Manifesto Supportive Essay Joshua Brooks 465480
AS MaNUFaCTURING GOES DIGITaL, IT WILL CHaNGE OUT OF aLL RECOGNITION, aND SOME OF THE BUSINESS OF MaKING THINGS WILL RETURN TO RICH COUNTRIES. -Paul Markillie, 2012.
Contents:
1-2
Introduction
16-19
The Bad
3-4
What Is 3D Printing?
20-25
And The Ugly...
4-7
The Market
26-27
Conclusion
7-9
Potential Implications
28-29
Bibliography
28-29
Figure List
10-15 The Good
? Figure 1. Industrial Revolution
1
Introduction This manifesto will be covering a range of different aspects regarding the new industrial revolution; aka ‘The third industrial revolution’. I will be covering multifarious issues of which many people do not tend to consider or associate with 3D Printing; What are the technologies used in 3d printing? How proficient are these technologies in the use of resources and energy? What are the negative/positive impacts on society? What are the limits to 3D printing? And finally, How could 3D printing shape our future generations? In recent years 3D printing has become an increasingly popular subject. Its validity, shortcomings and potential impact have inspired intense debate within the mass media, manufacturing industries and the academic world. Some claim it will soon enable us to print, rather than buy, the vast majority of products we normally obtain from stores. A 3D printer has the ability to create and transform everyday items such as toys, clothing and food, but also the capability to produce machine parts, guns and body organs. Some even suggest that 3D Printing may contribute significantly to reducing our environmental footprint via reducing the amount of the materials used, recycling plastics and the exclusion of toxic chemicals. It could be debated that technology has impacted recent human history more than any other field. This includes steam engines, the light bulb or more latterly, automotives and aeroplanes. These are just some examples, but the most prolific would arguably be the World Wide Web. These profound technologies have catapulted us into a modern day era of savvy techies and enriched our lives in so many ways. It is believed by many that 3D Printing has the potential to become one of these landmark technologies. It is an empowering technology that not only encourages and drives innovation but provides a tool-less environment that reduces costs, labour and an ineffectiveness to produce intricate designs. 2
Figure 2. How a 3D Printer Works. Illustration
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So what is 3D Printing? A 3D printer works much like a traditional ink-jet printer, however instead of using layers of ink, a variety of materials such as resins, plastics, polymers – even silver and gold are deposited from the mechanic head. Layers of the desired material are then built up one after another to create a 3D model. Other interesting materials, such as human body cells and even Nano particles can also be used. 3D Printing is a tool that has the potential to provide unique opportunities for creative design. The ability to form some of the most complex designs is something that attracts most, if not all, markets. From fashion to product design, 3D printing offers a means through which inconceivable ideas can manifest themselves, making the impossible not so impossible. This, along with a plethora of reasons, provide a strong vehement that 3D Printing can deliver a blissful future.
The market Industrial uses are by far the largest market for 3D printing and make up the vast majority of it. These are generally processes such as model prototypes along with increasingly specialised machine components. Until recently 3D printers for home-use were prohibitively expensive, costing upwards of USD$8,000. In 2012, the first 3D printer was designed and priced at USD$2000 for home use. (3ders. org, 2015) In the years to come the biggest spending sectors such as aerospace, medical technology and automotive sectors will clearly be the most prolific users of 3D printers. These industries will be able to spend massive amounts of money creating objects that have such a vast internal complexity which will, in turn, blow traditional factories out of the water because they will simply be unable to compete with the sheer might of the 3D Printer. 4
1.1 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.6
2012
3.1 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.6 5.9 8.4
95% Industrial
Amount in billions $ Figure 3. Industry Worth
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Figure 4. Market Use
5% Consumer
While 3D printing technology is only now beginning to emerge on to the consumer market, it is a feasible prediction that in the next 15-20 years consumers will be producing basic products on an on-going basis, via their own homes or external services. One of the main factors that could affect the implementation of the 3D Printer in the home, will be the way in which it is promoted and marketed. News recently surfaced that Staples will become the first major U.S. retailer to sell consumer-friendly 3-D printers. The consumer will essentially become the producer - the democratisation of the design stage followed by the production. Overall, 3D printing could have a profound impact on the economy, industry structure, market dynamics and consumer behaviour. It is clear that 3D printing has already started its conquest for world domination.
