Julia Pawlowska - Technical Studies Thesis by julia-a-pawlowska

TECHNICAL STUDIES BOOKLET JULIA PAWLOWSKA EX15 2021

CONTENTS 1. INITIAL CONCEPT 1.1 CONTEXT 1.2 REFERENCES 1.3 SURVEY

2. FOUNDATIONS 2.1 REFERENCES 2.2 DEFINITION 2.3 ANALYSIS

3. TOWER 3.1 DEFINITION 3.2 ANALYSIS

4. ROOF STRUCTURE 4.1 REFERENCES

5. ARCHITECTURAL LANGUAGE 6. TECHNICAL STRATEGY 7. IMPLEMENTATION 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY

TECHNICAL STUDIES - THRESHOLDS BETWEEN OLD AND NEW

The technical investigation will focus on the integration, re-use and safeguarding of heritage elements into a new city hall Exploration of adaptive reuse of abandoned heritage

1. STUDIO INITIAL CONCEPT The focus of my city hall project was to create a platform for new exchange in the city. Working on a sensitive UNESCO site created unique constraints for the monumentality and formal expression of the building. My new proposed Exchange Hall was designed to act as a social condenser, to return the local community into the historical centre.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION KRAKÓW RATUSZ

KRAKÓW RATUSZ

The Kraków Central Square - Rynek is the largest example of a medieval square in Europe. In 1256, on the year of the Great Location Plan the city was reconstructed under the Magdeburg chess board arrangement, with a city hall located in the lower left corner of the square. The city hall was composed of meeting rooms, jail cells, taxation booths, granaries as well as a market. In 1820, Austrian occupying forces demolished the monument, leaving only its clock tower intact. Since then, the city has not rebuilt nor constructed a new symbolic political building. The demolition of the city hall marked an economic and political decline in the city.

KRAKÓW RATUSZ

- CITY HALL - BUILDINGS - WATER

1:5000

CONTEXT 5

SITE ANALYSIS

INTERPRETATION OF SITE

SCALE 1:6000

SITE

MORPHOLOGY IDEOPOLIS

Krakow’s 1256 Magdeburg urban plan was based off of a chess board arrangement. Unlike most medieval European capitals, Krakow didn’t grow out of narrow streets, its location plan already applied wide and airy alleys towards its central square. The original old town was the closest any European city came to achieving the ideal urban plan. Surprisingly, the city didn’t significantly expand till the 19th century. However, rather than monopolising on the strengths of its urban design, due of several partitions which plagued Poland, the city abandoned its Ideopolis image, due to funding and population exhaustion.

IMPORTANT FIGURES

The site of the original city hall still remains the ideal plot for its contemporary alternative. The site is pedestrianised, close to transportation links and intrinsically connected to the memory of the city.

12. 13.

14.

4. 5.

10. 1. 9.

6. 8.

11.

1. City Hall Bell Tower

8. Planty Gardens

2. The Cloth Hall

9. St. Anna’s Church

3. International Center of Culture

10. Bunkier

4. Mariacki Cathedral

11. Kanonicza Street

5. Gold Tiger Pharmacy

12. Florian Gate

6. Franciscan Monastery

13. Słowacki Theater

7. Collegium Maius

14. Oldest Kracovian Town House

WIND DIRECTION

My choice of location was driven by the density of the Old Town and its market square. The genius of the European square can drive and enable the densification which will create a greater chance of interaction between activities and people in the city hall. The city hall will create a focused microcosm of the square, amplifying what it already has to offer. The square is a dynamic entity, home to permanent and temporary clusters of commerce, which each uniquely inhabit or travel the square which I used to help me identify my buildings interference with the existing programs and how could I inform my design using these constrains.

VENTILATION CORRIDOR

Due to poor 20th century urban planning, Krakow’s wind corridors have been clogged with high rise residential zones. The percentage of bad ventilation conditions is about 15% in August up to 40% in November. The situation becomes most severe in the winter months, when the north eastern wind carries the contaminated air from the primarily coal reliant villages from around the city. Most of central Krakow is low rise and allows for easy passage of wind currents, however winds which blow through the centre are decreased in speed severely by the more contemporary build up of the periphery.

NORTH EASTERN WIND

SOUTHERN WIND

PUBLIC TRANSPORT CONNECTION ACCESSIBILITY

10 min

The proposal site can be accessed by public transport, primarily trams. There are 5 stations which are located 5 minutes away from the site, as well as an additional 6 located within a 10 min walking distance. As most of the are of the city centre is pedestrianised, the walk is convenient and safe. Additionally, in the central Krakow region there are several dozen scooter and bicycle rentals which can also be used to access the city centre.

5 min

VEHICULAR ACCESS

LEGEND Regular Use Road ‘Green Zone’ • deliveries 18-12 • parking permit P1 or P2 • taxis • electric vehicles • hotel guests • inhabitants

‘Silver Zone B’ • deliveries 18-12 • technical support vehicles • taxis • hotel guests • inhabitants

‘Silver Zone A’ • deliveries 22-11 • hotel guests • inhabitants

‘Gold Zone’ • deliveries 22-10 • inhabitants 22-10 • inhabitants access to parking

PEDESTRIAN ACCESS DECENTRALISATION OF VEHIHCULAR TRAVEL

Since 1979, cars cannot enter the Main Market Square in Krakow, with exceptions, such as delivery vans. The square again became the representative center of the city. Before, it looked more like a parking lot. Currently all of the old town prioritises pedestrian movement over vehicular. Bringing back pedestrianised movement improved the living conditions of the people in the centre and provided the city with a needed oasis, away from traffic noise pollution.

CONTEXT 6

PROJECT CONCEPT

PROGRAM MASSING

LINEAR

TRANSLATION

Alluding to Tshumi’s idea of crossprogramming, I have been developing the Exchange Hall to incubate a configuration of non currency commercial and administrative programs to mutually displace and contaminate each other to evoke a new space. The hybrid could generate a potential which would be transferred to those weaker activities (such as administrative booths) so that all involved are benefited.

APPLICATION

In order for the project to respond to the needs of the city the pure administrative typology had to be hybridised. Addressing the commercial connections of the preceding city hall as well as the current condition of administrative booths located inside of shopping galerias in Poland.

FRACTAL

DIAGRAM

SYMETRICAL

CIRCULATION

TRANSIT SPACE

EXHANGE HALL

ADMINISTRATIVE

ARCHIVE

STORAGE

CONTEXT 7

PROJECT CONCEPT

CONTEXT 8

CITY HALL PROPOSAL

WEST FACADE

NORTH FACADE

CONTEXT 9

CITY HALL INITIAL ‘SEPARATED - HERITAGE’ PROPOSAL

CONTEXT 10

CITY HALL TECHNICAL ISSUES - PRE-INVESTIGATION CONDITION

Upon integrating the old tower of the Ratusz with the proposed new city hall circulation and support issues arose. Upon establishing the depth of existing tower foundations I uncovered they are not deep enough to be anchored inside the City Hall’s bottom floor. Additionally the building didn’t poses a clear circulation route through it, however by retrofitting the tower it could become the main circulation core. Furthermore, upon researching the condition of the tower I came across records indicating the presence of historical remains adjacent to the tower. As my project focuses on the relationship between heritage and new typologies the presence of the Ratusz remaind inspired my technical investigation to look at the adaptive reuse of unused heritage. SECTION CUTS SOIL BRICK STONE CONCRETE

WEST SECTION

10m

15m

20m

CONTEXT 11

TS THESIS

Ground Potential

Granary

Hall

Main Hall

Granary

Cloack Room

Hall

Chamber

Shop

Main Hall

Voyt Chamber

Chamber

Municipality Chamber

Yard Tower Archives Debt Collector Jail Cell

Archeological Remains

Construction Overlaps

Symbolic Chambers Projection

Extrusions of Support Elements

My technical study investigates and explores adaptive reuse in the form of experimental preservation of unused heritage and its capability to inform and enhance the usability of new structures. In particular the study focuses on the archaeological excavation site located underneath the existing paving of the Rynek as well as the preserved old Ratusz bell tower. The structural logics of the new and old city hall will be revealed in the building to provoke a conversation about the importance of integration of structures from a multitude of epochs. Additionally, the study also discusses the importance of the inclusion of historical ephemeral trace and its value in tension with physical historical remnants.

EXPERIMENTAL PRESERVATION There are several categories of historical heritage and their value to the official narrative of their site. My project deals with looking at a now accepted and approved monument of heritage and a set of ruins who were not deemed attractive enough to include in the existing Krakow underground museum. Heritage should not be classifies according to its attractiveness as a visiting site but rather classified based on its impact on the historic fabric of its site.

CONTEXT 12

REINTRODUCTION OF A CENTRAL CITY HALL Abandoned for a century, like an eternal reproach for the vandals who had so shamefully orphaned her. - Jozef Muczkowski (on the fate of the city hall bell tower)

Krakow is a city bound and connected by its Seam heritage. with the existing fabric gives validity in theInteracting Ground to new structures on the otherwise untouchable UNESCO The 1414 Ratusz was at the heart of the city Manipulating the site. Ground Plane for over 400 years, with its disappearance the city’s prosperity declined and lost the status of a capital. Incorporating the memory and physical icons of the Ratusz is crucial to provide the new City Hall with an identity in the Main Market Square.

CONTEXT 13

1.SERPENTINE PAVILION - HERZOG & DE MEURON - LONDON 2012 2.

For my initial research focus I decided to investigate varied ways excavation sites have been preserved and made accessible for viewing. The following references began my exploration into understanding how structural members can be incision into archaeological findings, to both preserve the heritage sites, as well as allow for new architecture to be built around them and interpret their condition.

ACROPOLIS MUSEUM - BERNARD TSCHUMI - ATHENS 2009

1.2 REFERENCES

3. SAINT PIERRE CATHEDRAL - A. GALERASGENEVA 2006

1.SERPENTINE PAVILION - HERZOG & DE MEURON - LONDON 2012

CONTEXT The Herzog & de Meuron 2012 Serpentine Pavilion was the 12 London summer pavilion to be constructed. Instead of imposing a brand new structure for the pavilion the practice decided to take the approach of archaeologists. The team identified and mapped the remnants of the 2000-2011 pavilions, as well as revelled the otherwise invisible aspect of the surrounding park, the presence of ground water. Using the excavated information the project focused on highlighting what

STRUCTURE MATERIALS The project used cork as an internal cladding material. Cork is biodegradable, recyclable as well as renewable, and was used in the pavilion for its lightness and decay resistance. The material also echoed the atmosphere of an ancient excavation site, providing the target atmosphere.

Using the excavated remains of the former pavilions, the structure was sewed together to create an underground footprint. The new structures main load bearing elements were extruded columns from the previous serpentine designs. The roof platform, hovering 1.5 meters above ground acts as a water collection reservoir, acknowledging both the excavated architectural and natural elements.

REFERENCES 15

ACROPOLIS MUSEUM - BERNARD TSCHUMI - ATHENS 2009 CONTEXT The massing of the project was deliberately designed to be non imposing and non monumental. Its circulation corridor follows the chronology of the collections on exhibit. To present the collection, Bernard Tschumi created a structure whose design invokes the mathematical and conceptual clarity of ancient Greek Architecture.

MATERIALS The primary materials used for construction were glass and concrete, with marble used as a finishing for floors and walls. The concrete structure provides the main building frame. Different types of glass are used throughout the building to best diffuse natural lighting through the structure, as well as naturally illuminate the excavation site, as it should be viewed.

STRUCTURE The base of the building hovers over the 4th-7th century excavation site, on more than 100 slender concrete pillars. The structural loads are distributed among the columns to not disturb the excavation site. The main load bearing level contains the lobby, temporary exhibition spaces, the museum store and support facilities.

REFERENCES 16

3. SAINT PIERRE CATHEDRAL - A. GALERAS -

GENEVA 2006

CONTEXT The sites complicated built up surroundings resulted in the assembly of a multi disciplinary research group of: art historians, restoration specialists and archaeologists, working closely with the commissioned architect. The excavated remains revealed a retelling of the history of Geneva’s ‘episcopal group’.

MATERIALS

STRUCTURE

There is a stark contrast between the materials used for the visitor path and the excavation site. The material juxtaposition was intentional to draw a clear line between the visitors circuit; to show the metal bridges with glass sides were a means of navigation and were not intended to impose their existence upon the heritage site.

Due to the weight of the stone church with an iron internal structure, modern underpinning required the installation of 600 steel rods (micropieux). The steel rods were drilled through the current foundations of the church to a depth of 10 meters. The modernisation of the church’s crypt was necessary for the modernisation of its heating system.

REFERENCES 17

1.3 SURVEY The investigation begins with the documentation and inspection of the excavation site in question; its physical, cultural and historical qualities. Using information about the location, depth and type of foundation the possible uses, applications and interventions required on different sections on the excavation site will be revealed.

SITE PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

CITY HALL TOWER VIEW TOWARDS THE NORTH-WESTERN SIDE OF SQUARE

CITY HALL TOWER VIEW TOWARDS THE SOUTH-EAST SIDE OF SQUARE

SURVEY 19

SITE PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION

NORTH-EASTERN FACADE

SOUTH-EASTERN FACADE

SOUTH-WESTERN FACADE

NORTH-WESTERN FACADE

SURVEY 20

CITY HALL PROPOSAL ON SITE

The new City Hall building faces the Main Market Square (Rynek) at an angle, while remaining true to global cardinal orientation. Most of the city is currently oriented in accordance to the Magdeburg Plan which was established during the Great Location of Krakow in 1256. The remaining structures, the Mariacki Church and St. Wojciech’s church face the global north as they existed before the establishment of the city. The aim of the offset orientation for the City Hall is designed to relate the structure not only to its local but also global context.

SURVEY 21

SITE + TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE Cloth Hall Acess Tunnel

Waterways

Technical Tunnel

St. Wojciech Church Great Scale

Wooden Trade Hall

City Hall

e it

g ti

Cloth Hall

City Hall Wall Remains

There were three wide-scale excavations in 2003-2004 in Krakow, (on the southern edge of the Cloth Hall, in the streets between the Rich Krams, and in the area of the demolished City Hall) which covered a total area of about 22 ares of the Market Square (Rynek). From previous excavations it is known that to the west of the city hall ran a cobblestone road, where wooden commercial structures used to exist.

Pre-Prussian Era Water Storage

Wooden Structure Remains

Jail Wall Remains

Focusing on the immediate area of the projects focus it is lined with not only foundations but remains of city hall walls. Within the excavated foundations a pre-Prussian era water storage can be observed, as well as some wooden structure remains. Those close to the boundary of the old city hall have been identified as belonging to, small, market like structures, confirming the existence of a market along the edge of the city hall during its Great Location period.

SURVEY 22

THE GROUND CONDITION The ground condition of the square doesn’t pose issues for the new structure, the underground water line is 3 meters away from the deepest existing foundations. The new city hall, as it will be a lighter building than its medieval stone and brick predecessor will not require deeper foundation intervention into the ground. What is unique to the loose ground on site is the fact it used to be muddy ground. Throughout the ages, in order to harden the ground in the square upon erection of new structures, small cobblestones, debris and broken stones were scattered onto the surface of the construction site and dented into the ground to create a somewhat even surface. Well on the Main Market Squaare Drilling

ve sea level

210

meteres above sea level

210

205

200

195

Current Paving (Granite) Concrete Loose Ground

190

185

180

205 Underground water line

175

200

195

190

185

180

175

Sand and Gravel

Floor of water carrying foundations of quaternary level Cretaceous Marl

Jurasic Limestone

SURVEY 23

POSITIONING THE CITY HALL REMAINS

A <53.3m>

<11.2m>

<42.5m>

<39m>

<11.6m> <14.1m>

A’

m above sea level 210 209 208 207 206

A’

205 water pipe

Gravel

Loose Ground

Rubble

sewer excavation

Wood Ash

excavation for the technological channel

Foundations

SURVEY 24

EXCAVATED FOUNDATION SECTIONS

SURFACE LEVEL Below Ground - 0m Above Sea Level - 210m

RUBBLE + CLAY Below Ground - 1m Above Sea Level - 211m

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Below Ground - 2m Above Sea Level - 212m

FOUNDATIONS + CELLAR Below Ground - 2.3m Above Sea Level - 212.3m

CELLAR Below Ground - 4m Above Sea Level - 214m

FOUNDATIONS Below Ground - 5m Above Sea Level - 215m

<53.3m> <39m>

<11.2m>

<42.5m>

13TH CENTURY - Typical shallow Romanesque foundations. Large boulders were put on the outer side and small stones were dropped in the middle. As the first structure of the city hall had a wooden internal frame, timber pillars were hammered into the clay-lime mortar poured into the foundations.

<11.6m> <14.1m>

16TH CENTURY - Gothic foundations. Made out from limestone, with basements applied directly on top in brick with lime and sand mortar. The City Hall didn’t have foundations in the modern sense, the footing of the structure was made by extension of the cellar walls. 18TH CENTURY - Baroque era foundations. From the 16th-18th century foundation engineering didn’t progress, the structural logic remained the same from the Gothic times. The last City Hall extension expanded the granary, therefore it is highly likely below the excavated cellar there are could also be remains of timber frames from the granary’s linear structural skeleton.

SURVEY 25

FOUNDATIONS PRESENT ON SITE Bricks with lime mortar

ROMANESQUE FOUNDATIONS

Small stones brick pieces lime

Field stones with clay

Bigger stones without lime Wooden box

Masonry with dressed limestone facing

Brick masonry Ashlar limestone

GOTHIC FOUNDATIONS

Fill material Boulders masonry

Brick masonry

Ashlar limestone

Brick BAROQUE masonry FOUNDATIONS Small stones brick pieces lime

Field stones with clay

Fill material Boulders masonry

Bricks with lime mortar Masonry with dressed limestone facing Bigger stones without lime Wooden box

Rubble limestone masonry

SURVEY

<53.3m> <39m>

<42.5m>

2. FOUNDATIONS The first detailed investigation focuses on the identification, definition

<11.2m>

and treatement of the existing foundations underneath the site.

<11.6m> <14.1m>

1. GUILDFORD CASTLE - UK - RENOVATION

Before being able to begin building a new structure among the remnants of the old city hall, I looked at references to help me analyse different ways of approaching and treating building remains. The following references helped identify three distinct approaches, all looking at the preparation, treatment and execution of intervention on site.

2. GRANARY ISLAND - POLAND - RECREATION

2.1 REMNANT TREATMENT - TECHNICAL REFERENCES

3. MASADA - ISRAEL - RESTORATION

1. GUILDFORD CASTLE - UK - RENOVATION WHY WAS IT RENOVATED The Guildford Castle site represents a symbiotic relationship between repair and conservation work with archaeological interpretation of an ancient monument. The structure’s continued decay even after the recent 1989 renovation, brought into question the professionalism and expertise put into the conservation of the tower. PROBLEMS ON SITE Environmental Conditions - Due to high humidity, the damp internal environment of the tower exacerbated the decay of its oak timber members. Without humidity proofing the timber from the stairs and gallery was rotting and flaking away. Flora - Furthermore, due to high humidity there was abundant plant growth on the walls. Additionally, slippery mould could be observed on the stone floor of the tower, making the surface a hazard for visitors.

