International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications Volume 6 Issue 10, 2017, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online)
DESIGN OF A GRID CONNECTED SOLAR SYSTEM FOR YOLA NORTH AND SOUTH, ADAMAWA STATE Engr. Alfred, Ba’amani Baams Engr. Dr. Iliya Tizhe Thuku Department of Electrical & Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Modibbo Adama University of Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria Technology, Yola, Nigeria
Engr. Simon Samuel Department of Electrical& Electronics Engineering, Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola,Nigeria.
ABSTRACT:
In this research work, a grid connected solar photovoltaic (PV)-battery energy storage system (PV/BESS) was designed to improve the power supply of Yola north and south. The solar photovoltaic panel model adopted is 100W monocrystalline photovoltaic panel, and the average solar radiation of the study area is 654.40W/m2. The system consists of modeled PV Array, Boost converter model, three-phase power inverter model, step-up power transformer and modeled Phase locked loop. The designed solar photovoltaic model generated 3.40MW of electric power via the step-up transformer, which was integrated into the utility grid of the study area. The output signal of the solar PV array was optimized using boost converter. The inverter inverted the output of the PV array to AC signal, which is connected to step-up power transformer to step-up the three-phase AC voltages to the grid voltages level. PLL was designed for proper synchronization of the solar PV model with the grid without harmonic distortions. The designed solar PV array model was able to supplement the deficit power of 3.40MW to the grid of the study area. Keywords: Photovoltaic System, Boost Converter, 3-phase power Inverter, PLL, step-up power transformer and grid source.
photovoltaic system is designed in cognizance of the effect of environmental weather conditions. The PV array model output signal connected to the utility network is converted to AC signals compatible with the grid AC voltage. This paper discusses the detailed modeling and simulation of the complete grid-connected PV array system. The solar PV array model is connected to the utility grid by a DC-DC boost converter that boosted the PV array model output voltage, and DC-AC inverter inverted the DC output voltage of the PV array into the three-phase AC voltages. The PI control circuit of the DC-converter was used to maintain constant DC input of the inverter. The model of the entire system is simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment. The block diagram of the design is shown in Figure 1. It consists of photovoltaic Array, DC-DC boost converter, BESS, 3-phase Inverter, 3-phase PLL, 3- phase step-up transformer, 3-phase load and 3-phase utility grid source.
1. INTRODUCTION This paper focuses on the design and simulation of a grid connected PV system that will augment the shortfall in power supply in Yola North and South as well as to overcome the problem of load shedding. The increase of the study area energy demand, due to modern industrial development, population growth and global warming, encourages investments in renewable energy. Hence, alternative energy in particular solar energy serves as solution to the inadequate power supply of the study area. However, battery energy storage system (BESS) is connected to the systems for use at night and during cloudy days. The solar power system used photovoltaic (PV) cell to convert solar radiation to electricity [20]. The PV cell produces only a small amount of current and voltage. So, in order to meet a large load demand, the photovoltaic cell has to be connected into modules and the modules connected into arrays [1]. The grid connected solar
Solar PV power system
BESS/Charge Controller
DC-DC boost converte r
DC-AC inverter
Transf ormer
Figure 1; Grid connected solar system block diagram
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PLL
Grid
Load
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2. System design This section deals with the modeling and simulation of the complete designed of grid connected solar PV array that formed the sub-systems. The following steps were considered for the actualization of the design; Data collected on load demand and weather conditions of the study area from YEDC, TCN and NAMA Yola, design and simulation of solar PV array system in Matlab/Simulink programs and synchronization in order to control the disturbances on the lines.
3. Solar array sizing The power of one module is not enough to meet the power requirement of the study area. Some of the modules in a PV array are connected in series to obtain the desired voltage while some are connected in parallel to produce current that made up the required power [9]. However, diodes are connected alongside the photovoltaic cells to avoid reverse currents, in case of partial or total shading [13]. The total number of photovoltaic (PV) modules required for the grid connected solar system for the study area is calculated using the equations given as follows;
voltage obtain the power demand of the study area are presented in equations 4 and 5. (4)
(5) [16] Where; Ns = Number of modules in series Np= Number of modules in parallel Vr: = Rated voltage of each module Ir = Rated current of a single module Idc = Whole DC current The total number of photovoltaic modules needed for the power requirement of the study area is calculated using equation 6. (6) PP of 3.40MW and Vdc of the system 4000V The total dc current (Idc) is calculated using the equation 3 to give;
(1) [6] Where; Er Require energy E= Daily energy or demand in Watt-hours ษณ=Component efficiency The peak power (Pp) is equal to the required energy (Er) divided by the average sun hours (Tmin) per day for a particular geographical location [2]. The equation 2 computes the Pp.