And this is only the beginning‌ 3D printing could spell the end of countlessly walking around shops going to buy mundane items such as a toothbrush, or impatiently waiting for one to be delivered. With a 3D printer you could simply buy the rights for the toothbrush then print and use as you please at home. Instead of selecting a pair of shoes from shelves in stores, you could select the pair you wanted from a computer and print them in the comfort of your own home. Even going as far as designing the shoes yourself, cutting the middle man out and meaning not having to pay for the rights for the design of the shoes. Another positive impact of printing in this way is the lack of need for public transport, therefore reducing the amount of carbon emissions. (The Environmental Forum, 2013) This theory goes as far as to say that any solid object could be printed not just household objects, but a house itself, or even a car. A 3D printed car prototype called URBEE 2 exemplifies the potential growth in the transport sector. The major outer shell of the car body is 3D printed, enabling an extremely lightweight and fuel-efficient car with parts that can be replaced easily when broken. 6
Figure 5. 3D Printed lunar base
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And this is only the start of the beginning… There are plans for a lunar building to be built on the moon, designed by Norman foster, using actual lunar soil from the moon itself. The base is initially unfolded from a tube-shaped unit that can be easily transported by a space rocket. Then an inflatable dome is extended from one end of this cylinder that provides a support structure for the duration of the construction period. Layers of regolith (loose, heterogeneous material covering solid rock) are slowly built up in layers and constructed up over the dome by a robotic controlled 3D printer that eventually creates a protective shell.
Potential implications Yet while there are some people are living the 3D fantasy, there are other more critical and pressing voices coming to the forefront. One of the most notable arguments made is that 3D Printing has existed for quite some time – 32 years to be precise. In 1983 Chuck Hull invented a revolutionary new design process called steriolithography. This enabled ultra violet light (UV) lasers to solidify photo-polymer, thus creating 3D objects. This fact is often overlooked or not even realised. For many years 3D printing has mainly been used for prototyping or to create parts of a product. It is only in recent years that high end industrial printers are being used to create final products. It is clear that this technology is still at the innovators stage and is therefore unclear as to whether 3D printing will make the hugely successful transition many may have predicted. Arthur C.Clarke once said that “Virtual reality wont replace tv. It will eat it alive”(Seth, 2006). This goes to show just how much people can be mistaken.
Figure 6. Chuck Hull, ‘The God-Father of 3D Printing’
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Figure 7. ASDA 3Dme box
Figure 8. Woman with miniture version of herself
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Secondly, the public at large have yet to experience this new technology in practice. For most, the idea of a 3D printer is a complex and costly one and has no everyday benefit unless it positively impacts a business etc. That being said, “In recent years the topic has become more well publicised in the media with 16,000 articles surrounding 3D printing being published in 2012” (Shaw, 2013). Additionally, 3D printed objects are becoming more and more accessible to the public. There are now websites that allow you to upload a design or model and use their 3D printer to create your object. The object is then posted to you for a fee. This option could be more cost effective than buying a printer if you just wanted the occasional miscellaneous product. Now you can even create a 3D selfie with the introduction of the ‘3D photograph’ in selected ASDA stores from September 2014. This involves a 15 second body scan on up to 3 people, creating a 3D object of that person(s). Additionally, there is little or no precedent for these formidable machines. Although 3D Printers have been around for some years, the techniques and technologies associated with it have come a profoundly long way, even though the current mass distribution of the 3D Printer is only just starting to build momentum. In their current state, they are not practical enough to have in the home. Currently, small objects can be made out of plastic, but will be a single colour instead of multiple colours. Instead, homes could adopt ‘3D scanners’ that can scan an object and convert it into a 3D model which can then be 3D printed. However, as mentioned previously, the research and developments linked with home printing, and industrial printing, are still in the early stages. These are points that have led many critics to advise that the ‘Third industrial revolution’ could potentially turn out to be an over-exaggerated vision, forever disappearing into the vista. These points beg the question…3D Printing, an extraordinary revolution, or an over-hyped farce? 10
Figure 10. 3D Printed Architecture Model
Figure 9. 3D Printed bracelet
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The Good 3D printers could help to create prototypes of new products, thus providing a massive boost for small businesses, including inventors. Whilst developing samples is a vital part of day-to-day activity, 3D printing will enable users to simplify prototyping by creating digital files of their designs and simply print them on-premise. For most items this could prove to be an easier technique than assembling originals by hand. Moreover, it will be potentially cheaper than using external facilities to produce your designs. In certain cases 3D printing could provide the manufacturing process itself. Many industries have the potential to benefit from 3D printed items such as; Jewellery designers; could easily make rapid prototypes of bracelets, rings and other accessories. Producing jewellery is usually quite expensive and often frustrating for sole designers. Independent designers are now able to bring their design to life without having to invest a lot of money first. Another massive advance is the connection between local and international. CAD files are easily sent via email; therefore the production can be done locally. You could have designers in France selling to the rest of the world and vice versa. The orders can also be produced to demand; You don’t have to stock huge bulks of product that go potentially go unsold. Students; This technology puts outstanding ability into the hands of students, allowing them with ease to answer complex questions and demonstrate these answers in three dimensions. A mechanical engineer student might produce multiple prototypes of a specific engine part or a culinary arts student might want to create multiple decorative icing moulds, refining designs until they are perfect. Architecture students have already started using this method to create scale archetypes of buildings and small details to illustrate a design idea or process. 12
