COHOUSING MMUNITY CO
A HEALTHY
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JEANNETTE SENN
COHOUSING MMUNITY CO
A HEALTHY
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Copyright Š 2013 by Jeannette Senn All rights reserved. Any part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission.
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Special thanks to My thesis professor Sandy Stannard My studio for being so inspiring and supporting Alfred Lee for being my healthy food chef, my construction specialist, my consultant, my friend and my site visit body guard. My Danish Institute for Study Abroad (DIS) Professors, especially Courtney Coye-Jensen for introducing me to Cohousing My father Martin Senn for being my plant and build export and both my parents for their love and support through this year, my college career, and my whole life.
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“45 million Americans were living in poverty in 2009” ´2QH RXW RI HYHU\ ÀYH FKLOGUHQ LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV LV QRZ living in poverty” “Over the past 30 years, the number of overweight children has doubled and the number of overweight teenagers has tripled.”
“Over 300,000 deaths per year are caused by poor nutrition and a lack of physical activity.”
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1
THE INTRODUCTION 8
3 8
THE SITE
36
2 4
THE PEOPLE
18
THE CLIMATE 72
TABLE OF
5 7
THE PRECEDENTS 84
THE PROJECT
136
6 8
THE DESIGN PROCESS 112
THE CONCLUSION
CONTENTS
160
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ABSTRACT......................................................................... 12 ,1725'8&7,21
THE INTRODUCTION
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Abstract In areas of high
poverty, cost of living becomes the most important factor when making lifestyle decisions. In our society, the a f f o r d a b l e o p t i o n s a r e o f t e n o f l e s s e r q u a l i t y and
less healthy for individuals and families.
Poor neighborhoods are rife with fast food restraunts, convience stores, car-dependency, lack of proper helath care, and
poor
facilities to promote healthy living leading to a rapidly rising trend of obesity, developed diseases, and
mental illness. Through
bringing the community together
as a whole and using the group mentality of
support and
encouragement we can promote the concious
choice to make healthy lifestyle decisions. 13
Residents of Los Angeles County are often at high risks for unhealthy living. But it may not be for the reason that you think. Yes, the air is unhealthy and the busy life in the city can put stress on the body, but the real culprits are in the unhealthy environments. The environment consists of external factors-physical, nutritional, social, behavioral, and others- that act on humans and the built environement, which consists of buildings neighborhoods and cities. Los Angeles also has more than a few areas extremely affect by poverty with more than 25% of LA children living in poverty, as compared to the 13% national benchmark, and a large portion of South Central LA with between 30-40% of the households under the poverty level. These disadvantaged neighborhoods are mainly populated by minority African American and Hispanic households, where the toll of obesisty is hitting hard. These neighborhoods tend to lack supermarkets and fresh food but have ample-access to foods that are calorie- dense but little redeeming nutritional value. Families are surrounded by an unhealthy built environment that makes getting across town to go to work or shopping an ordeal, streets that are perpetually clogged with cars that our society has rendered neccesary to get from point A to B, an abundance of fast food restaurants, and cheap convience store foods with high fat and sugar contents, and a mindset that exercise can only be done in a gym with a paid membership.
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,1752'8&7,21
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Living in a poverty rich area of a large city like Los Angeles also leads to little public space, parks, trail and private recreation facilities that are critical to the physical activity of the community, and with little wealth in the community, these locations fall prey to developers, gangs and disrepair/abandonment. Mental health is also affected by the built environment, with the city EHLQJ ÀOOHG ZLWK FURZGHG SODFHV QRLVH GDQJHURXV DWPRVSKHUHV and anonymity that encourage social withdrawal, reduced social ties amoung neighbors, smaller social networks, diminished social and motor skills in children, distress, anxiety and irritability. The overloading of senses causes mental fatigue, and the feeling of a lack of importance can lead to depression and lethargy. In poverty rich neighborhoods in large cities, upkeep of interior spaces is reduced, hazardous chemicals and building materials are often prevalent due to their cheap nature, inspections and proper channels of building are rarely followed or perfdormed, and little money is spent on upgrades to imporve the health of the environment. Also with little access to adequate proper education or good quality jobs, families earn little income, spend less time at home raising their families, and provide little escape from the cycle, leaving children raised in high poverty areas with little chance of improving their own environment and health.
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The upkeep of the built environment and the planning and inclusion of buildings, areas, and ammenities that encourage healthy life decisions become low priority for a world where healthy options are often more exprensive, advertising and ‘happiness’ are focused around instant JUDWLĂ€FDWLRQ DQG WDNLQJ UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU \RXU KHDOWK VHHPV OLNH D SUREOHP for the distant future. “The world’s most ruthless killer and greatest cause of suffering on earth is extreme povertyâ€? This shows the direct relation between poverty and health, or rather the ability to live a long full life.
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LA HEALTH STATISTICS.................. 20 WATTS AMMENITIES...................... 22 &20081,7< '(16,7< &20081,7< 6$)7(< EMPLOYMENT............................... 28 +286(+2/'6 DEMOGRAPHICS......................... 32 LIFESTYLE....................................... 34
THE PEOPLE
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Health Statistics
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LA HEALTH STATISTICS In the County of Los Angeles, health statistics as compared to the national average benchmark consistently show worse conditions for health than, on average the rest of the country exhibits in alarming rates. Poor behavior choices for healthy living run high in LA including: 14% of LA adults smoke 16% of LA residents participate in excessive drinking 19% of LA residents have little to no physical activity which leads to 22% of LA adults are obese 22% of LA residents have poor or fair physical health An average of 3.8 poor physical health days per resident An average of 3.7 poor mental health days 7.2% of newborn LA babies have a low birthweight 476 have sexually transmitted diseases 62 preventable hospital stays 5778 premature deaths in LA This is often caused by the built environment being found lacking including: 29% of LA residents having inadequate social support 25% having no insurance 50% of the restaurants being fast food places 7% of LA residents having access to recreational facilities 2% of LA residents having limited access to healthy foods.
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AMMENITIES WATTS, LA As an example of the lack of health ammenities and businesses in the DUHD ZH ORRN VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;FDOO\ DW :DWWV /RV $QJHOHV DQG GLVFRYHU WKDW RI WKH food restaurants are chain fast food venues with 1 chain convience/drug store, and three commercial shops selling electronics, and car service repair and the only health and social care establishments being day cares for children. The inclusion of healthy food markets like Trader Joes, which sell high priced quality healthy foods, nutritional supplement stores, recreational IDFLOLWLHV ORFDWLRQV WR EX\ ZRUNRXW HTXLSPHQW Ă&#x20AC;WQHVV VWRUHV DQG JRRG quality restaurants are blaringly absent from the built environment, and the ammenities it does provide are clustured in shopping malls that residents but drive to. Areas with little excess wealth rarely encourage the entrance of health providing businesses in a community which means little ease of access or awareness of health issues confronting the community on a regular basis. Lastly, with little to no awareness or interest in health in the community, new potential health providing entrants to the community are turned away from establishing themselves in these locations to to a perception of little market potential.
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2 4
%
12664 Density (Persons per sq. mile)
RI 5HQWHU 2FFXSLHG 8QLWV Severly Crowded in the City of Los Angeles 24
&20081,7< '(16,7< â&#x20AC;&#x153;Mixed land use, street connectivity and residential density are the built environment attributes most consistently related to total physical health.â&#x20AC;? While high density areas have a reputation for more walkability and therefore more physical activity, the increased density means less public outdoor space for exercise and connection with nature, less access to natural resources, higher degree of air pollution due to an increased amount of cars, CO2 breathing humans, and less plants for improving air quality, and decreased mental health due to increased noise pollution, the stress of being surrounded by constant action, increased confrontation due to close proximity, and social withdrawl due to a feeling of anonymity amonst the crowd. Also with increased use of a higher population, the built environment degrades faster in quality and durability and therefore requries more upkeep, more frequently. This requires more money to be invested into buildings, streets, public spaces, and other ammenities, which often arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t present in high poverty areas. The close proximity of other humans often increases risk for infection and disease transference which means there is a general high risk for those living in crowded living or work buildings, as well as within the larger community.
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CRIME RATES BELOW AVERAGE ABOVE AVERAGE
100
Automotive Theft Risk Larceny
45
Burglary Risk
100
Property Crime Risk
100
Assault Risk
100
Robbery Risk
100
Rape Risk
100
Murder Risk
100
Personal Crime Risk
100
Total Crime Risk
100 50
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298
100
125 131 326 316 113 367 298 190 150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
&20081,7< 6$)7(< One of the greatest risks to mental health, and sometimes physcial is the increased stress, anxiety and lonliness of living in an area with high crime rates and a sense of mistrust and fear. Living in Watts, where crime rates are nearly double to triple the average and risk to personal and property saftey is high, saftey is a huge priority and often a luxury. Businesses and homes have bars on the window, barbed wire fences surrounding parking lots and yards, and warning signs are posted to threaten and discourage any infringement on saftey. This creates a feeling of uncertainty, anxiety, stress and hyperalertness that is both poor for the physical bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s normal function but also to the atmosphere of the community. Without a lack of welcoming or saftey in a community, people are less likely to socialize, do favors for one another, or establish personal connections that reduce crimes against one another. This leaves people feeling lonely and isolated even in a high density community, and can lead to distress, anxiety, depression and lethargy. There is also an increased risk for physical saftey due to the increase of violent behavior, gang behavior and abundance of weapons for protection. There are more personal attack crimes like sexual assault, murder, armed robbery, assualt and battery which occur within the home, friends, gangs, community or even amongst strangers.
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81(03/2<0(17
0.7%
5.7%
10.7%
15.7%
18%
POVERTY Under tthe Poverty Line
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0-9%
10-19% 20-29% 30-39%
40% & Up
EMPLOYMENT With high unemployment rates, income levels are low, poverty rates increase and a cycle begins that is hard to break free from. With little money, children are often required to take jobs instead of staying in school or being able to focus on their schoolwork, working adults have little access to job training or education to gain high paying jobs, there is no money to invest in the future and families raise families that are stuck in the same situation with little hope of escape. As discussed previously, with little access to opportunities to increase wealth, frugality becomes of extreme importance, people go hungry, they choose the cheapest, usually poor quality and unhealthy food, they forgoe any â&#x20AC;&#x153;extraneousâ&#x20AC;? activities such as regular exercise, insurance, and investments in their health to live a long and prosperous life. When the basic needs of food, shelter, DQG ZDWHU DUH SXW DW ULVN WKH PRVW LPSRUDQW WKLQJ EHFRPHV IXOĂ&#x20AC;OOLQJ WKHVH EDVLF immediate needs and little thought of the future or plans to improve current conditions are considered. Communities with little excess wealth to spend attract less businesses and therefore less employers, decreasing the number of job positions available. As neighborhoods get more crowded and density increases, proportional job availability descreases and the value of labor is reduced to the abundance of the willing labor force. Therefore, minimum wage jobs and unemployment increase and cause the whole community to suffer as a result.
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4.35
Family vs. Non-Family Households
Average People per Household in Watts, LA
2128 19.54%
8762 80.46%
$27,379
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Watts Median Household Income
$50,233
86 $YHUDJH Household Income
+286(+2/'6 WIthin Watts, Los Angeles, households typically consist of an average of 4 to 5 people where more than 80% of those households are families. This means that most households in Watts include children and/or other relatives that are dependent on one or two employable persons in the household. In LA, 34% of households are single-parent houselholds which means a single person must take care of dependent as well as be the bread-winner supporting everyone. In Watts, the median income LV DOVR DOPRVW KDOI RI WKH 86 DYHUDJH LQFRPH FRPLQJ LQ DW per year. With parents/supporters expected to work more hours for less income to support a larger than average household size, and often with only one person working considering the unemployment rate and abundance of single parent homes, and little money to support child care, children are often left at home alone, with an elderly relative, or a trusted friend or neighbor. This means that there is little chance to encourage proper upbringing, connect with each other, establish familial ties, or encourage proper healthy behaviors. Little time at home also means less time to prepare healthy meals and more mouths to feed with less money to do so, meaning supporters are forced to choose easy, ready-made and cheap options.
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RACE
MEDIAN AGE (YEARS)
WHITE
25.32
AMERICAN INDIAN/ ALASKA NATIVE
0.87%
NATIVE HAWAIIAN/ PACIFIC ISLANDER
0.31%
ASIAN BLACK/ AFRICAN AMERICAN
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4.08%
0.09%
0.74% 28.61%
TWO OR MORE
41.47%
69.85%
OTHER HISPANIC/ LATINO
DEMOGRAPHICS The average age of a person living in Watts is 25 years old, which means a large amount of younger children and young adults, and little elderly, which often means shorter life expectancies. The racial and ethnic breakdown of the community is also largely minority with almost 70% being hispanic, about 30% being African American and many immigrants and foreign nationals. Statistics show that health issues are most common amongst African Americans and second most amoung other minority groups due to genetic dispositions as well as cultural upbringings, which are all increased when these racial groups are in a high poverty area. Minority groups on average tend to make a lower average salary as well, and create smaller exclusive subcommunities within the larger neighborhood amongst their own ethnic groups. This also means it is harder to create larger community connection due to differences in culture, language, behaviors, and social interaction. Minorty children are also 4 times as likely to start poor and stay poor as white children, which further increases the community poverty levels.
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TYPICAL DAILY LIFE
LEGEND Home Work School After School Program
Elderly Parent Single Parent Child (older) Kid (young) 7am-9am
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9am-11am
11am-1pm
1pm-3pm
3pm-5pm
5pm-7pm
7pm -
LIFESTYLE The average houshold in Watts consists of parents, children and/or another relative that have different obligations during the day and are home at different points of time, utilizing the space differently. Most parents and/or adult relatives work during the typical work day, 9am-5pm, with the possibility of working earlier or later shifts, or even a night shift to make ends meet, especially if they are a single parent. Children typically are at school from 9am-3pm with the exception of early years where the babies are home all day and toddlers have reduced hours. There are also possibilites for extended school hours for early or late additional classes or detention for older children and teenagers. Hours away from home can be extended to include day care after school, after school programs or extracurricular activities to keep the child occupied while the parent is working. Elderly residents may be retired or forced to go back to work in order to help support the family, or choose to be employed full or part time for their own enjoyment. This means that typically, households are home during the early morning and evening hours and at night, meaning residential facilities should be designed for and accomodate maximum comfort during these times of day when the home is most RFFXSLHG EXW EH DEOH WR DFFRPRGDWH FRPIRUW DW RWKHU WLPHV GXH WR WKH Ă H[LEOH nature of the household type.
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SITE CONTEXT......... 38 SITE ANALYSIS......... 64
THE SITE
3 37
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SITE CONTEXT: WATTS Site Selection .......................................... 40 Watts History............................................ 42 Watersheds & Ecosystems .................... 46 Waste Disposal........................................ 47 Flora/Fauna............................................. 48 Parks......................................................... 49 Transportation......................................... 50 Education................................................ 52 Religious Facilities................................... 54 Commercial............................................ 56 Zoning/Code...........................................58
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86$ The location of Wattswas chosen through the process of choosing a large city within a city close enough for monotoring, analysis and the personal experience of visiting,
California
Then to narrow the site choice to a VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;F FRPPXQLW\ :DWWV ZDV FKRVHQ within Los Angeles due to its high levels of poverty but with great potential.
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Los Angeles Watts
SITE SELECTION
Central LA has many pockets of concentrated poverty neighborhoods (CPNs) with low prospects for improvement.
Low-income, high poverty neighborhoods, like Watts, are often neglected and are in need of healthy living adjustments.
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10,000 to 4,000BC
,1',*(1286 +2.$1 63($.,1* ,1',$16 /,9( 7+528*+287 7+( &$/,)251,$ 7(55,725<
4,000 to 500 BC
6+26+21( ,1',$16 (17(5 &$/,)251,$ )520 7+( *5($7 %$6,1 5(*,21 2) 87$+ $1' 1(9$'$ 6/2:/< ',63/$&,1* 7+( ,1',*(1286 +2.$1 63($.,1* 3(23/(
1 AD to 1542
7+( 721*9$ *$%5,(/(126 &8/785$//< 2) 6+26+21($1 %$&.*5281' /,9( ,1 7+( /26 $1*(/(6 $5($ )25 29(5 <($56 %()25( 7+( $55,9$/ 2) (8523($16
7+( 63$1,6+ (;3/25(56 2) 7+( -8$1 &$%5,//2 (;3(',7,21 $5( 7+( ),567 (8523($16 72 +$9( &217$&7 :,7+ 1$7,9( $0(5,&$16 ,1 6287+(51 CALIFORNIA
1542
1579
6,5 )5$1&,6 '5$.( /$1'6 1($5 6$1 48(17,1 %$< $1' &/$,06 &$/,)251,$ )25 (1*/$1' $ %5$66 3/$7( )281' ,1 1$0(6 7+( 5(*,21 NEW ALBTON
1769
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SPAIN CLAIMS CALIFORNIA AND ESTABLISHES THE REGION AS ALTA CALIFORNIA. DON GASPAR DE PORTOLA’S EXPLORATION IS THE FIRST RECORDED LAND EXPEDITION OF ALTA CALIFORNIA BY THE SPANISH
WATTS HISTORY 1781
1820
ƬƠƝΎƞơƪƫƬΎƥƝươƛƙƦΎƫƝƬƬƤƝƪƫΎơƦΎƨƭƝƚƤƧΎƤƧƫΎƙƦƟƝƤƝƫΎƙƪƝΎƪƝƛƪƭơƬƝƜΎƚƱΎƟƧƮƝƪƦƧƪΎ ƞơƤơƨƝΎƜƝΎƦƝƮƝ˷ΎƧƞΎƬƠƝΎ̳̳ΎƤƧƫΎƨƧƚƤƙƜƧƪƝƫ˴Ύ̵̱ΎƙƪƝΎƧƞΎƙƞƪơƛƙƦΎƜƝƫƛƝƦƬΎƙƦƜΎƥơưƝƜΎ ƙƦƛƝƫƬƪƱ˷˷ΎƚƝơƦƟΎƫƨƙƦơƫƠ˴ΎƬƠƝΎƨƭƝƚƤƧΎơƫΎƛƭƤƬƭƪƙƤƤƱΎƥƝưƛƙƦ˷
ΎƫƨƙƦơƫƠΎƫƝƬƬƤƝƪΎƙƦƙƫƬƙƛơƧΎƙƮơƤƙΎơƫΎƟƪƙƦƬƝƜΎ̴̸̸̲ΎƙƛƪƝƫΎƚƱΎƬƠƝΎƫƨƙƦơƫƠΎ ƟƧƮƝƪƦƥƝƦƬ˷ΎƠơƫΎƞƙƥơƤƱΎƪƝƛơƝƮƝƫΎƬơƬƤƝΎƬƧΎƬƠƝΎƪƙƦƛƠƧΎơƦΎ̷̶̰̲˷ΎƚƧƭƦƜƪƱΎ ƤơƦƝƫΎƧƞΎƬƠƝΎƨƪƧƨƝƪƬƱΎƙƪƝΎƛƤƧƫƝΎƬƧΎƬƠƧƫƝΎƧƞΎƨƪƝƫƝƦƬΎƜƙƱΎƯƙƬƬƫ˷Ύ
1844
ΎƬƠƝΎƨƧƨƭƤƙƬơƧƦΎƧƞΎƬƠƝΎƤƧƫΎƙƦƟƝƤƝƫΎƜơƫƬƪơƛƬΎơƫΎƛƧƥƨƪơƫƝƜΎƧƞΎ̷̰̳̰Ύ ƥƝươƛƙƦΎƛƧƤƧƦơƙƤƫΎƙƦƜΎ̰̱̯̯ΎƦƙƬơƮƝΎƙƥƝƪơƛƙƦƫ˷Ύ
1848
ΎƛƙƤơƞƧƪƦơƙΎƚƝƛƧƥƝƫΎƙΎƭ˷ƫ˷ΎƬƝƪƪơƬƧƪƱΎƞƧƤƤƧƯơƦƟΎƬƠƝΎƥƝươƛƙƦΎ ƯƙƪΎƙƦƜΎƬƠƝΎƬƪƝƙƬƱΎƧƞΎƟƭƙƜƙƤƭƨƝΎƠơƜƙƤƟƧ˷
1848-56
ΎƟƧƤƜΎƪƭƫƠΎƝƪƙΎƚƪơƦƟƫΎ̰̯̯̯ƫΎƧƞΎơƥƥơƟƪƙƦƬƫΎƬƧΎƛƙƤơƞƧƪƦơƙ˷Ύ ƧƞΎƬƠƝΎ̰̯̯˴̯̯̯ΎƨƪƧƫƨƝƛƬƧƪƫ˴Ύ̱̯̯̯ΎƙƪƝΎƞƪƝƝΎƚƤƙƛƣƫΎƙƦƜΎ̶̰̯̯̯Ύ ƙƪƝΎƬƠƝΎƞơƪƫƬΎƛƠơƦƝƫƝΎƬƧΎƛƧƥƝΎƬƧΎƙƥƝƪơƛƙ˷Ύ
1886
ΎƛƠƙƪƤƝƫΎƠ˷ΎƯƙƬƬƫΎƨƭƪƛƠƙƫƝƫΎ̱̱̯ΎƙƛƪƝƫΎƧƞΎƤƙΎƬƙƢƭƙƬƙΎ ƪƙƦƛƠΎƞƪƧƥΎƬƠƝΎƙƮơƤƙΎƞƙƥơƤƱΎƬƧΎƪƙơƫƝΎƙƤƞƙƤƞƙΎƙƦƜΎ ƫƬƧƛƣ˷Ύ
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A 10-ACRE STRIP OF LAND DONATED BY THE WATTS AND AVILA FAMILIES 72 7+( 3$&,),& (/(&75,& 5$,/ %(&20(6 :$776 -81&7,21
1902
1907
&,7< 2) :$776 ,6 ,1&25325$7(' :,7+ 5(6,'(176 %8,/',1* %220 %5,1*6 $0(5,&$16 ,7$/,$16 GREEKS, AND JEWS. JAPENESE LEASE FARMS AND ESTABLISH GARDENING TRACTS IN THE AREA
1910
0,'72:1 $7 7+( 6287+(51 ('*( 2) :$776 %(&20(6 7+( 3257 2) (175< )25 7+( ),567 :$9( 2) $)5,&$1 $0(5,&$16 ,00,*5$7,1* )520 7+( 6287+ 7+( ',9(56( 3238/$7,21 ,6
1912-14
1921
´+8% 2) 7+( 81,9(56(· ,6 &+26(1 $6 7+( :$776 6/2*$1 %< 7+( &+$0%(5 2) &200(5&( :$776 /,%5$5< 23(16 :,7+ $ *5$17 )520 7+( &$51(*,( )281'$7,21
6$%$72 6,021 52',$ $1 ,7$/,$1 ,00,*5$17 %(*,16 %8,/',1* 7+( :$776 72:(56 $1' &203/(7(6 7+(0 ,1 0$&('21,$ %$37,67 &+85&+ ,6 7+( ),567 $)5,&$1 $0(5,&$1 &+85&+ ,1 :$776
1926
WATTS ANNEXED TO THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES. DAVID JONES HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETED AS THE FIRST HIGH SCHOOL IN WATTS.
1928-30
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:$776 &20081,7< +286( &5($7(' $6 $ 5(&5($7,21 +286( )25 7+( 0(;,&$1 &20081,7< 7+( *5($7 '(35(66,21 +,76 $)5,&$1 $0(5,&$1 %86,1(66(6 $1' EMPLOYMENT ARE FIRST TO BE AFFECTED.
WATTS HISTORY 1940 -65
::,, (1&285$*(6 $ 1' ,1)/8; 2) $)5,&$1 $0(5,&$16 )520 7+( 6287+ 72 /$ ,1&5($6,1* 7+( 3238/$7,21 )520 72
1963
7+( :$776 72:(56 $5( '(&/$5(' $ /$ +,6725,& &8/785$/ 02180(17
1964 -65
:$776 72:(56 $57 &(17(5 23(16 :$776 /$%25 &20081,7< $&7,21 COMMITTEE IS ESTABLISHED BY TED WATKINS.
1965
:$776 5(%(//,21 2&&856 '8( 72 7(16,21 &$86(' %< +,*+ 81(03/2<0(17 /$&. 2) 62&,$/ 6(59,&(6 $1' 5$&,$/ ',6&5,0,1$7,21 (5837,1* $6 $ 32/,&( 2)),&(5 75,(6 72 $55(67 $ <281* $)5,&$1 $0(5,&$1 0$1 ,7 75,**(5(' $ 029(0(17 7+$7 &+$1*(' 7+( &2856( 2) &,9,/ 5,*+76 ,1 7+( 81,7(' 67$7(6
1966
:$776 5(1$,66$1&( %(*,16 7+( &20081,7< :25.6 72*(7+(5 WITH ACTIVISTS, THE GOVERNMENT, AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR TO &5($7( &8/785$/ (17(535,6(6 72 5(9,7$/,=( &20081,7< 63,5,7 &+$0%(5 2) &200(5&( $1' &5(',7 81,21 &5($7('
1968
WATTS REDEVELOPMENT PLAN IS IMPLEMENTED
1972-98
0$57,1 /87+(5 .,1* -5 0(',&$/ &(17(5 $1' 6+233,1* CENTER OPEN. FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN MAYOR OF LA ELECTED )520 :$776 +($/7+ )281' $7,21 )$&,/,7< (67$%/,6+(' $1' CIVIC CENTER OPENS
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LA WATERSHEDS & ECOSYSTEMS Tarwar
Lake Tahoe
San Franci Bay Della Est
The watersheds that are utilized and affected by Los Angeles are (in order of priority: - Los Angeles River 8SSHU 1HZSRUW %D\ - San Diego Creek - Calleguas Creek - Santa Clara River The critical ecosystem affected by Los Angeles is: - Santa Monica Bay
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Tijuana River Estuary
LA WASTE DISPOSAL
The Waste Disposal locations for the City of Los Angeles are (in order of quanity): - Sunshine Canyon &RXQW\ /DQGÀOO 1,600,720 tons - Chiquita Canyon /DQGÀOO 288,960 tons 3XHQWH +LOOV /DQGÀOO 211,040 tons &DODEDVDV /DQGÀOO 169,880 tons /DQFDVWHU /DQGÀOO 108,790 tons - Southeast Resource Recovery Facility......... 29,400 tons - Commerce Refuse-toEnergy Facility.............. 28,000 tons
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)/25$ )$81$
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PARKS
Local green spaces and parks in Watts are typically food gardens, childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playgrounds within community developments, school yards and protected city landmark parks. There is little public green space to be utilized for community events and general use.
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Watts has a variety of public transportation consisting of local transport vans, like The Link, that provide service to local community and commercial locations, the light rail (the Blue Line runs through Watts with 2 stops) and a variety of city bus routes running along the major streets.
LIGHT RAIL
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%86 5287(6
TRANSPORTATION FREEWAYS
One major freeway, the I 105/Imperial Highway, runs through Watts along itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Southern edge, EULQJLQJ SROOXWLRQ QRLVH DQG WUDIĂ&#x20AC;F WR WKH area. It is raised above the average building height to try and mitigate some of these issues, but also divides the neighborhood.
I 105
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Watts has a variety of educational facilities ranging from public to private and elementary school all the way up to vocational adult schools.
Top Left: Welegand Elementary Top Right & Bottom: )ORUHQFH *ULIÀWK Joyner Elementary
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Schools in Watts on average scored between a 1-6 on the API Rank, with majority in the 1-3 range and 2 schools making it to 8 and 9 out of 10. “The API Rank stands for the Academic Performance Index...and scores schools across the state based on a school’s growth level comSDUHG WR RWKHU VFKRROV ZLWK VLPLODU GHPRJUDSKLF SURÀOHV ´ 6FKRROV that scored a 1 meant the school’s API fell into the bottom 10%.
('8&$7,21
Adult Adult
Private Charter Public High Middle Elementry
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Watts has an abundance of religious facilities serving the diverse multi-ethnic community. It is mainly dominated by Christian religious facilities, with a variety of factions including a majority of Baptist and Methodist churches. There are also a few other religious facilities including those for Jehovahâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Witness, Jewish, and Nondenominational faithes.
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5(/,*,286 )$&,/,7,(6 Most of the religious facilities in the area are run from converted homes or non-descript buildings in the community to support smaller congregations which cropped up in response from need in the community. Only a few facilities are VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;FDOO\ GHVLJQHG zoned and built to allow a larger religious congregation.
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COMMERCIAL There are a vast amount of commercial facilities in Watts to serve the needs of the community. Most shops are concentrated along certain streets or in certain locations due to zoning, but a few smaller local stores are located within the individual communities. Most of the shops in the area supply low quality cheap and/ or fast food that does little to encourage healthy living.
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12 One Family 7
Dwelling Parcels OR Two Family Dwelling Parcels (>5000sf per parcel)
5 9HU\ /RZ Residential Zoning )URQW <DUG · 6LGH <DUG · 5HDU <DUG · %XLOGLQJ )RRWSULQW < 80% parcel area · PD[ EXLOGLQJ KHLJKW
SITE ('8&$7,21 LOW 1 RESIDENTIAL /2: 0(',80 5(6,'(17,$/ COMMERCIAL ,1'8675,$/ 23(1 63$&( 38%/,& )$&,/,7,(6
ZONING & CODE HeightOr d. 16 1,716, eff . 12/ 6/86, st ates that “In the A1, A2, R A, RE, RS, R1, RZ, R2, RMP, and RW 2 z one and in those portion s of the RD and R3 z one s w hich ar e al so in Hei g ht D is tr ic t N o. 1, no b uil din g or st ru ctu re sh all ex ceed forty ÀY H IHHW L Q KHL J KW
Type of ConstructionTYPE I-B --Fire Resistive Non-Combustible &RPPRQO\ IRXQG LQ PLG ULVH RIÀFH Group R buildings). 2 Hr. Exterior Walls* 2 Hr. Structural Frame 2 Hr. Ceiling/Floor Separation 1 Hr. Ceiling/Roof Assembly
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Occupancy- R1-1 Low Medium I: 10-17 dwelling units/net acre
1. 2.
One-family dwelling. Parks, playgrounds or community centers, owned and operated by a governmental agency.
3.. (Amended by Ord. No. 181,188, Eff. 7/18/10.) Truck gardening; the keeping of equines, poultry, rabbits and chinchillas in conjunction with the residential use of the lot, 4.Two-family dwellings on lots having a side lot line adjoining a lot in a commercial or industrial zone, provided that: (Amended by Ord. No. 171,427, Eff. 1/4/97, Oper. 3/5/97.) (a) The lot on which the use is located does not extend more than 65 feet from the boundary of the less restrictive zone which it adjoins; and (b)
There is a minimum lot area of 5,000 square feet for each two-family dwelling.
5. Conditional uses enumerated in Sec. 12.24 when the location is approved pursuant to the provisions of said section. (Amended by Ord. No. 117,450, Eff. 12/18/60.) 6.. Accessory buildings, including private garages, accessory living quarters, servant’s quarters, recreation rooms, or private stables, provided that: (a) No accessory living quarters nor servant’s quarters are located or maintained on a lot having an area less than 10,000 square feet; (b) No stable is located or maintained on a lot having an area of less than 20,000 square feet and its capacity does not exceed one equine for each 5,000 square feet of lot area. (Amended by Ord. No. 157,144, Eff. 11/22/82.)
(c) An accessory living quarters, servant’s quarters, recreation room or private garage or any combination of said uses may be included in one building not exceeding two stories in height;
(d) Automobile parking space is required in connection with permitted uses and additional space may be provided in accordance with the provisions of Sec. 12.21A. For the location of accessory buildings, refer to Sec. 12.21C and Sec. 12.22C. (Amended by Ord. No. 107,884, Eff. 9/23/56.)
(IBC) Group R-2 Residential occupancies containing sleeping units or more than two dwelling units where the occupants are primarily permanent in nature, including: -Apartment houses -Boarding houses (nontransient) with more than 16 occupants -Congregate living facilities (nontransient) with more than 16 occupants -Convents -Dormitories -Fraternities and sororities -Hotels (nontransient) -Live/work units -Monasteries -Motels (nontransient)
-Vacation timeshare properties 60
CODE Fire Protection- 7KH Ă&#x20AC;UH EDUULHUV RU KRUL]RQWDO DVVHPEOLHV RU ERWK VHSDUDWLQJ D VLQJOH
RFFXSDQF\ LQWR GLIIHUHQW Ă&#x20AC;UH DUHDV VKDOO KDYH D Ă&#x20AC;UH UHVLVWDQFH UDWLQJ RI QRW OHVV WKDQ WKDW LQGLFDWHG LQ 7DEOH 7KH Ă&#x20AC;UH EDUULHUV RU KRUL]RQWDO DVVHPEOLHV RU ERWK VHSDUDWLQJ Ă&#x20AC;UH DUHDV RI PL[HG RFFXSDQFLHV VKDOO KDYH D Ă&#x20AC;UH UHVLVWDQFH UDWLQJ RI QRW OHVV WKDQ WKH KLJKHVW YDOXH LQGLFDWHG LQ 7DEOH 707.3.10 for the occupancies under consideration. 7$%/( ),5( 5(6,67$1&( 5$7,1* 5(48,5(0(176 )25 ),5( %$55,(5 $66(0%/,(6 25 HORIZONTAL ASSEMBLIES BETWEEN FIRE AREAS 2&&83$1&< *5283 ),5( 5(6,67$1&( 5$7,1* KRXUV
H-1, H-2 F-1, H-3, S-1
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1009.3.1.2 Fire-resistance rating. ([LW DFFHVV VWDLUZD\ HQFORVXUHV VKDOO KDYH D Ă&#x20AC;UH UHVLVWDQFH UDWLQJ RI QRW OHVV WKDQ KRXUV ZKHUH connecting four stories or more, and not less than 1 hour where connecting less than four stories. The number of stories connected by the exit access stairway enclosures shall include any EDVHPHQWV EXW QRW DQ\ PH]]DQLQHV ([LW DFFHVV VWDLUZD\ HQFORVXUHV VKDOO KDYH D Ă&#x20AC;UH UHVLVWDQFH UDWLQJ QRW OHVV WKDQ WKH Ă RRU DVVHPEO\ SHQHWUDWHG EXW QHHG QRW H[FHHG KRXUV 603.1 Allowable materials. Combustible materials shall be permitted in buildings of Type I or II construction in the following applications and in accordance with Sections 603.1.1 through 1. Fire-retardant-treated wood shall be permitted in: 1RQEHDULQJ SDUWLWLRQV ZKHUH WKH UHTXLUHG Ă&#x20AC;UH UHVLVWDQFH UDWLQJ LV KRXUV RU OHVV 1RQEHDULQJ H[WHULRU ZDOOV ZKHUH Ă&#x20AC;UH UHVLVWDQFH UDWHG FRQVWUXFWLRQ LV QRW UHTXLUHG 1.3. Roof construction, including girders, trusses, framing and decking. See exceptions.
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Egress- 1003.1 Applicability 7KH JHQHUDO UHTXLUHPHQWV VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;HG LQ 6HFWLRQV WKURXJK VKDOO
DSSO\ WR DOO WKUHH HOHPHQWV RI WKH PHDQV RI HJUHVV V\VWHP LQ DGGLWLRQ WR WKRVH VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;F UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU the exit access, the exit and the exit discharge detailed elsewhere in this chapter. 1003.2 Ceiling height. The means of egress shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 feet 6 inches (2286 mm). Exceptions: 1. Sloped ceilings in accordance with Section 1208.2. 2. Ceilings of dwelling units and sleeping units within residential occupancies in accordance with Section 1208.2. 3. Allowable projections in accordance with Section 1003.3. 4. Stair headroom in accordance with Section 1009.5. 5. Door height in accordance with Section 1008.1.1. 6. Ramp headroom in accordance with Section 1010.6.2. 7KH FOHDU KHLJKW RI Ă RRU OHYHOV LQ YHKLFXODU DQG SHGHVWULDQ WUDIĂ&#x20AC;F DUHDV LQ SDUNLQJ JDUDJHV LQ accordance with Section 406.4.1. $UHDV DERYH DQG EHORZ PH]]DQLQH Ă RRUV LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK 6HFWLRQ 1004.5 Outdoor areas. Yards, patios, courts and similar outdoor areas accessible to and usable by the building occupants shall be provided with means of egress as required by this chapter. The occupant load of such outdoor DUHDV VKDOO EH DVVLJQHG E\ WKH EXLOGLQJ RIĂ&#x20AC;FLDO LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH DQWLFLSDWHG XVH :KHUH RXWGRRU areas are to be used by persons in addition to the occupants of the building, and the path of egress travel from the outdoor areas passes through the building, means of egress requirements for the building shall be based on the sum of the occupant loads of the building plus the outdoor areas. Exceptions: 1. Outdoor areas used exclusively for service of the building need only have one means of egress. 2. Both outdoor areas associated with Group R-3 and individual dwelling units of Group R-2. 1005.5. Distribution of egress capacity. Where more than one exit, or access to more than one exit, is required, the means of egress shall be FRQĂ&#x20AC;JXUHG VXFK WKDW WKH ORVV RI DQ\ RQH H[LW RU DFFHVV WR RQH H[LW VKDOO QRW UHGXFH WKH DYDLODEOH capacity to less than 50 percent of the required capacity.
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CODE Maxiumum Travel Distance-
3412.6.13 Maximum exit access travel distance. Evaluate the length of exit access travel to an approved exit. Determine the appropriate points in accordance with the following equation and enter that value into Table 3412.7 under Safety Parameter 3412.6.13, Maximum Exit Access Travel Distance, for means of egress and general safety. The maximum allowable exit access travel distance shall be determined in accordance with Section 1016.1.
(Equation 34-6)
1016.2 Limitations. Exit access travel distance shall not exceed the values given in Table 1016.2. 2&&83$1&< :,7+287 635,1./(5 6<67(0 IHHW WITH SPRINKLER SYSTEM (feet) A, E, F-1, M, R, S-1 200 250b
Accessibility -
1. The facility must comply with the Americans with Disability Act (ADA), providing access to all facilities,including parking, multiple building levels, assembly seating, workplaces, retail counters, drinking fountains, toilet, bathing and washroom facilities, public telephones, etc. $FFHVVLEOH PHDQV RI HJUHVV PXVW DOVR EH SURYLGHG LQ FDVH RI Ă&#x20AC;UH LQFOXGLQJ DQ DUHD RI UHIXJH 5DPSV RI QR JUHDWHU WKDQ D VORSH VKDOO EH SURYLGHG DV ZHOO DV KDQGUDLOV LQFKHV DERYH Ă&#x20AC;QLVK Ă RRU +DQGLFDS VWDOOV ORDGLQJ ]RQHV DQG FXUE FXWV VKDOO DOVR EH SURYLGHG 3. Stairs shall not exceed a maximum rise of 7 inches and a maximum tread of 11 inches. Handrails shall EH LQVWDOOHG LQFKHV DERYH Ă&#x20AC;QLVK Ă RRU +DQGUDLOV VKDOO H[WHQG LQFKHV EH\RQG WKH WRS RI WKH VWDLUV and 12 inches plus the width of the tread at the bottom of the stairs. 4. 1103.2.4 Detached dwellings. Detached one- and two-family dwellings and accessory structures, and their associated sites and facilities, are not required to be accessible.
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SITE ANALYSIS Sensory Experience .......................... 66 Site Details.......................................... 67 Site Panorama .................................. 68 Local Sites .......................................... 70
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SENSORY EXPERIENCE DIAGRAM
66
Site Senses Alley
AIR TRAFFIC
EXISTING TREE
87,/,7< 32/(
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200 ft NOISE
CARS PARKED
SITE DETAILS
33 56’N 118 14’W
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L O C A L S I T E S 71
72
7(03(5$785(6 $1' 5$,1)$// PSYCHOMETRIC CHART.................... 73 WIND SPEED....................................... 76 $,5 48$/,7< HEATING DEGREE DAYS.................... 80 6813$7+ $1' +($7,1* 3(5,2' CLIMATE DESIGN .............................. 82
THE CLIMATE
4 73
7(03(5$785( $1' 5$,1)$//
In LA during the year, the temperature ranges from upper 40s at its lowest to upper 70s at its highest with rare extreme swings. The humidity level ranges from 60% to 90% with the average being around 75% humidity and little rain, averaging around 1 inch. Collectivly, this means that the focus for designing is passive solar heating of interior spaces in the cooler monthes to obtain yearround comfort levels.
PSYCHOMETRIC CHART 74
LEGEND JAN FEB MAR APR MAY -81
-8/ $8* SEP OCT NOV DEC
Climate Diagrams
75
(MPH) 1% 21% 51% 21% 0%
<3 3-5 5-10 10-20 >20
In Los Angeles, the average wind speed is 3.75 MPH and a majority of the time swings between 5-10 MPH, but can vary between 3 PMH and 20MPH quite frequently. The average time of day when the wind is highest is between 2pm and 7pm with peaks around 5pm. Wind speeds also tend to be highest during the months of March, July and October.
MAX 15.20 MIN 1.80 0.00
MIDNIGHT NOV
5PM SEP -8/
NOON MAY
6 AM
MAR
76
JAN
WIND SPEED
LEGEND (m/s) >11.06 8.49-11.06
N JAN-DEC
35%
5.40-8.49 3.34-5.40
28%
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7% E
W
AVERAGE ANNUAL WIND SPEED
On average, the wind direction mainly comes from the Southwest and West, bringing cooler winds of the open ocean.
S
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City
Ozone Days
Z-Score
Number of days that air quality (Measure - Average of CA counties) was unhealthy due to ozone (Standard Deviation)
San Francisco Santa Barbara San Luis Obispo San Diego Sacramento Los Angeles
0 5 35 38 46 79
-0.79 -0.63 0.32 0.41 0.66 1.71
Air Quality Index (AQI) level in 2009 was 47.1. 7KLV LV VLJQLĂ&#x20AC;FDQWO\ ZRUVH WKDQ WKH 86 DYHUDJH RI
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$,5 48$/,7< â&#x20AC;&#x153;Los Angles has toped the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Dirty Airâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; list for the 13th time in 14 years with the worst ozone pollution in the country. â&#x20AC;&#x153; â&#x20AC;&#x153;Los Angeles County earned a grade of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Fâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; for ozone and particle pollutionâ&#x20AC;? PERCENT CHANGE IN 10 YEARS
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Nearly 120 million people in the 86 OLYH LQ DUHDV ZLWK XQKHDOWK\ levels of ozone, putting them at risk for premature death, aggravated DVWKPD GLIĂ&#x20AC;FXOW\ EUHDWKLQJ cardiovascular harm and lower birth weight. â&#x20AC;&#x153;
32//87,21 330
79
The majority of the year falls to Heating Degree Days, which means most of the year, the temperature is below the average comfort level and require heating of some amount.
80
Overheated periods where cooling or protection is needed tend to fall during the summer and fall monthes in the afternoon when the sun is on the S and SW sides of the site. Heating times fall during the Winter monthes during nightfall and early morning when the sun is on the E and SE sides of the site.
7
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7
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September
October November December
:,17(5 681
681 3$7+ HEATING PERIOD
S
Overheated Period 8QGHUKHDWHU 3HULRG
81
Passive design strategies such as vegetation, thermal mass, window and site SODFHPHQW DQG GHVLJQ DUH FUXFLDO WR PD[LPL]LQJ HQHUJ\ HIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQF\
82
CLIMATE DESIGN
Climate Diagrams
In order to design for the climate of Los Angeles, focus should be on passive solar heating techniques with low energy, seasonal cooling.
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84
5
1$785$/ 35(&('(176 '$1,6+ &2+286,1* 35(&('(176 $0(5,&$1 &2+286,1* 35(&('(176 CENTRAL STREETS............................................106 FLEXIBLE DESIGN.............................................108 COST EFFICIENCY...........................................110
THE PRECEDENTS
85
86
1$785$/ 35(&('(176 MANGROVE TREES .................................... 88 HONEY BEES................................................ 89
87
Mangrove Trees Provides nutrients, housing, protection and collaborate together ZLWK RWKHU FUHDWXUHV WR EHQLĂ&#x20AC;W PXOWLSOH SDUWLFLSDQWV
88
Honey Bees Collaborate for group decisions, groups vote on hive locations, and varying response thresholds aid hive thermoregulation.
89
90
'$1,6+ &2+286,1* PRECEDENTS -<67583 6$99$(5.(7 JERNSTOBERIET................................................ 94 %580/(%< 681 $1' :,1'
91
92
-<67583 SAVVAERKET This Danish CoHousing houses 21 units, 4350ft2 of common house and a long covered street that allows for multi-seasonal use and expands outdoor play area and socialization. The street is affectionatly known as “The Living Room” becuase of it’s success in encouraging the interaction of residents. They utilize 40% shared spaces, leaving the units very minimal in favor of extensive community ammenities. The common house sits at the corner where both streets meet and acts as the common entrance. Being centrally located and acting DV WKH ÀUVW SRLQW RI FRQWDFW ZLWK WKH H[WHULRU HQYLURQPHQW PHDQV WKH common house is used frequently and encourages interaction. The use of traditional scandanavian wood structure and details with modern touches of corrugated siding and roofs and splashes of bright color and a black perservative stain to the wood that creates a nice balance between the new style of living with the comforting touches of the old.
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JERNSTOBERIET This Danish Cohousing includes 21 units, 3,230ft2 of common house and an interior court with over 6,500ft2 for residents to socialize within. The community was built within an old iron foundry, and was renovated with the private residences and terraces on the exterior and the 2 story central space reserved for the common house and interior court. The common house and interior court sit on the interior of the building with double height space in the court and a two story common house within the space towards the north end of the building. 7KLV FRKRXVLQJ IDFLOLW\ ZDV WKH Ă&#x20AC;UVW FRKRXVLQJ project to combine common spaces and private residences under one roof. The entrances to the units open into the interior court, which has an indoor/outdoor feel and allows for a common living room with the units socialization spaces spilling out into the common space.
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%580/(%< This Danish Cohousing is not strictly considered a cohousing project, as it was built as a row housing project long before the cohousing movement started but it is based off of the same idea. The site is split into 4 sets of 2 story row houses that are built facing a 3 common green areas with gardens, a play area, storage, bike parking, and common gathering area. There is also a common room at the corner of the site to accomodate community gathering, group activites and resident meetings to make community decisions. The units in Brumleby have the ability to expand into the houses next to them, allowing rooms to switch between residences as needed by the families residing in them, ZKLFK DOORZV IRU ÁH[LEOH DQG HIÀFLHQW GHVLJQV Every space as an exterior door and windows to every interior space on at least 2 walls to maximize interior light.
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681 :,1' This Danish Cohousing includes 30 units with a 5,920ft2 of common space and built with the goal to save energy together. This community appears as more of a traditional neighborhood with detatched housing and plenty of space between units. The buildings were seperated and the site plan stretched to allow solar orientation and passive design techniques. The community utilized traditional building styles and colors to the units which is organized around pedestrian streets, quares and unit yards with no fences. Exterior community ammenities such as a sandbox, playground and garden spaces are included as well in between the units. The units were originally planned to have the same layout to save on construction costs, they decided customization for different family types, sizes and incomes. They compromised by creating a central core that could be added, subtracted to and adjusted ZKLFK OHG WR Ă RRU SODQ W\SHV This project includes many renewable energy features including 7000 ft2 RI OLTXLG Ă&#x20AC;OOHG VRODU SDQHOV PRVW RQ WKH FRPPRQ KRXVH ZLWK some on residences), 2 heat accumulation tanks,a 55kw windmill providing 10% of the total energy requirements of the community located atop a windy hill 1.5 miles away, an incinerator for supplemental heat in the common house.
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100
$0(5,&$1 &2+286,1* PRECEDENTS 6287+6,'( 3$5. DOYLE STREET............................................................. 104
101
Cohoung in Sacramento in a high density, low income urban HQYLURQPHQW 2QH RI WKH Ă&#x20AC;UVW co-housing movements in the 8QLWHG 6WDWHV DQG LQQRYDWLYH LQ their attempt to integrate the community into the high density built environment
102
6287+6,'( 3$5.
This American Cohousing project has 25 units and 2.500 ft 2 of common space with a condominium style unit development. The common house was centrally located on the site with pairings on units to encourage smaller communities within. The community was developed to incorporate affordability for households with an income of less than 80% of Sacramentoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s median income. It was also developed to incorporate the scale and design asthetic of the surrounding area.
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104
DOYLE STREET This American Cohousing project is a smaller project with 12 units and 2,100 ft2 of common space with an apartment style development. The two story community was developed on a small lot in an abandoned existing brick warehouse with additonal square footage added. The bottom level has the common house in the corner with a terrace and parking, as well as 7 units (3 two level and 4 single level). The upstairs has the second level of the three ground level units and 5 additional units. The common space is sandwhiched into the building section with the additions added to the side and top of the origional warehouse. Each unit also has a small porch/ terrrace for more private outdoor use in additon to the public terrace on the base level. The community has an urban industrial design feel with touches of warmth and comfort due to the close community quarters and warm materials like wood and brick. There is also a lot of personal touches and unique Ă&#x20AC;QLVKHV WR WKH XQLWV WR PDNH WKHP IHHO PRUH OLNH LQGLYLGXDO units while still being cohesive.
105
Tinggarden
106
Farum Projects
Farum Midtpunkt
CENTRAL STREETS A variety of cohousing projects use central streets, both internal and external, to create central community spaces with varying success. In order to create a successful community street, the site layout has to HQFRXUDJH Ă RZ PRYHPHQW WKURXJK WKH FRPPRQ spaces, enough seperation between the public and private spaces, as well as enough ammenities, light and space to encourage people to socialize and own the common space as a community. The interior streets tend to have the most success encouraging people to inhabit the space becuase of the enclosed environment and the requirement to travel through the street to get to the units. There also tend to be less seperation between the internal streets and the units. The external streets need to be narrow enough to encourage habitation but wide enough to allow light and utilizable space but it allows more seperation of private and public spaces.
107
108
FLEXIBLE DESIGN An important part of designing a community for a variety of family types and sizes, and a diverse population is to create Ă H[LEOH GHVLJQ WKDW DOORZV IRU DGDSWDELOLW\ RYHU WLPH Ă H[LELOLW\ of expansion and contraction of space as well as use of space, and customization for individual preference. Allowing for individual expression and change in the design can also be costly so using components, standardization of pieces and core pieces can allow for satisfying changes while minimizing cost.
109
110
COST EFFICIENCY The balance between cost and customization/ individualization can be achieved in multiple ways. %\ FUHDWLQJ VWDQGDUG Ă H[LEOH XVH URRPV WKDW FDQ EH rearranged to create different forms you are able to FUHDWH VRPH YDULHW\ LQ DHVWKHWLFV DQG Ă RZ RI VSDFHV On a more detailed look, by creating standard sizes DQG PHDVXUHPHQWV RI ZDOOV URRIV DQG Ă RRUV DQG collecting special areas and walls like plumbing areas including the kitchen and bathroom, you minimize the construction time and cost. By creating bays, and a structural grid, you are also able to allow for similar dimensions that can allow for Ă H[LELOLW\ RI PRYLQJ ZDOOV DQG XVHV RI VSDFHV ZLWKLQ This also allows for changes over time and an easier understanding of the space and construction.
