PreliminaryReviewof ArchaiologicalSites In the FairviewTerminalArea. WestSideof KaienIsland,princeRupertHarbour, BritishColumbia
ationsatIh" rn n"-i, "ffi [Figure] : Excav
Preparedfor: PrinceRupertPort Authority October2004 By: BarbaraPetzelt,BA
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Archaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,princeRupert,B.C.
l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
TableofContents List ofFigures Executive Summary StudyArea Methodologyof Documentary Research Archaeology andTsimshianCulturalBackground Archaeology of F'airviewArea r. GbTo-l0 ii. GbTo-lI iii. GbTo-l2 rv. GbTo-l3 v. GbTo-33 vi. GbTo-36 vii. GbTo-37 viii. GbTo-49 ix. GbTo-53 x. GbTo-54 xr. GbTo-55 8. Recommendations 9. Bibliography I 0. Websites I 1. AppendixI : FairviewAreaArchaeological SitesDatabase
FigureI Figure2 Frgure3 Figure4 Figure5 Figure6 Figure7
Excavalions at theLachane wet-silc Someofthe wintervillageslocatedaroundthe princeRupertHarbour A Tsimshian Village WesternKaienIslandArchaeological Sites Lachane SiteExcavation in 1973 CanoeRunsat GbTo-55 GbTo-S4 Facinsnorth
Paoe 1
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Page4 Page4 Page8 Page9 Page9 Page9 Page9 Page9 Page10 Pagel0 Page10 Page11 Page11 PageI 1 Page12 Pagel2 Page23 Page23
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Archaeology of FairviewTerminalArca,princeRupert,B.C.
Executive Summarv In doinga pre-fielddocumentary overviewof thePortofPrinceRupertFairviewTerminalFacilityarea on the westsideof KaienIsland,elevenpreviouslyrecordedarchaeological siteshavebeenidentified ulliollg.haeological references.Thesepreviouslyrecordedarc-haeologrcal sitesare:GbTo-10, l9T
Gbro-13, Gbro-33 (Lachane site), cbro-36@aldwin siti;,ctro-:2,Gbro-53, 991*11'Gbro-l2,
GbTo-54,GbTo-55,andGbTo-49.A brief descriptionofthesesitesis includei in theArchaeology of FairviewAreasectionofthis reportandin Appendixl: Fairviewfuea Archaeological SitesDatabase, A generaldescription ofthe studyarea,methodo.logy usein preparing this report,irchaeologrcal and Tsimshianculturalhistoryarealsoincludedin this report.An annotated bibiiograptry ofsourcescited in this reportalongwith otherreferences that mayprovidemoreinformationonthl areais localedat the endof this paper.A list of informativewebsitesis alsoincludedasfurtherinformation sources. Basedon this preliminaryreport,it is recommended thata full Archaeological ImpactAssessment be conducted prior to anyfurtherdevelopment ofthe port facilities.
StudyArea Thestudyareais ilom thePortof PrinceRupertFairviewTerminalFacilityandFairview dockssouth to CaseyPointon the westsideofKaien Island. This areaencompasses theproposed expansion ofthe PortofPrinceRupertfacilities. ThePrinceRupertHarbourareais withinthe traditionaitenitory of the coastTsimshianFirstNationcommunitiesof MetlakatlaandLax Kwa'AIaams. This areafalls within theHecateLowlandsEcosectionandtheCoastalWestemHemlock verywer hypermarine Biogeoclimatic Zone(cwHvh) Drainagepatternsin theareatendto be poorly developed with manysmallstreamsthatflow directly-iniothe sea.Thesestreamsoftenarenot to be longerthana kilometre.Theclimatein thePrinceRupertareais influenced by the CoastMountains, warmoff shoreoceancurrent,westerlyprevailingwinds,andthewarmmoistpacific air. fhesefbctors combinedcreatethe relativelywarmandwet weitherconditionsandmild winters for whichtheprince Rupertareais known(ArcheiandFriesen2002;TamblynandHom 2001). The flora andfaunabtoticzonesrepresented in the studyareaaretheCoastLittoralBiotic Zoneandthe CoastForestBiotic Zone TheCoastLittoralZoneextendsfrom theshallow offshorewatersthatcover thecontinentalshelfto the intertidalareas.In thiszoneeelgrass, seaweeds, kelps,porpoises, dolphins, orcas,sealions,seals,variousw_aterfowl andotherbirds,,u-rronspecies, herring'andlther fish species,butterclam,littleneckcram,horseclam,basketcockle,baymussel,cariiornia musser, bamaclcs,limpets,chitons,seaurchins,andseacucumberoccur. l heCoastForest Zonecoversthe lowerslopesof mountainsfrom thetimberlineto sealevel. Florain this zoneincludewestemhemlock, Sitkaspruce,westemredcedar,redandSitkaalder,northernblackcottonwood, salal,bunchberry, wld lily of the valley,mosses, fems,salmonberry, thimbleberry,wild rose,andat highereievations, mountainiemlock, silverfir, andyellow cedar.Faunain ihe CoastForest Biotl ZoneincludeSitka deer,wolf, mink, marten,short-tailed weasel,red squirrel,fisher,bea'er,muskrat,river otrer, porcupine,blackbear,andfrogs/toads (ArcherandFriesen2002,TarnblynandHorn2001). Thelastmajorglaciation beganaboul25,000yearsagoandreached its climaxaround14,5000 years ago Duringthatperioda continentalice sheet"ou"r"d th" PrinceRupert area. The ice sireetbeganto recedearound1.4,000 yearsagowhenthe clirnatestartedto warrn. By aboutr2,700yearsagothe HecateLowlands wererce-free andthelowcrSkeena valreywascleaiby uuou io,zdoyearsago (ArcherandFriescn 2002).
Archaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,princeRupert,B.C. Duringtheseperiods ofglaciationanddeglaciation sealevelstendto fluctuate.Theextentofthe fl ucluations.depends uponlocalconditionisuchasthethickness ofthe icecover,isostatic depression andrebound, eustatic sealevelchanges (fall andrise),andlocaltectonic activity'not relatedto the glaciation lsostaticdepression/rebound is theeffecton the landdueto theweightofthe ice shcetand the.release ofthat weightdueto glacialretreat.Eustaticsealevelriseoccursw-hen waterthatwastied up in glaciersis released into the seadueto glacialmelting(Fladmark1986;ArcherandFriesen 2002). when the glaciersfirst beganto retreatthe landthatwasbeneaththe ice wasdepressed underthe weightofthe iceandsealevelswerehigh,approximately l35m higherthanpresent in theprince Rupertarea As the landrebounded duringG deglaciation therelitive seaievelsdropped 'tiy qurctty. The mostdramaticchanges likely o..u.r.d *itnirithe first 500yearsofdeglaciation. auoutr,ooo yearsagosealevelswereabout10-l 5m higherthanpresent. Sealeversweieappro*in,ut"tyz-:. higherthanpresentbetween5,000-2,000 yea.sugo.ln theprinceRupertHarbourarchaeorogical evidencesuggests that sealevelshavebeenrelativelystablefor thelast5,000yearsin thatFirstNafions haveinhabitedtheregionfor at least5,000years.t'o date,sites olderthanca.5,000yearsold havenot the PnnceRupertHarbourarea.A mitigatingfactorin this i, ttratani coustat 9-:l^1"^:lt*ll arcnaeologrcal sttestn thePrinceRupertHarbourareaolderthan5,000yearswill likely be foundeither well abovethemodemseallevelor iubmergedandaccessible onlyby d.iversandsubmersibles and researchhasnotbeenconducted in tryingto locateancientshorerineiin the."gion. s"u"iut archaeological sitesin the PrinceRupertHarbourareahavedepositsthatextendasmuch as lm below the modem_sea levelssuggesting thai occupationin the areabeganbetween7,soo-s,so0O fearsago (AmesandMaschnerI 999). By 5,000yeaisagotheclimate, flora andfaunain theitrinceRupertarea wasessentially the sameasmorerecenttimes(Fladmark19g6;ArcherandFriesen2002).