Figure 11. 3D Printing Skin Grafts to Heal Burns
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Figure 12. 3D Printed cartlidge ear
For designers and bespoke furniture minds alike, the 3D printer is a basis for infinite ideas. Recreating complicated items such as clocks, human prosthetics and intricate shapes has become a realistic ambition. Customisability is arguably the greatest asset of the 3D printer, allowing the user individual design right down to the smallest of specifications. Furthermore, the speed of the prototyping process is one of the most appealing aspects of 3D printing. Rather than designing conceptual models by hand, fiddling with materials and searching for the appropriate equipment, the amount of time required to assemble these items is vastly reduced.
Design the digital model. Print. Simple. The potential for Bio printing has also encouraged debate, especially within the medical field. Whilst using virtually the same method of production as a 3D printer, the ‘Bio-printer’ uses a far more unique material deposit than that of the standard printer: ‘Bio-Ink’. This substance consists of genuine living cells. In the same way as a normal 3D printer, the tissue made from the cells is printed layer by layer. Once a layer of living tissue has been printed, a layer of hydro-gel is used to adhere the substance, which will seal the following layer to it; thus the process is repeated. The layered cells are then transferred into a bio-reactor where the cells are left to naturally grow like real tissue. Although 3D printed organs have some way to go before materialising, there are scientists who use this technique to print simple methods of tissue such as skin and cartilage.
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Figure 13. 3D Bio Printer illutration
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There has also been ground breaking research conducted in Scotland which has led to a 3D printing technique which arranges human embryonic stem cells. The development of this technique could lead to incorporating these stem cells into artificially created organs, ready for transportation into patients with life threatening diseases. (3ders.org, 2015) It seems, therefore, that the possibilities are endless. If we are already printing human tissue, what’s to stop us printing, for example, animal tissue? Major challenges face 3D printing in the medical industry going forward. Firstly, being able to create the connective tissue that acts as a scaffolding-like structure that supports the printed tissue in organ is an incredibly difficult task. And while laying out the cells in the first place is difficult enough, designing the vascular support system to support the printed organs and cells is another completely different and complex challenge. The process of clinical trials of these 3D printed organs for transplants could take up to a decade because of strict evaluations by organisations such as the ‘Food and Drug Administration’ (FDA). But it is feared that 3D bio-printing is progressing at such a rapid rate, especially abroad, that governments will find it hard to keep up. The ingenious advances the bio-printer proposes are well intentioned. However at the same time, it is clear that they pose so many unanswered questions. We need to consider who will control the ability to produce the bio-printer but also who will own/control the organs and cells themselves? Furthermore, who will be responsible for the quality of the organs? And what happens when the inevitable occurs; complex enhanced organs are created, those that involve non-human cells.
Food for thought? 16
Copyright
3D Printing Patent
Figure 14. Ven diagram
17
Trademark
Figure 15. Printing at home
The Bad In my opinion 3D printing is indeed a global revolution and will most certainly change the world we live in. But before it does, it raises some serious ethical, governing and legal questions. If a person is able to print anything they wish, this raises questions as to how governments and legal institutions will solve the complex issues of intellectual property rights and infringements. One would have to ask, for example, ‘Who holds ownership and legibility over self-printed products?’ Moreover, ‘What kind of an effect will these products have on local and worldwide economies if we are able to print our own merchandise?’ One downfall is the potential for future disputes regarding property theft, identity infringement and intellectual property misconduct. It is inevitable that a certain percentage of people will attempt to break the law. If we consider producing counterfeit items: 3D printing offers opportunities to make virtually anything, and so printing items that they themselves do not own will undoubtedly be controversial. Furthermore, the promise of low cost 3D printing is being constrained by IP (intellectual property) law. Home 3D printing of household items might infringe upon certain rights; such as copy right, design right, trademarks and patents. When objects of existing franchises and companies come into play this will become much more complicated. For example, if someone were to manufacture and sell Star Wars figurines, it is unclear who would be liable for copyright infringement. Does Disney seek legal matters via the person who printed the figurine, the manufacturer of the printer or even the company that supplies the materials to make it in the first place?
