AGE/ING IN THE CITY by jsanm001

AGE/ING IN THE CITY Harvard Graduate School of Design Master in Architecture 2015 Thesis

Adviser: Maryann Thompson Candidate: Jorge San Martin

AGE/ING IN THE CITY Harvard Graduate School of Design Master in Architecture Spring 2015 Thesis

Adviser: Maryann Thompson Candidate: Jorge San Martin

THESIS STATEMENT

CONTENTS

AGE/ING IN THE CITY

Architecture has the ability to enrich the lives and perceptions of people with

dementia. It has the capacity to engage and stimulate the human mind through both the employment of rich sensory stimuli and a weave of programmatic experiences. By conflating programs, architecture can create interactions that stimulate the mind; fundamental elements of architecture such as light and acoustics, communicate sensory information which affect how we use and perceive space. Do I feel safe? Do I feel exposed? Is it loud? Is it quiet? Am I alone?

These questions, so relevant when designing environments for the needs

of dementia residents, can define space and foster levels of engagement between

“PERCIPI” PERCIPI / COUNTER-MEMORY / VISUAL SYSTEM / AUDITORY SYSTEM / HAPTIC SYSTEM /

PRECEDENTS SENIOR HOUSING / SENIOR HOUSING: ADAPTIVE RE-USE / SENIOR HOUSING + AGED CARE / MULTI-GENERATIONAL HOUSING / SENIOR HOUSING + AGED CARE / MULTI-GENERATIONAL HOUSING / SCALAR COMPARISON / PROGRAMMATIC COMPOSITION /

DEMOGRAPHICS AGEING / ILLNESS / HOUSING / MEDICAL COSTS /

different inhabitants of a single building. Mixed-use and inter-generational this proposal, located in Boston’s Back Bay above the Massachusetts Turnpike, explores how space is embedded with sensory information in order to integrate dementia residents further into their community.

This housing project re-establishes the role of architects in improving the lives

of dementia residents by bringing the outside world in. Music and light therapy in the form of a public amphitheater, child day care, gardens, rain, snow, sunlight all play a major role in activating the life of the interior- moving away from institutionalization of the frail elderly toward a model of social integration which has suggested its ability to mitigate cognitive decline.

SITING DESCRIPTION / STREET-FRONT / REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT / BRA: AIR RIGHTS / BACKBAY / NEIGHBORHOODS /

BIBLIOGRAPHY SOURCES / CREDITS

Siting

“PERCIPI” Siting

AGING AND DEMENTIA: THE LOSS OF PERCEPTION, MEMORY AND THE SENSES

“Percipi”

PERCIPI

“LEFT TO ITSELF, PERCEPTION FORGETS ITSELF AND IS IGNORANT OF ITS OWN ACCOMPLISHMENTS.” -Maurice Merlau-Ponty

Walter Pichler’s drawings exemplify the duality of consciousness. That one which seeks to balance the rational aspirations of intellectual consciousness, as well as the more ephemeral foundations, of that which might be considered intuition, of perceptual consciousness. These images illustrate the discrepant nature between formal logic and transcendental logic. The formal logic is adequate at describing the absolute yet abstract- “truths” clear through measure and formal geometry- whereas transcendental logic is less about absolutes and more concerned with “soft truths”- more intuitive conjectures on the nature of that which we perceive. The paradoxical nature between two modes of thinking can be encapsulated by Merlau-Ponty, “there is a vain form of contradiction which consists in affirming two theses which excluded one another at the same time and under the same aspect. And there are philosophies which show contradictions present at the very heart and theme of all relationships. There is a sterile noncontradiction of formal logic and the justified contradictions of transcendental logic”. Scientific knowledge accrues over time to approximate truth- it is not a closed system onto itself, but rather continually expands its own horizon. Similarly, it can be said that ideas are true for a particular moment “since they always express our contact with being and with culture”. The temporal nature of each logic is what is critical here, the transformative nature of knowledge and thus perception moves each form of reason.

Walter Pichler Sitzender Zeichner (Sitting Artist) 1991

“Percipi”

PERCIPI

“IT IS THE UNREFLECTED WHICH IS UNDERSTOOD AND CONQUERED BY REFLECTION.”

“...WE DO NOT IN ANY WAY SACRIFICE OBJECTIVITY TO THE INTERIOR LIFE...” -Maurice Merlau-Ponty -Maurice Merlau-Ponty

Walter Pichler “BEOBACHTUNGEN EINES KINDES” (Observations of a Child) 1984

Walter Pichler Untitled 1989

“Percipi”

PERCIPI William Utermohlen Self-portrait 1967

“IN THESE PICTURES WE SEE WITH HEARTBREAKING INTENSITY WILLIAM’S EFFORTS TO EXPLAIN HIS ALTERED SELF, HIS FEARS AND HIS SADNESS.” -Patricia Utermohlen (artist’s widow)

“Percipi”

VISUAL

“THE MONUMENT HAS INCREASINGLY BECOME THE SITE OF CONTESTED AND COMPETING MEANINGS, MORE LIKELY THE SITE OF CULTURAL CONFLICT THAN OF SHARED NATIONAL VALUES AND IDEALS.” -James E. Young

COUNTER-MEMORY Micha Ullman’s Library and Horst Hoheisel’s Aschottbrunnen comment on the relationship between memory and monument in situ. Each hints at the politics of changing identity and the burden of memory and place through sunken “antimonuments”. The works aim to capture the subject in a landscape to be filled with memory. They provide a space for memory, or contemplation, which materializes as the antimonument. It is a place in which to remember past events, a negative of what was in order to emphasize that which is to be. They challenge the very premise of the

Micha Ullman, Library in Bebelplatz, Berlin, 1995

“Percipi”

VISUAL

“AS AN INTERSECTION BETWEEN PUBLIC ART AND POLITICAL MEMORY, THE MONUMENT HAS NECESSARILY REFLECTED THE AESTHETIC AND POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS” -James E. Young

1933 monument- embody rather than displace memory. In forming subterranean voids, these monuments are calibrated to stimulate memory, provoking remembrance and depth of thought. The insertions into ground play a pivotal role in making the installations a locus for collective memory; their penetration challenges that which is rarely considered- the ground plane. Library, highlight the expressiveness of voids in the solidity beneath our feet, and the emptiness which fill the sunken shelves. Its acute visual connection with the observer amplifies the presence of the memorial and the absence of that which we ought to see.

1995

“Percipi”

VISUAL

“Percipi”

AUDITORY

“IT IS NECESSARY THAT THE MEANING AND SIGNS, THE FORM AND MATTER OF PERCEPTION, BE RELATED FROM THE BEGINNING AND THAT, AS WE SAY, THE MATTER OF PERCEPTION BE ‘PREGNANT WITH FORM’.” -Maurice Merlau-Ponty

Horst Hoheisel, Aschottbrunnen in Kassel, 1985

“Percipi”

AUDITORY

“BOTH THE MONUMENT AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE ARE CONSTRUCTED IN PARTICULAR TIMES AND PLACES, CONTINGENT ON THE POLITICAL, HISTORICAL, AND AESTHETIC REALITIES OF THE MOMENT.”

“THE SUNKEN FOUNTAIN IS NOT A MEMORIAL AT ALL. IT IS ONLY A PEDESTAL, AN INVITATION TO PASSERBY WHO STAND UPON IT TO SEARCH FOR THE MEMORIAL IN THEIR OWN HEADS. FOR THERE IS NO MEMORIAL TO BE FOUND.” -James E. Young

-James E. Young

-1939, Nazi soldiers dismantled the original fountain.

-1988, Temporary “anti” monument before final inversion.

-1943, Dubbed “Aschott’s grave” the fountain transformed into a flower basin.

-1998, Neo-nazi demonstrations on culturally charged site.

“Percipi”

AUDITORY

“…MONUMENTS HAVE LONG SOUGHT TO PROVIDE A NATURALIZING LOCUS FOR MEMORY…BUT IN FACT NEITHER THE MONUMENT NOR MEANING IS REALLY EVERLASTING.” -James E. Young

“Percipi”

AUDITORY

“Percipi”

HAPTIC

“VISITORS ALMOST ALWAYS KNEEL TO TOUCH THE SLAB, SOMETHING THEY WOULD NOT DO IF IT WERE COLD STONE, AND ARE TOUCHED IN TURN BY THE HUMAN WARMTH EMBODIED THERE.” -James E. Young, Memory and Counter-Memory

Horst Hoheisel, A Memorial to a Memorial, Buchenwald, 1995

“Percipi”

HAPTIC

“Percipi”

Siting

PRECEDENTS Siting

TYPOLOGY AND USE: PRECEDENTS IN SENIOR HOUSING, AGED CARE AND MULTI-GENERATIONAL ALTERNATIVES

Typology

SENIOR HOUSING

The Plussenburgh Apartment Building Arons en Gelauff Rotterdam, Netherlands 2001 High-rise Residential (17 storeys) Single & Double loaded Community Integration: Community rooms on ground floor Nursesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; residence on adjacent building Public landscape, park and pathways Unit Types: Individual (with flexibility to install shared room) 104-private & wheelchair-friendly units Occupant Types: Independent

Typology

SENIOR HOUSING

INDIVIDUAL/SHARED RESIDENCE Apartment Blocks

104-private & wheelchair-friendly apartments Flexibilty to add optional room

Attached to an existing Nursesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Residence

Landscape

park (calming presence) asphalt pathways (mobility impairments)

Communal Programs Waterscape

Typology

SENIOR HOUSING

Courtyards/Balcony

Circulation

Accommodations

Community

Typology

SENIOR HOUSING: ADAPTIVE RE-USE

Breuer Department Store Renovation BeL Eschweiler, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany 2005 (original structure is from 1899) Building Type: 4 storey, adaptive re-use Mixed-use, retail & residential Single-loaded corridor Community integration: Gastronomy center, public kitchen, dining area, cafe & lounge Retail ground floor Unit Types: Individual & shared 4-private units (one is wheelchair-friendly) 1-shared unit (for 6 residents) Occupant Types: 10 independent residents

