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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, 6 Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India 1 t E-mail: info@journalspub.com 0 i e l 2 m ic b rt u S A Mechanical Engineering Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and International Journal of Thermal Energy and u Mechanical Behaviour Applications International Journal of Machine Design and International Journal of Production Engineering Yo «

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¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

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International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials

International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials welcomes research papers and review articles concerning the development in the field of composite and constituent materials regarding fiber placement technology, tufting, Z-pinning technique etc. All articles that are included in the journal are peer-reviewed and follow stringent guidelines before publishing.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Advanced fiber placement

! Tailored fiber placement ! Fiberglass spray lay-up process ! Filament winding ! Lanxide process ! Tufting ! Z-pinning ! Chemical vapour infiltration ! Epoxy granite ! Nano-composites ! Hybrid material ! Composite laminates ! Constituent materials of concrete

International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub- is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

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Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

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Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Arka Chaudhuri Department of Applied Science, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia (West Bengal) India

Prof. C. K. Das Professor Materials Science Centre Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India

Dr. Chandan Dutta CEO and Founder Member of a Consultancy firm, namely, CD Consultant Kolkata, India.

Dr.G.Bhanu Kiran GITAM University Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh India

Dr. A. K. Das Ex-Manager, S.A.I.L.

Dr. Bijan Deb Department of Physics Ambedkar College, Fatikroy Tripura, India

Dr. Sunil D. Kahar Metallurgical & Materials Engg.Dept., Faculty of Tech. & Engg.The M S University of Baroda, Vadodara, India

Dr. Sunain Katoch Ph.D (Organic chemistry), HOD (M.Sc. Chemistry Deptt.), Gautam Post Graduate College (Affiliated to HPU- Shimla) H. P., India

Dr. R. Srinivasa Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Suhrit Mula Assistant Professor, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) at Roorkee, India

Balaji Panchapakesan Worcester Polytechnic Institute Higgins Laboratory United States

Dr Mohanan PV Scientist & Head, Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

Prof. Shyam Bahadur Rai Department of physics Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, U.P, India

Dr. Sohel Rana University of Minho, Campus de Azurem, Portugal

Dr. Arup Kumar Rana Group Leader, Jute Reinforced Composite Group, Indian Jute Industries' Research Association (IJIRA), Kolkata, India

Dr. Amitava Sil IPIRTI, Field Station Kolkata Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Dr. Bhanu Pratap Singh Senior Scientist, Division of Materials Physics and Engineering, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India

Dr.Bimal P Singh CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Manikandan Vai Professor, Kalasalingam University, Sriviliputhur

Dr. Lixin Xue Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Bharath K N GM Institute of Technology, India

Dr. Shyam Khambholja B.&B. Institute of Technology (affiliated to GTU) India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Composite and Constituent Materials issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Composite and Constituent Materials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the analytical chemistry Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in analytical chemistry in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Advanced fiber placement, Tailored fiber placement, Fiberglass spray lay-up process, Filament winding, Lanxide process, Tufting, Z-pinning, Chemical vapour infiltration, Epoxy granite, Nanocomposites, Hybrid material, Composite laminates, Constituent materials of concrete The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Composite and Constituent Materials and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the analytical chemistry community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of analytical chemistry. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for analytical chemistry readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of analytical chemistry. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Nonpremixed and Partially Premixed Natural Gas Combustor Stimulation Sakshi Jain

2. Production of Nitric Acid and its Stimulation Amaan A. Ruhul

3. Computation of Gas Turbine System as Renewable Energy Conversion Mechanisms Nikhil Dev

4. Graph Theory and Matrix Method for Development and Design of Combustion Engine Nikhil Dev

5. Methodology Development for Lubricant Selection for Steam Turbine Bearing Using GTA Nikhil Dev

International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Nonpremixed and Partially Premixed Natural Gas Combustor Stimulation Sakshi Jain* Department of Chemical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract This paper highlights on the expansive vortex recreation approach for non-premixed and somewhat premixed combustor. On account of vast whirlpool reenactment, basically two scalars are thought about that is blend part and the other one is the advancement variable blend division, which tracks the blending of fuel and the oxidizer, and an advancement variable which tracks the worldwide degree of response of the nearby blend. On account of non-premixed burning, there are two ports accommodated fuel and oxidizer and the blending of fuel with oxidizer happens inside the combustor and because of diss emination this blending happens and two scalars considered on account of non-premixed are the blend division and likelihood thickness capacity (PDF). Keywords: LES, progress variable, mixture fraction

INTRODUCTION As a large portion of the combustors are exceptionally turbulent and for tackling this turbulence approach extensive vortex recreation is connected as on account of non-premixed ignition. Chiefly two scalars are consolidated; initial one is the blend portion and another is likelihood thickness capacity (PDF). While on account of halfway premixed combustor progress variable c is presented. In non-premixed combustor blend division is accounted as fuel rich combustibility restrain and computed on the premise of response reactant and item mole part, while PDF decides the variety of mean temperature as for blend portion. In the interim on account of incompletely premixed, it fuses the advancement variable c which decides the fire front unburnt and blazed state of the response. In front of the fire, fuel and oxidizer are blended however unburnt, yet behind the

fire c=1 blend is smoldered. Standard ignition models depend on completely premixed and completely non-premixed ideas are not reasonable for the demonstrating of in part premixed circumstances.[1] PROBLEM FORMULATION This is the issue detailing for in part premixed ignition. This is an in part premixed burning case, which has inflows that reflect both premixed (fuel inflow) and non-premixed (fuel and air blending) conditions. The fuel (CH4) and air blend has an identicalness proportion of 0.8, characterized in the Physics Setup. It is infused at T=150 K with a hub speed of 40 m/s and whirl speed (Θ bearing) of 60 m/s. The air inflow is at T=250 K and is infused at 20 m/s pivotally, with no twirl. This case is axisymmetric thus the physical ignition chamber is thought to be

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International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Production of Nitric Acid and its Stimulation Amaan A. Ruhul* Chemical Engineering Department, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract Nitric acid has been known and regarded for quite a while. Most nitric acid is utilized as a part of making ammonium nitrate. Its immediate applications incorporate photoengraving, metal pickling and passivation and the separating substance of gold and silver. Here the Oswald procedure is utilized to create nitric acid. This procedure is mimicked utilizing HYSYS recreation programming. The reason for this reproduction was to watch the thermodynamic properties of the procedure. We likewise watched the progressions which will happen if the properties of various unit were changed. By performing reenactment 53.2% fluid HNO3 is gotten for 152520 lbm/hour air and 500 2bm/hour smelling salts information stream. Keywords: composite materials, nitric acid, Oswald

INTRODUCTION The basic view of “corrosive” proposes stringency, destructiveness and something fit for disintegration of another substance. In any case, not all acids are, or can be seen to be along these lines, with the exception of that nitric corrosive may be thought to be a to a great degree damaging compound in that it was the premise of explosives furthermore composts – the practically polar inverse of an unstable as it helps plants to develop. Be that as it may, this adaptable corrosive (there is numerous nitric acid uses) has found to equip for use in numerous mechanical and substance forms. As a basic piece of explosives make that, albeit known for quite a while, got from the absence of regular nitrates to fuel the German war exertion preceding the First World War. Nitric corrosive can be utilized to produce segments of trinitrotoluene (TNT).

in any case, a shocking symptom in that nitrates are exceptionally solvent in water and when connected to well-depleting soil, they filter into the watercourse and in the long run reach streams and waterways. Once in the water it animates the development of green growth that, thusly, deoxygenates the water to smother development in other plant structures and creature life. It can be utilized as an oxidizing operator as a part of the creation of some strong powers for rocket impetus; segment of rocket fuel going about as an oxidizer. As a maturing agent in woodwork where it can be utilized as a part of extremely weaken frames (normally underneath 20%) to change the presence of a few woods and to create a shading like that of oiled or waxed surfaces old.[1–5]

As a farming manure where it advances vivacious development in plants, there is,

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International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Computation of Gas Turbine System as Renewable Energy Conversion Mechanisms Nikhil Dev* Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India

Abstract In the present work thermo-economic analysis of a cogeneration cycle is carried out so that any power generation industry can choose best power generation system out of the choices available with organisation. Mathematical modeling for the cost evaluation of each component is developed and results are obtained with computational programming tool EES (Engineering Equation Solver). Form results it is being found that with change in combustion chamber outlet temperature or turbine inlet temperature from 1373 K to 1723 K the purchase equipment cost for combustion chamber and gas turbine is multiplied by 85.36 and 2041.85 times respectively. Gas turbine section and air compressor section are attached with solid shaft. The rotational speed of the both sections are same. Factors responsible for increasing the cost of gas turbine section are similar to air compressor section. For gas turbine section it is evaluated that with increase in air mass flow rate from 85 kg/s to 115 kg/s, the cost is increased by 43.72%. Therefore, with the help of the methodology present in the present work it is possible for the power plant managers to decide about the suitability in power generation capability development in association with renewable and non-renewable energy conversion systems. Keywords: cogeneration cycle, cost, economy, thermodynamic

INTRODUCTION Gas turbine system is the energy conversion system utilized for base load, intermediate load and peak load power generation either alone or in combined cycle mode.[1] In cogeneration mode of operation heat and power is generated with high power gas turbines and lighter gas turbine are used for mechanical drives used in gas or oil transportation. In modern gas turbine market power range of gas turbines is very wide as their applications are also diverse and numerous.[2] In recent years, the number of gas turbines for power generation has increased due to their high efficiency, reliability of operation, lesser maintenance and lower installation time. The decision on the selection of different types of the power

plant may be accomplished with some suitable decision making tools.[3–5] In the present work a review on the exergoeconomic analysis is presented with the applications in renewable energy.[6] Exergy of a system is the maximum amount of useful work which may be extracted out from the system when heat reservoir is the surrounding.[6–8] Gas turbines are available in different sizes and micro gas turbines with power output less than 100 kW are also now available for distributed power generation and cogeneration. Most stationary gas turbines are fuelled with natural gas (CNG) or other similar fuels as the ash content is lower in gaseous fuels and frequent maintenance is avoided. Gas turbines in aircrafts are fuelled with kerosene which is a light

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International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Graph Theory and Matrix Method for Development and Design of Combustion Engine Nikhil Dev* Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India

Abstract The idea upon which any methodology development is pillared leads to real time decisions if simulation and assessment is as per the standard codes set by standard organizations. More near is the system with standard system more it is appropriate for operation. In the present work system under consideration is internal combustion engine. Fuel cost is one of the most important parameter in life cycle analysis of the internal combustion engines. Therefore, efficiency analysis becomes the prior most parameter to be analyzed. In the present work a methodology is developed for efficiency analysis of an internal combustion engine. Parameters and factors affecting engine performance are identified and different sections are developed as per the parameters. Value of permanent function for present case is 5992 and for the real time case is 5638. Value of relative quality index comes out to be 37.51 %. From graph theory and matrix method it came out that with decrease in compression ratio, efficiency is decreased from 39.51% to 37.51%. Keywords: efficiency, emission, IC engine, index

INTRODUCTION The internal combustion engine is a mechanical system in which the burning of fuel occurs in confined space known as combustion chamber. Combustion chamber is an integral part of this system. As the burning of fuel takes place therefore, a lot of thermal energy is released. This thermal energy increases temperature and pressure of the system. Combustion is the process in which chemical bond energy of the fuel is converted into thermal energy by chemical reaction in between fuel and oxidizer. Identification of fuel or oxidizer is dependent upon the electronegativity. Electronegativity is the tendency of

an atom to itself.[1]

attract

electrons

towards

An accurate scale of measuring electronegativity proposed by was Linus Pauling in 1932 which depends on bond energies and came to be known as Pauling Scale (relative scale running from around 0.7 to 3.98). Fluorine is most electronegative element with electronegativity 3.98 afterward comes oxygen with 3.44. A system in which chemical energy gets converted into thermal energy can be called as Combustion system. The combustion need to be analyzed carefully so that the maximum efficiency and the smooth functioning of an IC engine are obtained. The term combustion is of utmost importance; usually the combustion

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International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Methodology Development for Lubricant Selection for Steam Turbine Bearing Using GTA Nikhil Dev* Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India

Abstract Lubrication of two rubbing surfaces is required so that wear and tear is minimum. There are a lot of additives used to improve the lubricity of the lubricants. At present steam turbines are used to generate electricity from coal. A lot of lubricant is supplied to turbine bearings so that friction is minimized and also the wear and tear also. A lot of manufacturers are producing lubricants with different properties. In the present work properties are identified and a suitability index in correspondence to these properties for different lubricants is evaluated. All the nine properties of lubricants affected suitability index are identified and their interdependence is also established. Performance evaluation of a lubricant necessitates to consider the inheritance of lubricant characteristics and the solution is near to real time situation when their interdependence is also considered in the modeling. For a solution near to real time situation inheritance of characteristics along with interdependence is incorporated with the help of Graph Theoretic Approach (GTA), as explained in manuscript. GTA results into an index representing the suitability of nano-particle added lubricant. From the results it is found that highest index value is 1. Lowest index values for different characteristics are found to be 0.3478, 0.3091, 0.2845, 0.3568, 0.3295, 0.3865, 0.3547, 0.3285 and 0.3945. The proposed methodology is explained with the help of an example. Keywords: lubricant, factor, digraph, matrix, permanent function, methodology

INTRODUCTION The branch of technology or engineering dealing with the rubbing surfaces is tribology. Lubrication of components decreases wear and tear of components, increases heat transfer, reduces friction. All it is achieved with the help of thin film of fluid with a viscosity suitable for particular application. As the domain of applications are increasing so is the properties domain are also expanding. At present nano-particles are doped to achieve the desired properties. Nano-technology is the branch of science expanding at a very fast rate. In this science the controlling of molecules is better and desired properties are achieved to higher depth. Molecular structure of nano particles and their characteristic to influence the properties of material to which these are added is exploited to improve the lubricating

characteristic of turbine bearing lubricants. At present a lot of research is going on in decision making in power generation industry and other organisation. Design and development of new lubricants is one of them. A lot of different studies has been performed in decision making also. Dev et al [1] developed a computational methodology for the assessment of dual pressure non-reheat combined-cycle power plant with change in drum pressure. A GTA based methodology was also proposed by Dev et al [2] for the evaluation of combined cycle power plant. Thermodynamic analysis of a combined heat and power system was carried out to study the effect of different parameters on

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« «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Materials Jan – June 2016

IJCcM

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Composite & Constituent

2 more...

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences