International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics vol 2 issue 1 by JournalsPub

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International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics

International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics provide a comprehensive platform for dissemination of recent technological advances that can have an impact on the industrial and institutional research. The aim of the journal is to provide the scientific community an active mode of communication and discussion through which they can present their theories and share the concepts of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and crack-damage repair mechanics. Journals publish both theoretical and experimental research and promote practical application of applied mechanics.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Elastic instability ! Gross plastic deformation ! Tensile instability ! Creep damage and creep-fatigue interaction ! Low and high cycle fatigue damage ! Brittle/elastic damage ! Ductile/plastic damage ! Strain softening and strain-rate sensitivity damage ! Impact damage ! Modeling and numerical simulation ! Elasticâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;plastic fracture mechanics ! Crack incubation and propagation ! Crack and fracture repair techniques ! Damage tolerance and fracture control

International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Prof. Pankaj Thakur IEC University, Solan, India

Dr. Krishan Lok Singh Structural Technologies Division (STTD), National Aerospace Laboratories, H A L Airport Road, Bangalore (Karnataka), India

Dr. Manoj Khandelwal Department of Mining Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan), India

Dr. T. R. Vijayaram School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, SMBS, VIT University, Chennai, India

Dr. N. Bose Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Virudhunagar, India

Dr. Abdul A. Khan Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States

Dr. Gang Chen School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Prof. D.S. Robinson Smart Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karunya University, Coimbatore, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Fracture and Damage Mechanics from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Fracture and Damage Mechanics as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Fracture and Damage Mechanics in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Elastic instability, Gross plastic deformation, Tensile instability, Creep damage and creep-fatigue interaction, Low and high cycle fatigue damage, Brittle/elastic damage etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Fracture and Damage Mechanics and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Fracture and Damage Mechanics community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Fracture and Damage Mechanics This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of Journals Pub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Fracture and Damage Mechanics. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Noncontact Surface Roughness Measurement of Machined Surfaces Using Grinding Process by the Application of Digital Image Magnification N. Bose, D. Palani Kumar

2. Optimization of Drilling Process Parameters for Thrust Force: A Review Y.S. Chouhan, M.A. Saloda, S. Jindal, C. Agarwal

3. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis for CNC Machines Used In GG Valves Industry R.K. Salvi, C. Agarwal, B.P. Nandawana, M.A. Saloda

4. A Comparitive Study on Ceramic Powder Over Static and Dynamic Compaction R. Karthikeyan, M.V. Shanmugam, P. Divyakumar, R. Nirmal Raja

5. Durability Aspects of Copper Slag Admixed Concrete G. Akhil, J. Karthikeyan

International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Noncontact Surface Roughness Measurement of Machined Surfaces Using Grinding Process by the Application of Digital Image Magnification N. Bose1, D. Palani Kumar2 1

Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Virudhunagar, India

Abstract In today’s competitive world, manufacturing requires fast and accurate systems that provide the feedback to control the machining process and improve product quality and productivity. One of the parameters to be controlled in machining is surface finish, which is a vital criterion in the performance and utility of industrial products. The computer vision based system is used to analyze the pattern of scattered light from the surface to assess the surface roughness of the component. In recent years the advent of high speed digital computers and vision systems has made image analysis easier and flexible. Unlike the stylus instruments, the computer vision systems have the advantages of being non-contact and are capable of measuring an area of the surface rather than a single line which makes it a 3D evaluation. In this research work, a machine vision system has been utilized to capture the images of ground surfaces and then the quantification of digital pictures of ground surfaces is done. Subsequently, original images of ground surfaces have been magnified using cubic convolution, Nearest Neighbor and Bilinear interpolation techniques. Then the optical surface roughness parameter Ga has been estimated for all the captured surface images and for the magnified quality improved images. Finally, a comparison has been done to find correlation between the magnification factor and optical surface roughness parameter Ga for the three interpolation algorithms. Keywords: Bilinear interpolation, cubic convolution, magnification factor, surface roughness.