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Figure 16. 3D Printing Company “Super Fan Art” teams up with Hasbro
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The loophole is that under the ‘Digital Millennium Copyright Act’ (1998), suppliers of items that are copies of existing trademarks, are allowed to manufacture until the outright owner of the copy right asks for them to be removed from said person(s) website. Although there are companies such as Hasbro that allow people to buy licences to certain franchises, such as ‘My Little Pony’, a brand of nostalgia form the 1990s. This enables people to print existing models and also personalise figures to be printed. Gartner (2013) predicts that by 2018, 3D printing will result in the loss of at least $100 billion a year in IP. We shouldn’t be scared of this new technology. We shouldn’t think that because people don’t have to buy a Prada bag, they can make their own, that there won’t be any way for Prada to protect itself and their trademarks. Lawyers should be able to devise ways in which they can protect such clients from forgery. The most common disadvantage cited by those who have previously used a 3D printer is the issue of speed. Depending on the size of the item, a 3D printed object can require anything from an hour to several days. This would mean that mass manufacturing is an unlikely prospect for the near future.
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Figure 17. Objects that can be 3D Printed
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And The Ugly‌ There are currently hundreds of thousands of 3D printed objects in the world, ranging from jewellery to clothing, prosthetic limbs, bespoke instruments and complicated machine parts. 3D printers use CAD (computer aided design) digital files - essentially blue prints or scans of objects - to create or copy entities which otherwise would be impossible to build. Enabling any person to print potentially dangerous and questionable objects could have severe consequences for individuals, law enforcement and society as a whole. There are a vast amount of online tutorials which show how to make and build camera lenses, medical models to high tech weapons. This number of tutorials continues to grow day by day and most of them are free or very inexpensive. Most of the time people are printing innocent and harmless designs, but the potential for designs to fall into the wrong hands is detrimental. As any person who has access to the internet and a 3D printer has the easement to print any design from online, there are many risks involved such as minors accessing weapons instantly. The original files for the first printed gun were uploaded to a site called thingyverse.com. This website is designed for sharing files of 3D objects, such as cutlery, figures, toys and phone cases. However, due to the new law that was introduced, Thingyverse did not want to be associated with weapons. This resulted in the removing the gun part files from their website. As a result this inspired the creation of defcad.com which I will discuss next. The movement to self-manufactured firearms within 3D printing technology is a controversial one. At the forefront of this movement is a 25 year old graduate called Cody R Wilson. Cody is responsible for firing the world’s first ever 3D printed gun. 22
18. World first 3D Printed gun. 23
“GUN CONTROL FOR US IS a FaNTaSY. IN a WaY THaT PEOPLE SaY YOU’RE BEING UNREaLISTIC aBOUT PRINTING a GUN, I THINK IT’S MORE UNREaLISTIC, ESPECIaLLY GOING FORWaRD, TO THINK YOU COULD EVER CONTROL THIS TECHNOLOGY.” - Cody Wilson, 2013.
This self-described crypto-anarchist is a key figure in the wiki-weapon movement. Cody owns defcad. com and his goal is to create an online community of digital gun files for anyone to download for free. President Obama introduced new gun-control legislation in 2012. This was due to the horrific mass killings in the SandyHook massacre, where 20 children and 6 adults were murdered in cold blood at a primary school. This new law stated that it would be illegal to own a gun that required more than 30 rounds. Cody argues, “if a person doesn’t need any more than 30 rounds for a gun, then why does a person need two houses? … or be able to earn and need more than $400,000?” (Cody Wilson, 2013) On September 26th 2012 Cody uploaded a video to YouTube explaining what he was trying to do with the 3D printed gun. Shortly after the video was uploaded he received an email stating that his large 3D printer would be repossessed. The owners of the printer perceived this to be an illegal activity, due to the nature of printing guns and also because Cody lacked a fire arms licence. In this case it was seen as illegal to own a certain part of the gun, which was principally the trigger. However when you print the part yourself in a different material, the situation changes. Whilst it is problematic that Cody was of the opinion that he acting within the confines of the law and thus doing the ‘right’ thing, most concerning is that thousands of people that believe Cody is doing the right thing. He is perpetrating this technology; it could be argued that he is abusing it. 24
19. Cody Wilson holding 3D Printed AK47 & book on law 25
Nick Bolton from the New York Times said that during his time reporting 3D printing as a media technology journalist it was clear that those most interested in printing 3D guns were teenagers (New York Times, 2013) This opens a very dangerous scenario in which the first potential users of this technology will be children. This becomes even more problematic if the 3D printer becomes widely available for use in homes and when the gun part files become more readily available to download. What’s to stop anyone, anywhere, from printing (and firing) a gun?