111
112
6
DESIGN GOALS.............................................. 114 PROPOSED PROGRAM...................................116 SITE DEVELOPMENT.........................................120 81,7 '(9(/230(17 81,7 (1(5*< $1$/<6,6 81,7 ,1,7,$/ '(6,*1 VERTICAL GARDEN WALL SECTION...............128 9(//80 3$5.285 7$%/(
DESIGN THE PROCESS
113
Laugh
dream
Enclose Balance
Study
114
Encourage Flexible
Wa r m t h Nature
Enjoy
climb
Green
Protect
Gather
Motivate
Reconnect
Clean
P l a y
,668(6 - SAFETY/ LIMITED ACCESS $&&(66 72 )5(6+ 9(*7$%/(6 $1' )58,7 $%,/,7< 2) ,1',9,'8$/6 72 83.((3 3523(57< $ 6(16( 2) 2:1(56+,3 96 )((/,1* 2) &20081,7< - ACCESS TO OPEN PARK AREAS TO EXCERCISE AND PLAY /$&. 2) &211(&7,21 72 &20081,7< $1' 1$785( ,62/$7,21 2) ,1',9,'8$/6 ,1 7+( &,7< - CONVENTIONAL “AMERICAN HOME” - ENCORAGEMENT TO BE ACTIVE - DIVERSITY OF FAMILY TYPES - DESIRE FOR PRIVACY - ZONING LAWS
DESIGN GOALS
GOALS L1',9,'8$/,7< 2) 81,76 6(&85,7< 6$)7(< -WARM/COMFORTABLE/INVITING -LIGHT AND BRIGHT 3(1 $1' (1&285$*(6 ,17(5$&7,21 $&&(66 &211(&7,21 72 287'2256 -PROMOTES HEALTHY EATING AND EXERCISING '(*5((6 2) 38%/,& 96 35,9$7( '85$%/( $1' $'$37$%/( -ACCOMODATES ALL FAMILY TYPES - COST EFFICIENCY 6867$,1$%,/,7<
115
OUTDOOR COMMUNITY SPACES SANDBOX PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SEATING AREAS FRUIT TREES VEGTABLE GARDENS VERTICAL GARDENS PRIVATE AND PUBLIC DECKS OUTDOOR EATING AREA WOODEN FENCES SUCCULENT GARDEN ROOF TERRACE
VARIED SIZE AND ACTIVITY COMMUNITY AREAS 116
PROPOSED PROGRAM
COMMUNITY CENTER ENTRANCE/MAILBOXES BIKE STORAGE
500 85
WORKSHOP /TOOL ROOM
290
SEATING AREA
700
KITCHEN
315
DINING
PRIVATE
1000
/$81'5< 350 CHILDREN’S PLAY ROOM
250
ENTERTAINING SPACE
600
GAME ROOM
200
GYM
485 4775
UNITS 38%/,&
LIVING ROOM
400
KITCHEN
400
BEDROOM
325
BATHROOM
50
CLOSET
25
117
1200
exterior street
plaza + street
plaza
interior street
7<3(6 2) 81,7 6,7( ARRANGEMENT
(;$03/(6 2) &20081,7< &(17(5 SITE PLACEMENT
I chose an external street feel with larger plaza sites for gathering and ammenity use becuase of the focus on nature being healthy for the mind, the moderate climate of Los Angeles, the importance of incorporating natural light into all the spaces and the ability to create the American provate unit with the community emphasis. I experimented with the community center site placement to encourage community FHQWUDOLW\ Ă RZ WKURXJK WKH VSDFH WR WKH XQLWV DQG FRPPXQLW\ LQWHUDFWLRQ , DOVR wanted to make sure that all units could see the community center and that access to the community center and site was restricted to improve saftey within the community DQG PD[LPL]H Ă RZ WKURXJK WKH FRPPXQLW\ VSDFHV
118
SITE DEVELOPMENT Design 1
8QLWV VLQJOH VWRU\ ,QWHUQDO IRFXV interior space with community ammenity plazas and punched courtyard exterior spaces, single community house in center of site, smaller communites within larger community and centralized, minimal access points, little outdoor space.
Design 2
12 units, Single story, outdoor focus, units centered around community ammenity plazas, split community house with two locations, more smaller communites, decentralized, internal streets within community center,and less large community focus.
Design 3 14 units, two story, outdoor focus,
units spaced equally though the site, two story communtiy center centrally located, decentralized, no restricted DFFHVV WR VLWH IRU VDIWH\ DQG QR Ă RZ through community space.
119
8QLWV ZDV GHFLGHG RQ as the best amount of units for the site to maximize community spaces and becuase of zoning parcels of the site already being designated for 12 units. The community center was narrowed down to two locations. One choice was to place the community center on the North end closest to the main streets and public transportation lines and more centrally located but harder to create large outdoor community spaces and harder to get solar access. The second choice was to place the community center on the south side of the site to increase exercise and minimize site access for saftey but less centrally located.
120
12 units with an external street and plazas Community Center located on south end of site with GLDJRQDO Ă RZ IURP WKH PRVW SXEOLF FRUQHU DW WKH intersection of the streets and guides the residents into the site.
RESTRICTED ACCESS TO LOT WHICH INCREASE 6$)7(< $1' &20081,7< ,17(5$&7,21
121
122
81,7 '(9(/230(17 The goal while developing the units were: -Minimize walls -Locate all plumbing in one area -Seperate public and private areas -Solar orientation -Maximize natural light - Passive Solar Heating -Good Flow through the space -Minimize hallways - Public spaces face the community outdoor spaces -Allow for private outdoor area -Transition spaces between exterior and interior - Flexible design to accomodate variety of family types and sixes &RVW (IĂ&#x20AC;FLHQF\ (QHUJ\ (IĂ&#x20AC;FLHQW
123
A.
124
The initial arbitrary design decisions caused the interior of the building to be overheated for a majority of the year.
B.
7KH Ă&#x20AC;UVW FKDQJH ZDV WR DGMXVW YHQWLODWLRQ rates within the building during different seasons and decrease the south window size
81,7 (1(5*< $1$/<6,6
C. The next step was to add shading to the south and west windows to further increase the amount of year round interior comfort.
D.
Lastly, ventilation rates were readjusted in the transition seasons, Fall and Spring, and the winter ventialtion rate for maximum passive comfort.
125
126
81,7 ,1,7,$/ '(6,*1 The intial design phase started with picking the middle unit type with 2 bedrooms and 1 bathroom and trying different program layouts and plays on form further by building GLJLWDO DQG SK\VLFDO PRGHOV ZKHUH , FRXOG WHVW DFWXDO GLPHQVLRQV OLJKW Ă RZ RI VSDFHV DQG furnishing placements. There was also play with roof heights, story levels, angles, and window placesments/ RSHQLQJV VR WR PD[LPL]H HQHUJ\ HIĂ&#x20AC;FLHQF\ OLJKW DQG VLWH SODFHPHQW :LWK D VPDOO VLWH WKH form and height of the buildings, not just the placement of the units, affects shadows and the outdoor space of the site. Placing decidious trees on the western edge of the site allows for help in minimizing those overheated periods in the seasonal changing times as well as the hot summer monthes.
127
DRYWALL SIP PANEL
VAPOR BARRIER
6,',1* 6833257
VERTICAL GARDEN IRRIGATION LINES 128
CEDAR SIDING
WINDOW
VERTICAL GARDEN )8// 6&$/( WALL SECTION
GREEN WALL
As part of deciding building materials and wall types I built a full scale wall section of a unique vertical garden piece that extends rom the exterior to the interior. The wall is made of SIP panels, drywall, cedar siding, and integrated plantar boxes holding vegtables and fruit.
6833257 %5$&.(76 FOR GREEN WALL BOXES
The green wall extends from the exterior up onto the window sill and into the interior of the house with an interior sill holding herb pots. This brings some greenery indoors, allows for easy access to home grown free healthy foods, and adds some uniqueness and individuality to the building with warm materials and living things.
129
130
VERTICAL GARDEN The inner sill holds herbs that require little sunlight and water and donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need a lot of space for soil and roots. These herbs can be cut and used to Ă DYRU FRRNLQJ DQG DGG QXWULWLRQDO YDOXH WR PHDOV The exterior boxes can hold vegtable and fruit including tomatoes, strawberries, carrots, potatoes, cucumber, peas, green beans, grapes, rasberries, ect. These can be placed in various size boxes and at various heights to allow for full growth and easy accesibility from the window above, allowing you to pick them from the inside of the kitchen through the window. %R[HV FDQ DOVR KROG GLIIHUHQW Ă RZHUV VXFFXOHQWV DQG QDWLYH FDOLIRUQLD plants for decoration purposes. All of the boxes have drip irrigation lines that come up between the cedar siding supports and the siding itself, keeping the lines hidden but allowing them to come up and poke through space in the siding to automatically water the plants. The irrigation lines can be connected to a timer and a hose bib to automatically water so they require minumum maintenance. The window above would be divided into three sections so there would be three pains stacked vertically. The top pane would pop open to the exterior for ventilation purposes, the middle pane would be the largest DQG Ă&#x20AC;[HG DQG WKH ORZHVW SDQH ZRXOG SRS RSHQ WR DOORZ DFFHVV WR WKH verticl green wall/.garden,.
131
132
3$5.285 TABLE I created an outdoor table that can be used to encourage outdoor eating as well as facilitate exercising. The table was created from recycled steel stair railings and reused wood. The table encourages creative and nontraditional urban exercise types like parkour, a popular style of free running using urban features such as fences, walls, building sides, stairs and benches/tables.
133
ITERATIONS SEATS
ENDS
ARMS
SUPPORT
134
COMPONENTS
135
136
SITE PLAN............................................. 139 81,7 7<3(6 KIT OF PARTS........................................143 81,7 )/225 3/$16 81,7 6,7( 6(&7,21 SITE SHADOW ANALYSIS.....................148 &20081,7< &(17(5 )/225 3/$1 &20081,7< &(17(5 6(&7,21 NIGHT RENDER....................................154 THESIS SHOWS.....................................156
THE PROJECT
7 137
Degenerated Gravel
Wood Deck
Slatted Wood Fencing Vegtable Garden
A 138
Native Drought-Tolerent Landscapeing
N
1 Outdoor Exercise Area 2 Vegtable Garden 3 Outdoor Deck 4 Sandbox 5 Kidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Play Area 6 Outdoor Eating Area 7 Outdoor Seating Area 3ULYDWH 8QLW *DUGHQ 'HFN
8QLW a 1 Bedroom/ 1 Story b 1 Bedroom/ 2 Story c 2 Bedroom/ 2 Story d 2 Bedroom/ 2 Story e 3 Bedroom/2 Story 10 Existing Tree 11 Tree
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Plantar Vertical Garden Pebble Groundcover Agave/Succulent Garden Fruit Trees Roof Garden/Deck Wood Slat Fence Path
20 Exterior Light 21 Public Sidewalk 22 Street 23 Alley 24 Existing Building 25 Lawn
22
18 13
18 12 13
8
8
9c
20
17
15
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10 20
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3
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9c
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7
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21
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12
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23
SITE PLAN
N N
200 ft
139
1 BEDROOM 1 STORY
1ST FLOOR
KITCHEN LIVING BEDROOM/BATH
140
1 BEDROOM 2 STORY
2 BEDROOM 2 STORY
81,7 7<3(6 2 BEDROOM 2 STORY
3 BEDROOM 2 STORY
2ND FLOOR
141
Typ
3 Be e 5 dro 2 Sto om ry
Typ
2 Be e 4 dro 2 Sto om ry
81,7 7<3(6 142
Typ
2 Be e 3 dro 2 Sto om ry
Typ
1 Be e 2 dro 2 Sto om ry
Typ
1 Be e 1 dro 1 Sto om ry
Roof
Floors
Interior Walls Exterior Walls
KIT OF PARTS By utilizing standard components when constructing units, you can reduce cost of building and still create a varied and aesthetically interesting community with residents expressing their individual taste. Also, by locating the bathrooms and kitchen near each other, you reduce building cost further by reducing plumbing costs.
143
144
1ST FLOOR
(;$03/( 81,7 FLOOR PLAN 2ND FLOOR
145
8QLWV ZHUH SODFHG VSDFHG WR WU\ WR FUHDWH D YDULHG facade with individual expression of units while still allowing sunlight and space for more private shared decks between units. The buildings were pushed to the exterior of the site to reduce the need for additional fencing, create a sound barrier, and maximize internal outdoor space within the site. The wooden decks in between the units create a transition period between the more public iexterior plazzas and street to the entrance of the individual units as well as creating a space for residents to spill out into the exterior space and personalize their homes on the exterior. This space also allows a place for people to interact with their neighbors, tend their gardens and watch their kids play.
146
81,7 6,7( 6(&7,21
147
It is important to determine where shadows fall during different times of the year and day to determine window placement, sbuilding site location, utilization and experience of outdoor spaces and ability to harness natural light .
9AM
12PM
5PM
-81(
148
SITE SHADOW ANALYSIS
9AM
12PM
3PM
DECEMBER
149
2ND LEVEL The community center was designed to guide people ina GLDJRQDO Ă RZ IURP WKH H[WHULRU RI WKH VLWH WKURXJK WKH PRVW used public spaces into the outdoor street between the units. This encourages use of the commuity center and facilitates interaction. The community center also has a second story with more private group hang out spaces and a roof deck.
3
150
&20081,7< &(17(5 FLOOR PLANS 1ST LEVEL 1 DINING ROOM 2 KITCHEN 3 ENTERTAINMENT SPACE 4 GAME ROOM 5 KIDS PLAY AREA /$81'5<
7
7 WORKSHOP/TOOL ROOM 8 SEATING AREA 9 BIKE STORAGE 10 MAIL BOXES 11 GYM
9
10
8
8
2 1
8
4
6
5
11
151
This section cut shows the manipulation of the heights of the community center to encourage harnessing of natural light, visual connection to upper story spaces, Ă RZ EHWZHHQ H[WHULRU DQG LQWHULRU VSDFHV
152
&20081,7< &(17(5 EXPERIENTIAL SECTION
153
154
NIGHT ARIEL VIEW OF &20081,7< &(17(5 155
156
678',2 7+(6,6 6+2:
157
158
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159
160
&2+286,1* HEALTHY COOKING..................................................163 INTEGRATED EXERCISE..............................................164 GLOBAL MINDSET......................................................165
8
THE CONCLUSION
161
CO
O -H
N G I S U
Co-housing is a form of community living that shares public, and social spaces and emphasizes working together for
t h e c o m m o n g o o d.
Co-housing began in Denmark as a way to group together, ÂżJKW SRYHUW\, and raise children in a healthy environment. Today, we are faced with similar issue in our ever-growing cities DQG FRKRXVLQJ RIIHUV D VXFFHVVIXO VROXWLRQ ,W LV FDQ KHOS Âż[ many problems in housing in poverty-dense city communities. Cohousing can improve interaction, encourage sharing of responsibilities, increase feeling of safety, create a VXSSRUW QHWZRUN increase value private time and space, and inspire a desire to live healthier through a group mindset. By encouraging cooking, eating, exercising and interacting with one another, the community moves collectively forward towards a healthier and KDSSLHU IXWXUH
162
C O Y O H KI T L N ZHOO EDODQFHG GLHW A can reduce your risk of various diseases as well
G
HE
Eating a
as help you to PDLQWDLQ D KHDOWK\ ZHLJKW. Living in a community who collectively is conscious of eating healthier, can help NHHS RQH DQRWKHU DFFRXQWDEOH. Cooking for more than one person leads to more nutritious
meals because people feel obligated to RIIHU D FRPSOHWH
meal, rather than just satisfy their basic needs with minimal effort foods. By sharing a meal, people actually take the time to
WDON DERXW ZKDW WKH\ DUH H[SHULHQFLQJ in terms RI Ă&#x20AC;DYRUV DQG WH[WXUHV 7KLV OHDGV WR IXUWKHU EHQHÂżWV VXFK as reduced over eating, improved digestion and increased enjoyment of food. The community can also work to achieve and maintain communal healthy food sources such as a vegetable garden and fruit trees, which is a great way to provide FKHDS KHDOWK\
QRQ SURFHVVHG IRRG that is readily available.
163
G E
E D T A EX R
C
IN T
C ER
Exercise is a vital component to leading a healthy life both PHQWDOO\ and SK\VLFDOO\ . Physical exercise boosts high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or â&#x20AC;&#x153;good,â&#x20AC;? cholesterol and decreases unhealthy triglycerides which
People who exercise as little as 15
ISE
NHHSV EORRG Ă&#x20AC;RZLQJ VPRRWKO\ DQG SUHYHQWV GLVHDVHV.
minutes a day have a 14 percent ORZHU PRUWDOLW\ risk than people who donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t exercise at all. Exercising also helps LPSURYH PRRG & PHQWDO ZHOO EHLQJ by stimulating chemicals in the brain that increase KDSSLQHVV UHOD[DWLRQ FRQILGHQFH DQG VHOI HVWHHP Studies show that depressed people can alleviate their symptoms by as much as 47 % with
UHJXODU DHURELF H[HUFLVH To encourage active lifestyles, RXWGRRU VSDFHV are provided for sports and playing as well as close ZDONLQJ proximity to amenities.
164
GL
B O
MINDS L A E
T
By creating this community, we SURPRWH KHDOWK\ OLYLQJ among its residents yet thought must go to the surrounding commuQLW\
as well. This new healthy living community will
r o l e m o d e l for the surrounding neighborhoods, but should also be RSHQ WR XVH and inclusion by the community. By encouraging the exterior community to SDUWLFLSDWH and feel included, the effects can serve as a
reach even farther than the site boundaries and the amount of
peer support and encouragement doubles, VLJQLÂżFDQWO\ LQFUHDVLQJ WKH UHVXOWV 7KH HQYLURQPHQW FDQ DOVR be improved by site design to address the quality of the ZDWHU DLU DQG HQYLURQPHQW of the surrounding areas, and mitigating pollutants and toxins abundant in city life. This community can UHIUHVK the whole area and VSUHDG WKH EHQHÂżWV among those in need of a healthy OLIHVW\OH
165
166
BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/2588211/posts http://www.amlegal.com/nxt/gateway.dll/California/lapz/municipalcodechapteriplanningandzoningco/ FKDSWHULJHQHUDOSURYLVLRQVDQG]RQLQJ DUWLFOH VSHFLĂ&#x20AC;FSODQQLQJ ]RQLQJFRPSUHKHQ"I WHPSODWHV IQ GHIDXOW KWP YLG DPOHJDO ODS]BFD DQF http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/ibc/2012/ http://www.cohousing.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohousing http://www.calcoho.org/regions/south/ http://www.calcoho.org/cohousing-neighborhoods/los-angeles.html http://www.cohousingco.com/ http://www.cohousingpartners.com/faq.html KWWS ZZZ KXIĂ&#x20AC;QJWRQSRVW FRP PLQRULW\ FKLOGUHQ VWDUW SRRU VWD\ SRRUBQB http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/health/2013/04/24/los-angeles-tops-dirty-air-list-for-13th-time-in-14-years/ http://www.atvn.org/new/2013/04/la-air-pollution-among-nations-worst http://projects.latimes.com/mapping-;a/neighborhoods/neighborhood/watts/schools Dannenberg, Andrew. Frumpkin, Howard. Jackson, Richard. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Making Healthy Places: Designing and Building for +HDOWK :HOO %HLQJ DQG 6XVWLDQDELOLW\Âľ 86$ McCamant, Kathryn. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Cohousing: A Contemporary Approach to Housing Ourselves.â&#x20AC;? Berkely, California. 1994.
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