INTRODUCTION Surface roughness is usually a detrimental by-product of all machining processes. Surface roughness also affects several functional attributes of parts, such as friction, wear and tear, light reflection, heat transmission, ability of distributing and holding a lubricant. In manufacturing, the surface finish is adopted as finger print of the machining process.[1,2] Surface finish measurement is also useful in providing an index of process stability. The proper functioning of a machined part is in many instances largely dependent on

the quality of its surface. Surface roughness is one of the key factors for overall work piece quality evaluation. The study of surface texture is commonly referred to as Surface Metrology. It involves the measurement and characterization of surfaces and their relationship to the manufacturing process that generated the part and functional performance measures of the component. Surface analysis relies on the assumption that the surface geometry irregularities can

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International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Optimization of Drilling Process Parameters for Thrust Force: A Review Y.S. Chouhan*, M.A. Saloda, S. Jindal, C. Agarwal College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

Abstract The big challenge of the industries is concentrated for achieving less wear and thrust force on the drilling tool and more tool life. In this paper an effort is made to review the literature work on investigating the effect of drilling and tool parameters on thrust force in drilling process on lathe machine with different-2 work piece materials, for optimization of thrust force. Most of experiments have been carried out by considering various independent parameters namely spindle speed, drill bit diameter and feed rate. Finally most significant variable is found out among different input parameter for affecting thrust force by using various mathematical and statistical techniques. Keywords: drilling, feed rate, thrust force, spindle speed

INTRODUCTION Now a day’s main drawback of industries is machine tools, because machine tools are not operating at their optimum operating conditions and due to this there is loss of man power, material and time. Often, the drilling parameters such as spindle speed, feed and depth of cut are selected based on the worker’s experiences. However, the performance of machine and drill bit are not sure to be acceptable. It has been recognized that parameters during metal drilling such as feed and drilling speed should be chosen well to optimize the cost of drilling operations. At present manufacturing enterprises have to deal with increasing demands for improved product quality, tool life, less wear and less drilling force. In today, applications of optimization techniques in metal drilling process is necessary for a manufacturing unit to work effectively for severe competitiveness and

growing demand of quality product in the market. Drilling is a standard process for producing holes and most common material removal process in manufacturing industries. Drilling is performed by a tool (named “drill bit”) which is rotated by the spindle of a machine. The work-piece and the revolving drill (although in some cases the work-piece can be revolving and attached to the spindle) are positioned by movements of the machine table and/or the spindle assembly. When drilling start, a linear movement occurs between the rotating drill and work-piece. Most of the time drilling operations are performed on specialized drilling machines of different configurations (upright, radial or specialized), but drilling can also be performed on lathes, boring mills and milling machines. With all the view points above, this paper present review on effect of drilling parameters like feed, spindle

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International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Failure Mode and Effect Analysis for CNC Machines Used In GG Valves Industry R.K. Salvi*, C. Agarwal, B.P. Nandawana, M.A. Saloda Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

Abstract The Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is widely used technique due to enhance reliability and safety of complex system to identify and eliminate known or potential failure modes. In the present work, the FMEA were performed with two approaches. (1) Conventional FMEA approach and (2) Grey Relational Analysis approach. The rankings of the failure modes are both determined by conventional FMEA and the Grey Relational Analysis. The CNC machine failure is provided, the failure data have been collected and analysed, and the results show that the evaluation of failure modes by both conventional FMEA and Grey Relational Analysis. These theories are proposed in this paper helps to enhance the reliability of the prediction, and the predicted ranking of CNC machines failure can be used for better decision-making concerning inspection and maintenance. Keywords: grey relational analysis, CNC machine failures, FMEA, RPN

INTRODUCTION A CNC machine is a complex mechanical system with high level automation and complicated structure which employs mechanics, electronics and hydraulics mechanism. Now-a-days almost all the industries are depended on CNC machines for their manufacturing processes. A single CNC machine is fails, when results in halting in the production process and requires time for repairing of the machine. The breakdown in CNC machine in any manufacturing plant may hamper normal production rate, which results in loss of the resources and manufacturing cost. Therefore, it is unavoidable to ensure the reliability of the machine operation during the process. A lot of work has been carried out to reduce the failure rate in the machine but it requires timely maintenance of the machine. The breakdowns in the CNC machines are not beneficial for manufacturing industries.