Methodologvof DocumcntaryResearch The research for this reportbeganwith a preliminaryreviewofthe bibliography of archaeological reportsavailablefrom the HeritageResource prr*i"g ""a Assessment centei andthe BC Archaeoiogy Branch(formerlyknownasthe.Archaeology Branch).A list ofreferences thatmaypertainto the study areawascompiledfrom this bibliographyanda numberof archaeological publicaiionsthattheauthor hadon hand Someofthesereportsa;d publicationswerereviewed a'ndthe inlormationpertinentto this preliminaryreportis synthesized witirin. Archaeological sitelocationarinformationwasobtainedfrom the Archaeology planningand andcompiledin the form of a database of recordedu."lru'rofolicallites in the 3:^,.:::T,.1BlTch rarrvlew area(trom fairview to CaseyPoint). Thedatabase is includedasAppeniix 1 ofthis report. Notethatthesitelocationsandaccessdescriptions informationcontainedwithin the database rs sensitiveandshouldbe keptconfidential.this is in orderto protect thearchaeological sitesfrom lootingandvandalism.Formoreinformalionon thisand theHeritageconservationAct refer10thg Archaeology PlanningandAssessmenl Branchwebsite(seerrstat the endof this report),
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Archaeological sitesin Canadaareassigned sitcnumbersconsistingoffour upperandlower case lettersanda.number throughwhatis calledtheBordenSystemln thrssystem, Canada is dividedinto a grtd of mainmapunitsthatare2" latitudeand4' longitude Latitudecoordinates areassrgned a capitalletterfrom A-U from south^to northandlongitrides areassigned a capitalletterfrom A-v from eastto west Thesemapunitsarefurtherdividedinto l0' sub-uniti thatareassigneJio*","ar" t"tt"rr,
Archaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,princeRupert,B.C. alsofrom southto northandeastto westto correspond to latitudesandlongitudes.Thenumerrc portionofthe sitenumberconesponds to theordeiin whichthe sitewasreiordedin relationto other archaeological sitesin itsvicinity(withinthesite's10' x 10'sub-unit).Therefore. BordenNumbers area sequence offour lettersanda numberthatrelateto the sites'geographic cooidinates andtheorder tn whichthesitewasrecordedwithin its mapsub-unit;wherethefirstiwo Iettersreferto the site,s latitudeandthe lasttwo lettersreferto the longitudinalposition(Fladmarkl97g). For example,GbTo33 wasthe33'darchaeological siterecordedwrthinthe GbTo sui-unit' of theBordenSystemsite desgnation'GTmainmapunit'. Archaeological siteson thewestsideof KaienIsland,DigbyIsland and-the. southemmost portionof theTsimseanPeninsulahaveBordenNumberdesignations of GbTo while siteson thenorthandeastsideof KaienIsland,andRidleyIslandhaveGbTridesignations. Temporarysitenumbersareoftenusedwhenrecordinga newlylocatedarchaeological siteuntil the final sitenumbersareassigned_by the provincialagenJyin chaigeof maintaininga'recordof archaeological sites(ProvincialMinistry,Museumfuniversity). Thi. ir to p,.u.ni onenumberfrom beingassigned to morethanonesite. only excavated archalologicalsitesaregivennames.The excavatingarchaeologist assignsa nameeitherafterthe site'spripertyo*n.r, i lundr.up"feature,or someothersuchconvention(Fladmark1978).For examptettri uest-tnownaictraeotojiiat sitein the PrinceRupertHarbouris theBoardwalksite,GbTo-31.beorgeMacDonaldof the NalionalMuseum of Man origrnallyexcavated it in the 1970s.Themostrecentexcavation occurredduringthe summer of2004 by GaryCouplandofthe UniversityofToronto(Coupland2004personal communication). The B^orden numbersassigned to therecordedarchaeological siteswithin theFairviewTermlnalarea arereferenced throughoutthis report. As of2002,therewere176archaeological sitesrecordedin theprinceRupertarea.Mostofthese archaeological sitesrelateto aboriginaloccupation few sitesrelateto non.whilecomparatively aboriginalhistoricsites/events in thePrinceRupertarea(Archir andFii esen2o02).Archaeological researchinthe PrinceRupâ‚Źrtareabeganin 1907with HarlanI Smith,Phillip Druckeralsosuweyed the areain 1938 The first major-systematic, archaeological investigations of theprinceRupertHarbour beganin 1966with the NationalMuseumof Man PrinceRupertFfurbourprehistoryproject headedby GeorgeF. MacDonaldandRichardInglis (MacDonaldandInglis 1976;Archer udFriesen2002; Fladmark^I986)other majorsurveysandexcavations wereconduct.din th" areaduringthe last20 yearsby Garycouplandfrom the universityofroronto, andDavid Archerfrom theNojhwest communiq'collegePrinceRupert(Matsonandcouprand1995;ArcherandFriesen 2002). ThePrinceRupertHarbourareais oneofthe oldestcontinuously occupiedregionsin NorthAmerica. The oldestculturaldepositsdateto circa5,500yearsago. The majorityofthJrecorded archaeological sltesaresltuatedon the narrowcoastalplain. Villagesitestendtobe located nearextensiveclam-flats andarej ustbackof an abruptembankment abovetie hightide mark. Foodpro."rrint ,1t". arelocated nearcloseto areaswheretherewereor areandabundanieofa particularfood r"so*"le suchassalmon, eulachon,hening,shellfish,seamammals,seaweed, bird's eggs,andforestresources.Food gathering/gocessing campswere.occ''pied by relativelyfew peoplefor a shortperiodof time (seasonally) thereforearchaeological depositsat these;itetypesaregenerallynot asextensrve as villagesites. Villagesiteswereinhabitedby largenumbers-or peopt!for longerperiodsof time (MacDonaldandInglis 1976).Onecharacteristic ofvillage -ofsitesin theprinci RupertHarbourarears that thedepositsgenerallyconsistoflarge accumulations clamandmusscl shei mixedwtth wood ash,charcoal'and othercamprefuseanddebris(Fladmarkl9g6). Vilragesites arearsooften assoclated wrthrowsofcanoerunsandin somecasestheyarealsoassoJiated with petroglyphs.Canoe runsare,linearrock alignmenlslocatcdin theintertidalzonein front of a villagepcfundicularto the walerwherethebeachwasclearedto facilitatethelandingofcanoes.petrogllphs arepictures carved
Archaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,princeRupert,B.C. into.rock ln the PrinceRupertHarbourarea,petroglyphs areoftenlocatedin theintertidalzoneon smallboulders. Accordingto Tsimshianoral historiesor adaawksthePrinceRupertHarbourareais part ofthe Coast Tsimshian(MetlakatlaandLax Kwa'Alaams)traditionalterrito;iessinceprehislory. This is supported by thearchaeological record,whichshowsthattheareawasinhabitedcontinuously for at least5,000 years Oneof theTsimshianadaawksstatesthattheTsimshianabandoned prince the RupertI{arbour areafor a periodbecause of Tlingit raidsandoccupation.Accordingto MacDonaldandInglis(1976), thereis-no evidencethatthis occurred.Ifthe ilingit everinhabitedthe prince 9irectarchaeological RupertHarbourtherewouldhavebeena markedshift in artifacttwes fJundat sitesin thearea.Tlingit artifacttypesarequitedifferenlfrom thosemadeandusedby thecoastTsimshian, the origrnal th. RuperrHarbour.However,AmesandMaschner(1999)writetharthereis a 11]t1uita1ts,oi l1l.^" penodctrca2,000 clear yearsagowhenvillagesitesaroundtheharbourwerenot utilized. They suggestthatthis is eitherdueto Tlingit invasionsor it represents a periodofabandonment dueto the overutilizationofresourcesbecause ofan increasein populatrons. TheCoastTsimshianarecomprisedofnine tribeswhosecombinedtraditional territoriesextendfrom the coastalislandsin thewest(easternHecateStrait)to LakelseLakein theeast(near Tenace,BC) and from PortlandCanalandobservatoryInlet in the northto theheadwaters ofthe EcstallRiverln the south This includesthe lowerportionsandthe mouthof the SkeenaRiver andits tributarieswthin the outlinedarea,andtheouterislands.Thenine autonomous tribesthatmakeup theCoastTsimshian (Metlakatla andLax Kwa'Araams) areasfollows:Gispaxlo'ots, Gitsaxlaal, ditraan,Gits'iis, Gitnaxangiik,Gilando,Gitutsa'aw,Gitnadoiks,andth; Gitwilgyoots.Each membeiof eachof the fiibeswasalsoa memberofaHouse Groupor matrilineage; severalmatrilineages or Housesgrouped "one togethermadeup a tribe. EachHousegroupandits memLersalsorepresented of the four exogamous P'teexor clans:Wolf, Eagle,Raven,andBlackfish(Killei whale). Eachclanof eachtribe hadowneda villagein the PrinceRupertHarbour / venn passage area. Each Houseof eachtribe ownedterritoryalongthe SkeenaRiverind its tributarjes, eachwiti a summer villageandseveralresource-use campsthroughouttheterritories.Tenitorialioundariesbetweentribes andHousescorrespond to watershed boundaries.
Archaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,princeRupert,B.C.
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Ftgtre 2: Somc.ofthc winrer villageslocatedariiii the prince fftlfrr based on ethnographic i,Jomratiott collecredbyMarius Earbeauand rlihiam Beynon. 6r'i uocDonau and cove rggT.xiii)
TheCoastTsimshiantraditionallyreliedon the naturalresources abundant on theircoastalandriverine temtones.In thewinterthe peopleinhabitedtheir wrntervillagesthroughoutthe Vennpassage and Kaienisland,whenthe mainsubsistence gatheringfocuswason marinelife suchasshellfishand variouscoaslalfishes:halibut,snapper, octopi,etc-.In FebruaryandMarchthe peoplemovedto their ooliganfishinggroundsin thePortlandCanal/ Observatory Iniet areas.Ooligans;ere caught,driedor smoked,or renderedinto the oil commonlycalledOoliganGrease.Thedrieiooligans andtheooligan greasewerealsotradedwith inlandandothercoastaltribesthatdid not haveur."rl, to sucnresotuces. Fromtherethe peopleeithermovedbackto their wintervillagesor on to their earlyspringseaweed gatheringcampson theoutercoast.This waswhenredlaverseaweed gatherei was und&ieOfo, tribal groupssuchastheGitksan. ,t-olt-utpjigl throughouttheyearor for tradewith neighbouring Halibutfishingalsooccurredat this time. Duringlatespringandearlysummerthe CoastTsimshian peoplemovedto their'summer/fall fishingandhuntingteniLries alongthe SkeenaRiver andits lower tributaries.Duringthe summerandautumnthe propGfi.h"d for thedlfferentspecies of sarmon, hunteddeer,-mountain goat,moose,bears,etc,tiappedfur bearinganimalssucrrasmink, marten,etc, andgatheredvariousplantsfor food,materialsandmedicines.Beforethe onset of winterthepeople retumedto their wintervillagesin theprinceRupertHarbourarea. Tsimshian wintervillagesitesconsisted ofoneor morerowsofcloselyspaced rectangular prank housesmadefrom westemredcedaralignedparallelto the shorefacing itrewater. Villageswere located on fairly level well-drained areas good with water traisportation accessjustabovethe 9:1"T1ly high..t1d9 mark. VillagesitelocationswereinJluenced bi defenceconsiderations; oftenlo"cated on smallislandsor pointsof landthathavea commanding viewofsurrounding approaches (Amesand Maschner1999;ArcherandFriesen 2002)_
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Archaeologyof l'airview TerniinalArea,PrinceRupert,B.C.
illage sites. canoe ru'o qre arsoevideit in yroit of thi vilage. photo by E. Dossettert aai'fri andhglis 1976:14)
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Archaeologvof tr'airviewTerminalArea Elevenpreviouslyrecordedarchaeological sitesarelocatedin theFairviewTerminalareaon thewest sideofKaienIsland.Thesitenumbers are:Gbro-l0,Gbro-l1, Gbro-l2, Gbro-13,Gbro-33,Gbro36,Gbro-37,Gbro49, Gbro-53,GbTo-54,andGbro-55 All ofthese sitesexceptfor Gbro-55are GbTo-55.isa.canoerunsirelocatedin theintertidatzonethatmayor may :i:l*f*:-":*t:,sites not havebeenassociated with a smallvillasesite.
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A rchacologyof FairviewTerminalArea,princeRupert,B.C. Figtre 4: WeslernKaien Island ArchaectlogicalSites.'fhis m:apshov,ssomeofthe lorcv,nprince lltper! Harboul archaeologicalsites. Gb'fo-|0 (Co-op) wasexcavatedh t95t: GbTo_33(^aihane), and GbTo-36iBaltlvinl nere excq\1dled in 1973.
