CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
1
1.1 Fast facts 1 1.2 History 2 1.3 The Architect 3 2.0 Site Context Analysis 4 2.1 Site accessibility
4
2.2 Climate studies
7
2.3 Relationships of buildings to surroundings
10
3.0 Architectural Layout
11
4.0 Architectural Style Analysis
18
5.0 Building construction, structure & materials analysis
25
6.0 Architectural elements / components analysis
30
7.0 Conclusion
35
8.0 References
36
1
INTRODUCTION The first indoor stadium in Malaysia, Stadium Negara located at Jalan Stadium and is right beside Stadium Merdeka. Construction of Stadium Negara began in 1960 and officially open on 10 April 1962 by the third Yang Di Pertuan Agong. The overall construction cost of Stadium Negara was RM34 million. The stadium is fully air conditioned and has 10200 permanent seats. It was one of the first few modern architectural design buildings in Malaysia during that period. Stadium Negara undergone renovation in 1982.
Figure 1.0.1 Stadium Negara before renovation
Fast Facts Building : Stadium Negara Malaysia Location : Jalan Hang Jebat, 50150 Kuala Lumpur Construction period : 19601962 (Approximately 2 years) Owner : PNB 's PNB Merdeka Ventures Sdn Bhd Architect : Stanley Edward Jewkes, Public Work Director Architectural Style : Brutalism, Modernism Expressionism, International Style Function : Multipurpose hall to host sports event and concert Capacity : 10,200 with permanent seats Past major events : 1962 First Asian Badminton Championships 1972 The Bee Gees 1992 Thomas Cup and Uber Cup
2
History
Stadium Negara, owned by PNB Merdeka Ventures Sdn Bhd, was officially opened on 10 April 1962, by the third Yang diPertuan Agong, the late Tuanku Syed Putra , of Perlis . The stadium has hosted the world championships for wushu, silat, taekwondo and sepak takraw, besides international competitions in basketball, tabletennis, wrestling and boxing. Among the sporting legends who have graced the stadium are badminton greats like Zhao Jianhua and Yang Yang, as well as tennis aces Ivan Lendl, Mats Wilander, and Gabriela Sabatini. The first Thomas Cup was organized by Britain in 1949 and Malaysia has won the event. As the event winner, Malaysia was appointed to host the next Thomas Cup. Under the situation of lack of an international standard indoor stadium, Tunku Abdul Rahman felt the need of appropriate facility to host the major event. That is when the first indoor stadium in Malaysia was proposed. Stadium Negara has its own share of historical moments, the biggest being the Thomas Cup on May 16, 1992, which Malaysia won. The stadium has a seating capacity of 10,000 but crammed in almost 12,000 fans during the 1992 Thomas Cup final.
Figure 1.2.1 Together with Stadium Merdeka, Stadium Negara was listed in eight symbolic national building on Sept 17, 1963, the day after Malaya became Malaysia, by the third Yang diPertuan Agong under “Healthy body and mind”. The eight symbolic national building are Parliament (Monument to faith in parliamentary democracy), the National Mosque (Freedom of worship), Universiti Malaya (Education), Stadium Merdeka and Stadium Negara (Healthy body and mind), the National Monument (Warriors’ sacrifices), Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka or DBP (Bahasa Malaysia) and the National Museum (National culture). On 17th October 2005, Stadium Merdeka and Stadium Negara were gazetted under the Antiquities Act 1976 as national monuments.
3
THE ARCHITECT
Stanley Edward Jewkes (1913–2011) Stanley Edward Jewkes was an American architect as well as an engineer. He was a key figure in Southeast Asian postindependence architecture. In Birmingham, he won a scholarship to study at Dudley Grammar School. At Northampton Institute and the London Polytechnic, he studied architecture and engineering before being hired as the chief engineer of British Steel Construction. In 1941, Jewkes came to Malaysia to join the Public Works Department (PWD) and became the director of PWD from 1959 to 1962. His close relationship with Malaysia's then Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman led to his getting several prominent architectural commission in Malaysia including for Merdeka Stadium and Stadium Negara. Sir Jewkes had also came up with preliminary design for both the Parliament House and National Monument. In 2001, he compiled and published his philosophical rumination about his life in relation to his own encounters in a book named “Humankind: Planet Earth’s Most Enigmatic Species”. Sir Stanley Edward Jewkes, at the age of 98 passed away at the Mission Oaks Hospice in Oxford, Florida on 19th of June, 2011 left behind his family and his notable architecture work.
