Be con by Js Cheok

EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION OPUS LAKE VICNITY, CYBERJAYA

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

TUTOR PUAN NORITA JOHAR

GROUP MEMBERS BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN CHEOK JIAN SHUANG CHIN VIN YAN CHONG KIT YEE CHONG XIN DEAN CHONG ZHAO LUN ONG TUN CHEIK KHOO MING SEN

0324857 0320089 0320311 0319748 0325353 0320408 0319939 0319659

CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 1.1

Introduction to site

2.0 Site and Safety 2.1

Plants and Machinery

3.0 External Work 3.1

3-6 7-12 13-24

Setting out and Earth Work

4.0 Foundation 5.0 Superstructure 5.1

Beam and column

5.2

Slab

5.3

Wall

5.4

Staircase

6.0 Doors and windows 7.0 Roof 8.0 Summary 8.1

1-2

References

25-31 32 33-43 44-49 50-54 55-59 60-67 68-80 81 82

1.0 INTRODUCTION GROUP

1.0 INTRODUCTION

OPUS LAKE VICINITY - CYBERJAYA -

INTRODUCTION OF SITE Just walking distance from tranquil Putrajaya Lake lies Opus @ Lake Vicinity Cyberjaya, is the latest residential development. An enclave situated in the prime address of Perdana Lakeview West, Cyberjaya. On 9.03 acres of freehold land. Offering 62 units of semi dees. Protected by two tier security and 24 hour patrolling. Low density. That comes with a private clubhouse exclusive for Opus residence. Opus residence offers 2 different types of design, named “BLUES” and “EVERGREEN”. Opus was launched in June 2015. 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION DESIGN CONCEPTS : ➔ Urban village where community living is advocated. ➔ Opus Clubhouse and green space is the nerve centre of Opus, stimulating neighbourly interaction ➔ Each home has minimal partitions.

SITE FEATURES : Development Size: 9.03 acres Product offered: 2 storey semi-detached No of units: 62 units Land size: 40’ x 88’ Built up: 3,200sqft (Blues) and 3,000 sqft (EverGreen) No of rooms: 5 bedroom plus 5 bathrooms (Blues), 5 bedroom plus 4 bathrooms (EverGreen) Amenities: Clubhouse with gymnasium, swimming pool and multi-utility hall. Guarded development 2

2.0 SITE & SAFETY CHONG KIT YEE

2.0 SITE & SAFETY

(from reference)

CHONG KIT YEE

The construction industry has long been considered as a difficult, dangerous and dirty occupation due to the high number of accidents, injuries and deaths. Construction workers are exposed to different risks.

Signboard ➔ Every site must have signage that shows health and safety message.A simple but effective warning notice should be placed in conspicuous position to warn the workers and public. ➔ Reason : To deliver important bit of information to people and warn them about hazard that could be happen in construction site. ➔ Besides, project signboard have to place in front of the site as well. It provide the information of building work and who the licensed people are doing the work. The sign provides information about who is working and their contact.

2.0 SITE & SAFETY

(from reference)

Dress Code

CHONG KIT YEE

1 Safety Helmet ➔

protect the individuals from injuries caused by falling objects.

Foot protection ➔ ➔

Closed toe shoes only. Work boots are preferred but thick soled tennis shoes will be allowed

3 Ear protection ➔

Ear plugs should be worn to protect the ears from damage especially when it is near or using loud machinery

Eye protection ➔

Safety goggles protect against eye injuries while workers weld or cut materials & against dust or other eye irritants.

5 Hand protection ➔ Gloves is a must to protect a worker’s hands from splinters and other sharp objects. 6 Face masks ➔

If chemicals are present, masks should be worn.

7 Attire ➔ ➔ ➔

Shirt and pants must not be tight fitting. Shorts are allowed but must be no higher than mid-thigh No dangling jewelry or earrings

2.0 SITE & SAFETY

(from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

Scaffolding

➔ Based on OSHA rules & regulations Section 20, scaffolds are set up by professionals. ➔ The basic components of scaffolding are tubes, couplers and boards. ➔ Tubes are usually made either of steel or aluminium. It come in with variety of lengths and a standard diameter of 48.3 mm. Tubes are generally bought in 6.3 m lengths and can be cut down to certain typical sizes. ➔ Function : Is temporary platform used to elevate and support workers and materials during the construction, repair, or cleaning of a structure or machine.

2.0 SITE & SAFETY

(from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

Hoarding

➔ Is a temporary structure. ➔ A structure erected around the perimeter of construction sites. ➔ Have to cover 100% of the construction site and is to be a minimal 8 feet (2.44 meters) high. ➔ Access doors is carefully located away from public traffic and all doors are to be lockable, only owner having the access key. ➔ Function : To shield them from view and prevent unauthorised access. It is an important component in ensuring health and safety, for site workers, visitors and the general public.

2.1 PLANT & MACHINERY

(from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

EXCAVATOR ➔ Excavator work by the hydraulic cylinder. ➔ By adjusting the oil in the cylinder (control valve) which can move the arm more accurately. ➔ The swing part enables excavator to turn around. ➔ Crawler track groups is used rather than the wheel, because it do not sink on the soft ground. ➔ Also, crawler track groups can hold the ground and enable machine go up steep slopes but it cannot runs on road like regular cars. BOOM STICK

USES: ➔ Used for primarily earthwork ➔ Remove all the greeneries before construction ➔ Used for digging trenches, holes and foundation

LINKAGE

HYDRAULIC CYLINDER

CABIN

SWNG PART

BUCKET TRACK GROUPS

DEMOLISH BALLS

CLAMSHELL BUCKET

PLANT & MACHINERY

(from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

BACKHOE LOADER ➔ All of it’s work is done with hydraulics pumping liquid and able to move pistons. It work like human arms. ➔ For the backhoe, the pressure comes from an oil pump that is powered by a diesel engine. ➔ All of the segments ( boom, stick and bucket) are hinged together and each cylinder can either pull a connected segment closer or push it away. ➔ Able to connect a wide variety of tools to either the backhoe stick or the loader. ➔ Stabilisers at the rear give additional stability when digging.

HYDRAULIC HAMMER

USES: a. Backhoe ➔ Used to dig holes/ Excavation ➔ Not suitable for high impact digging STICK b. Loader ➔ Loading & carrying materials ➔ On site, they used to carry cement from one place to another. EXCAVATING BUCKET It carry about 20 pack each time.

BOOM

CABIN

DOZER BLADE

STABILZE R LEGS

TRACTOR

PALLETIZING FORK

SWINGING BLADE

TOOTH SHOVEL

PLANT & MACHINERY

(from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

TELESCOPIC MOBILE CRANE ➔ Able to lift thousands of pounds using hydraulics that rely on forces transmitted through oil pushing the boom’s pistons. ➔ On a boom, the sections are extended and retracted (except for the base section) by hydraulic cylinders. ➔ If the boom sections are extended unequally, the most fully extended section of boom could bend to uneven stresses. ➔ The counterweight provides greater stability when lifting loads. BOOM

USES: ➔ Used to hoist & lift objects ➔ Limited effectiveness because of the design ➔ On site, used to lift concrete bucket to upper level

COUNTERWEIGHT HOOK BLOCK CABIN

OUTTRIGGER

UNDERCARRIAGE

PLANT & MACHINERY

(from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

TELESCOPIC HANDLER ➔ Front tires are bigger than the back, only back tires move when turning. Smaller back tires help them make tight turn. ➔ Having different end depends on what they carrying. ➔ Pallet fork most common used in industry, while bucket grab and bucket is used in agriculture.

USES: ➔ Normally used in agriculture & industry ➔ Move loads to and from places unreachable ➔ On our site, used to move machinery (bending machine & cutting machine)

CABIN

BOOM FORK CARRIAGE

FORK

BENDING MACHINE

CUTTING MACHINE

BUCKET GRAB

BUCKET

PALLET FORK

PLANT & MACHINERY

(from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

ROAD ROLLER ➔ A road roller works when the weight of the drum that is attached to the roller body causes soil to compress and become compact. ➔ Drums are available in widths ranging from 24 to 84 inches ➔ With Pneumatic tyres : provides kneading action that seals the surface.

CABIN

USES: ➔ Used to compact soil, gravel, concrete or asphalit during earthwork progress ➔ Used the weight of vehicle to compress the surface

COOLER

DRUM FRAME

DRUM

PLANT & MACHINERY

(from site)

CHONG KIT YEE

CEMENT MIXER a. Truck ➔ A large motor rotates the drum on the truck body and a series of blades or a screw keeps the aggregate, water and cement in constant motion. ➔ When the drums rotated in other direction, it forces the concrete out of the drum b. Portable concrete mixer ➔ Cement, sand and other aggregates are loaded and then poured in the mixing drum for mixing. ➔ Lower part use to sieve concrete Uses: a. Truck ➔ Maintain material’s liquid state through turning the drum. ➔ Transport mix concrete up to the construction site b. Portable concrete mixer ➔ Small revolving drum to mix

MIXING DRUM CABIN

INLET/ OUTLET LADDER

SIDE GUARD MUD GUARD

3.0 EXTERNAL WORK ONG TUN CHEIK

2.1 PLANT & MACHINERY

3.0 EXTERNAL WORK

(on

site) INTRODUCTION

ONG TUN CHEIK

External work define as the initial stage in construction.It is a working system also define the circulation , road , temporary structure for the long term construction work. The work start from clearance the site , building construction until finishing of the road and landscaping. By the way the main purpose is to ensure the functionality around the building for example drainage system and landscaping.it also help to enchance the aesthetic value of a house.The external works leads to drainage system, roadwork , fencing and landscaping.

3.0 EXTERNAL WORK

(from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

DRAINAGE SYSTEM It is a system generally underground. It used to convey rainwater from roof paved areas and sanitary fitting to a suitable disposal installations. The usual method of disposal is to connect the pipework to the public drainage which convey discharge to a local authority sewerage of treatment to process PIPEWORK It is a process of installing the underground piping. It allows the water flow naturally to the drain disposal from rainwater at the roof , wasted water or soil below the ground when it has collected in a time. Underground piping installation during the foundation process. The main pipelines are connected with the drain along to the manhole.

Sample unit underground soil piping in progress

3.0 EXTERNAL WORK

(from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

TEMPORARY STRUCTURE 1 Construction Fence

2 Construction Signboard

Signboard has a standard height, it needs to be supported

Fencing on this site differs to that of our previous site,not on type.They using the timber as the structure and iron sheet as the cover.

It gave the name of the project , the detail of the project and all the parties involve in this project.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

(from references)

ONG TUN CHEIK

SEWERAGE WORK

MANHOLE

Sewerage System define as a transportation of water and soil to the final disposal point where it has been collected in the drain.It was used a small space around the building to locate the inspection chamber. In the building, there are many outlets from the toilet, kitchen , washing machine and bathroom were connected in the same pipe and go to public sewerage pipeline to the treatment place.

Along to the treatment place, there are manholes located on the ground and it is connected to the public road along the pipeline. Manhole has actually covered with a round metal cover and used as a way for workers to service pipe work inside the interceptors

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

(from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

INSTALLATION OF DRAIN Digging out the area with measurement Apply cement concrete at the bottom of the drain bed as a glue for stability. Within the step , precast drain has to be fitted Install the precast drain concrete into the area Bricks are constructed by filling the cement concrete and stepping upwards with measurement

In the site , it shows the progress of the drain by filling and stepping the bricks after the precast drain installed and plastering.The diagram shows the process of constructing the drain during and later on.

Apply cement concrete as a glue to stick together along the drain The site is necessary to install steel mesh A layer of plastering apply on the bricks

ROADWORK

(from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

ROADWORK Roadwork define as a construction,addition or repair of the road. It as a circulation of transportation.To construct a road , team have to identify the needs of the transportation in the area of the road. After decided a plan , team have to started measure the boundaries and land surveyings.