GbTo-l0: GbTo-10,theCo-opSiteis a prehistoricvillageshellmiddensrtelocatedon thewestemsideof Kaien Island-nextto thePrinceRupertCooperative FishPlantwestof theCNRtracks.This sitewasfirst recordedduringPhillip Drucker's1938archaeological surveyofthe regionandwaslaterwas excavated in 1954;by 1983no tracesofthis siteremaineda, it wascoipletely destroyed by developmentOn the originallocationofthis sitenow sitsthePrinceRupertCooperaiive lrsh plant andoffice' cNR doubletracks,FairviewBayGovemmentwharl andcustoms,parkinglots,paved roads,rip rap,andcementretaininswalls. GbTo-l1: GbTo-l I is a prehistoriccampsiteshellmiddensitelocatedon thewestemsideof KaienIsland north ofthe FairviewobservationPoint. This sitewasfirst recordedduringphillip Drucker's193g archaeological surveyofthe region. Conditronof this sitewasnot recordedandls unknownat thls tlme. GbTo-12: GbTo-12is a prehistoricvillageshellmiddensitelocatedon thewestemsideof KaienIsland southof theFairviewPointSuperPortimmediatelynortlrof CaseyPoint. It is located47mnorthof paired cementculvertson CaseyPoint. In 1979a smallportionof shcllmiddenwasvisibleunder theCNR riprapbank. It wasestimatedthatabout10%of tiresiteremarned howeverit wasdifficult tbr the archaeologist to ascertainthe extentofthe originalsitebecause ofthe sizeof therail beddrng.When the sitewasresurveyed in 1983nothingofthe sitecouldbe located.It wasassumed thatthe rail bed, nprap,andhumus.layer overburden andslumpage completely maskedwhatremainedof the site. ' Cunentconditionof the siteis not knownat tiristime. GbTo-13: GbTo-l3 is a prehistoricvillageshellmiddensitelocatedon the westemsideof Kaien Island approxirnately 200msouthofCaseyPointon the shorelinewestofthe CNR tracks.The srteis at the /beachline about86m southofa pair vegetation of cementculverts.In 1983theonly visibletraceof the sitewasa l0m portionofshell middentiat appeared undisturbed in spotsalongiheshorelinefront faceundera-1.2-1.8m layerofhumus.Thetopoiihe siteis covered by railwayriprapandrspartially coveredby slumpagefrom above.Thefull extentofthe siteis not knownbecausi disturbance dueto railwaydevelopment. current conditionofthe siteis not knownat thistime. GbTo-33: GbTo-33,theReservoir,4-achane siteis a 2,000-year-old prehistoricvillageshellmiddensitelocatedon the westemsideof KaienIslandat the northendofthe Fiirview SuperP6rtTerminaljust northof l'airfaxPoint. Thesiteis on the eastsideof theCNRtracks. The siteextendsfrom the Okabe Shipyards to a smallunnamed stream140mnorthofthe lracks.Remnant deposits arelocatedadjacenl to an abandoned rvaterreservoirassociated with the WWll militaryoccupationof the area. A mijority ofthe sttewa-sdestroyed by the construction oflhe CNR tracks,tlrePrinie Rupertshippingtermrnal anddockingfacilities,andDefenceConstruction Canada's two fucl storage tanks.In'i973 a salvase
Archaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,princeRupert,B.C. excavatlonwasconducted on the sitejust priorto the construction of theCanadian Defencenavalfuel tanks(MacDonald andInglisI 976) Sone of thedepositsweresituatedin a waterlogged ancientstreambed thatenabledthe preservation of over400 perishable organicmaterialsartifactsincludingbasketry,rope,andwoodenobjects.Human rematnswerealsodiscovered in the shellmiddenportionofthe iite; iour burialswereu-ncovered in 1970andanadditional 50 burialswerediscovered in 1973.Theshellmiddendeposits reached a depth ofover 6.1m.Currentconditionofthe siteis notknownat thistime.
Figure5: LochaneSiteExcavation_ in lCzl. fnishei miaaeiEposrtsat nis sitereacheda dcpthoJ' over 6.1m. (from MacDonald and Inglis t976: l l)
GbTo-36: GbTo-36,theBaldwinsite is a prehistoricvillageshellmiddensitelocatedon thewesternsjdeof KaienIslandsouthof the FairviewSuperPortFacilityandCNR Sidingadjacentto the CNRMain Line of lvesJ the tracks,midwaybetweenFairviewPointandCaseyPoint. Thii sitewastestedor excavated by theNationalMuseumofMan ca. 1973.Theoriginalextentofthe siteis difficult to tell because the harbourconstruction, railroadconstruction, WWII defenceencampments, andrecentsmallcabinshave disturbedthe sitedeposits.Humanremainswererecovered from the shellmidden.The siteis dated between 3500-1500 yearsold. cu.ent condition of thesiteis notknownat thistime. GbTo-37: GbTo-37is prehistoric villageshellmiddensitelocatedon thewestsideof KaienIslandsouthofthe FairviewSuperPortFacility500mnorthof CaseyPoint. The siteextendsfor about95m on bothsides ofthe cNR tracksjustsouthofrailwaysignpost marked45-50.Logging,railwaytracks,powerline, roadsandditchclearinghavedisturbedthe site. Thecurrentconditionof the sit; is unknown at this tlme. GbTo-49: is a prehistoricvillageshellmiddensitelocatedon thenorthwestsrdeof KaienIsland,NNE 9bT":1.? fromPillsburyPointaboutl50m southeast alongtheshorerine fromthe..elevator,, markingrn Prince Rupert at the Grain Elevators. The site was reported during theconstruclionofthe {owntgwn crain Elevators. Humanretnains wereuncovered in theshellmidden.'fhe ,it" i, totullydestroved. 'to
Arbhaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,princeRupert,B.C, GbTo-53: GbTo-53is locatedon thewestsideofKaienlslandabout2-3milessouthofthe FairviewSuperport Facilityalongtherailwaytracks,aboutl00m into a straightstretchsouthoia curveneara snrall unnamedcreekthatflows acrossthebeach.Thesite is wherea prehistoricstonetool wasfoundon the beachsideof theCNR Tracksabout5m from thevegetationedge.Theartilactis in theMuseumof NorthemBritishColumbia. GbTo-54: GbTo-54is a prehistoricvillageshellmiddencanoerunssitelocatedon the westemsideof Kaien Islandabout800msouthof CaseyPointalongthe shorelinewestof theCNRtracks.Themidden extendslor 75mnorthfrom therailwaysignpostMile 91 to a streamwilh culverts.The sitewas disturbedby theconstruction of ttrerailwa],iracks,ilitch cleanng,anderosion.Thecurrentcondition of thesiteis notknownat thistime.
ctro_s,tisrcni"tettoJtneiita.ii*eifi@heftacksisq ljyyz;.curors-4facingnorrh. WWIImilitary "fort". (fromArcherand FriesehZOfi:i)
GbTo-SS: GbTo-55is a prehistoriccanoerun sitelocatedon the westernsideof KaienIsland1200msouthof CaseyPointon thebeachfrontwestofthe CNR tracks.Thecanoerunsareon theboulderbeachlggm southeast from therailwaysignpostmarkedMile 91. Thereis no middendirectlyassociated with these two isolatedcanoerunshowevera smallshellmiddencouldhavebeendestroyed by the construction of the railwaytrackswithoutleavinga trace. Thecurrentconditionofthe canoerunsis not know at this tlme.
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Arcbaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,PrinceRupert,B.C.
Figure 6: Canoe Runsat GbTo-55 (rom Archer and Friesen 2002:33)
Recommendations: Basedon this documentary searchit is recommended that a detailedArchaeological ImpactAssessment (AIA) be conducted in the areapriorto anyfurtherdevelopment occurs.Only sitesalongthe present shorelinehavebeenrecorded,thereis potentialthatthereire otherarchaeological sitesanasiie types localedin theuplandsportionsofthe area.This potentialexistsbecause ofhighersealevelsbefoie 5000yearsago,andfrom the ancientutilizationofthe forestedlandsawayfrom theshore.Ifany archaeological sitesmightbe impactedby the development ofthe port fa;ilities measures to mitigate damageareto betaken,for example,siteavoidance or archaeological excavations with therelevant SiteAlterationPermits.TheArchaeology PlanningandAssessment Branchin Victoriaoverseas the archaeological sitesandrecordin BritishColumbiaandissuingHeritageConservation Act permrts (HeritageInspection, Heritagelnvestigation, planning SiteAlteration).e tint to ttt" BC Archaeology andAssessment Branchwebsiteis includedin this ieportfollowingthebibliography.AIA guidelines arealsoavailableon theArchaeology Branchwebsite.
Bibliography Alexander,HerbertL. permit 1971-21; 1972 "Resultsof Investigations" HCB;5pp+ siteforms;Funding: President's Research Grant (SFU) (tesearch); MapArea103G, J. Thepurposesofthe suweywereto explorean archaeologically unknownareaandto locate sitesoccupiedin initial stagesof a fully maritimeeconomy.Twenty-sixsiteswererecorded. This reportis availablefrom theHeritageResource planningand Centeior theBb Archaeology Assessment Branch. AIlaire,Louis 1984 "A NativeMentalMapof CoastTsimshian Villages"tn Thef simshian: lmagesof the Past.views lor the Present, Margarelseguin(cditor),lrBC press,Vancouvei,BC, Canada.(Paperback reprint:1993). 11,
Archaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,princeRupcrt,B.C. In thisarticle,theauthorprovides a spatialanalysis of Tsimshian villagesbasedonthe Tsimshianoral traditionin whichthetribeshosta supernatural potlatch"io honourtheWater Beings",collectedby FrarzBoasin 1916.Altairearguesthattheoral traditionrepresents a cognitiveor mentalmapthat is essentially geographic, howevernot in a graphicsensebut literary.Cognitivemapsreflectshowparticulargroupsofpeopleperceivet-heirenvironment andhowtheyaredistributedoverit with regardsto their "culturalvaluesandeconomic conditions".Theauthorgoeson to showthatthis particularoraltraditionrepresents a cognitive mapofthe CoastTsimshiantribesor villagesandtheir interethnicrelationswith eachothir. This is demonstrated on page88 on a graphicmapthatshowsthatKaienIslandbelongsto the Gitwilgiotstribe. This paperis partof ananthologyeditedby MargaretSeguinandis available in bookstores or at theMuseumof NorthemBC sift shoo. Ames,KennethM. 1981 "The Evolutionof socialRankingon theNorthwestcoastof NorthAmerica"in AmericanAntiouity46 (4): pg 789-805;Funding:N/A (research). A reviewof materialslrom excavated coastalsites(primarilyin B,C.) suggesls thatranking occunedon thecoastbetween2000and3000yearsago. An explanationoflhe processthat gaveriseto this phenomenon is offered.This paperis availableat theHeritageResource Center. Ames,KennethM. andHerbertD.G.Maschner 1999 Hudson,London,England.
Thamesand
Thisbookis availablein bookstores. Archer,DavidJ.W. 1983 "PrinceRupertHarbourProjectpreliminaryImpactAssessment Report"permit 1982-33;HCB; lTpp; Funding:NMM @fA); Map Area 103J. Designedto compilea comprehensive inventoryof heritagesiteswithin designedimpact zones,transectandjudgemental surfaceinspectionidentifiedl6 newsitesandrelocated10 others.Largeshellmiddens,petroglyphs andCMTsreported.This reportis availableat the planningandAssessment HeritageResourcecenteror ihe BC Archaeology Branch. 1984 '?rince RupertHarbourProjectHeritageSiteEvaluationandImpactAssessment" Permit1983-35;HCB;264pp;Funding:HMM (EIA);Map nrei 103I, J. A numberofprojectsin the PrinceRupertharbourandregionwereconducledandsome mlnortestexcavatlonconducted.A roadconidorbetweenPrinceRupertandGrassyPoint yieldedonesite;RidleyandLeluIslandyieldedl l sites(all modifiedtrees);a rail route betweenTerraceandPortEdwardyielded39 newsitesand9 previouslyrecordedsires;survey of KaienIslandyielded12newsitesandl7 knownsites;andsurvevof Metlakatla reserve lands resulted in l7 newsitesand30 previously knownsites.This."pon it availahtc at theHeritage planningandAssessrnent Resource Centeror theBC Archaeology Branch. 11
Archaeology of FairviewTerniinalArea,princeRupcrt,B.C. 1990 "TheNorthcoastHeritageInventoryproject:A Reporton the l9g9 FieldSeason" Permit1989-47; 64pp;MinistryLibrary;Funding: B.C.Heritage Trust;Employment andImmigrationCanada; MetlakatlaBand;Universityof Calgary;Map Areal03J. Duringthe summerof 1989a small-scale archaeological surveywasconducted nearthecity of PrinceRuperton thenorthcoastof BritishColumbia.ThesurveycoveredCan Islet, Tsimpsean Peninsulafrom ObsewationPointto RyanPoint,Tuck Inletandthenorthshoreof PrinceRupertHarbour.Nine newsiteswerefound:six smallshellmiddens,onemediumsized shellmidden,andtwo largeshellmiddens.sometime wasalsodevotedto upgradingthe informationon sitesrecordedbefore1980.In all, eightsitesweremappedanJdescribed.This reportis availableat theHeritageResource Centeror theBC Archaeolosv Planninsand Assessment Branch. 1991 "The NorthcoastHeritageInventoryproject:A Reporton the 1990FieldSeason" Permit1990-66;278ppincludingsiteforms;MinistryLibrary;Funding:Ministriesof TourismandSocialServicesandHousing;Map Area 103J. Duringthe summerandfall of 1990an archaeological surveywasconductednearthecity of PrinceRuperton thenorthcoastof BritishColumbia.The suwevcoveredKitsonIsland.the southsidesof SmithIslandandDeHorsey peninsula Island.andthewestsideof Tsimpscan from RyanPointto JapPoint. Threenewsiteswerefound;all of themshelimiddensandall locatedon the westsideof Tsimpsean Peninsula.Therestof thefield seasonwasdevotedto recordingsitesfoundat the endofthe previousseasonandto updatingsitesrecordedbefore 1980.In all,38 sitesweremappedanddescribed.This reportis availableat the Hel1nge planningandAsslssmentBranch. ResourceCenteror theBC Archaeology 1998 "Early HoloceneLandscapes on theNorthCoastofB.C." PaperPresented at the3l"t AnnualMeetingcanadian Archaeological Association, victona.BC,May 6-10, l99g; Department of Antkopologyandsociology,Northwestcommunityco ege,prince Rupert,BC, Canada. This paperpresents evidenceof raisedbeachdepositsnearPortSimpson,Vennpassage, DodgeIsland,RidleyIsland,andin the city ofPrinceRuperton the souihwestsideof Kaien lsland(nearFairview).TheKaienIslandraisedbeachshelldepositdatesro about12,000 years BP andsuggests thatthe sealevelwasaboutl3m higherthanpresent.This reportis availible at theHeritageResource planningandAssessment centeror theBC Archaeology Branch. Archer,DavidJ.W.andDavidE. Friesen 2002 "An Archaeological OverviewAssessment of theDigbyIsland/ Tsimseanpeninsula AccessProject(Phase1)" preparedfor Stevens Engineering Ltd., DavidArcherand princeRupert,BC,Canada. DavidFriesen Heritage Consultants, Archaeological sitesGbTo-12,13,54,and55,on thewestsideof KaienIsland,arereferenced 'I'his in this reportreportis availableat theHeritageResourceCenteror theBC Archaeology Planning andAssessment Branch.