4
SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS CHONG KIT YEE 0319748 Stadium Negara is located around 2 kilometers from Kuala Lumpur City Centre, and is right beside Stadium Merdeka. It’s actual location is at Jalan Hang Jebat, 50150 Kuala Lumpur and the coordinates is 3°8′26″N 101°42′10″E. There are 80 parking bays available at the Stadium and is 59.5km away from the airport. 2.1 SITE ACCESSIBILITY There’s few ways to go to Stadium Negara by taking public transport such as taxi, monorail and LRT. By taking LRT, we have to stop at Hang Tuah LRT Station and head down to the southwest on Jalan Hang Jebat. While using monorail, we have to reach Maharajalela station and take a taxi to Jalan Hang Jebat. The entrance of Stadium Negara is just right beside Jalan Hang Jebat and it has a higher ground compared to the other building.
Figure 2.1.1 Route to Stadium Negara by LRT
Figure 2.1.2 Route to Stadium Negara by Monorail
5
In addition, there are several landmarks that surrounding Stadium Negara. Stadium Merdeka is located behind Stadium Negara (facing southwest). While next to Stadium Negara is Chin Woo stadium whereas SJK(C) Jalan Davidson with prominent pediment can been seen on the opposite of Stadium Negara. The nearest residential building is Casa Residency Condominium and Sri Emas condominium which located just right in front Stadium Negara. Further away, Ibu Pejabat Polis Kontijen is located beside those residential building.
Figure 2.1.3 Building landmark nearby (Image from Google Map)
Figure 2.1.4 Chin Woo stadium (image from commons.wikimedi a.org )
6
Figure 2.1.5 Stadium Merdeka (Image from venue.myceb.com.my )
FIgure 2.1.6 SJK(C) Davidson
FIgure 2.1.7 Casa residency condominium and Sri Emas Condominium
7
2.2 CLIMATE STUDIES Before analysing the climate response of the building, we need to understand Malaysia tropical climate, which is warm, sunny and along with abundant rainfall. The temperatures are always high and humid throughout the year in Malaysia. The average temperature remains between 25 to 35 degree celsius. The temperature in Kuala Lumpur is warmer due to the warm air trapped inside the city.
FIgure 2.2.1 Average of Min and Max temperature in KL (Graph from weatherandclimate.com )
FIgure 2.2.2 Average of wind speed in KL (Graph from weatherandclimate.com )
MONSOON SEASON Though the wind over the country is generally light and variable. Based on these changes, four seasons can be distinguished, the southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon and two shorter periods of intermonsoon seasons. The southeast monsoon usually in the later half of May and end in September with prevailing wind (<15 knot). While the northeast monsoon commences in early November and ends in March with steady easterly wind (1020 knot), sometimes may reach 30 knot. During the two intermonsoon seasons, the wind generally light and variable.
8
2.2.1 CLIMATE RESPONSE Most of the Malaysia’s buildings employed different strategies to cope with the humidity and the local climate. Since Stadium Negara is higher than other building, it will fully exposed to the sunlight and the wind direction towards the building will not be blocked. The building designed as a circle to maximise sunlight and wind penetrate into the building.
FIgure 2.2.3 Sun path (Image from Google Map)
Fixed angle window
FIgure 2.2.4 Fixed angle window
The fixed glass surrounded the perimeter of the stadium to allow maximum penetration of natural sunlight into the arena during the daytime. With the fixed angle window also prevent direct sunlight into the building, so the interior temperature naturally cool down.