In the site shows the first phase of the work done where they fill up the aggriates within the road as the first layer. After all , the concrete curb will be installed as the boundaries of the road and placed the a layer of asphalt on the aggriates.

Making the route for road work as the initial stage of roadwork. They gonna excavate the site for the roadbed

ROADWORK

(from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

The height of drain is lower than road so water runoff to storm sewer First step,excavate out an roadbed with measurement by bulldozer

Asphalt Crusher run

Placed gravel and moisten it

Apply roadway marking on the surface Placed crusher run on the top of gravel

Gravel Existing land

CIRCULATION Main road One-way road

Spread a layer of tar as a glue to stick crusher run.

3.1 SETTING OUT AND EARTHWORK

(fromite)

ONG TUN CHEIK

INTRODUCTION Setting out define as the reverse of surveying. Also a process for forming maps and plans of a particular site or area.It begans with plans and ended up with the various elements of a plan correctly positioned on site.

SETTING OUT

(from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

FORMING LAND TYPE A

Involve the use of many horizontal and vertical control methods and positioning techniques.In the site , they use the gridline to locate the boundaries in a correct position on the ground Setting out continues on from first stage. All the control will be outside the main construction.

TYPE B

SETTING OUT

(from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

BASELINE Baseline is specified to run in two point.once the point establish on site, the design point can be set up from baseline by using tape.

ONE POINT BASELINE

LAND FORM

OFFSET PEGS Used as a mark point for the footing pad during foundation process. It is also a temporary structure.Once foundation begin, The peg will be lost. Set the point

TWO POINT BASELINE

Digging out 22

EARTHWORK

(from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

INTRODUCTION Earth work is the first work performed on most construction projects. It Emcompasses a number of activities which are site clearance, site preparation on road , building , bridge and more. Every earthwork has t be ensure that the work done is in accordance with the specification and calculations. SITE FORMATION It is a basic building block of archeology where it analysis of this sequence through excavation to identify the leveling of the site and forming out the cut and fill area.

Using excavator to fill the land with specifications

This area used to be the swamp area , after site clearance finished , it goes to site leveling process

EARTHWORK

(from site)

ONG TUN CHEIK

CUT AND FILL ANALYSIS

SITE CLEARANCE

Cut area Fill area

EXISTING LAND

SWAMP AREA

A proper procedure must be done for both site establishment.Site clearance involves demolition of exisitng landscape, building and rock.Before the site formation begin, the site clearnce carried out by backhoe loader to clearing the existing grubbing and tree truck into a stack at the picture below.

SECTION A-A

EXISTING LAND

SWAMP AREA 24

4.0 FOUNDATION BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN

4.0 FOUNDATION

(from reference)

BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN

â&#x17E;&#x201D; A lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth. â&#x17E;&#x201D; Broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations.

Deep foundation

Shallow foundation

Determine the foundation type based on:

1 Soil Condition

When soil close to the surface is capable of supporting structure loads, shallow foundations can be provided. Deep foundations are suitable when ground close to surface is not capable of supporting structural loads, and hard strata is needed.

Factor 2 Time Time for pile installation in construction plan

affect which type of foundation to be used. For example, overall construction for this site takes 23 months to complete. Foundation takes 2 months..

3 Structural Loading

In low rise building with large span, the extent of loading is relatively modest,so shallow foundation is chosen. Deep foundation is selected in high-rise building with short span has high loads. 25

TYPE OF FOUNDATION AND FOOTING PAD

(from reference)

BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN

Two types of foundation systems are shallow foundation and deep foundation.

Shallow foundation Pad footings

Strip footings

A continuous strip of concrete that serves to spread the weight of a load-bearing wall across an area of soil. Masonry or concrete wall

A form of spread foundation formed by rectangular or square concrete â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;padsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; that support localised single-point loads such as structural columns, groups of columns or framed structures. Column

Reinforced concrete strip footing

Footing reinforcement Mud slab

Raft footings

Compacted base

A thick concrete slab reinforced with steel which covers the entire contact area of the structure like a thick floor.

Cantilever footings

Two single footing connected with a beam or a strap and support two single columns.

Cavity wall Internal load bearing wall Concrete

Reinforced concrete raft

Column Strap beam Footing of column

DEEP FOUNDATION

(from reference)

BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN

Deep foundation Types of piles Pile may be classified as either End bearing or Friction piles, according to the manner in which the pile loads are resisted.

1 End bearing piles

2 Friction piles

The shaft of an end bearing pile passes through soft deposits until it meets a suitable base on bedrock, dense sand or gravel.

A friction pile obtains its support mainly by the adhesion or skin friction of the soil on the surface of the shaft, usually firm clays.

DEEP FOUNDATION

(from reference)

BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN

Types of displacement piles 1 Precast reinforced concrete piles

The piles are in circular, square, rectangular or octagonal form. They are cast and cured in a casting yard and then transported to the site for driving. Reinforcement

2 Composite piles

Composite piles are made up of a combination of different materials. Steel piles are used above the ground water level, while timber piles are installed below ground water level to prevent insect attack and decay. Casing

Concrete Pile

Core

Timber pile Steel shoe

3 Steel preformed piles

This type of piles are made of sectors in the form of H, X or of thick pipes. They are suitable for handling and driving in long lengths.

4 Driven in situ/ Cast-in-place piles

The most type commonly used for foundations due to the great diversity available for pouring concrete and the introduction of the pile into the soil. Two ways of installing the piles are driving and drilling. Driving Reinforcement Concrete Work tube Placement extraction

TYPE OF FOUNDATION AND FOOTING PAD

(from site)

BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN

Shallow foundation

Raft footing

Footing placed directly below the lowest part of a substructure and transfer building loads directly to the supporting soil by vertical pressure.

Why is it used? Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils.

Preparation on footing foundation in progress.

Clubhouse footing foundation.