14
Archaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,princeRupert,B.C. Borden.CharlesE. 1979 "PeoplingandEarlyculh'es of thepacificNorrhwest" rn Science 203(43g4):pg 963-970 (8pp);Funding: N/A research); Map 103K, J, c, C, B, 104c, 93 D, 92 B, C, G,F, I, M, This paperoffersanaltemateexplanationofthe peoplingofthe pacificNorthwestby examiningevidencein supportofthe ideathatpeoplemovedinto theareavia a corridoron the west,ratherthaneastsideof theRocLl Mountains.This reportis availableat theHeritage planningandAssessment ResourceCenteror theBC Archaeology Branch. Carlson,RoyL. 1976 "Prehistoryof theNorthwestCoast"ln IndianArt Traditionsof theNorthwestCoast, press,Department RoyL. carlson(editor),pagesr3-22,Archaeorogy ofArchaeology, SimonFraserUniversity,Bumaby,BC, Canada. this paperpresentsa synthesis of North-westcoastprehistory - Basedon an 1976symposium, from southeast Alaskato thelnwer ColumbiaRiver. Thispaperis partof a bookeditedby Roy Carlsonandis availablein bookstores or throughthe SimonFriserUniversityArchaeology Department. Cybulski,JeromeS. 1972 "Analysisof SkeletalRemainsFromtheprinceRupertHarbourAreaof B. c." in CanadianArchaeolosical AssociationBulletin4: pg g7-90;Funding:NMM (EIA); Map Area103J. Objectivesofanalysisofthe buriedremainsof70 individuatsrecovered from severalsites areoutlined.This reportis availableat thel{eritageResource Centeror theBC Archaeologv PlanningandAssessment Branch. 1974 "Tooth WearandMaterialCulture:Precontact Patterns in theTsimshianArea,8.C."in Svesis7: pg 31-35;Funding: NMM (research); MapArea103J. Dentalwearpattemsfrom excavated sitesin the princeRupertharbourshowtoothwear relatedto theartof weaving(A.D.I100-1750) andto theuseof labrets(500B.C.-A_D.500). This reportis availableat theHeritageResourceCenteror theBC Archaeology planningand Assessment Branch. 1978 "ModifiedHumanBonesandSkullsFromprinceRupertHarbour, 8.C.,'in canadianJoumalofArchaeology 2. pg15-32(r8pp);Funding: NMM (research); Map Area103J. Reportprovides a descriptive summary ofthe analysis of modifiedhumanskullsandbones foundat PrinceRupertharbour.Mostof theartifacts(25in all) maybe indicative of ritualism, and,perhapsShamanism.1'hisreportis availableat the HeritageResource Centeror the BC Archaeology Planning andAssessment Branch. 15
Alchaeologyof FairviewTerminalArea,PrinceRupert,B.C, 1986 "PhysicalAnthropologyandPaleopathology" in Handbookof NorthAmericanlndians" VolumeMI: Northwest Coast;Non-permit; HCB;26 pp. Firstpartofthe articlefocuseson morphological andbiologicalelements concerned with the genetics, adaptations andoriginsofNorthwestCoastIndians.Secondparttreatspattemsof health,diseaseandinjury in theearlyhistoricperiodandespeciallyprehistory.Paleopathology considers skeletalremainsanddatafrom earlyhistoricdata,discusses disease, statureand cephalicrndices.This paperis partof a bodkeditedby WayneSuttlesandis availablein bookstores. Drucker,Philip 1943 "Archaeological surveyon theNorthernNorthwestcoast" ln Bureauof American Ethnoloe.v Bulletin 133:pg 17-132;Funding.NationalResearch Council;Map Area92 I, M,93 D, 103,A, G,H, J, Designedto summarize anddiscusstheresultsof a surveyof archaeological museum collectionsof artifactsfrom regionsformerlyoccupiedby CoastTsimshianandKwakiutl peoplesandan archaeological surveyof 1938in the area. This reportis availableat the planningandAssessment HeritageResourceCenteror theBC Archaeology Branch. 1974 "Archaeological surveyon thenorthernNorthwestCoast.',MS; BCpM. This reportis availableat theHeritageResource Centeror theBC Archaeology Planningand Assessment Branch. Pladmark,K. R. 1975 "Archaeologyofthe NorthemcoastofBritish colurnbia"rn HandbookofNorth AmericanIndians"Vol. VII NorthwestCoast,WayneSuttleseditor;Smithsonian Institute; USA; 19pp;MapAreat 03. Thisresearch paperinterpretstheprehistoryofthe northcoastregionfromthe eueen CharlotteIslandsto the mid-Skeena andNassRiversandfrom PortlandCanalto Douglas Channelofferinga regionalchronologyandinterpretation.This paperis partof a bookedited by WayneSuttlesandis availablein bookstores. 1978 A Guideto BasicArchaeological FieldProcedures, DepartmentofArchaeologySimon FraserUniversityPublicationNo. 4, Departmentof Archaeology, SimonFraser University,Bumaby,BC, Canada. Thisprovides a gooddescription of archaeological sitenumberdesigrations andfield procedures.This guidebookis availablethroughthe SimonFraserUniversityArchaeology l)epartment. 1979 "Routes:AlternateMigrationCorridors for EarlyMan in NorthAmerica."in American Antiquitv44 ( 1). pg 55-69;Fundrng. N/A (research). t6
Archaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,princeRupert,B.C. Palaeoenvironmental andarchaeological datasuggest thata chainofsea-levelrefugia aroundtheNorthPacificcoastcouldprovideanaltemativerouteto theinteriorice-freeconidor andthatearlymaritime-adapted culturescouldrepresent anearlymigrationofman to theNew world. This reportis availableat theHeritageResource centeror th; BC Archaeology Planning andAssessment Branch. 1986 Britishcolumbiaprehistory;NationalMuseumsof canada,ottawa,ontario,canada. This bookis availablein bookstores. Hanson,Gordon 1973 "An Archaeological andHistoricSiteReconnaissance ofthe Proposed C. N. Rail Line: Terrace to Mile 75 " permit 1973_29;HCB; + lOpp siteforms;Funding: C.N.Rail (EIA); Map Area 103I, p. to identify,andevaluateheritagesiteswithin a proposedc.N. Rail right-of-way, . _Desig''ed judgementalinventorylocated13sites.This reportis availibleat the HeritageRJsource Center planningandAssessment or theBC Archaeology Branch. I Ioover,Alan L. 1982 "A Selection of publications on theIndiansof B.c." 50pp;Map:B.c., Funding: unknown. Designedto providea bibliographyofpublications,whichhavebeenwrittenaboutthe Indians in B. C, includingarticlesfromperiodicals, films,andchildren's books.Thisreportis available at tle HeritageResource planningandAssessment centeror theBC Archaeology Branch. Inglis,Richard 1972 "Archaeological Projectin PrinceRupe( H arbow1972"tn CanadianArchaeological Association Bulletin4: pg 101-105;MapArea103J. This reportis availableat theHeritageResource planningand Centeror the BC Archaeology Asscssment Branch. l9T2 " Archaeological Projectin the PrinceRupertHarbourlgT2: preliminaryReportfor the Archaeological Suweyof Canada.,,permit 19"12_4: IfCB, gpp* upp"ndi..s;Funding: OFY;NationalFilm Board,MapArea103J. combinedfilm-makingandarchaeological project.objectivesincludedfinishingofthe excavation ofa housefeature(GbTo-34) started in 1971.Researcher concludes tlhattheproject addeda greatdealof infonnationto presentknowledgeaboutthe CoastTsimshian Thij reiort ts available at theHeritage Resourge Centeror theBC Archaeology Planning andAssessment Branch.