9
Ventilation openings
Figure 2.2.3 Exterior of ventilation opening (Image from commons.wikimedia.org )
Figure 2.2.3 Interior of ventilation opening
The ventilation opening can be easily found in arena. This openings used to let airflow into the interior and prevent hot air trapped inside .
Dome roof
Figure 2.2.4 Dome roof (Image from commons.wikimedia.org )
Previously Stadium Negara was built with a flat roof but due to the sunny and raining climate in Malaysia, a dome roof is added on later. This is to allow rain to run off and also improved the air circulation in the interior. When the stadium get crowded, the hot air will raised to the centre of the roof and release at the tip of the roof, where ventilation opening is placed.
10
2.3 RELATIONSHIPS OF BUILDINGS TO SURROUNDING
Figure 2.3.1 Aerial view of 3 stadium (Image from www.skyscrapercity.com )
Buildings
Stadium Negara
Stadium Merdeka
Chin Woo Stadium
Year
1960’s
1950’s
1950’s
Style
Brutalism
Expressionism
Art Deco
Architect
Stanley Jewkes
Stanley Jewkes
Dato Y.T Lee
Function
Entertainment Venue
Sporting Venue
Sport Facilities
Capacity
10,000
25,000
<2000
Table 2.3.2 Difference between 3 stadiums
Buildings
Stadium Negara
Stadium Merdeka
Chin Woo Stadium
Style Category Modern Architecture
Modern Architecture
Modern Architecture
Location
Petaling Hill
Petaling Hill
Petaling Hill
Table 2.3.2 Similarity between 3 stadiums
Even though there are differences in function or capacity between these 3 stadium, but still several aspect are similar. Three of these building were built after the modern architecture in the 50’s and serve as a national identity after the independence day. Stadium Negara which stands as modernist landmark was chosen to be built on a small slope on Petaling hill as the architect referred this site as an acropolis in the middle of the city. Stadium Negara is located on Petaling Hill along with Stadium Merdeka and Chin Woo Stadium.
11
ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT ANALYSIS CHONG ZHAO LUN 0320408
Figure 3.1.1 Perspective view of Stadium Negara
To analysis the layout of this stadium is for us to understand more about the interior of the whole stadium. Each part of the stadium which are not made for beauty, which had some purpose to serve the users. By understanding the stadium, the layout of the stadium can be easily getting know to it design concept. Stadium Negara is known as an indoor stadium, which has 10,000 seats, is fully air conditioned and many different events being used, including sports events and concerts. Stadium Negara was located in the city of Kuala Lumpur, and this building is like a space of sports in between the busy city, where the Petaling Street was just nearby the stadium.
3.1 Concept of Stadium Negara The concept of Stadium Negara was design like a circle and concentric to the center by the surrounding stadium. The structure of the stadium was like an earthen bowl. Which looking from far away, the individualistic element of the building like geometric shape from the exterior of the stadium had made it stand out among with other building nearby the street.
Figure 3.1.2 FLOOR PLAN
12
Seating
Figure 3.1.4 FLOOR PLAN
Stadium Negara can be suit for 10,000 people in the stadium. Based on the floor plan, the structural of the building is shape like a circle, which the arena was centralised on the centre and surrounding by the seats. The direction of seats was also flow with curved line in one big circle. To allow the audiences to have a clear vision to view the arena by increasing the height of every row seat from the center arena.
Figure 3.1.5 VIEW FROM LAST ROW Figure 3.1.6 VIEW FROM SIDE
From the entrance to the seat is not that difficult to find a seat in the stadium. The indoor stadium was in a curve shape. Audience are clear to view the whole stadium in one small direction. The stadium had 2 floor, which the seat had divided into two layer, that is upper seat and lower seat. There is one walkway in between the upper and lower seats. As the entrance of the stadium is already on the walk way. For people to easily find their seat more speedy. The seats had given a form of hierarchy on the seat in the arena.