Setting up formwork

Concrete poured and ground slab in progress.

INSTALLATION OF RAFT FOUNDATION

(from site)

BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN

Built the formwork.

Place main reinforcement bar

Framework 3

Reinforcement bar

Place transverse reinforcement bar

Transverse Reinforcement bar

INSTALLATION OF RAFT FOUNDATION

(from site)

BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN

Apply anti termite treatment

Add more ties to the formwork and pour concrete

Concrete bucket

5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE CHEOK JIAN SHUANG l CHONG ZHAO LUN | KHOO MING SEN

5.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

BEAM

COLUMN

Superstructure:

➔ Portion of the structure above the foundation. ➔ Provides the necessary utility of the building with comfort, structural safety as well as ventilation. ➔ Includes column, beam, slab, wall and staircase.

WALL

STAIRCASE

SLAB 32

5.1 BEAM & COLUMNS

(from reference)

CHEOK JIAN SHUANG CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

Beams and columns work together to form a comprehensive supporting system to provide strength to a building during early stage of construction. Both serve as the same purpose of supporting the building structure.

BEAMS: ➔ Horizontal member of a structure, carrying transverse load. ➔ Beams carry the floor slab or the roof slab. ➔ Also transfer all the loads including its self-weight to the columns or walls. ➔ Characterized by their profile (shape of cross-section), their length, and their material.

TYPES OF BEAM: 1

Simply supported beam

Fixed beam

Cantilever beam

Continuous beam

Overhanging beam 33

REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

(from site)

➔ R.C.C beams are designed to act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces. ➔ Subjected to bending moments and shear. ➔ Due to the vertical external load, bending compresses the top fibers of the beam and elongates the bottom fibers. ➔ The strength of R.C.C beam depends on the composite action of concrete.

RCC beams are being used due to their high compressive strength in general, also, high resistance to fire and weather.

CHEOK JIAN SHUANG CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

FORMWORK:

Formwork functions as a mould for workers to pour concrete in. Formwork will later be removed when the concrete has set and dried.

CONSTRUCTION OF RCC BEAMS

(from site)

CHEOK JIAN SHUANG CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

STAGE ONE : Installation of Reinforcement Bars Steel reinforcement

Installation of beam rebars in our site.

Installation of metal rods

➔ During constructing a ground beam, the ground must be cleared and marked accordingly based on the construction drawing. ➔ The reinforcement bar will be set on the determined spot as the initial stage for strengthening the beam. 35

CONSTRUCTION OF RCC BEAMS

(from site)

CHEOK JIAN SHUANG CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

STAGE TWO : Installation of Formwork Wooden formwork

Installation of beam formwork in our site.

Installation of formwork

➔ Then, formwork will be positioned around the reinforcement bar to determine the beam’s shape and size. ➔ Strength of the formwork is important as to ensure that the formwork will not expand when pouring concrete. 36

CONSTRUCTION OF RCC BEAMS STAGE THREE : Filling Concrete

(from site)

CHEOK JIAN SHUANG CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

Concrete filling

Filling Concrete

➔ Concrete is ready to be poured into the framework subsequently, and then left to set. ➔ When it’s done, the formwork will be removed, and the beam is ready for columns to be constructed upon it. *Upper floor beam For upper floor beam, the slab and beam are usually cast-in-situ at the same time. As the column is completed, the formwork will be built upon the column and then the concrete is poured into it. The same process is repeated as the construction methods of the ground beam. 37

COLUMNS

(from reference)

CHEOK JIAN SHUANG CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

➔ Vertical structural member. ➔ Columns are mostly constructed by concrete; apart ➔ Transmits the load from ceiling or roof slab and beam, from that materials such as Wood, Steel, Fibreincluding its self-weight to the foundation. reinforced polymer, Cellular PVC, and Aluminium too are ➔ May be subjected to a pure compressive load. been used. ➔ It should be realized that the failure of a column results ➔ The type of material is been decided on the scale, in the collapse of the structure. ➔ The design of a column should therefore receives coast and application of the construction. importance.

SHAFT

BASE 38

COLUMN CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCE

(from reference)

CHEOK JIAN SHUANG CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

Construction tolerance is a guideline for contractors to ensure the built structures are within specific range. In construction site, the measurement of built structure may differ to architect’s drawing due to workmanship, materials, and environment factor. Therefore a standard range of tolerance is set to prevent out of proportion buildings. The standard tolerance for Malaysia’s construction industry is 14mm, although some stricter architects limit up to 8mm, which is harder to achieve for contractors.

Drawing

112mm

Column in site differs from the drawing by 12mm, therefore, it’s “tolerated”.

COLUMN

100mm

Site 39

REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

(from site)

➔ The column that is applied in our site is R.C.C column. ➔ Rigid, relatively slender structural members designed primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of the members.

REINFORCEMENT BAR (REBAR):

CHEOK JIAN SHUANG CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

➔ Is a steel bar or mesh of steel wires used as a tension device in reinforced concrete structures. ➔ To strengthen and hold the concrete in tension. ➔ Rebar's surface is often patterned to form a better bond with the concrete.

Rebars are used to strengthen the columns and increase the lifespan of the column.

R.C.C column has good workability, better resistance to fire, more durable and cost effective as compared to wood and steel column.

Left: Steel bar cutting machine Right: Steel bar bending machine

CONSTRUCTION OF RC COLUMNS

(from site)

STAGE ONE : Column Layout Work

CHEOK JIAN SHUANG CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

STAGE TWO : Installation of Reinforcement Bars

Reinforcement bars

Column layout work1

➔ Laying rope according to grids shown in the drawing and then mark the location of columns related to rope. ➔ Place columns related to rope-line by measuring dimension shown in the drawing.