Typology

SENIOR HOUSING: ADAPTIVE RE-USE INDIVIDUAL RESIDENCE

Lightwells

5 single rooms

Shared apartment 6 residents

SHARED RESIDENCE 60” external radius 30” internal radius

Single Loaded Corridor

Typology

SENIOR HOUSING: ADAPTIVE RE-USE

Courtyards/Balcony

Circulation

Accommodations

Community

Typology

SENIOR HOUSING + AGED CARE

Multengut Seniorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Residence Burkhalter Sumi Architects Bern, CH 2004 Building Type: Mid-rise 4 storey center Double-loaded corridor & central core Community Integration: Ground floor music room, dining room, administrative services, lounge, library, seating niches & lecture room Basement includes wellness areas, changing rooms Every apartment overlooks central courtyard Vibrant colors identify areas: blue stairwells and red corridors Unit Types: Individual & shared 28- 4 room apartments 66- 3 room apartments 4- 2 room apartments 28 single rooms (assisted living on first floor) Occupant Types: 192 independent residents (87%) 28 dependent residents (13%)

Typology

SENIOR HOUSING + AGED CARE

INDIVIDUAL RESIDENCE

Shared Apartments

28- 4 room apartments 66- 3 room apartments 4- 2 room apartments ~196 independant residents

Individual Apartments for Aged Care nursesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; station 26 dependant residents

Internal Courtyard Ground- Communal Programs music room dining room administrative services lounge library seating niches lecture room

Basement- Wellness Programs therapy pool changing rooms gym spa

SHARED RESIDENCE

Typology

SENIOR HOUSING + AGED CARE Courtyards/Balcony

Circulation

Accommodations

Community

Typology

MULTI-GENERATIONAL HOUSING

Multi-generational Housing Kohlhoff & Kohlhoff Stuttgart, Germany 1999 Building Type: 6 storey mixed use, mid-rise Single & double-loaded corridors Community Integration: Ground floor gym, cafe, lounge, kitchen, group room, staff offices & child care 120-child care services over two floors Unit Types: Shared 10-shared senior living units (2 residents per unit) Shared kitchen, dining & living areas Occupant Types: Independent & semi-independent

Typology

MULTI-GENERATIONAL HOUSING

SHARED RESIDENCE

10- senior living units 2 residents per unit shared kitchen dining living areas assisted accomodation

group room for seniors

Childcare Services 120 children 9 separate blocks

Communal Programs gym cafe lounge kitchen staff offices

co visu nn al ec tio n

Shared Apartments

GROUP ROOM

Typology

MULTI-GENERATIONAL HOUSING

Courtyards/Balcony

Circulation

Accommodations

Community

Typology

SENIOR HOUSING + AGED CARE

Seniorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Residence Miller & Maranta Zurich, CH 2004 Building Type: Mid-rise 6 storey center Double-loaded corridor & dual cores Community Integration: Ground floor gym, cafe, lounge, kitchen, offices, hair dresser, meeting room, laundry, work room, library & seating niches Roof top nurse station & aged care Unit Types: Individual & shared 8 1-room apartments 56 2-room apartments 4 3-room apartments 18 single rooms (assisted living on roof-top) Occupant Types: 132 independent residents (88%) 18 semi-independent residents (12%)

Typology

SENIOR HOUSING + AGED CARE

INDIVIDUAL RESIDENCE

Aged Care

18 single rooms

Nursesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Station

Senior Apartments

8 1-room apartments 56 2-room apartments 4 3-room apartments

SHARED RESIDENCE

Communal Programs

gym cafe lounge kitchen offices hair dresser meeting room laundry work room library seating niches

Typology

SENIOR HOUSING + AGED CARE

Courtyards/Balcony

Circulation

Accommodations

Community

Typology

MULTI-GENERATIONAL HOUSING

Multi-generational Housing Pfeifer Roser Kuhn Freiburg, GER 2005 Building Type: 2- 5 storey residential â&#x20AC;&#x153;mini-towersâ&#x20AC;? Single central core, minimal corridor space Community Integration: Within residential area Unit Types: Individual & shared 6 1-room apartments 6 2-room apartments 12-barrier free apartments (40%) 3 wheel-chair friendly apartments (10%) 18 family apartments (3-5 rooms) Occupant Types: Independent & semi-independent

Typology

MULTI-GENERATIONAL HOUSING

INDIVIDUAL RESIDENCE

Central Core 3 room apartment 2 room apartment

2 room apartments

1+ room apartments

4 room apartment 5 room apartment

SHARED RESIDENCE

Typology

MULTI-GENERATIONAL HOUSING

Courtyards/Balcony

Circulation

Accommodations

Community

Typology

SCALAR COMPARISON

Typology

PROGRAMMATIC COMPOSITION

Typology

Siting

DEMOGRAPHICS Siting

DATA AND STATISTICS: CONFRONTING THE POSSIBILITY OF ILLNESS & POVERTY IN OLD AGE

Demographics

GLOBAL AGING

“...THE RAPID AGEING OF HUMANITY IS PERHAPS THE MOST SALIENT AND DYNAMIC ASPECT OF MODERN DEMOGRAPHY.”

“(AGEING) IS NOW A GLOBAL PHENOMENON, AND IT IS ACCELERATING, ESPECIALLY IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD.”

-World Economic Forum, Global Population Ageing: Peril or Promise

Life Expectancy at Birth in the United States

79 At the global level, the number of people aged 60-plus has risen from 8% of the world’s population (200 million) in 1950 to around 11% (760 million) in 2011. Those age 60 and over are expected to reach 22% (2 billion) by 2050, according to the report. In industrial nations, the number of those 60-plus has risen from 12% in 1950 to 22% today and is expected to reach 32% (418 million) by 2050. In developing countries, the share has risen from 6% in 1950 to 9% today and is expected to reach 20% (1.6 billion) by 2050.

68 59

60 50

40 -UN, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision

1900

1925

1950

1975

2000

2025

-UNdata via The World Bank, data as of Nov 2014

Demographics

POSSIBILITY OF ILLNESS

“THE TOTAL NUMBER OF PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA WORLDWIDE IN 2010 WAS ESTIMATED AT 35.6 MILLION” -World Health Organization

“THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA IS EXPECTED TO NEARLY DOUBLE EVERY 20 YEARS, TO 65.7 MILLION IN 2030 AND 115.4 MILLION IN 2050.” -World Health Organization

Cases of Dementia nearly double every 20 years

Dementia is one of the major causes of disability and dependency among older people worldwide; the disease is typically described as the accumulation of protein deposits which disrupt normal transmission of information between brain cells. Although dementia mainly affects older people, it is not a normal part of ageing. The disease affects every fourth person over 65 and the average duration of the disease is 10 years.

120

115.4

100 cases diagnosed in Millions

DEMENTIA Centers for Disease Control & Prevention: Dementia is an umbrella term for a group of cognitive disorders typically characterized by memory impairment, as well as marked difficulty in the domains of language, motor activity, object recognition, and disturbance of executive function – the ability to plan, organize, and abstract. Generally speaking, dementia is an illness of older adults, which suggests that as successive cohorts of our population live longer, the urgency to better address dementia increases. Medications addressing pathologies in neurotransmission underlying dementia have been used with modest – and generally short-term -success in forestalling the usual progression of these disorders.

80 65.7

60 40

44 35.6

2010 The total number of new cases of dementia each year worldwide is nearly 7.7 million, implying one new case every four seconds. The most prevalent form of dementia is thought to be Alzheimer’s Disease, accounting for 60-70% of cases.

2030

2050

Demographics

“A NEW CASE OF DEMENTIA IS DIAGNOSED EVERY 4 SECONDS.” -World Health Organization

“DEMENTIA AFFECTS EVERY FOURTH PERSON OVER 65 AND THE AVERAGE DURATION OF THE DISEASE IS AROUND 10 YEARS.” -Living for the Elderly, by Johanna Ymaki-Neuhoff

Alzheimer’s disease is officially listed as the sixth-leading cause of death in the United States. It is the fifth-leading cause of death for those age 65 and older. However, it may cause even more deaths than official sources recognize. In addition to being a leading cause of death, Alzheimer’s is a leading cause of disability and poor health (morbidity).

1. Memory Loss 2. Thinking Speed 3. Disorientation 4. Lack of Comprehension 5. Learning Capacity 6. Language Impairment 7. Judgment Impairment

EARLY STAGE: 1. Forgetfulness 2. Losing Track of Time 3. Disorientation MIDDLE STAGE: 1. Forgetfulness of Names and Events 2. Disorientation at Home 3. Difficulty Communicating 4. Personal Care become necessary 5. Behavior changes, wandering & repeated questioning LATE STAGE: 1. Unaware of Time & Place 2. Forgetfulness of Family & close Friends 3. Increasing need of self-care 4. Difficulty walking 5. Behavioral changes which escalate to aggression

Demographics

“(DEMENTIA) COSTS ARE AROUND 1% OF THE WORLD’S GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT...”

“THE TOTAL ESTIMATED WORLDWIDE COST OF DEMENTIA WAS $604 BILLION IN 2010.”

-World Health Organization

ECONOMIC COSTS OF DEMENTIA The long-term nature of dementia prompts a distinct cost attribute- medical care costs (16%) are low compared to the direct social care costs (42%) and informal care costs (42%) of the disease. In 2010, the total estimated cost of dementia was $604 Billion. This figure consists of direct medical costs, social care costs, and informal care costs. Medical costs are the costs attributed to treatments of dementia, related conditions for primary as well as secondary care. Social care costs are associated with residential as well as nursing home professionals. Lastly, informal care cost are typically attributed to be unpaid care provided by family and others. In general, the high-cost and long-term nature of the disease is acerbated by the costs of care. The typical older person paying for their own care in the United States, would deplete their financial assets quickly. Monthly costs vary depending on the level of care, ranging from $1,408 for Adult Day Care to $6,448 for Nursing Home.

-World Health Organization

Switzerland GDP

Dementia Costs

Indonesia GDP

$524 B

$604 B

$707B

Medical

treatment of dementia and related conditions in primary and secondary care

Social Care

care provided by community care professionals and residential aid

Informal Care

unpaid care provided by family and others

$96 Billion

$254 Billion $254 Billion

AVERAGE U.S. ANNUAL COST Adult Day Care

non-residential facility, professionally staffed to aid with daily living needs

Homemaker

caregiver which prepares meals, does light housekeeping and offers companionship

Home Health Aide

caregiver which provides personal care, such as bathing, grooming and dressing

$16,900

$29,640

$30,810

Assisted Living

$42,000

Nursing Home

$77,380

provides housing, supportive services, case management, medication management, monitoring, supervision, personal care, and health related care (ADLs)

provides 24-hour skilled nursing services and chronic custodial care

Demographics

“43% OF CAREGIVERS OF PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA PROVIDE CARE FOR 1 TO 4 YEARS ... 32% OF DEMENTIA CAREGIVERS PROVIDE CARE FOR OVER 5 YEARS...”

“AROUND TWO-THIRDS OF ALL DEMENTIA SUFFERERS LIVE AT HOME, NURSED AND CARED FOR BY RELATIVES.” -World Health Organization

-Alzheimer’s Association CARE RECIPIENT: An individual who requires care on a shortterm or long-term basis based on Physical, mental or medical needs.

SOCIAL COSTS OF DEMENTIA The length of the disease also impacts the financial stability of the sufferer and their families. The consumption of financial resources, prevalence of the disease and frailty in old age can decimate the morale of people near the end of life. Relatives, medical professionals and patients themselves suffer for prolonged periods. Around 2/3rds of all dementia sufferers live at home, nursed and cared for by relatives In 2013, more than 15 Million American friends and family spent 17.7 Billion hours caregiving to people with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. This exclude all hours provided by professionals. It does include caregiving with the 8 Activities of Daily Living (ADLs): bathing, dressing, self-feeding, functional mobility, grooming, toilet hygiene.

PRIMARY CAREGIVER: Someone who is responsible for providing assistance to the Care Recipient. This person often provides hands-on care and/or financial assistance. SECONDARY CAREGIVER: This person contributes financially and/or physically to a lesser degree than the Primary Caregiver.

Community Support Secondary Caregiver Primary Caregiver

Care Recipient

COMMUNITY SUPPORT: Additional support services that may provide assistance. These often include friends, neighbors, religious organizations, non-profits and other community service groups.

Dementia is overwhelming for the families of affected people and for their caregivers. Physical, emotional and economic pressures can cause great stress to families and caregivers, and support is required from the health, social, financial and legal systems. FACILITY RESIDENT 11.8 MILLION 23.7 MILLION HOME CARE

Demographics

MULTI-GENERATIONAL HOUSEHOLDS

“IN 2011 YOUNG ADULTS AGES 25 TO 34 ECLIPSED THOSE AGES 85 AND OLDER AS THE GROUP MOST LIKELY TO LIVE IN A MULTIGENERATIONAL HOUSEHOLD.”

18% OF THE UNITED STATES’ POPULATION LIVES IN MULTI-GENERATIONAL HOUSEHOLDS. -Pew Research Study

-Pew Research Study

30%

1. Two generations: parents (or in-laws) and adult children ages 25 and older (or children-in-law); either generation can “head” the household

25%

2. Three generations: parents (or in-laws), adult children (or children-in-law), grandchildren

15%

Great Recession

HOUSEHOLD TYPES There are several types of multi-generational households:

SHARE LIVING IN MULTI-GENERATIONAL HOUSEHOLDS IN THE U.S.A.

24.7 21.1

20%

18.1 15.0

14.3 12.7

12.1

1970

1980

15.1

10%

3. “Skipped” generations: grandparents and grandchildren, without parents 4. More than three generations In 2012, the “two adult generation” category encompassed 27.3 million households (ie, parent and adult children or adult siblings), “three or more generations” totaled 26.5 million households (ie, grandparent, parent and children), while “skipped generation” totaled 3 million households (ie, grandparent and grandchildren). Multi-generational households have seen an increase since 1980, but a strong increase is seen as a result of tough economic conditions; financial strains of the 2008 recession caused are larger than normal increase in these households.

0 1940

1960

1990

2000

2012

POPULATION LIVING IN MULTI-GENERATIONAL HOUSEHOLDS HAVE DOUBLED SINCE 1980 57 Million

2012

54 Million

2010 42 Million

2000 1990 1980

While the total share of multi-generational household has continued to rise among most racial and ethnic groups, Non-Hispanic whites have seen the largest increase since 2010 (.6%), followed by Asian (.4%), Hispanic (.2%), Black (.1%) and Other (.9%) populations, which includes single or mixed race, non-Hispanic households.

1950

1970 1960

35 Million 28 Million 26 Million 27 Million

1950

32 Million

1940

32 Million

-Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Decennial Census data, 1940-2000, and 2006-12 revised weight American Community Surveys (IPUMS)

Demographics

INTEGRATION AS A MODEL FOR CARE

“MEMORY AMONG THE LEAST INTEGRATED DECLINED AT TWICE THE RATE AS THE MOST INTEGRATED...OUR STUDY PROVIDES EVIDENCE THAT SOCIAL INTEGRATION DELAYS MEMORY LOSS AMONG ELDERLY AMERICANS.” -American Journal of Public Health, July 2008, Vol 98, No. 7 “Effects of Social Integration on Preserving Memory Function in a Nationally Representative US elderly Population”

“MEMORY LOSS IS A STRONG RISK FACTOR FOR AND HALLMARK OF DEMENTIA, WHICH IS A SYNDROME ESTIMATED TO AFFECT UP TO 10% OF THE U.S. POPULATION AGED 65 YEARS AND OLDER. MEMORY LOSS AND DEMENTIA POSE A TREMENDOUS PUBLIC HEALTH AND CLINICAL BURDEN IN ELDERLY POPULATIONS, AND WITH THE AGING OF THE US POPULATION, THIS BURDEN IS EXPECTED TO INCREASE SUBSTANTIALLY.” -American Journal of Public Health, July 2008, Vol 98, No. 7 “Effects of Social Integration on Preserving Memory Function in a Nationally Representative US elderly Population”

“ARCHITECTURE CAN HAVE A CONSIDERABLE IMPACT ON THE LIFESTYLES AND WELL-BEING OF FRAIL ELDERS. LONG-TERM ARRANGEMENTS MUST RESPOND TO THE CHANGING CHARACTERISTICS OF THEIR RESIDENT POPULATIONS AND THE VARIATIONS WITHIN INDIVIDUALS OVER TIME.” -Aging, Autonomy and Architecture Benyamin Schwarz and Ruth Brent

Siting

SITING Siting

SITE AND SCOPE: LOCAL, REGIONAL AND URBAN INFRASTRUCTURES

Siting

URBAN FABRIC CHRISTIAN SCIENCECHRISTIAN SCIENCE CENTER & PRUDENTIAL CENTER & PRUDENTIAL CENTER DEVELOPMENT CENTER DEVELOPMENT This neighborhood is denoted by the modernist plaza designed in the 1960s and 70s by IM Pei. The Prudential Tower (Kallmann, McKinnell & Wood), its shops, and the Hynes Convention Center nearby are key commercial anchors for the city of Boston.

BACK BAY

The Back Bay neighborhood is denoted by Victorian brownstone homes designed in the 19th Century by key figures: McKim, Mead & White, H.H. Richardson and Richard Moris Hunt. It is the result of a large urban infill project and is currently one of Boston’s most expensive residential neighborhoods. Historic District as of 1966.

DOWNTOWN BOSTON DOWNTOWN BOSTON The European history of the neighborhood leaves a dense and idiosyncratic network of streets and alleyways that has been inhabited since the 1630’s.

BEACON HILL

This neighborhood is designated Historic District by the Landmarks Commission in 1955. It is mostly residential, comprised of iconic red brick townhouses with ample access to the Public Gardens, Boston Common and the Charles River.

SOUTH BOSTON

South Boston (aka “Southie”) is densely populated and known for triple-deckers and rowhouses, there are single family homes in the neighborhood too. Gentrification has come to several areas, particularly the waterfront, which is now home to the new Boston convention center.

NORTH END

This section of Boston is rich with Italian culture, it is also known as “Little Italy”. This small five block area just so happens to be the oldest in the city of Boston and home to 87 Italian restaurants and bakeries.

Siting

CITY ELEVATION

PRUDENTIAL TOWER urban landmark

COMMERCIAL SPINE tall infill SOUTH END low rise skewed grid MASS TURNPIKE deep surface artery MBTA GREEN LINE east-west connector COMMONWEALTH MALL green artery BACK BAY 4-5 story residences

CHARLES RIVER

MARINE CLAY

BEDROCK

Siting

THE PRUDENTIAL

PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL TOWER

SITE SECTION

BERKLEE TOWER BERKLEE COLLEGE OF MUSIC COMMONWEALTH AVENUE

SITE

CHRISTIAN SCIENCE CENTER

Siting

LOCAL SECTION

BERKLEE COLLEGE OF MUSIC

MBTA GREEN LINE

MASS PIKE

RAILWAY

Siting

TRANSIT CORRIDORS BO

ST O

AR AT H O

R O U TE

PA R

SS MA

PA S D ’S RE IOT N TR O ST PA BO

O X

AVE

A AD DE R E RO OU UT TE E

BACK BAY

FENWAY

I-90 / MASSACHUSETTS TURNPIKE

BERKLEE COLLEGE OF MUSIC

MBTA HEADHOUSE & POWER SUBSTATION TON

YLS

EET

SOUTH END

STR

FENWAY

Siting

SURROUNDING DEMOGRAPHICS GENDER RATIO

POPULATION DENSITY 73,263 and up 48,177 - 73,262 40,754 - 48,176 26,082 - 40,753 0 - 26,081 (per sq.mi)

MEDIAN AGE 38.9 - 42.1 35.3 - 38.8 31.6 - 35.2 0 - 31.5

INCOME $87,464 - $143,819 $66,250 - $87,463 $52,433 - $66,249 $37,274 - $52,433 $24,717 - $37,274 $10,250 - $24,717

Siting

SURROUNDING LAND USE RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL

INSTITUTIONAL

MIXED-USE

Siting

COMMUNITY VITALITY LOCATION: Boylston Street between Massachusetts Avenue and Hereford Street ANALYSIS: The intersection of Boylston and Mass Avenue boasts a mixed character, anchored by both old and new construction, pedestrian and vehicular activity and ample connection to public transit networks. In addition, this area is supported by the Berklee College of Music, several religious institutions (St. Clement and St. Cecilia) and a historical society. However, although Boylston Street is known for its commercial store fronts, hotels, public squares and overall “street-life”, the segment between Massachusetts Avenue and Hereford Street is mainly characterized as void over the Massachusetts Turnpike, lacking programmatic as well as civic attention. HUBWAY BIKE RENTAL The oldest construction in this segment is the firehouse at the intersection between Boylston and Hereford; Ladder 15 Engine 33 opened on February 20, 1888 still stands today as an active Boston Fire Department Company. Attached and immediately to its west, is what used to be Boston Police Station Division 16 also built in 1887 but is now part of Boston Architectural College. Further west is the only commercial venue between on Boylston Street between Hereford and Mass Ave; what used to be the police and fire department’s stables is now Dillion’s, a restaurant and bar.

It should be mentioned that the three buildings mentioned above are constructed in Richardsonian Romanesque and are thus designated Boston Landmarks by the Boston Landmark Commission. These building provide a unique stitching between the infrastructural character of Boylston near Massachusetts Avenue to the west and the commercial activity east of Hereford Street.

360 NEWBURY STREET

HYNES CONVENTION CENTER STATION SUBWAY/BUS STOP

Siting

COMMUNITY VITALITY

BOSTON ARCHITETURAL COLLEGEOLD BPD DIVISION 16

TURNPIKE OVERPASS

DILLION’S RESTAURANTOLD BPD DIVISION 16 STABLES

Siting

COMMUNITY VITALITY

LLION’S RESTAURANTOLD BPD DIVISION 16 STABLES

At the opposite end of Boylston, near its intersection with Mass Ave, lies Hynes Convention Center Station serving tracks B, C, D and E on the Green Line. Though it is precisely located underneath 360 Newbury Street, its presence is significant in defining the character of Boylston Street. It demarcates this (western) segment of Boylston as a significant transit crossing; from the station one could head eastward on Boylston to reach key destinations in the area, including Hynes Convention Center, Copley Square, Boston Public Library and the Prudential Tower.

BOSTON ARCHITETURAL COLLEGEOLD BPD DIVISION 16

BOSTON FIRE DEPTENGINE 33 LADDER 15

Completed in 2006, 360 Newbury Street is the only building currently defining Boylston near Mass Ave; the building is an 8-storey mixed-use structure, with retail and access to the subway system at ground level and residential condominiums above. It is clear that the lack of buildings on this section of Boylston is uninviting to pedestrians. Its location over the highway presents an interesting yet unnerving view of the “guts” of city, but the lack of retail, housing or community programming decidedly mark the northern side of Boylston Street and Mass Ave as a sore spot in the city.

The area is in severely under-utilized and its character is defined by the chaotic conversion of multi-modal transportation. What this portion of Boylston Street lacks in building programming, it certainly has as an acute transit node in the city; access to the highway, subway, public buses, wide sidewalks and rental bikes are all part of the public infrastructure of this block. There is great potential for this area to thrive, but construction over the highway makes development along this spine as uniquely expensive. Exposed steel beams and concrete construction make this a significant void in the city and reduce the street life in what could be a prominent crossing in the city. The overall feel of this area is uninviting, however its location along several transit lines make it a heavily used segment of the city, it happens to be missing newer construction to support the numerous pedestrians that already pass-through the site.

Siting

ELEMENTS

’

115

’

165

30’ 180’

’

145

’

480

Perimeter Dimensions

MBTA Structures

Subterranean Voids

MBTA Access Points

Solid Ground

Existing Bridge Framing

Siting

JOHN HANCOCK TOWER

I90

| M

ET US CH SA AS

THE PRUDENTIAL

691’ TOWER (BROKE GROUND)

TS RN

291’ MID-RISE PROPOSED

BT A

285’ MID-RISE PROPOSED CHRISTIAN SCIENCE CENTER

HYNES CONVENTION CENTER

BERKLEE TOWER

LOT SIZE: 50,596 SF FAR 8.0 MAX HEIGHT: 120’ LAND USE: EXEMPT BACK BAY ARCHITECTURAL DISTRICT ZONED: B-8-120a AND B-8-120b INTERIM PLANNING DISTRICT

SITE

T SE

C SA

EN AV

Siting

LOCAL + PUBLIC

BOSTON’S LOCAL AND PUBLIC RESOURCES CLOSELY ACCESSIBLE THROUGH A SHORT WALK, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION.

1 + CT1

T T

1 + CT1

Siting

LOCAL + PUBLIC

BOSTON’S LOCAL AND PUBLIC RESOURCES CLOSELY ACCESSIBLE THROUGH A SHORT WALK, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION.

TH EAL NW ALL O M MM CO ENUE AV COPLEY SQUARE

FENWAY PARK

THE BACK BAY FENS

SCIENCE CENTER PLAZA

Siting

LOCAL + PUBLIC

BOSTON’S LOCAL AND PUBLIC RESOURCES CLOSELY ACCESSIBLE THROUGH A SHORT WALK, PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION.

N STO BO LIC B PU Y RAR LIB

ES HYN NTION VE R N CO ENTE C BERKLEE PERFORMANCE CENTER BOSTON CONSERVATORY

BERKLEE COLLEGE OF MUSIC

SYMPHONY HALL

L TIA DEN R U R E P T CEN PS SHO Y PLE CO CE PLA

BIBLIOGRAPHY

SOURCES AND CREDITS

Bibliography and Credits

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Bachelard, Gaston. 1969. The Poetics of Space. Boston: Boston : Beacon Press, 1969.

Bibliography and Credits

Mass.]: Joint Center for Urban Studies of MIT and Harvard University. 14. McIlwain, John. 2012. Housing in America : The Baby Boomers Turn 65. Washington D.C.: Urban Land Institute. 15. Mens, Noor. 2010. Health Care Architecture in the Netherlands/, edited by Coen Wagenaar, Cor Wagenaar. Rotterdam: Rotterdam : NAI 2010. 16. Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. 1978. Phenomenology of Perception. London : New Jersey: London : Routledge & K. Paul ; New Jersey : Humanities Press 1978 printing, c1962.

5. Benjamin, Walter. 1999. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. New York, NY: New York, NY: Oxford UP.

17. Moyers, Bill D. 2002. Healing and the Mind, edited by Betty S. Flowers, David Grubin. 1st Broadway Books trade pbk. ed. ed. New York: New York : Broadway Books, 2002, c1993.

6. Bergson, Henri. 1911. Matter and Memory, edited by Nancy Margaret Paul, William Scott Palmer. London, New York: London, S. Sonnenschein & co., lim.; New York, Macmillan co., 1911.

18. Pallasmaa, Juhani. 2005. The Eyes of the Skin : Architecture and the Senses. Chichester: Chichester : Wiley-Academy , 2005.

7. Bloomer, Kent C. 1977. Body, Memory, and Architecture, edited by Charles Willard Moore. New Haven: New Haven : Yale University Press, 1977.

19. Regnier, Victor, 1947-. 2001. Design for Assisted Living : Guidelines for Housing the Physically and Mentally Frail. New York: J. Wiley.

8. Ertel, Karen A., M. M. Glymour, and Lisa F. Berkman. 2008. “Effects of Social Integration on Preserving Memory Function in a Nationally Representative US Elderly Population.(RESEARCH AND PRACTICE)(Author Abstract).” The American Journal of Public Health 98 (7): 1215.

20. Schittich, Christian. 2007. Housing for People of all Ages : Flexible, Unrestricted, SeniorFriendly. Basel: Birkhäuser.

9. Feddersen, Eckhard and Insa Ludtke. 2009. Living for the Elderly. Basel :London: Birkhäuser ;Springer distributor]. 10. Feddersen, Eckhard and Insa Lüdtke. 2014. Lost in Space : Architecture and Dementia Birkhäuser. 11. Heidegger, Martin. 1977. The Question Concerning Technology, and Other Essays. New York: New York : Garland Pub., 1977. 12. Karen A. Ertel, M. Maria Glymour, Lisa F. Berkman. July 2008. “Effects of Social Integration on Preserving Memory Function in a Nationally Representative U.S. Elderly Population.” American Journal of Public Health 98 (7): 1215-1220. 13. Masnick, George S., 1942-, John Pitkin 1944-, and Urban Studies Joint Center for. 1983. The Baby Boom and the Squeeze on Multi-generational Households. Vol. no. W83-6. Cambridge,

21. Schwarz, Benyamin and Ruth Brent Tofle. 1999. Aging, Autonomy, and Architecture : Advances in Assisted Living. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press. 22. Thompson, John D. 1975. The Hospital : A Social and Architectural History, edited by Grace Goldin. New Haven: New Haven : Yale University Press, 1975. 23. Tod Williams, Billie Tsien & Associates, 1974 -. “Museum of American Folk Art, New York, New York, United States”. 24.

Vidler, Anthony. 2003. “Toward a Theory of the Architectural Program.” October 106: 59-74.

25. Vidler, Anthony. 1987. The Writing of the Walls : Architectural Theory in the Late Enlightenment. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton, N.J. : Princeton Architectural Press, c1987. -- A special mention and gratitude is extended to Graduate School of Design Architecture Professor in Practice Maryann Thompson, for her guidance and mentorship through this process.--

AGE/ING IN THE CITY Harvard Graduate School of Design Master in Architecture Spring 2015 Thesis

Adviser: Maryann Thompson Candidate: Jorge San Martin