Click. Print. SHOOT. Cody is showing us the future. But is this the future we want? Is this the future we want for our children? This is something that needs to be discussed now - not in a decade or so, when the vast amount of homes will have access to a printer, and therefore potential access to weapon-building materials. Science fiction writers have long imagined worlds where technology solved problems. They did not imagine a world where we manufactured problems and killed people. When some of the first companies such as Makerbot designed the first desktop 3D printer, they imagined it being used for clothes, furniture and bespoke items. In effect, they imagined that their use would provide the means for a better world. There was no desire for these technological machines to print weapons. There will always be people that abuse new technologies and Cody Wilson is no different. It took almost seven years before Facebook was held accountable for all the privacy breaches highlighted by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). That’s almost seven years of a social network being used by over a billion people before they were caught out. So what does this say about the 3D printer and the 3D weapons? 26
20. 3D Selfie 27
Conclusion The capability to replicate physical objects in our home is theoretically just as revolutionary as the ability to be able to summon information from anywhere in the world to our computer screens. Low priced, easy to use, accessible tools will most certainly change the way we not only think about physical objects but also the way we interact with them. Just as radically as computers have changed the way we think about information. The huge transmission of wealth and jobs to the East over the past decades may have seemed a crucial tipping point, nonetheless this new technology will again change how the world leans. The fact is that under a model of extensively distributed, highly flexible, and small scale manufacturing, these daunting advantages have in some cases, become liabilities.The fear is that the people of which inhabit the capabilities to print human organs, will advance at such a rate, far greater than common understanding. They will do so without recognition of the consequences. Although this may be the fact in some cases, all over the world 3D printing is changes the lives of people for the better, wether its through the use of prothetic limbs, skin graphs or heart valves. Though socioty is only just coming to terms with 3D Printing, the best is yet come...
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Bibliography -3Ders,. (2013). Staples starts 3D printing service online. Retrieved from http://www.3ders.org/articles/20130916-staples-starts-3d-printing-service-online.html -3D Printing Industry,. (2013). Many 3D Printing Patents Are Expiring Soon. Retrieved from http://3dprintingindustry. com/2013/12/29/many-3d-printing-patents-expiring-soon-heres-round-overview/ -3D Printing Industry,. (2015). How 3D Printing is Changing the Game of Designer Jewelry. Retrieved from http://3dprintingindustry.com/2015/03/06/how-3d-printing-is-changing-the-game-of-designer-jewelry/ -Ask Men,. (2013). 3D Printing: Hype vs. Reality. Retrieved from http://uk.askmen.com/entertainment/better_look/3d-printing-hype-vs-reality.html -Clark, L. (2014). 3D Printing and co-creation of value (1st ed., pp. 1-3). Portsmouth: Portsmouth Business School. Retrieved from http://eprints.port.ac.uk/14538/ -Computer World,. (2014). Bio-printing human parts will spark ethical, regulatory debate. Retrieved from http://www.computerworld.com/article/2486998/emerging-technology/bio-printing-human-parts-will-spark-ethical--regulatory-debate.html -Computer World,. (2014). Bio-printing human parts will spark ethical, regulatory debate. Retrieved from http://www. computerworld.com/article/2486998/emerging-technology/bio-printing-human-parts-will-spark-ethical--regulatory-debate. html?page=2 -Copeland, E. (2015). Technology Manifesto (1st ed., pp. 6-15). Policy Exchange. Retrieved from http://www.policyexchange.org.uk/publications/category/item/technology-manifesto -D’Anna, J. (2013). Abuse of the 3D printing Technology requires makerbot to make an ethical , well informed decison (1st ed., pp. 1-2). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, Swanson School of Engineering. Retrieved from http://www.pitt.edu/~jld162/wa3.pdf
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-Faulkner-Jones, A., Greenhough, S., A King, J., Gardner, J., Courtney, A., & Shu, W. (2013). Development of a valvebased cell printer for the formation of human embryonic stem cell spheroid aggregates. Biofabrication, 5(1), 015013. doi:10.1088/1758-5082/5/1/015013 -Harvard Business Review,. (2015). 3-D Printing Will Change the World. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2013/03/3-d-printing-will-change-the-world/ -Hayes, D. (2013). 3-D Printing: A Boon or a Bane? (1st ed., pp. 34-38). The Policy Journal of the Environmental Law Institute. Retrieved from http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/OLSON_FORUM_NOV-DEC_2013-1.pdf -How To Geek,. (2015). When Will 3D Printers Be Worth Buying For Home Use?. Retrieved from http://www.howtogeek. com/206765/when-will-3d-printers-be-worth-buying-for-home-use/ -Huffington Post,. (2013). 3D Printed Gun Movement Poses Challenge To Gun-Control Efforts. Retrieved from http://www. huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/26/3d-printed-gun-movement_n_2957695.html -New York Times, (2013). 3D Printed Guns. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DconsfGsXyA [Accessed 28 Jan. 2015] -Seth, P. (2006). Successful Tourism: Volume I: Fundamentals of Tourism (p. 79). New Dheli: Sterling Publishing. -Shaw, R. (2013). Additive manufacturing: opportunities and constraints (1st ed., p. 22). London: EPSRC. Retrieved from http://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/reports/additive-manufacturing -Tech Crunch,. (2013). Engineers Build The World’s First Real 3D-Printed Gun. Retrieved from http://techcrunch. com/2013/11/07/3d-printed-gun/ -The Economist,. (2012). A third industrial revolution. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/21552901 -Weinberg, M. (2010). It will be awesome if they don’t screw it up (1st ed., pp. 2-9). Public Knowledge. Retrieved from https://www.publicknowledge.org/files/docs/3DPrintingPaperPublicKnowledge.pdf 30
Figure list 1. Sculpteo,. (2013). Industrial revolution. Retrieved from http://www.sculpteo.com/blog/2012/12/27/infographic-3d-printing/ 2. Drawn by Author 3 GSVCap,. (2013). Industry Worth. Retrieved from http://gsvcap.com/market-commentary/a-whole-new-dimension/ 4. Drawn by Author 5. PopSci,. (2013). 3D Printed Lunar Base. Retrieved from http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-01/europeans-are-designing-3-d-printed-lunar-base-and-already-have-prototype 6. The Guardian,. (2014). Chuck Hall, ‘The God-Father of 3D Printing’. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jun/22/chuck-hull-father-3d-printing-shaped-technology 7. Pinfold,. (2015). ASDA 3DMe Box. Retrieved from http://wpa-pinfold.co.uk/fmcg/asda-3dme/ 8. Forbes,. (2014). Woman with miniture version of herself. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/tjmccue/2014/06/24/the-ultimate-selfie-from-shapify-me/ 9. Glowing Doll,. (2013). 3D Printed jewellery. Retrieved from http://glowingdoll.blogspot.ca/2013/05/the-most-elegant-3d-printed-jewellery.html 10. Image by author 11. PSFK,. (2014). 3D Printing Skin Grafts to Heal Burns. Retrieved from http://www.psfk.com/2014/10/skin-graft-technology-3d-printing.html 12. 3D Print,. (2014). 3D Printed cartilage ear. Retrieved from http://3dprint.com/26107/ui-bioprinting-3d-print/ 31
Figure list continued 13. Metro Active,. (2013). 3D Bio-Printer illustration. Retrieved from http://www.metroactive.com/features/bioprinter-bio-engineering-3d-printing.html 14. Drawn by author 15. Giz Mag,. (2012). Printing at home. Retrieved from http://www.gizmag.com/formlabs-blu-ray-prosumer-3d-printer/24300/ 16. MLP Merch,. (2014). 3D Printing Company “Super Fan Art� teams up with Hasbro. Retrieved from http://www.mlpmerch.com/2014/07/3d-printing-company-super-fan-art-teams.html 17. Internet Medicine,. (2014). Objects that can be 3D Printed. Retrieved from http://internetmedicine.com/2014/02/16/3dprinting-in-medicine-the-future-is-now-infographic/ 18. 3Ders,. (2013). World first 3D Printed gun. Retrieved from http://www.3ders.org/articles/20130512-uk-reporters-builta-3d-printed-gun-and-took-it-on-board-eurostar-without-being-stopped.html 19. Blackman, J. (2014). Cody Wilson holding 3D Printed AK47 & book on law. Retrieved from http://joshblackman.com/ blog/category/articles/3d-printing/ 20. Image by author
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