Column reinforcement work

➔ After marking the column locations, reinforcement is being placed as instructed in the structural drawing. 41

CONSTRUCTION OF RC COLUMNS

(from site)

CHEOK JIAN SHUANG CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

STAGE THREE : Installation of Formwork

formwork

3 Installation of column formwork in our site.

Column formwork

â&#x17E;&#x201D; Wooden planks are being placed around the rebar as formwork. 42

CONSTRUCTION OF RC COLUMNS

(from site)

CHEOK JIAN SHUANG CHEOK JIAN SHUANG

STAGE FOUR : Filling Concrete

Concrete filling

4 Concrete pouring process.

Pouring concrete into formwork

➔ Concrete is ready to be poured into the formwork subsequently, and then left to set. ➔ When it’s done, the formwork will be removed. 43

5.2 SLAB

(from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

Slabs are common structural material in the building industry. Slabs are mostly used to construct the floor, ceiling and while other is using for the exterior pave with thinner slab. In the building industry, slabs are using to construct the ground floor of the building with supporting the foundation.

SLAB: ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

Flat piece of concrete Durability Termite resistance Damp resistance Higher speed for building construction Fire resistance

TYPE OF SLAB: ONE WAY SLAB: ➔ Slab supported by the same direction of the beams. ➔ Has same parallel thickness of beams. ➔ Total load are carried in the same direction.

TWO WAY SLAB: ➔ Slab supported by four beams on each corner. ➔ Total load are carried in two direction perpendicular. ➔ To prevent bending in middle of the slab. 44

TYPE OF SLAB

(from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

TWO WAYS SLAB

ONE WAY SLAB

➔ Slab will be supported by four side of beams.

➔ Can carried more load in bigger room.

➔ Carried moderate load or lesser ➔ Slab will be supported by two side of beams. 45

CONSTRUCTION OF SLAB

(from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

STAGE ONE : Place the ledger

STAGE TWO : Place the bearer

COLUMN BEARER LEDGER FORMWORKS

SUPPORT LEDGER

➔ Ledger are built to supporting the beam and the formworks for slab. ➔ Ledger are placed in every perimeter of the slab.

➔ Bearer are placing like a grid that shown on the picture above. ➔ Bearer and the formworks are supported by the ledger

CONSTRUCTION OF SLAB

(from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

STAGE THREE : Decking Plywood

STAGE FOUR : Place reinforcing bar

BRC MESH

PLYWOOD

➔ Plywood will be decking above the ledger. ➔ Installation had to done perfectly to prevent leakage.

REBAR

➔ The reinforced bar are able to place on the interior side of formworks. ➔ Next, BRC mesh are able to place inside the formwork.

CONSTRUCTION OF SLAB

(from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

STAGE FIVE : Pour concrete

STAGE SIX : Reinforced concrete slab

CONCRETE

FROM CEMENT MIXER TRUCK A COMPLETE CONCRETE SLAB

➔ Before pouring the concrete, dust, sand or stone had to clean up in the formwork. ➔ After cleaning, the concrete are able to pour.

➔ After curing the concrete slab and wait for two weeks to dry. ➔ Last, formworks can be removed and concrete slab is done.

OTHER COMPONENTS IN SLAB CONSTRUCTION

(from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

SPACE BLOCK

ANCHOR BOLT

➔ Spaceblock is a small piece like a cuboid shape cut from the concrete. ➔ After the rebar set up was done, these blocks are placing below the rebar to prevent it touching the ground. ➔ It helps the rebar to prevent corrosion.

➔ Concrete anchor bolt are used to secure structure wall to concrete slab and foundation wall. ➔ Anchor bolt had to immediate installed after the concrete was poured. The anchor bolt still can be straightened as the concrete hardens. Nut Washer

BRC Wire mesh

Space block

Sill plate

Foundation Slab

5.3 WALL

(from reference)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

A wall is a structure that defined as an area, carried a load, or provides shelter or security. Wall construction divided into two categories, which are framed walls and mass walls. Framed walls is called as a non load bearing wall, which had three or more separate components like timber, concrete or metal. Mass wall will be load bearing wall, which using solid material like masonry wall. For example, brick or stone.

WALL: ➔ Protection & security ➔ Divided into different space in one area ➔ Carried load to support upper floor ➔ Sound insulation ➔ Fire resistance ➔ Lower energy bills TYPE OF WALL: LOAD BEARING WALL: ➔ Carried load from foundation to upper floor ➔ This wall construct with reinforcement steel bar or join with column.

NON LOAD BEARING WALL: ➔ This wall does not support load, because the building itself had concrete beam and columns on it to support the load from upper floor. 50

5.3 WALL

(from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

TYPE OF MASONRY In our site, Clay brick are using for the whole wall construction. All clay brick from the site had been tested before by the the compress pressure machine and is safe to use even some clay brick are overburning. The type of wall are using in this construction is non load bearing wall.

CLAY BRICK ➔ One of the most common material for wall construction in Malaysia ➔ Low maintenance cost ➔ Fire resistance ➔ Thermal insulation ➔ Construct by using mortar

Header face Stretcher face

5.3 WALL

(from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

CONSTRUCTION OF WALL 1

STAGE ONE : Lay out footing

STAGE TWO : String for line

FOOTING

STARTING POINT

REFERENCE STRING

Concrete wall (Column)

➔ Lay a foundation wall for footer to cure before begin to lay a brick. ➔ Start to lay the brick from the corner of the column with mortar.

CLAY BRICK

➔ Using string or laser to mark line for placing the brick in the same position on wall construction. ➔ To measure of each layer for the correct height. 52

CONSTRUCTION OF WALL

(from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

STAGE THREE : Lay the bricks

STAGE FOUR : Finishing process

Line of every layer of bricks

PLASTERS

➔ Cement mortar are applied to the clay brick ➔ Using string in every layer of the top of brick with a line according to the structural arrangement.

➔ After brick are applied, finishing can be ready. ➔ By using plasters as a finishing to protect the outer layer of wall. 53

CONSTRUCTION OF WALL

(from site)

CHONG ZHAO LUN

Fabrication process: CEMENT PIT

ANGEL BEAD

➔ To mark the thickness of the plasters that are going to applied.