13
3.2 Entrance of Stadium Negara
Figure 3.2.1 ENTRANCE OF STADIUM NEGARA
There have two main entrance in this stadium, which are the main entrance and the back door entrance. There is only one main entrance from the south part of the stadium, Which all of the people lining up to entry the arena like sport or concert events. On the opposite side of the stadium, which is the back door to access the stadium. There has a private parking lots just outside the back door entrance. Mostly the entrance is serve for staff or VIP to direct access the stadium. If there is some emergency situation, there are two sub entrance to allow people direct access the stadium which located opposite of the main entrance where nearby the backstage entrance.
Figure 3.2.2 ENTRANCE TO ARENA
Figure 3.2.3 BACK ENTRANCE Figure 3.2.4 MAIN ENTRANCE
14
3.3 Circulation to UseSpace
Figure 3.3.1 CIRCULATION OF USESPACE
The circulation of the Stadium Negara is all centralised from each of the entrance to the center where the arena stage was located. The main entrance and the seating area are public space which had the most user space circulating. On other side, which from the back door entrance to the backstage is show as semi public area where those performer and worker staff are using that space. On the center arena, it depends on what events was organizing. For example, the space only for players on sport event otherwise for audience for watching concert. The indoor stadium which show as the main approach where the public user will experience the natural light from the roof to the surrounding of the seat and arena.
Figure 3.3.2 OTHER SPACES IN STADIUM
There are also had a lot of space is only for workers or Vip to access those space which are not serves for public users. For example, in the middle of access from the main entrance to the arena. There had two room from each side, which are Organizer room and Vip holding room. It only serve for private user for worker or staff. On the opposite of the stadium, there has four changing rooms which are serve for private users only. For example, a space for performers or players to prepare before on stage.
15
3.4 Organization Analysis BALANCE & SYMMETRY
Figure 3.4.1 BALANCE & SYMMETRY
The symmetry of the stadium show it balance to each side of the arena. The stadium are cross to each quarter and every size of it are the same. This is one of the main point to build this stadium. For example, it purpose to serve for public users to have a good view from anyway surrounding the stadium.
GEOMETRY
Figure 3.4.2 GEOMETRY
The geometry shape that applied in this stadium is circle and rectangle. The shape of this stadium which had show the main concept for the design. The shape of circle which show as the main component of this stadium. The rectangle is show as an entrance to the stadium, which show contrast of shape to attract attention for users.
16
ADDITIVE and SUBTRACTIVE
Figure 3.4.3 ADDITIVE and SUBTRACTIVE
The red rectangles that show on the diagram above are act as additive extend to the exterior of the stadium. It shows as an entrance from the outside of the stadium. The circulation for public users to access the stadium. On the other hand, the blue rectangles show as subtractive of the stadium, the circle from the plan where the seat are located had been cut off in some part to add entrance or air conditional in the stadium.
REPETITION
Figure 3.4.4 REPETITION
The repetition of the circle is overlapped by smaller circles continuously. It show increasing the circle by the center of arena to the middle of seat and to the last row of walk path. Which had applied a hierarchy view from the bottom of the arena to the higher of the seat in the interior of the stadium.
17
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS CHONG XIN DEAN 0325353 It was initially designed for Malaysia's declaration of independence on 31 August 1957. It then officially opened in 1962 and this was Malaysia’s first indoor stadium and is another heritage building. The construction of the stadium began in 1960, it was convinced to be strongly influenced by Modern Expressionism , the International Style , and Brutalist Architecture.
4.1 MODERNISM EXPRESSIONISM Expressionist architecture was an architectural movement that developed in Europe during the first decades of the 20th century in parallel with the expressionist visual and performing arts. Some of the qualities of this movement are distortion, fragmentation or the communication of violent or overstressed emotion. Several characteristics influenced by expressionist architecture: ● very unusual massing, sometimes inspired by natural biomorphic forms (e.g. designed by using the concentric circle concept, constructed as an ‘earthen bowl’ from distance.)
Figure 4.1.1, 4.1.2 : Perspectives of the dome from far (left), and near (right).
18
● Mass production of brick, steel and especially glass. ● Distortion of form for an emotional effect (e.g. every side of exterior of the building are asymmetrical).
Figure 4.1.3 : Perspective of the stadium to show the asymmetrical facade.
(random wavy curves corporated on the interior)
Figure 4.1.4, 4.1.5 : flooring in the interior.
Figure 4.1.6 : wavy pattern on the tiles.
(to represent democracy of Malaysia , islamic geometric shapes are widely used on the facade as well as interior of the building.)
19
Figure 4.1.7, 4.1.8 : Triangular/ star shaped pattern applied on the steel frames of the dome.
Figure 4.1.9, 4.1.10 : repetitive circular patterns used.
● Use of creative potential of artisan craftsmanship (e.g. murals in the entrance lobby depict the cultural dances of Malaysia's various races and the country's main industries back in the 1960s ).
Figure 4.1.11, 4.1.12 : Mural arts hanging on the both sides of the entrance lobby.
Figure 4.1.13, 4.1.14 : Murals about various sports, and multicultural ethnic in Malaysia.
20
4.2 The International Style The International Style is the name of a major architectural style that had appeared in the 1920s and 1930s, the formative decades of modern architecture , which emphasized more on architectural style, form and aesthetics than the social aspects of the modern movement as emphasised in Europe. It was declared that the architecture of the early 20th century as the "International Style". Several characteristics influenced by the international style: ● A visually weightless quality engendered by the use of cantilever construction.
Figure 4.2.1 : Cantilevered roof utilised on the facade of the entrance.
● The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports . (e.g. glass panels are widely used to allow natural light to penetrate in the building to lighten up the interior spaces, and visible steel frames.)
Figure 4.2.2, 4.2.3 : Glass panels and steel structure in the interior (left), steel frames supporting the dome (right).
21
● Visual expression of structure which opposite from hiding the structural elements.
Figure 4.2.4 : visible structure at the foyer of the stadium.
● Particularly in International Style modernism, a visual emphasis on horizontal and vertical lines.
Figure 4.2.5, 4.2.6 : fragmented lines on the front facade (left), glass slits used in the interior (right).
22
4.3 BRUTALISM It is a movement in architecture that flourished from the 1950s to the mid1970s. The term originates from the French word for "raw" in the term used by Le Corbusier to describe his choice of material béton brut (raw concrete). Brutalism gained considerable momentum in the United Kingdom during the midtwentieth century, as economically depressed (and World War IIravaged) communities sought inexpensive construction and design methods for lowcost housing, shopping centres, and government buildings. Several characteristics from this building were influenced by brutalist architecture: ● Emphasis on graphically expressing in the external elevations (e.g. the concentric circles) and in the wholesite architectural plan , the main functions and peopleflows of the buildings. ● Typically massive in character (e.g. concerts and events are occasionally held here)
Figure 4.3.1 : perspective of the stadium to implement massive character.
● Exposed concrete construction, or in the case of the "brick brutalists"
Figure 4.3.2, 4.3.3 : Interior staircases using the material concrete (left), as well as the seats in the stadium (right).
23
● Brutalist building materials also include brick, glass, steel, roughhewn stone, and gabions . Steel
Figure 4.3.4, 4.3.5: Interior structure of the dome using steel frames (left), exterior structure of the stadium using tubular steel columns (right).
Glass slits
Figure 4.3.6, 4.3.7 : Glass windows (left), glass slits in the interior (right).
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL ANALYSIS CHEOK JIAN SHUANG 0320089
24
Figure 5.1: perspective view of Stadium Negara (image from commons.wikimedia.org)
Stadium Negara was designed by Sir Stanley Edward Jewkes, in cooperation with a few of engineers, including Ng Eng Hean, M. D. Canavan, Koon Yew Yin, S. Nakendra and W. J. Cumming. Boasting a broad space, the area surrounding Stadium Negara was designed as a green landscaping as the stadium promotes healthy lifestyle and culture of our nation. The design of Stadium Negara conforms to the shape of the contour on a hilltop and green plants can be evidently seen everywhere around the stadium. The stadium was proposed to resemble the stadium in Earl’s Court, London when our Tunku Abdul Rahman requested for an indoor sports arena in 1959. The roof of the stadium was originally flat, but in order to increase the spaces within and have better acoustics, the stadium was renovated in which the flat roof was replaced by a dome in 1982. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION The stadium was designed according to the concept of concentric circles, with only one entrance facing northeast, creating a cordial feeling in warmly welcoming all visitors. Its circular architectural structure ensures balance and firmness, at the same time, provides a natural amphitheater. The stadium was built on 3 different levels: the arena level, the second terrace level and the third terrace level which serves the purpose as restaurant.
1. DOME ROOF
25
Figure 5.2 & 5.3: structure of the dome roof
Speaking of its features, the dome roof has got be the most significant feature of the stadium. The suspended domeshaped roof has a 100ft wide compression ring in the middle and a 300ft wide at the outer edge. The roof is covered with corrugated plastic sheeting over a suspended ceiling of hardboard, faced with PVC to reduce maintenance cost, as a result, the whole roof is relatively light. In order to overcome aerodynamic movement, two interesting provisions were made: 1. Firstly, the outer structure of the main roof and the inner roof were supported by 96 high tensile steel wires spanning the 100ft central diameter of the roof respectively. 2. Secondly, the outer and inner wires are connected by means of a stiff truss which gives essential rigidity to the two wire levels and provides the clerestory section to illuminate the central arena.
Figure 5.4: Fuller’s tensegrity dome
26
In 1985, the dome roof was added onto the building due to the water leakage issue caused by the former flat roof. The architects wanted to create a greater space with minimal interior support and noise to avoid disturbance while users are utilizing spaces within the stadium. Hence, they built the new dome roof integrating the space frame structure and Fuller’s tensegrity dome structure. 2. VENTILATED TUNNEL
Figure 5.5 & 5.6: concrete seats (left), Upholstered seats (right)
Due to the paramount importance of badminton being national sports of Malaysia, ventilation involving large air movements was discouraged. However, the humidity of Malaysia necessitated maximum air movement near spectators. Therefore, a large tunnel is built circulating the stadium under the middle terrace. This tunnel allows fresh air to be blown through the narrow slits in the seats on the concrete terrace. Air is also blown through the arms and backs of the upholstered seats.
Figure 5.7 & 5.8: perforated triangular for shading and ventilation purposes
The architect also gave a touch of vernacular architecture in its ventilation openings. It can be evidently seen at its sideways louvered windows which can be found throughout the whole stretch of the stadium. Monumental features of triangular concrete forms are also being incorporated in the ventilation design to not only shade from the sunlight, but also portrays the identity of the stadium.
27
3. SUPPORTIVE COLUMNS (EXTERIOR)
Figure 5.9 & 5.10: Tubular column support (exterior)
Figure 5.11: dispersion of transverse loads
The main promenade was roofed with a light reinforced concrete folded shell which was hinged to the main building and supported on sloping tubular columns placed outside the perimeter walls. The tubular columns are used to support the horizontal weight of the stadium and disperse the load equally down to the ground. This prevents the building from collapsing due to its unique structural form. MATERIALS ANALYSIS As much as importance of Stadium Negara’s structural features, the materials that were explored on the interior finishing were well developed in appliance to its functions and designs. Floorings
Figure 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.15, 5.16: (left to right) terrazzo, ceramic tiles, timber parquet, mosaic tiles, raw concrete flooring
Various types of flooring are being used in different spaces in Stadium Negara for different purposes. For instance, timber parquets are being used towards the center court of the stadium for users to perform sports activities, while terrazzos are being used towards the
28
entrances for safety purposes. Ceramic tiles, mosaic tiles as well as raw concrete are mainly for covering up the walkways for spectators, also, the staircase leading to different position of the seats. Concrete
Figure 5.17, 5.18: concrete as material for structural components. (Left to right) cantilever roof, concrete column
Figure 5.19, 5.20: (left to right) stadium’s ceiling, stadium’s facade
Concrete is one of the building materials that was being used widely throughout the whole stadium due to its durability and lowcost maintenance. Also, the concept of brutalism can be easily portrayed by the choice of concrete utilization. Steel