To determine the number of PV modules in series (Ns) the equation 4 is used;
(2) Where; Er Require energy Pp= peak power Tmin= period
Calculation of number of modules in parallel using equation 5 is shown as Follow;
The total direct current (Idc measure in Amp) of the photovoltaic module is given by equation 3
(3)
The total number of modules required for the complete design of the system is calculated using equation 6 as follows:-
Where; Id c= total dc current Pp = Peak power Vdc= DC-voltage The mathematical expression of modules connected in series (Ns) and parallel (Np) for the production of the current and
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4. PV System Modeling Photovoltaic module has standard mathematical modeling equations [12]. These equations are used in modeling and
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International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications Volume 6 Issue 10, 2017, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online) simulation of the system using matlab-simulink program. The characteristic equations of solar photovoltaic cell are applied in the formation of the photovoltaic arrays. These characteristic equations of the PV cell are given as;
k = Boltzmann’s constant= 1.3805 × 10−23 J/K Top = operating temperature = 305.7K
vi. Current source output (I) equation;
i. Reverse saturation current (Irr) equation;
(12) Where; Np= Number of modules in parallel = 148 Iph = Photo-current Irs = Reversed saturation current at Top Q = Electron charge = 1.6 × 10-19C k = Boltzmann’s constant = 1.3805 × 10−23 J/K A = Ideality factor of diode = 1.3 Vth = Thermal Voltage Ns = No. of modules in series = 230 [14]
(7) Where; Iscr = Short Circuit Current = 6.32A, Q = Electron charge = 1.6 × 10-19C, Voc = Open circuit v Voltage = 21.60V Ns = Number of modules in series = 230 k = Boltzmann’s constant = 1.3805 × 10−23 J/K, A = Ideality factor of diode = 1.3, Trk = Reference temperature = 298.15K
ii. Band gap of solar cell (EG) equation; (8) [17] Where; α = alpha = 0.473 Eg (0) = 1.166 β = beta = 636 Top = operating temperature = 305.7K
The mathematical equations of these components were modeled individually and networked together to determine the functionality of the PV array. Hence, these equations are important for the design of the PV array [5], because it determine the desired output of the system. The first step in photovoltaic system modeling is to know the PV array size, determined using equation 6.
5. Modeled solar PV array system.
iii. Reversed saturation current at Top (Irs);
The modeling and simulation of the components of the photovoltaic system formed the masked subsystem of the PV array as shown in Figure 2. The subsystem of the PV array was simulated on a matlab-simulink environment. The result of the simulated solar PV array masked subsystem was satisfactory, and it serves as an input to the boost converter.
(9) Where; Irr = Reverse saturation current Top = operating temperature = 305.7K Trk = Reference temperature = 298.15K Q = Electron charge = 1.6 × 10-19C EG = Band gap energy k = Boltzmann’s constant = 1.3805 × 10−23 J/K A = Ideality factor of diode = 1.3
iv. Photo-current (Iph) equation; (10) Where; Iscr = Short circuit current = 6.32A. Ki = short-circuit current of cell at = 0.00023 Top = operating temperature = 305.7K Trk = Reference temperature = 298.15K S = solar irradiation (W/m2) of the study area with average value 654.40 W/m2
v. Thermal Voltage (Vth) equation;
Figure 2; Modeled Photovoltaic (PV) array system The internal structure of the masked subsystem of PV array of figure 2 such as figure 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 are given as follows;
5.1; Reverse saturation current (Irr) model (11)
[4] Where; Q = Electron charge = 1.6 × 10-19C
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Figure 3; (a) Reversed saturation current (I rr) Simulink Block and (b) Irr simulink block converted to Irr subsystem
5.2. Band gap of the solar cell (EG) model
Figure 4; (a) Band gap of the solar cell (EG) Simulink block and (b) EG Simulink block converted to EG subsystem
5.3; Reversed saturation current at Top (Irs) model
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Figure 5; (a) Reversed saturation current at TOP (Irs) simulink block and (b) Irs simulink block converted to subsystem
5.4; Photo-current (Iph) model
Figure 6; (a) Photovoltaic Current (Iph) Simulink Block and (b) Iph Simulink Block converted to subsystem
5.5; Thermal voltage (V) model
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International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications Volume 6 Issue 10, 2017, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online) The boost converter is a system designed to converts low input signal (DC voltage) to high output signal (DC voltage). The unregulated input DC signal is filtered and then boosted to regulated output DC signal [7]. Here, the input DC source of the converter is PV output signal (DC voltage), which is boosted to a desired output of the converter. The design of boost converter is important, because it will help in controlling both the current (CRF) and voltage ripples(VEF ). CRF was selected as 10% and VRF was also selected as 5%, in line with International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) harmonized standard which is bounded within the range 030% [12]. Where Switching Frequency (fs)=100KHz =10% and = 5% are values for CRF and VRF used in the design to produce output with minimal ripples. The capacitor, inductor and the duty cycle are calculated using the given parameters of Input voltage (Vg) and output voltage (Vo) of the system converter where input and output voltage is 4000V and 7400V. Vg = 4000V, Vo = 7400V Io= 275A Calculation of the duty cycle (D):Figure 7; (a) Thermal Voltage (V) Simulink Block and (b) V Simulink Block converted to subsystem.
5.6; Current source output (I) model Inductor (L) calculation:= (0.1 * 275) A =27.5A
Calculation of the Capacitor (C) as follows:Therefore, capacitor is calculated as follows;
Figure 8; (a) Current source output (I) simulink block and (b) I simulink block converted to subsystem.
The boost converter of figure 9 was modeled and simulated on Matlab-Simulink environment, which then boosted the input DC voltage to 7400V. However, the pulse width modulation controller and its duty cycle were used to turn and stabilize the converter output. Hence, figures 10 shows the PV array connected to boost converter model
7; Design and modeling of the Boost Converter
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International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications Volume 6 Issue 10, 2017, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online) Npb = Number of Batteries in Parallel Cb = 250 Ah, Vb = 12 V, Ddisch = 80% (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) [10]
Figure 9; Boost converter simulink block.
(Total Batteries required = 4250)
(Number of Batteries in Series = 333.3)
(Number of Batteries in parallel = 12.8)
9; Charge controller (CC) design
Figure 10; The interfaced of the PV array and boost converter model
8; Design of Battery energy storage system (BESS) The battery storage system is the most efficient method of storing generated energy from solar PV system for use at night, cloudy, rainy and dusty days [18]. The BESS also maintaining power stability between the PV system and the utility grid [15]. In sizing the battery bank estimated energy storage is first determined [3]. The type of battery used is deep-cycle lead acid. The capacity of the entire battery bank is computed in ampere-hours, Electrical characteristics of the battery are given as; Number of Days of Autonomy (Daut) = 3 Where Eest = Estimated Energy Storage Esafe (Wh) = Safe Energy Storage Ctb (Ah) = Total Capacity of Battery Bank Ntb = Total Number of Batteries in Bank Nsb = Number of Batteries in Series
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A battery charge controller (BCC) is a device that controls the power flow within the system and regulates the system voltage to a specified range. Its purpose is to keep batteries properly fed and safe for the long term [11]. The system also block reverse current and control battery overcharge [18]. The design of a suitable CC starts by computing the required total current that the controller should withstand. The properties of the selected CC are as follows: Vcc = 24, Icc = 60 A (dc), Safety Factor (đ??…đ??Źđ??šđ??&#x;đ??ž) = 1.25 The numbers of desired CC are calculated as follows; Nccn = Number of Charge Controllers Ircc (A) = Required CC Current Npm= Number of modules in parallel = 148 IscM = Short circuit current of the selected module = 6.32A Ncc = Number of CC (19) (20)
Number of Charge Controllers required = 20
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10; Power AC Inverter design All power generating plants that generate DC power normally need inverters to convert the power generated to AC power for use by AC rated appliances [11]. The subsystem of PV system-inverter shown in figure 11 is a complete block diagram of interfaced PV array model, DC converter and AC inverter model. The 3.phase AC output signals of the PV system-inverter model are the signals injected into the grid. The output of this model is a 3-phase sinusoidal signals module serves as an input to 3-phase step-up transformer to be connected to the grid system.
The three blocks subsystem of PLL shown in figure 13 consists of the followings; phase detector (PD), loop filter (LF) and voltage controlled oscillator VCO. The PD is a comparator, which compares the input signals and the feedback signals. The output signal generated by the PD is proportional to the phase difference between the input signals and the signals generated by the internal oscillator called VCO. The output of the PD is an input to the LF. The LF is characterized with low pass filtering to attenuate highfrequency AC components from the PD output and provide DC controlled signal to VCO which acts as an integrator. The VCO generates at its output a periodic AC voltage signal provided by the LF [19].
Figure 13; Subsystems of the PLL
Figure 11; The block diagram of complete interfaced PV system with Booster and inverter.
The complete sub-system of the PLL is shown in Figure 14 which formed by masking the three blocks subsystem of PLL of figure 13.
11; Phase locked loop (PLL) modeling The PLL is designed to control the phase difference and other harmonic distortion. The phase of generated signals of solar system is automatically adjusted to match the phase of an input signals of the grid. Figure 12 is the PLL Simulink block and as well an internal structure of figure 13. The model was simulated using Matlab/Simulink software.
Figure 14; Subsystem of the phase locked loop (PLL)
12; The complete modeled grid-connected solar system The model is a network of the major subsystems which comprises of the following; PV array model that saves as a DC voltage source, DC- DC boost converter model, power AC inverter model, PLL model, step up transformer, protective and measuring devices, grid source (AC), and three-phase Load. The modeling and simulation were done on individual subsystems. The PV array model was simulated, which generated 4000V DC voltage as the main DC source to the boost converter. The generated 4000V was then optimized by the converter to 7400V DC voltage. The 7400V output DC voltage of the converter model is converted to 3.phase AC voltages (Vabc) by the power inverter. However, the 3-phase output AC voltage (Vabc) of the inverter is connected to 3phase step up transformer, which synchronized with the utility grid voltage of 33KV.
Figure 12; PLL Simulink block
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13; The modeled complete photovoltaic grid connected without phase locked loop (PLL). The model of figure 15 was simulated without the PLL. The result obtained from the simulated grid connected solar PV
array model without PLL was not quite clear as displayed by the waveforms. Based on observation, the system output is distorted by flickers. Therefore, it clearly shows that, both the solar PV array system and the utility grid are not having same characteristics.
Figure 15; Simulink model of complete PV grid connected without PLL system
14; The modeled grid connected PV system with PLL The grid-connected PV array model with PLL is shown in figure 16. Here, PLL was connected to figure 16 Model because of the distorted output of figure 15 model. The device was used to clear flickers on the lines such as phase difference, harmonics. So, synchronizing the solar PV array
system with the utility grid using PLL has given a better result. The results obtained from the simulated figure 15 model shows that the model output AC voltage is 33KV with the same frequency, amplitude and phase angle. The result obtained indicated that the grid-connected solar PV system with battery energy storage system have succeeded in tackling the problem of power supply in the study area.
Figure 16; Simulink model of complete photovoltaic grid connected with PLL.
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International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications Volume 6 Issue 10, 2017, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online) power (P) waveforms displayed by the scope, as shown in figure 16. Hence, the generated DC voltage of the PV array system is 4000V as displayed by the digital display system. Therefore, based on the output of the photovoltaic array the desired result has been obtained.
15; Modeled photovoltaic array system result. The simulated result of PV array model of figure 2 is shown in figure 17. The output of the simulated PV array model consists of DC voltage (Vdc), DC current (Idc) and
Solar Photovoltaic Module Output Voltage (V)
VOLTAGE (v)
4001 4000.5 4000 3999.5 3999
0
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Solar Photovoltaic Module Output Current (A)
CURRENT (A)
4 3 2 1
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0.02
0.04
0.06
4
POWER (MW)
1.0201
0.08
0.1
0.12
Solar Photovoltaic Module Output Power (MW)
x 10
1.02 1.02 1.0199 1.0199
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1 Time
0.12
0.14
Figure 17; Solar PV array output result consists of DC-voltage, current and power.
16; The result of DC-DC boost converter. The PV-boost converter model of figure 10 was simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment according to the standards IEC with result shown in figure 18 and 19. The scope and digital display system was connected at the output terminal
of the converter for the output result analysis. The generated 4000V DC source of the PV array model was boosted to 7400Vdc.
PV-DC Boost Converter Voltage output (Vdc)
DC Voltage
7400
6000
4000
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6 Time
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Figure 18: Photovoltaic-DC Boost Converter voltage output (Vdc)
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International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications Volume 6 Issue 10, 2017, ISSN-2319-7560 (Online) PV-DC Boost Converter Current output (Idc) 5 4
DC Current (Idc)
3 2
1 0.8
0.4 0.2
0 0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
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Time
Figure 19: Photovoltaic-DC Boost Converter current output (Idc)
17; Three-phase universal bridge inverter output. Matlab/Simulink software was used in the simulation of complete system of figure 11, given the output result of generated three-phase AC waveforms of figure 20. The
inverter does not boost or step-up the input voltage but generate the input signals into sinusoidal AC signals. In this case Vabc is fed to a step-up transformer for the purpose of boosting the AC signal to a grid voltage level of 33KV.
Three-Phase Power Inverter Output Voltage (Vabc) 100
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Voltage (Vabc)
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
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Figure 20; Three-phase universal bridge inverter result.
18; Result of complete solar PV grid system connected without PLL system; The complete grid connected solar PV model of figure 15 was connected without control (PLL). The simulation of the modeled grid connected solar PV system of figure 15 output result is shown in figure 21. The output result
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clearly indicated that the synchronization was unbalanced due to the absent of PLL. Therefore, due to the poor result obtained from the system PLL is needed in the system to clear the distortions on the lines
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Voltage ( Vabc )
4
x 10
Grid synchronized Solar PV array system without control
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Current ( Iabc )
10 5 0 -5 -10 0.95
0.955
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0.975 Time
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Figure 21; The result of grid synchronized Solar PV array system without a PLL system
immunity and insensitivity to disturbances, harmonics, unbalance and sags. Hence, based on the analyzed result, the generated 3.40KV by the PV array system injected into the utility grid network, via the three-phase step-up transformer has been satisfactory, and has complied with IEC standards.
19; Result of simulated complete grid connected solar PV system with PLL The simulated result of the grid-connected solar PV system of figure 16 synchronized with PLL is shown in figure 22. The introduction of the PLL into the system was due to the unbalanced output result observed from figure 20. The selection of Phase lock loop was due to its high degree of
Voltage ( Vabc )
3
x 10
3-phase output voltage (Vabc) of Transformer and Grid synchronization
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2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 0.74
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TIME 3-phase output Current ( Iabc ) of Transformer and Grid synchronization
-4
Current ( Iabc )
6
x 10
4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 0.74
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Time
Figure 22; Solar PV array and Grid synchronization output.
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20; Discussion of Results Solar energy sources are important part of energy supply to the utility grid Network. In this study, grid connected photovoltaic-battery energy storage system generation system was modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The PV array was designed based on the standard mathematical modeling equations, and as well considering the effect of environmental weather conditions (temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, solar radiation and sunshine). The equations are put together in the form of block diagrams, and simulation is carried-out using matlab-simulink program. The photovoltaic array subsystem model was simulated using Simulink program, which generated 4000V DC voltage as the main DC source. The designed photovoltaic (PV) array system was able to supplement power shortfall of 3.40MW of the study area. The DC/DC boost converter was connected to photovoltaic (PV) array where the output DC voltage of the photovoltaic (PV) system was boosted by the designed boost converter to the desired output DC voltage of 7400V. The battery energy storage system (BESS) formed part of the system, which charged or discharge by using the DC/DC bidirectional converter to maintain the power balance between photovoltaic (PV) power generation and the load demand. Simulation results prove that the grid-connected photovoltaic-battery energy storage system (PV/BESS) provides stable and reliable power for loads or power grid during its operation modes. However, the output DC voltage of the converter was inverted to 3-phase AC voltages (Vabc) using inverter, which was synchronized with 150MVA step up transformer used to step it up to the utility grid voltage of 33KV. The transformer’s output (i.e. 33KV), is the output of the entire system that is synchronized with the utility grid. The synchronizer (PLL) was connected to the system to clear disturbances on the lines. The results obtained from the simulated system are the same frequency, amplitude, and phase angle, which indicated that the designed grid-connected solar photovoltaic system have succeeded in tackling the problem of power supply in the study area.
[2] Aliyu U. O. and Guda, H. A. (2015). Design of a StandAlone Photovoltaic System for a Residence in Bauchi, 5(1), 34–44.
21; Conclusion
[9] GEBREEL, A. A. G. M. (2011). Simulation and implementation of two- level and three-level inverters by matlab and rt-lab.
This thesis presents a complete modeled grid-connected solar system that includes solar photovoltaic array system, DC-DC converter, battery energy storage system, phase locked loop, power inverter, step-up transformer and grid source. The objectives for this thesis have been successfully realized through the modeling, simulation and performance analysis of designed system using Matlab/Simulink tools. The designed system was based on weather condition and load demand obtained from the YEDC that gives the power supply deficit 3.40MW of the study area. The shortfall (3.40MW) of power supply from the grid was augmented by the designed solar photovoltaic-battery energy storage system (PV/BESS). Based on the result the solar photovoltaic array system was able to inject a total power of 3.40MW to the grid.
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