➔ Plastic bead that used for the every brick wall in the right angel

WIRE MESH ➔ Wire mesh are placed in between the bricks to strengthen the hold of the brick in wall construction.

STRING ➔ String are used as a line to place the brick in position

5.4 STAIRCASE

(from references)

KHOO MING SEN

A stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs is a construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances, called steps. Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at angles. Special types of stairs include escalators and ladders. Some alternatives to stairs are elevators, stairlifts and inclined moving walkways as well as stationary inclined sidewalks. TYPE OF STAIRCASE:

MATERIAL OF STAIRCASE:

Glass

Concrete

Steel

Timber 55

5.4 STAIRCASE

(from reference)

KHOO MING SEN

CONCRETE STAIRCASE:

➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

Designed by a qualified Engineer as it requires careful analysis of load, span and support conditions. Common use in multi-storey building. May be either cast in-situ or pre-cast. Railing may be timber, glass, metal or concrete. Riser and tread finishing can be timber or metal or any other type finishing. Heavily reinforced.

The site has used reinforced concrete stairs cast in-situ which is also double winder for this project with the half landing style. By using the material, concrete for the stairs is to make it more stable and long lasting for the building. Beside that, concrete staircase also have thermal insulation, low maintenance cost and better fire resistance. 56

CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE

(from site)

KHOO MING SEN

STAGE ONE : Calculate the stairs dimension.

➔ The Standard measurement of riser(7”) and tread (11”). ➔ To get the total number of rise,measure the height of the one floor to the other.Divide the height with 7.25” to get the number of step. ➔ Measure the horizontal distance the staircase will span and measure the width of staircase from left to right.

STAGE TWO : Determine the foundation’s dimension.

➔ The dimension of the staircase’s foundation are the total length of run and total width of staircase as measured in step 1.

CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE

(from site)

KHOO MING SEN

STAGE THREE : Build the form.

➔ Use other plywood for farming lumber to build the form. Cut the side forms according to the tread and riser calculations.

STAGE FOUR : Prepare the concrete.

➔ Produce sufficient and well-mixed mortar with a portable cement mixer.

CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRCASE

(from site)

KHOO MING SEN

STAGE FIVE: Forming and pouring concrete steps.

➔ Saw cut your form lumber and finish corners: Sawcut all but the bottom step forms at a 45- degree angle.This allows for finishing right up to the corner of the step. ➔ Attach step from liners: wish to create stone- like textures on the faces of concrete steps or a profiled edge, use polyurethane step form liners or foam forms, attaching them to the wood forms with finishing nails. ➔ Use form support to ensure the use of wood stakes to brace forms to prevent them from bowing outward as the concrete is placed. ➔ Vibrate the edge of forms: It’s importance to vibrate the face of the concrete forms to remove any honeycombs and voids from the concrete surface. Vibrating the forms bring the concrete paste to the surface to fill in any holes. Tap the wood forms with a hammer or use a palm sander to vibrate the freshly poured concrete. ➔ Remove forms the day of pour and customize: Remove the step forms and finish the corner of each step the day of the pour. This will allow use of concrete chisels to cut hand tooled joints and texturing skins on step faces and surfaces. 59

6.0 DOORS & WINDOWS CHONG XIN DEAN

6.0 DOORS & WINDOW

(from references)

CHONG XIN DEAN

Casing Door/ Slab

Doors

A barrier installed at wall opening to provide access to the interior of the building from the exterior, or passages within the interior

Stile Hinges Drill for lock set

Panels Threshold Bottom rail 60

TYPES OF DOORS

(from site)

CHONG XIN DEAN

Hinged door

➔ Hinged along one side. ➔ Allow door pivoted away from doorway in one direction only ➔ Widely used on site.

Bypass sliding door

➔ It has 2 sections, slide along one axis on parallel overhead tracks, sliding past each other ➔ Used for the entrance to the balcony from the living room..

Surface sliding door

➔ Slide along tracks, mostly for space and aesthetics purposes ➔ Used for kitchen.

DOORS INSTALLATION

(from site)

CHONG XIN DEAN

Aluminium frame Rough opening of the door is measured. Then, a few layers of bricks are laid first.

Aluminium frame is located at the opening. The aluminium frame is used to hold up the weight of the door frame. 4

Lintel

The door frame is then installed into the opening. The bricks are continued to be laid.

Pre-cast concrete lintel is located on top of the door frame attached to the wall. It is used to supports weight of the wall and acts as a support beam to transfer load of wall to both side of opening.

DOORS INSTALLATION

(from site)

CHONG XIN DEAN

Mortar Mortar is filled into the spaces between the gap and the wall before plastering the wall.

The door is installed on the hinged side. Left hand hinge (LHH) - hinge positioned at left side of the door, doors open away from you (standing outside)

Right hand hinge (RHH) - hinged right, doors open away from you (standing outside)

6.0 DOORS & WINDOWS

( from reference)

CHONG XIN DEAN

Head Jamb Rail Brickmould

Windows

➔ Openings on wall which allow passages of lights, ventilation ➔ Held in place by frames

Stiles Meeting rail

Stool

Sill

Side Jamb 64

TYPES OF WINDOWS

( from site)

CHONG XIN DEAN

1 Fixed window

➔ Only function is to allow lights to enter ➔ No ventilation needed ➔ Used in some area of bedrooms.

2 Casement window

➔ Widely used on site, living room, bedroom etc.

3 Single hung sash

➔ One sash movable (usually botton one), other is fixed ➔ Utilized in toilets.

4 Awning

➔ Hinged on top ➔ Very useful for ventilation ➔ Swing outwards like awning ➔ Used in kitchen

WINDOW INSTALLATION

(from site)

CHONG XIN DEAN

Our site is using the sub-frame method. The sub-frame system comprises a sub-frame. The main frame is then installed onto the sub frame at a much later stage of the construction. Proper alignment and setting out of the sub-frame is crucial in ensuring the ease of operation of the window 1

Subframe Check the rough opening on the walls to make sure that it is cleaned.