Figure 5.21, 5.22, 5.23: (left to right) dome roof, railing, window frames
29
The selection of steel as building material for Stadium Negara brings numerous benefits to the project itself. One of the prominent features of steel will definitely be its weight. Steel is light in terms of weight but it is high in strength and durability. It is an ideal material for structural construction, for instance, the dome roof of the stadium. The railings and the window frames are made from steel as well due to its ductility, it can be moulded into different shapes and forms to suit the concept of the project. Glass
Figure 5.24, 5.25, 5.26: windows within Stadium Negara
Glass is mainly being used for windows in Stadium Negara. Its transparency allows maximum penetration of natural light into the center of the arena. Glass also enhances the functional aesthetic of the stadium. On the contrary, glass traps heat, causing the arena to be overheated during noon time. Timber
Figure 5.27, 5.28: (left to right) timber framing, timber partition
The utilization of timber as framings and wall partitions gives the stadium a traditional and rustic ambience, also, portraying the essence of traditional Malay’s woodcarving techniques. Aside of its aesthetic value, timber has low sustainability due to its nature properties. Timber tends to decay over time and has a higher chance to be attacked by termites if precautions are not taken seriously.
30
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT/ COMPONENT ANALYSIS BENJAMIN TAN ZI HERN 0324857 Stadium Negara , well known as the first indoor stadium in Malaysia. Located in Malaysia which has the tropical climate, the architect, Sir Stanley Edward Jewkes has used many architectural elements and components to improve the user’s experience. These included the openness created inside the arena, well controlled ventilation and also the natural lighting. By doing further analysis, we are able to understand the purpose of using these elements in designing the stadium. The Entrance Figure 6.1 Layout Plan of Stadium Negara
Figure 6.2 & 6.3 NorthWest entrance of Stadium Negara
Tempered glass sliding door (Figure 6.2 & 6.3) and overhead window (Figure 6.5) on NorthWest entrance of building allows maximum penetration of sunlight into the entrance hall. A well lighted condition usually provides a feeling of welcoming. The overhead windows consist of four pieces of tempered glass arranged at an angle which allows air ventilation and prevent rainwater from entering at the same time. Handrail before the old entrance (Figure 6.6) which was also the ticket booth has a function of crowd control.
31
Figure 6.4 Entrance Hall
Figure 6.5 Figure 6.6
Figure 6.7
Hallway (Figure 6.7) between entrance hall and the arena has a lowered ceiling which raise the visitors curiosity to explore further. The hallway also acts as a transition zone between entrance hall and arena. From wide to narrow then to open area create a sense of openness.
32
The Arena
Figure 6.8 Figure 6.9
Figure 6.10 Figure 6.11 Windows lit up the arena Windows (Figure 6.8) which are similar to those in entrance hall are installed around the full perimeter surrounding the arena (Figure 6.11). Vernacular architecture and vertical cladding with opening improve air ventilation in the arena. These ventilation openings are very important in preventing trapped air pollutant inside the stadium which might be harmful to the visitors. With all these opening, a better visual connection was created from one side of the arena to another. Besides, they also gives the stadium a higher aesthetics value from both exterior and interior views. Solid timber columns(Figure 6.12) installed around the arena supporting ceiling and beams. These columns act as both structural column and
decorative column. The placement of columns was
accurately measured so they do not look closely packed which might obstruct the penetration of natural light into the arena. Instead of using cylinder column which suits the building massing, rectangular prism column was chosen to give the visitors a sense of secure. With all these elements for natural light penetration and air ventilation, less electric fan and lamp are required to make the space suitable Figure 6.12 for activities.
33
Seating
Figure 6.13 Figure 6.14
Figure 6.15 The seating in the arena are categorized into tier 1 and tier 2 (Figure 6.15). Tier 1 seats are more approaching to the centre point. Meanwhile tier 2 are those seats which located on the outer ring of the arena. From tier 2 to tier 1 , the seats changes from concrete terrace to wooden bench then to the seats equipped with back and arm rest. For the concrete terrace and wooden bench, there are small slits under them for air ventilation and thus provide cooling effect for the user. The seating in tier 1 usually cost higher price than tier 2 as they are more comfortable and gives better experience to the user. Commentary Control Room
Figure 6.16 The commentary control room sits at a higher position which is in the outer ring of the arena. Wide tempered glass window with aluminium frame are installed on the facade facing the central of arena. This allows the commentator to have a 180 degree view of everything happening within the arena.
34
Roof
Figure 6.17 Relationship between Stadium Negara , Stadium Merdeka and Chin Woo Stadium In 1962, the roof of Stadium Negara was a reinforced concrete ring supporting a steel ‘bicycle wheel roof’. From the aerial view photo (Figure 6.17), Stadium Negara looks aesthetically pleasing sitting next to Stadium Merdeka and Chin Woo Stadium. During that time , it was one of the largest examples of a ‘bicycle steel’ wheel roof in Southeast Asia.
Figure 6.18 Figure 6.19
The roof was replaced by a new imposing dome roof (6.18) which replaces the previous 'bicycle wheel roof' due to persistent leakage problem. The new dome roof gives a different expression to the stadium from the exterior and also provide better shading to the seating inside the arena.
35
CONCLUSION For this project, we need to conduct a site visit to a specific building and analyse the architecture. This is our honour to visit one of the historical building in KL, Stadium Negara. After we analyse the building, we get to know the design intention, construction technique and materials during that period. Throughout this project, we get to learn some architectural features and document it in the form of writings or diagramming. We find out that the stadium overall design was representing the democracy in Malaysia. For example, the facade was incorporating with islamic geometrical and motifs. In a nutshell, we were having a great time while doing this project, we had gain a lot of knowledge about the Malaysian architecture culture.
36
REFERENCE ● The Birth of a New Malaysian Identity. Retrieved June 17, 2016, from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/culturalstudies/adaptationofforeignidentityc ulturalstudiesessay.php
● Stadium Negara Floor Plan. (n.d.). Retrieved June 18, 2016, from http://venue.myceb.com.my/floorplan/stadiumnegarafloorplan ● Insider's Kuala Lumpur (3rd Edn). (n.d.). Retrieved June 18, 2016, from https://books.google.com.my/books?id=rRCJAAAAQBAJ ● Stadium Negara. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2016, from http://venue.myceb.com.my/venue/stadiumnegara ● MalaysiaMalaysian Meteorological Department.(n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2016, from http://www.met.gov.my/en/web/metmalaysia/climate/generalinformation/malaysi a ● Chin Woo Stadium Wikimapia. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2016, from http://wikimapia.org/41359/ChinWooStadium ● Cavingliz. (n.d.). Stadium Negara. Retrieved June 20, 2016, from http://cavingliznoncave.blogspot.my/2011/05/stadiumnegara.html ● Expressionist architecture. Retrieved June 20, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_architecture#Characteristics ● International Style. Retrieved June 20, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Style_(architecture) ● Brutalism. Retrieved June 20, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalist_architecture
37
● Islamic geometric pattern. Retrieved June 20, 2016, from https://www.pinterest.com/pin/349943833516954005/ ● Stadium Negara. Retrieved June 20, 2016, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/YosriBgnStadiumNe gara.jpg/300pxYosriBgnStadiumNegara.jpg ● Post Independence Era, Retrieved June 20, 2016, from https://www.academia.edu/3038010/A_STUDY_OF_STYLES_CLASSIFICATION_AND_I NFLUENCES_ON_ADMINISTRATIVE_BUILDING_IN_MALAYSIA_15TH21ST_CENTURY_ ● Stadium Negara, Retrieved June 20, 2016, from http://dwnpelajar.dbp.my/wordpress/?p=256 ● Advantages of space frame structures. Retrieved June 20, 2016, from http://www.polarkon.com.tr/advantagesofspaceframestructures
38