11
Archaeology of FairviewTerrninalArea,princeRupert,B.C. 1973 "A PreliminaryReporton the SalvageExcavations of rwo ShellMiddensin theprince Rupertllarbour,B.C.GbTo33136"Permit1973-7;HCB;7pp+ mapsanddiagrams; Funding:NationalHarboursBoard(ElA); Map Area 103J. Designedto conductsalvageexcavations ofGbTo-33and36 - two shellmiddensthreatened with destruction by harbourdevelopment.This reportis availableat theHeritageResource Centeror theBC Archaeology PlanningandAssessment Branch. 1973 "conhact salvage1973:A PreliminaryReporton the salvageExcavationofrwo Shell Middensin thePrinceRupertHarbowB. c. (Gbro 33136)"rn canadianArchaeological Association Bulletin5: pg 140-144; MapArea103J. This reportis availableat theHeritageResourcecenteror theBC Archaeology planningand Assessment Branch. 1974 "Archaeological ImpactStudy:Bulk-LoadingFacilityEnvironmental Assessment North CoastB. C." Permit1974-33;HCB: 45pp+ appendices; Funding:NMM (EIA); Map Area103J. The studywasundertaken to inventoryandevaluateheritageresources within an g00sq. area to assess requirements for preservation or salvagein conjunctionwrth development of 1i]9 bulk loadingfacilitiesin PrinceRupertharbour.Judgemental coaitallyorientedsurveyovera 29 dayperiodresultingin the recordingof 123newsitelocalities.This reportis availableat the HeritageResource centeror theBC ArchaeologyplanningandAssessment Branch. 1976 "'Wet SiteDistribution- theNorthernCase,GbTo33 _theLachaneSite.', i/, The of NorthAmerica,D. Croeseditor,NMM-MS50:pg 158-185; Funding: NMM (research); Map Area 103J. Techniques andartifactsrecovered aredescribedfrom excavations at GbTo-33,the most northerlywatersatuatedsitethusfar excavated.Over400perishable artifactswererecovered datingbetween1600and2500yearsB.P. lhis reportis availableat theHeritageResource planningandAssessment Centeror theBC Archaeology Branch. Inglis,RichardandG.F.MacDonald 1975 "5000 Yearsof Historyon theWestCoast"in CanadianGeographic Journal91 (6): pg 32-37(6pp);Funding: unknown;MapArea103G, H, I, J. This reportprovidesa brief introductionto the prehistory,ethnography andhistoryofthe regronoccupiedby thecoastTsimshianpeople.This reportis availableat the Heritage planningandAssessment ResourceCenteror theBC Archaeology Branch. Inglis,RichardI., andG. F. MacDonald(eds.) 1R
Alchaeologyof FairviewTerminalArea,princeRupert,B.C. 1979 "Skeena RiverPrehistory." NMM-MSpaper87:pg l-17; Funding: NMM (research); MapArea103I, J. An overviewof ethnography, historyandpreviousresearch in the Skeena Riverareais presented.This reportis availableat theHeritageResourceCenteror theBC Archaeology Planning andAssessment Branch. Jones,Laurie 1981 Heritage Inventory: A Preliminary Surveyof Pre-1940 Buildingsin PrinceRupert,B. C. (2 vol.),338pp; Funding: unknown; MapArea 103J. This wasdesigned to providea preliminaryinventoryofbuildingsconstructed in PrinceRupert before1940 Eight hundredsevenbuildingsareincluded,595havingbeenpositivelydated. This reportis availableat theHeritageResource Centeror theBC Archaeology Planningand Assessment Branch. Keddie,GrantR. 1981 "The UseandDistributionof l,abretson theNorth PacificRim" in Svesis14:pg 59-80; Funding:N/A (research). This paperdefinesandcategorizes labretsandindicatestheirdistribution.It alsosynthesizes their historyon thebasisof archaeological andethnographic studies.Thisreportis availableat theHeritageResourcecenteror theBC Archaeologyplinning andAssessment Branch. Kimble,Kathy 1978 "Reportofthe SkeenaRegionalArchaeological ImpactSurvey."permit 197g-7;HCB; 16pp;Funding: HCB @IA);MapArea10393 K, L, 103I, J. A numberof refenalswereexaminedresultingin the locationor revisitingof33 sites. Refenalsin the PrinceRupertareaincludedtheHeilbronerIndustrialEstateon the eastcoastof KaienIsland(pg 7); a squattersettledat phillips cove on a shellmidden(pg 8); c N. Rail nprapalongthe SkeenaandPrinceRupertHarbour(pg 9); anda gravelquarryat Lauriercove (pg 10). This reportis availableat theHeritageResourcecenteror theBC Archaeology PlanningandAssessment Branch. Large,R. Geddes 1996 The Skeena:Riverof Destinv;sixthedition,HeritageHousepublishingcompany Limited,Museumof NorthemBritishColumbia,princeRupert,BC, Cinada. Theauthorof this book,Dr. R.G.Largewasa longtime residentandservicednorthernBC includingthecoastandtheSkeena watershed. His bookis a historyof theSkeena River watershed, coastalandinteriorsections. Thebookwasoriginallypublished in 1958;thiscopy is thesixthedition.It contains information ontheriveritselfandihesunounding lands,the nativepeoples, andtheearly'non-native' explorations ofthe region.He discussJs the establishment ofthe variousHudsonBayCompany tradingfortsandthemissionization ofthe lq
I Archaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,PrinceRupert,B.C. Tenace, nativesinthe area.Dr. Largeincludeda historyof thetownsandcitiesofHazelton, Kitimat,PortEssington, andPrinceRupert.He alsodiscussed the historyofthe transportation thattake systems ofthe area,includingtherailroad,andmentionssomeofthe industries advantage ofthe resources in the Skeenaregion. This bookis availablein bookstores. MacDonald, George F. 1967 "Archaeological Reconnaissance in theTsimshian Area,B. C." Permit1967-3;HCB Map Area93 presented (Paper to SAA); 15pp;Funding:NationalMuseum(research); M. 103I. J. Valleysof the Skeena, Bulkley,andKispioxweresrweyedanda numberof siteswere recorded, somerelatedto namedtribal groups.A "sizeable"testexcavationwasmadeat GbToPlanning 23. Thisreportis availableat theHeritageResourceCenteror theBC Archaeology andAssessment Branch. Fromthe CoastTsimshianArea,B.C." Permit 1968 "PreliminaryCultureSequences Map Area Funding:NationalMuseum(research); i968-13;HCB; 25pp(incomplete); 103F, I, J. Excavations wereconductedat six sites(PrinceRupertHarbour,QueenCharlotteIsland, SkeenaRiver,BulkleyRiver). Shellmiddensitesaredividedinto threehorizonsbasedon for thearea.Thisreport artifacttypologyandotherfactorscreatinga rough5000-year sequence is availableat theHeritageResource Centeror theBC Archaeology PlanningandAssessment Branch. 1976 "PrehistoricArt of theNorthemNorthwestCoast"in IndianArt Traditionsof the Press, NorthwestCoast,Roy L. Carlson(editor),pages99-120,Archaeology Department ofArchaeology,SimonFraserUniversity,Bumaby,BC, Canada. In this article,MacDonaldusesevidencefrom thePrinceRupertHarbourarchaeological sitesto showthe stylisticdevelopment ofnorthwestcoastart. He outlinessomeof themajor trendsin theartisticstylesfoundon someofthe artifactsrecoveredfrom PrinceRupertHarbour wererecovered from theLachaneandBaldwinsites: sites. Someof the artifactsdiscussed paper partofabook This is GbTo-33andGbTo-36respectively. editedby RoyCarlsonandis availablein bookstores or throughthe SimonFraserUniversityArchaeology Department. MacDonald,GeorgeF. ard Johl J. Cove(eds.) 1987 Tsimshian l: Tricksters. Shamans collected Narratives andHeroes, by MariusBarbeau andWilliam Beynon,CanadianMuseumof CivilizationMercurySeriesDirectorate PaperNo.3,Directorate,CanadianMuseumof Civilization,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada. information The introduction,writtenby MacDonaldandCove,containssomeethnographic on theTsimshian (Tsimshian, Gitksan,andNisga'a),includinga mapof someof thevillages andGrease Trails.TheLaxane(Lachane) siteon KaienIslandis shownon themap(pagexiii) asbelonging to theGitwilgiotslribe. Thisbookis avarlable in bookstores. MacDonald, George F. andRichardInglis
Archaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,PrinceRupert,B.C. 1976 TheDig; Archaeological Surveyof Canada, NationalMuseumof Man,National Museumsof Canada,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada. Thisbookis available in bookstores.
l98i
"Ar
Overviewof theNorth CoastPrehistoryProject,1966-1980" ofthe ln Fraements Past:B.C.'sArchaeoloe.v in the 1970's, K. Fladmark 48:pg37-63 editor,B. C. Studies (27pp);Iunding:unknown;Map 103H, I, J.
This reportis a descriptivesummaryofwork conducted in the areasofB. C. ffom 1966-1980 traditionallyoccupiedby theHaidaandTsimshianpeoples.Duringthe survey,265siteshave beenlocated.Excavationhasbeenundertaken at 18sites.Thisreportis availableat the HeritageResource Centeror the BC Archaeology PlanningandAssessment Branch. Matson,R.G.andGaryCoupland 1995 ThePrehistorv of theNorthwestCoast;AcademicPressInc.,A divisionof Harcourt Brace& Company,SanDiego,California,USA. Thrsbookis available in bookstores. May,Joyce 1979 "Archaeological Investigations at GbTn-19,RidleyIsland:A ShellMiddenin thePrince RupertHarbourArea,B. C." Permit1978-25;HCB; l97pp,Funding:NMM; National HarbowsBoard(ElA); Map Area 103J. Testexcavations wereconductedat GbTn-I9prior to development at a bulk loadingiacility. The sitehadbeenlargelydisturbedby previousconstruction activityanddatesreceivedafter the reportwasproducedindicatedseriousdisturbance ofthe excavated depositsaswell, negatingmostofthe conclusions reachedin the report(Datesof uppermostcomponents predatedlowercomponents by 3000years).Winteroccupationis supposed at the site. A preponderance of salmonwasnote4 thoughlandandseamammal(andbirdsto a lesserdegree) werealsopresent.This reportis availableat theHeritageResource Centeror theBC Archaeology PlanningandAssessment Branch. Bjom O. Simonsen, t987 "Archaeological SalvageExcavations andConstruction Monitoringat the LachaneSite (GbTo-33),PrinceRupert,BritishColumbia:Preliminaryreport." Non-permit;HCB; 2lpp.+ Appendix;Funding:DefenceConstruction Canada(EIA); Map Area103J. Monitoringandsalvageexcavationat GbTo-33wereconducted prior andduringconstruction of fuel storagetanks.Althoughanalysishasnot yetbeenundertaken preliminaryexamination suggests thatoneareawasoccupiedduringPeriodI (AD 500-AD1830).Anotherareaappears to dateto theoldestknownoccupationlevelin PrinceRupertHarbour,or PeriodIlt (3000BC 1500BC). A numberofhumanburialfeatures werealsoencountered. Thisreportis available at theHeritageResource Centeror theBC Archaeology PlanningandAssessment Branch.
),1
Archaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,princeRupert,B.C. i988 "FinalReporton Archaeological SalvageExcavations andConstruction Monitoringat theLachane Site(GbTo33),princeRupert,B. C.', Non_permit; 37pp+ 3 appendicis; Funding:DefenceConstruction Canada;Map Area 103J. The 1987Lachane Sitearchaeological project(May30 - June13,1987)consisted ofan impact assessment andconstruction monitoringofthe lastremainingdepositsat GbTo-33(Fairview Point,KaienIsland,PrinceRupert).This sitewasthreatened with destruction from the installationofa fuel storagefacilityby DefenceConstruction Canada.Evidencesuggests that this.site wasoccupied duringtheMiddleperiod(3500- 1500B.p.)of theprinceRupert Harbourculturalsequence. Prehistoricinhabitantsexploiteda widevarietvofshellfish(clams. cockles'mussels, andpossible bamacles). Therewasalsoa heavydependence on salmonand landmammals,suchasdeer,while abundantdogskeletalremainsattestto useaspetsor food. Seamammalswereof lesserimportance.This reportis availableat theHeritageResource planningandAsseismentBranch. Centeror theBC Archaeology 1988 "Archaeological TestExcavations andImpactAssessment at SitesGbTo-36and37, FairviewTerminal,KaienIsland,princeRupert,B. C." Non_permit; HCB; lTpp; Funding:PortofPrinceRupert;Map Area 103J. A-detailedarchaeological impactassessment andsiteevaluationprojectwascaniedout (April 13-18' 1987)in areaswithin the impactzoneof the proposedportfaiility expansion-Mostof the archaeological depositsat Gbro-36arepreviouslydisturbldandonlyconstructron monitoringin the northwestquadrantof thesite is recommended. Therewill be no rmpactto archaeological depositsat GbTo-37asa resultofexpansionofthe FairviewTerminalrock quarry'andno furtherwork is recommended at this site. This reportis availableat the Heritage ResourceCenteror theBC Archaeology planningandAssessment Branch. Tamblyn,GregC. andHannahHom 2001 "CunentConditionsReport:NorthCoastLandandResource plan"-prince Manasement RupertInteragency Management Commiftee, Smithers. BC,Canadal This reportprovidesgeneralbackground informationon all aspects ofthe North CoastLand andResource Management Plan(NCLRMP)areathat wasto be usedasa baselineprior to the startof theNCLRMPdiscussions. This reportis availableon theNCLRMPwebsiti or through the Ministryof Sustainable Resource Manasement. :
Winram,Pat,andJeanWilliams 1976 "FtnalReport:Drcptof HighwaysArchaeorogrcar survey#2 - North(May 1-August3r, 1976)"Permit1916-7-;HCB;35pp + surnrnary; Funding: BC Dept.oiHighways@fe;; Map92G,O,93B, c, p, A, K, L, J, 103I, J DesiS'ned to locateandrecordprehistoricor historicsitesthreatened by proposedhighway constructlonOnehundredeightyJbursiteswerelocated.OneHighwaysrefenalin prince Rupert(L-4094FairviewBay-7hStreet)wassurveyedandfoundnot to b" in conflict wrth archaeological sites.Two otherPrinceRupertrefenalswerenot suweyedduringthe 1976field (L-139FairviewBay-Prince season Rupert,andL-4013PrinceRupert-iialloway"Raords). This ').?.
Archaeology of FairviewTerminalArea,princeRupert,B,C. reportls availableat theHeritageResource planningand centeror theBC Archaeology Assessment Branch, Wright,M. J. 1979 "skeenaImpactAssessment." permit r9i9-6;HCB;86pp.;Funding: HCB(ErA),Map Area93 L, M, 103. Thisprojectwasdesigned to locatesitesin conflict with a varietyof deveropments. FiftY-seven govemment refenalswereexaminedresultingin thelocationof a riumberorsites. Gbro-l2, 13,and36 wereremapped because theywereto be impactedby theexpansion ofthe Fairviewinstallation.All threeolthesesitesareihell midden siies. rnt'r"port i, auailableat the HeritageResource planningandAssessment centeror theBC Archaeorogy Branch.
Wetrsites websiteswheremoreinformationon princeRupertHarbourarea archaeorogy, archaeorogical guidelinesandlegislation,andTsimshianculture,canbe found: P BC Archaeology PlarningandAssessment Branch,victoria, BC (Archaeology Branch): htto://srmwww. gov.bc.ca./arch,/ )
RoyalBritishcolumbiaMuseum,Victoria,BC: htto://wu"w.rovalbcmuseum.bc.cal F BrjtishcolumbiaprovincialArchives,Victoria,BC: http:i/search.bcarchives. sov.bc.ca./snl9A'39CFibsearch )
CanadianMuseumof Civilization,Ottawa,Ontario:htto.//www.civilization.ca,/ > Department of CanadianHeritage,Ottawa,Ontario:http://www.pch.gc.ca./index e.cfm ) CultureCanadaCanadianArchaeology: CanadianArchaeology Association: http://w.'l'tcanadianarchaeoloev.com.ftome.lasso NCLRMP(CulturalHeritageChapter): The Map Place:http: HeritageResourceCenter(Victoria)
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