Check the plumb and the alignment of the sub frame.

Aluminium bar

Aluminium bar is installed at the opening. It is used to hold up the weight of the window frame.

Stiffeners

Temporary stiffeners are inserted to position the subframe on the wall.

WINDOW INSTALLATION

(from site)

CHONG XIN DEAN

Main frame Main frame is installed. Window frame must be protected throughout the fabrication and construction process. 7

Window sill Window is leveled by setting the sill of the window.

8 Masking tape

Window frame is protected by using masking tape before the application of sealant.

Sealant

Application of sealant. The gap between window frame and wall surface is sealed to prevent water seepage. 67

7.0 ROOF CHIN VIN YAN

The roof functions as the primary sheltering elements for the interior space of a building. Its form and construction should control the flow of water as well as the passage of water, air, heat and cold. Roof system also will determine the construction method and the system of framing.

TYPE OF ROOF (references) : A. GABLE ROOF

D. MANSARD ROOF

B. HIP ROOF

C. SKILLION ROOF

E. BUTTERFLY ROOF

TYPE OF ROOF

(from references)

ROOF FRAMING :

TYPE OF ROOF SLOPES :

CHIN VIN YAN

FLAT ROOF A. RAFTER ROOF FRAMING

➔ The minimum recommended slope : ¼” per foot. ➔ Slope may be categorized high,medium and low slope

Rafters are a single piece of lumber that span from beam to beam or beam to wall or wall to wall. The may be sloped or flat. Although flat rafters are usually called joist.

➔ Flat roof can efficiently cover a building of any horizontal dimension.v

B. PLANK AND BEAM ROOF FRAMING Wood plank-and-beam roof systems are similar and both typically use same post or column structural grid for their support

LOW SLOPE ROOF C. TRUSSES RAFTER ROOF FRAMING Trusses rafter roof are pre-engineered and shop-fabricated monoplaner trusses

➔ Low slope roofs require roll or continuous membrane roofing: some shingle and sheet materials may used on 3in2 pitches.

MEDIUM OF HIGH SLOPE ROOF

➔ Medium and high slope may be covered with shingles, tiles or sheet materials 69

TYPE OF ROOF

(from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

Skillion Roof / Slanted Roof The roof are not using gutter due to the sufficient slope for rain water flow to the drainage

The site used Skillion roof or known as Slanted roof. The site used the the method slanted backward which higher at the front.The reason it is apply in this project is because slanted roof allow the rainwater to flow backward to the drainage system. SLOP E

LOW

ROOF

Rain water flow backward to the concrete made drainage.

ROOFâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SECTIONAL DRAWING

From the site, it can be identified the roof are using plank and beam roof framing to form their structure. The material was used for framing are metal which different from the traditional wood structure. 70

CONSTRUCTION STAGE

(from site)

CHIN VIN YAN 1

The construction of the roof all start with the framing which support the roof.

The structure was covered by plasterboard ceiling To make the roof more ecstatic.

After installing the frame of the roof, its move on to to installation of roof insulation, rock wool, felt and etc.

Lastly, this is the final outcome of the roof. 71

ROOF CONSTRUCTION METHOD

(from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

STAGE 1 : ROOF FRAMING PLANK AND BEAM SYSTEMS

The Roof beams is supported by concrete beams.

Roof deck spans between roof beams

The roof system used in this project is plank and beam roof system which it similar with the floor systems. This type of systems is using column structural grid to support the roof. Beside that, the material of the roof framing are using steel. (to prevent thermal and rotten effects.)

ROOF BEAMS PARALLEL WITH SLOPE In this two-layer system, the roof beams spaced further apart and support a series of purlins. These purlins, in turn are spanned with sheet roofing materials.

FRAMING INSTALLATION

(from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

1 ROOF BEAMS

PURLINS 2 After the installation of roof beams, purlin will be place opposite position of the roof beams. The roof beams lies parallel with the slope and support by the concrete beam of the structure

WEB STIFFENERS WEB STIFFENERS

Roof beams and purlins are using the same method to secure the position which is using web stiffeners.

ROOFâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S SECTIONAL DRAWING 73

FRAMING INSTALLATION

(from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

3 FASCIA

PURLINS ROOF BEAMS FASCIA

After install the main structure of the roof, Fascia is use to to trim the the edge of the roof yet it also give a guideline before installing insulation sheet. In order to secure the Fascia with the roof beams, mechanical fastening is used.

ROOF CONSTRUCTION METHOD

(from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

STAGE 2 : ROOF LAYERING CORRUGATED METAL ROOF CORRUGATED METAL SHEET MINERAL WOOL THERMAL AND HEAT INSULATION FOIL

This stage is where the insulator, wool, roof materials will be install. This stage need to be taking carefully is because it will affect the moisture and thermal effect of the house.

The layering of the roof is simplify than any other type of roof is because the requirement of protection of roof is lesser in Malaysia.

PURLINS

FUNCTION OF EACH LAYER

(from references)

CHIN VIN YAN

1 THERMAL AND HEAT INSULATION FOIL ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

Heat reflection, sound insulation and anti vibration Suitable tropicanal area like Malaysia Light, soft, dust free, retardant, easy to install Moisture and Thermal protection

2 MINERAL WOOL ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

Thermal insulation Acoustic insulation Fire protection Water-resistant and vapor-permeable Ecologically safe

3 CORRUGATED METAL SHEET

3 2 1

ROOF LAYERING DRAWING

➔ Self-supporting and span between roof beams or purlins running across the slope. ➔ Type corrugation and rib been used 76

INSTALLATION OF ROOF LAYERS CHIN VIN YAN

REINFORCEMENT FOIL TAPE

➔ INSULATION are free supported by itself and lies over the purlins. ➔ Overlap another roll of insulation sheet. ➔ Tape it with REINFORCEMENT FOIL TAPE to join the sheets.

➔ Next, apply MINERAL WOOL on insulation sheets. ➔ Lay one metal sheet after another wool been apply. ➔ This technique is use the weight of the metal sheet to secure the wool.