The present work is based on the CNC machine failures of CNC machines in GG (Gerhard Gabriel) Valves industry and its analysis to reduce the failure rate. To reduce the failure rate of CNC machines different approaches have been carried out by many researchers. The efforts to optimize the failure of CNC machines increase the efficiency of production. This work would help to concern the industries which rely majorly on CNC machines for their manufacturing process. The Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) approach helps in identification of occasions of malfunction of equipments. FMEA shows the causes and effects of potential failure modes. It also helps to identify the occurrence of failures in CNC machines. This technique was

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International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Comparitive Study on Ceramic Powder Over Static and Dynamic Compaction M.V. Shanmugam 1*, R. Karthikeyan 2, P. Divyakumar3, R. Nirmal Raja1 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, K S R Institute for Engineering and Technology, Tiruchengode, India 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, K S Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, India

Abstract The unique microstructure of dense ceramic powders are studied with the help of both static and dynamic process. Initial density, particle size distribution, particle morphology, and loading path are the various effects that are investigated in the static experiments. At very low velocity steady structured compaction waves are traveling in dynamic experiment. When compared with static response the ceramic powder are found to be significantly stiffer at dynamic response. As deformation is confined to the relatively narrow compaction wave front, density and mechanical properties such as Vickers micro hardness and bending strength of the powder samples were investigated. The increase in impact force tends to decrease springback of the compaction.

INTRODUCTION At present there are several developments are undergoing in industries by changing the materials in order to improve in both mechanical and physical properties. In such cases, ceramics are been replaced for various different materials and even several matrix composites are used. Combination of compaction and sintering are taking place for ceramic parts. Basically cracks are originated during the compaction process in powder metallurgy (P/M). But the cracks will not be visible until the sintering process is done. Since only after the sintering process there will takes place some changes in boundary conditions and micro structure. The root cause is most likely the poor inter-particle bonding obtained prior to the sintering. The compaction of ceramic powders using both static and dynamic processes has been extensively studied from the standpoint of the manufacture of nearly fully dense ceramics with unique microstructures from

precursor ceramic powders. In these investigations, the change in properties can be determined by the pressure applied during the compaction and also depends on the temperature during the sintering process. Besides manufacturing issues, the behaviour of ceramic powders under dynamic loading is important for understanding the behaviour of geological materials for seismic coupling, penetration, and planetary science applications, as well as the performance of ceramic armour. Ceramic Powder Basically in powder metallurgy, the powders have to be fine grained. Similarly the ceramic powder characteristic and process which includes compaction and sintering are to be decided before the start of operation. If not there may produce a strong impact over mechanical behaviour of the parts that may produce some defects (i.e.) pores, micro cracks, density gradient and agglomerates) In particular, the

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International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Durability Aspects of Copper Slag Admixed Concrete G. Akhil*, J. Karthikeyan Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract This research work reports the results of a study undertaken in enhancing properties of concrete with partial replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag. In this context an experimental investigation to study the durability effects of replacement fine aggregate (by weight) with zero, optimum (40%) and full (100%) percentages of copper slag were taken up. Durability properties like permeability, elevated temperature effect, sorptivity, water absorption were conducted along with these test Young’s Modulus and size effect ratio is also conducted. A control mixture of proportions 1:2.10:3.18 with w/c of 0.45 was designed for the M30 concrete. Fine aggregate (Sand) was replaced with 40% and 100% of copper slag as optimum and full replacement. Test results showed that the replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag reduced permeability, sorptivity and water absorption up to 100%. In addition to this Young’s Modulus and elevated temperature test gives good result at 40% replacement. These findings suggest that copper slag in the range 40% could potentially replace sand in concrete without compromising the strength and durability aspects. Keywords: copper slag, permeability, sorptivity, water absorption, elevated temperature effect, Young’s modulus

INTRODUCTION Sustainable development is mandatory to protect the environment. Aggregate, besides cement and water, forms one of the main constituent materials of concrete since it occupies nearly 55%–80% of concrete volume, Aggregates which are used in concrete are obtained either from natural sources or by crushing large size rocks. The rapid increase in the natural aggregates consumption every year due to the increase in the construction industry worldwide means that the aggregate reserves are being depleted, the concrete industry globally will consume 8–12 billion tons annually of natural aggregates. This large consumption of natural aggregates will cause destruction of the environment. Therefore there is an urgent need to find and supply alternative substitutes for natural aggregates by

exploring the possibility of utilization of industrial by-products and waste materials like copper slag in making concrete. This will lead to sustainable concrete design and greener environment. [1–3] MATERIALS USED 1) Cement Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of grade 53 conforming to IS 12269:1987 was used. The specific gravity of the cement is found to be 3.11

2) Fine Aggregate Good quality river sand was used as fine aggregate conforming to grading zone I of IS 383:1970 was used. Its specific gravity is 2.68

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« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « «

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

Nursing « « « « «

IJFDM

Jan – June 2016

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

International Journal of Fracture and Damage Mechanics

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences