extra time with them. 3. Arrange activities when traveling. 4. Plan time together. 5. Be sensitive to your spouse.

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APPENDIX H PERSONAL HEALTH 1. Annual physical. 2. Exercise. 3. Sleeping on the road. 4. Nutrition.

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APPENDIX I KEEPING CURRENT WITH DONORS 1. Keep current with reports. 2. Telephone / e-mail. 3. Plan special outings (men’s events, etc.). 4. VAPS: Very Appreciated People (not VIP’s). 5. Sent notes on unique, eye-catching, easy to remember items (airplane tags, motion sickness bags, notes, etc.).

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APPENDIX J WHEN LISTENING…TAKE NOTES 1. Help to remember key information. 2. Remember your own ideas. 3. Remember action points to be taken by you or others.

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APPENDIX K PREPARING YOUR TWO-MINUTE TESTIMONY: All speakers should be prepared to share their story. It should include how you came to know who Jesus is, your personal need for Christ, how you committed your life to Jesus, and the difference Christ has made in your daily life. In the schools it’s important to make sure your testimony can cross cultures. It is best to write out an outline of your testimony. There are four steps to prepare your personal story: 1. What your life was like before you met Christ. What common circumstances would a Jamaican student identify with? What were your attitudes that a Jamaican could identify with? What was the most important to you? What substitute for God di you use to find meaning in your life? (sports/fitness, success at work, marriage, sex, making money, drugs/alcohol, entertainment) Before I received Christ  What was my life like before I accepted Christ? Use an attention getting first sentence. Describe it in a way that communicates well to your audience. Don’t use religious terminology (i.e., “sinner,” “Saved). Consider the following questions: o What was my motivation in life? o What gave me security or happiness? o What did I believe about God? o How did those beliefs and securities begin to break down? 2. How you realized you needed Christ. What significant steps led up to your conversion? What needs, hurts or problems made you dissatisfied with the way you were living without God? How did God get your attention? What motivated you?

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How I received Christ  Consider the following questions o When was the first time I heard the gospel? o What were my initial reactions? 3. How you committed your life to Christ. What specifically did you do to step across the line? Where did it happen? What did you say in your prayer? Be specific and avoid “churchy” phrase such as alter, at the invitation, asked Jesus to come into my heart, prayed the sinner’s prayers, etc. 4. The difference it has made in my life. What benefits have you experienced or felt? What problems have been resolved? How has Jesus helped you change for the better? How has it helped your relationships? After I received Christ (or game Him complete control of my life)  Consider the following questions: o Specific changes I’ve seen in my life (attitudes and actions) since becoming a Christian (include a personal illustration) o Why am I motivated differently? How does my relationship with Christ affect my decisions regarding activities, relationships, and my decision to serve the Lord full-time? Examine Your Testimony When you have completed writing out the outline of your testimony, read it out loud and ask yourself: Does it communicate what I really mean to say?  Have I made my testimony too pastoral, or used “church words” – words only a believer will understand, such as “sinner” or “repented”? Will an interpreter have trouble with any of the words?  Is there a basic Gospel message somewhere – that Jesus was sent by God to die for our sins, and that He rose again? Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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 Have I emphasized Christ in my life, rather than my life before Christ?  Can your listeners relate to this story if they are coming from a different worldview?  Avoid idioms, slang or long phrases a translator may struggle with (if giving in a foreign land).  Don’t talk about money or cultural taboos they might not understand or respect (if giving in a foreign land).  Don’t refer to geography within the US or your country (if giving in a foreign land).

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APPENDIX L PRACTICE PAGES

Anthony Muñoz. Anthony Muñoz – Cincinnati Bengals. Was pre-season favorite to be Offensive Lineman of the Year. To be previewed in an article. Hypothetically pitted against Howie Long of the Oakland Raiders (chosen as pre-season Defensive Lineman). This would mean high visibility. In a crucial year – he would be negotiating and signing a new contract at the end of the year. The extra attention would surely help. One problem – the article would appear in / Playboy Magazine. Question / would he stay true to God and refuse the interview as he believe God would want him to do? Or would he compromise his standard just this once to build his own name? Anthony refused the contract and someone else was chosen to do the interview. P.S. The Bengals had a lousy year. Anthony was injured in the sixth game of the season, and played hurt the rest of the year. The Bengals received no national TV exposure. Despite these things, Anthony was name All-Pro for the 7th consecutive year and Offensive Lineman of the Year for the 3rd consecutive year. He went on to become the highest paid offensive lineman in the history of the NFL.

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He Became the Highest Paid Offensive Lineman in the History of the NFL Archie Griffin, Ohio St. Freshman year at OSU, the 1st two games were at home. Archie was 5th team tailback. They let him dress out for the first game, but didn’t have room at the team hotel, so he stayed in the dorm. In the game Archie didn’t expect to see any playing time….he had been running with the scout team in practice. With 2 minutes to go in the game, they called his name. He got in and they gave him the ball. He saw a hole big enough to drive a truck through. He headed for the hole and promptly fumbled the ball and the defense recovered. That was his only play. After the game, Archie was very dejected and down. He went to his dad, who reminded him Archie had place his faith in Christ long ago – and Jesus wouldn’t let him down. The 2nd game was the same in that Archie dressed out, but stayed at the dorm again. He prayed before the game that he’d get to play, and that he would please the Lord, not the crowd. In the middle of the first quarter, the coach called his name. Archie couldn’t believe it. He rushed out without his helmet in his haste. He returned for the helmet and got into the game. Over the next 2 ½ quarters Archie Griffin set new Ohio State and Big 10 rushing records – a fifth team tailback. As he left the field, in front of 100,000 cheering fans, Archie knelt and thanked Jesus Christ before doing anything else. He then committed to raise his finger to the sky whenever he had a good run. Not #1 for Archie Griffen, but #1 for Jesus Christ. Archie went on to win 2 Heisman trophies. The only player in history to accomplish that feat.

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JOAN OF ARC – COURAGEOUS FAITH as told by Howard Hendricks, KC ’83. In the first part of the 20th century, a French peasant maid by the name of Joan of Arc was called upon to save the country from its enemies. And with her sacred sword, her conservative banner, and her belief in her mission, she swept her enemies before her. She sent a thrill of enthusiasm through the French army such as neither king nor statesman could produce. On one occasion, she said to one of the generals, “I’ll lead the men over the wall.” The general said, “But no man will follow you.” She said, “I won’t bother to look back to find out if anybody is following me.” But they did. And she saved her country from the British and then fell into their hands. While the fires were being lighted around the stake at which this 19-year-old French peasant maid of Orleans was to be burned alive, she was given a chance to regain her liberty by denying what she believed. Choosing fire above freedom, this is what she said: “Every man gives his life for what he believes. Every woman gives her life for what she believes. Sometimes people believe in little or nothing. And yet, they give their lives to that little or nothing. One life is all we have and we live it and then it’s gone. But to surrender what you are and live without belief is more terrible than dying, even more terrible than dying young. But there is a worse fate than living without belief; it is to live with a firm commitment to that which, at the end of life, at the portals of eternity, turns out to have betrayed you.”

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The Magnificent Eleven Eleven high school students in Minneapolis weren’t allowed to publish a Christian Alternative in their school paper. They wanted to publish an underground paper. The school was threatened by the ACLU, the school threatened to expel the eleven students. Over 100 high school students a month have come to the Lord as a result of the bravery of these students. Charles Spurgeon: “The World has yet to see what God will do with one man who truly believes Him.” Dwight L. Moody – age 19, uneducated, unknown, heard Spurgeon’s challenge. He prayed, “Lord, let me be that man.” Lord, I want to be your man or woman, on my campus, in my fraternity or sorority, in my dorm. This week we have built up in Jesus and challenged to be His man or woman in a dying and lost world. Many of you have made decisions – signed the “declaration.” “Before God I pledge to go anywhere and do anything He wants me to do.”

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C.T. Studd A Tract Written by an Atheist “Did I firmly believe as millions say they do, that the knowledge and practice of religion in this life influences destiny in another religion would mean to me everything. I would cast away earthly enjoyments and earthly cares as follies and earthly thoughts and feelings as vanity. Religion would be my first waking thought and my last image before sleep sank me into unconsciousness. I should labour in its cause alone. I would esteem one soul gained for heaven worth a life of suffering. Earthly consequences should never stay my hand nor seal my lips. Earth, its joys and its grief’s would occupy no moment of my thoughts. I would strive to look upon eternity alone and on the immortal souls around me soon to be everlastingly happy or everlastingly miserable. I would go forth to the world and preach to it in season and out of season and my text would be what shall it profit a man if he gains the whole world and loses his own soul?

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PRAYER Father God, we so desire to pass on Your values and Your truth to our children. We want them to know You, to know that You have our best interest at heart when You give us commands to obey You. And right now, we want to confess that we haven’t always obeyed You like we should. Forgive us of our selfish ways, of our dishonesty, our impure thoughts, our unloving and critical attitudes, our impatient and unkind words, and our unChristlike actions. Forgive us of our inconsistency and the double standards we have lived before our kids. As David prayed, “Don’t keep looking at my sins – erase them from your sight. Create in me a new, clean heart, O God, filled with clean thoughts and right desires. Restore to me again the joy of Your salvation and make me willing to obey you.” (Psalm 51:9-12) Father God, thank You for forgiving me. Now, strengthen me with Your spirit to live a transparent, honest life before my children. Give me the strength to confess my sins before them when I fail. Give me the courage to seek their forgiveness today – forgiveness for living inconsistently before them. And give me the wisdom to pass on Your ways, Your truth, and Your values to my children day by day. Amen.

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On the Brink of Destruction During this New Year’s weekend, the media is sober in it proclamation that the world is hopelessly standing on the brink of its own destruction. The nuclear clock has moved to 3 minutes before midnight. However, there is “hope” as Billy Graham emphasized that our message is one of hope. I am convinced that you, as students, future leaders, and influencers have the responsibility of its proclamation. A movement of students whose lives are rooted in Christ’s love and a compassion for the lost is our hope. Alone we can have an impact, but together with the whole body of Christ, in the unity of the Holy Spirit, we can see even a greater unleashing of God’s power. Together, with God’s leading, we will be something stronger, something more powerful than the might of all the nations of the earth. There will be a cost, perhaps even a risk, but the opportunity to bring others the hope of eternal life makes the cost look mighty pale in comparison.

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PASTORS: Use Me! The Christian family was and still is God’s primary vehicle for passing on to our children such things as truth, character, moral bearings, and the strength to stand firm in what they believe. It’s not the church’s responsibility, or the Christian school’s responsibility, or the public school’s responsibility or even the Youth Pastor’s responsibility. It is the family’s responsibility: more specifically, it is the parent’s responsibility. (Deuteronomy 6:4-9) The reason that so many of our evangelical youth have problems with their moral compass isn’t because of the message that they are getting from the world, but rather, because of the mixed messages that they get from their parents. THIS IS THE HEART OF THE PROBLEM!! When parents try to apply standards of right and wrong to their children’s lives and circumstances, but step around those same standards in their own lives and circumstances, they teach their children that there are no absolutes by default. Our example and involvement as parents in our children’s lives has more influence over our children than does the world. I am convinced that the battle for moral absolutes in the lives of our own children is not won or lost in the classroom, city council room, Board of Education room, concert hall, movie theater, or any other place in society but rather in our own evangelical homes. It’s there that the individual battles for the moral values of the children suffer the greatest loss or the most significant gain. Involvement in our children’s lives…of three specific dimensions. First is time, Second is example, Third is personal involvement. When you get next to most kids, they will tell you that what they want from mom and dad is…

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Their time Their example Their personal involvement. Experience some life together in a shared activity. No lectures, no agendas, no hassles, just time to be together. It’s during these times that some of the most profound teachable moments occur naturally. They are not planned, but they are a conscious effort. They want to know someone who knows how to figure out right from wrong, someone who knows first-hand how to apply it to the circumstances of life…and will help them learn how to do it as well. Hebrews 10:24-25 tells us, in essence, to “figure out” how to stimulate one another to love and good deeds. The principles of Matthew 18:6 and I Corinthians 10:32 where it talks about causing little ones to sin…and others to stumble. But as parents, we will have to give an account for the stumbling blocks we put in their way! Parents themselves need to be called back to their own moral revival. When a youth pastor tries to tell a parent that the reason their son or daughter may be experimenting with sex, alcohol, drugs, cheating, or other inappropriate behavior is because of their (the parent’s) example. They usually get brushed off, verbally attacked or patronized. The response comes back, “Well, you just wait until your kids get this age and then you’ll see that it’s not so cut and dry.” OR… “I can’t wait until your kids get this age and then you’ll see how you do.” The most vicious attacks I’ve encountered in all my ministry have been over this issue. …Challenge parents to brokenness…To experience a brokenness...accept their shortcomings, allow God to forgive, reconcile, and empower us to be the models, mentors, and teachers our children need. Where have I failed my children by example? Speaking Notes – Master Josh copy – 12.29.11 ycs

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What habits or attitudes do I possess that are contrary to Scriptural principles? How do my financial priorities, leisure priorities, work priorities, and church priorities reflect Scriptural priorities and values? Where do I lack wisdom and understanding? Where do I lack strength? I can learn to be and do differently. COMMITMENT A daily growing relationship with Christ. An accountability relationship with: Prioritizing time with family – helping each one. Prioritizing the spiritual development of our children. …the vertical side of the process (parent to God) …the interpersonal side (parent to children)

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