➔ CORRUGATED METAL SHEET algin into the right position then machinary fastening need to apply immediately. ➔ The machinery fastening need to be penetrated the whole layers of the roof till the purlins.

ROOF CONSTRUCTION METHOD

(from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

STAGE 3 : CEILING INSTALLATION METACIL CEILING SUSPENDED

CORRUGATED METAL SHEET MINERAL WOOL INSULATION SHEET ROOF BEAM

FASCIA

HANGERS CEILING FURRING PLASTERBOARD

The final work of the roof is the installation of the ceiling to cover the the visible structure of the roof. After installing the ceiling, the roof will approach an esthetic outcome.

METACIL CEILING SUSPENDED 78

CEILING INSTALLATION

(from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

HANGER

➔ Plan the point for fastening the hanger. ➔ Place the hanger and secure it by mechanical fastening

PRIMARY CHANNEL

➔ Attach the primary channel with hanger horizontally ➔ Secure it by mechanical fastening

4 PLASTERBOARD WIRE CLIP

PRIMARY CHANNEL

CEILING FURRING

➔ Attach ceiling furring with primary channel using grid system. ➔ Fasten it with wire clip.

➔ Attach the plasterboard with the ceiling furring ➔ Secure it by mechanical fastening. 79

CEILING INSTALLATION

(from site)

CHIN VIN YAN

8.0 SUMMARY GROUP//

8.0 SUMMARY From this project, we gain a lot of knowledge about the construction process of a building. Construction is a vigorous process that involves a lot of parties. To ensure the construction is successful, effective planning and multitasking is crucial. For example, architect and contractor have to communicate well and plan about the project. This smoothen the progress of construction. Besides, throughout the project let us understand that the construction can be more complex than we think. During the site visit, we are quite lost about the process but after doing some research it helps us to understand more especially those details process. We try to gather and simplify the information we get. In a nutshell, we had learn what could not be confined in the class from the site. The construction process is very complicated. Every single steps or procedure are linked and important. It have to be carry out with caution and specificity. This is to ensure the final product is safe for the client and also community.

REFERENCES SITE & SAFETY C. M. (n.d.). Construction Site Safety Guide. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.buildingsguide.com/blog/construction-site-safety-guide A. H. (2012, July 11). Telescopic handler is showcase of valves. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://hydraulicspneumatics.com/material-handling/telescopic-handler-showcase-valves Telescopic Boom Cranes. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.tpub.com/eqopbas/146.htm M. B., & T. H. (2001, March 5). How Caterpillar Backhoe Loaders Work. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/backhoe-loader5.htm Kikki's Workshop [ Everything about Construction Equipment ] The mechanism of a hydraulic excavator. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.kenkenkikki.jp/special/no01/e_index2.htm E. B. (2012, January 26). How Cement Mixers Work. Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/cement-mixer4.htm S., D., & Walker, J. (n.d.). What is a Road Roller? Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-road-roller.htm Personal Protective Equipment. (2003). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from https://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3151.pdf. EXTERNAL WORK Malaysia signboard maker & manufacturer, office signage design, acrylic cutting & design, 3M sticker supplies. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://trsign.com.my/site/index.php?cat=1 Inspection chamber image from http://www.jkhdrainageunits.co.uk/images/productImages/inspectionChambers/inspectionChamberBigJ/P20ChamberExt.jpg Pipework Construction | Lakervent. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://lakervent.co.uk/services/pipework-construction Ask the Builder.external drainage (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.askthebuilder.com/a-simple-trench-drain/ FOUNDATION What is Backfill? Retrieved May 10, 2016, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-backfill.htm Foundation Engineering.Types of piles.Retrieved May 14, 2016, from http://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/classification-of-piles/1799/ Piling Application,Retrieved May 16, 2016, from http://www.junttan.com/piling-specialist/aplicaciones-de-pilotaje/ Civil Construction Tips. Raft Foundation.Retrieved May 14, 2016, from http://civilconstructiontips.blogspot.my/2011/06/raft-foundation.html BUTE Department of Construction Management and Technology.Foundation .Retrieved May 14, 2016, from http://www.ekt.bme.hu/ArchEng/Foundations%20(S-D)-s.pdf Piling Brief Introduction, Retrieved May 16, 2016, from http://www.substruck.ie/our-services/foundation-repair/piling SUPERSTRUCTURE Mbrsalman. (n.d.). Civil Engineering (Beams,Columns). Retrieved May 06, 2016, from http://www.slideshare.net/mbrsalman/civil-engineering-beamscolumns Beams. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2016, from https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/toolbox/buildright/content/bcgbc4010a/04_struct_members/01_beams/page_001.htm Different Types of Beams. (2015). Retrieved May 6, 2016, from http://me-mechanicalengineering.com/different-types-of-beams/ Various types of RCC Slabs (2010). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.civilprojectsonline.com/building-construction/various-types-of-rcc-slabs-design-of-rcc-structures/ Form and Pour a Concrete Slab. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.familyhandyman.com/masonry/pouring-concrete/form-and-pour-a-concrete-slab/view-all Types of Walls. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/walls.html Wall construction process - WATKINS; MICHAEL W. (n.d.). Retrieved May 24, 2016, from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5894704.html DOORS & WINDOWS Installation of window frame. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from https://www.bca.gov.sg/professionals/iquas/..%5CIquas%5Cgpgs%5CAWindow%5CAWInstallation.pdf Types of windows. Retrieved May, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window Types of doors. Retrieved May 16, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door ROOF Ching, F. D., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated. New York: Wiley. Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (1999). Construction technology. Harlow: Longman. B. (2012). How to install and MF plasterboard ceiling. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVJd2OROuSA H. (2015). How to Install Eave & Fascia Metal Roofing Trim. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDeFAVTS3D4 K. (2013). Kingspan AIR-CELL Installation Video - Commercial Metal Roof Insulation. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xK4gQD52dXw