Bounded Anchor

Mechanical Anchor

Fauna - Feral pigeons made nests in the ledges and chambers of the tower. Their guano was determining the internal environment unhealthy and unsafe for prolonged respiratory exposure. The previous repairs resulted in the covering of the oldest part of the structure, deeming it impossible to establish how much of the original structure was preserved. HOW WAS IT RENOVATED? Repairs upon the structure included: replastering, cleaning, consolidation of wall tops and limited replacement of ashlar stones. The scaffolding for the structure was designed to stand independent of the tower. Rather, they were secured by ground anchors. To safeguard the structure from future water and humidity damage a new roof based on the archaeological discoveries on the site was created. The roof mimicked the structural and water collection logic from prior the structures renovation during the time of nineteenth century rationalisation of medieval building techniques.

TECHNICAL REFERENCES 29

2. GRANARY ISLAND - POLAND - RECREATION

WHY WAS IT RECREATED? Downtown Gdansk, which is made up of several historical districts, was severely damaged during World War 2. In 2012-2014 designs were being approved for the recreation of the historical Granary Island area. When the granaries were listed as historical heritage buildings, most already were ruins. Upon the implementation of this law the heritage protection agencies had full control over the architectural shape the ruins of the city would take.

Screw-in Anchors

PROBLEMS WITH THE SITE

Bounded Anchor

Mechanical Anchor

Environmental Conditions - The site is located on an island on the Motlawa River. The most crucial parameter to protect the historical ruins from was the safeguarding against soil humidity as well as unwanted water condensation upon the walls once new materials are introduced against the brickwork. Contractors - Several conservation attempts on the ruined granaries were incomplete. The urge to save money, left some ruins not adequately protected from collapsing, while others covered them in rusting and robust supports. HOW WAS IT RECREATED? Safety of the ruins - The project assumed the production of steel ties connecting the longitudinal walls along the entire length with the front walls supporting all openings at the front with wooden rings, adjusted to the shape of individual arches supported by the arches. Long ties were designed in the form of steel ropes, which limited the interference of security elements in the display of objects. Reconstruction - The local plan provides for the reconstruction of elements of the historical urban layout on the Granary Island were the road network, the location of the frontage and the plot divisions. From the historical parameters of the buildings, the main forms of roofs have been retained: steep gable roofs, situated with a ridge perpendicular to the street.

TECHNICAL REFERENCES 30

3. MASADA - ISRAEL - RESTORATION WHY WAS IT RESTORED? Screw-in Anchors

Masada in Israel became a World Heritage site in 2002. The primary rock which was used in the original construction was a poorly lithified limestone with poor durability, due to the presence of this material, the main structural walls had to be restored to ensure the integrity of the structure. The conservation work was aimed to pursue the dialogue of why archaeologists need to be made aware historic fabric and evidence should not be sacrificed for their individual pursuit of knowledge. PROBLEMS WITH THE SITE Location - Seismic activity, weathering and intensive archaeological investigations weakened the durability of the site. However, the desert climate in which Masada is located in has worked in favour towards the survival of the site, circulating dry air through the interiors, preventing humidity damages.

Mesh grid holding horizontal profile of wall in renovation

Materials - Almost every issue related to plaster that could be observed in excavation sites applied to Masada. Due to the excessive weathering, physical damage, salt filled wind traveling from the neighbouring Dead Sea problematic deteriorations were observed throughout the site. HOW WAS IT RESTORED? The primary issue which had to be addressed were cavities in stone sections of the structure. Instead of using traditional techniques for replacing decayed stones, which was impractical on a large scale of the load bearing walls, a rigid grid was formed out of joints and intact stones adjacent to the joints. To battle shrinkage and prevent the accumulation of salt crystals along the newly added stone, the use of soft mortar allowed for non invasive patching of wall cavities. For the stone application, new limestone was considered visually too aggressive to incorporate. Wooden mould cast stones were used instead and washed with mud from the mountain to soften the appearance of the patches. There was opportunity in some parts of the site to use similarly aged stone, however sometimes it is more important for the site to be kept in one piece than to preserve absolute material authenticity.

TECHNICAL REFERENCES 31

Ground Potential

Granary

Hall

Main Hall

Granary

Cloack Room

Hall

Chamber

Shop

Main Hall

Voyt Chamber

Chamber

Municipality Chamber

Yard Tower Archives Debt Collector Jail Cell

Ground Potential

2.2 DEFINITION - foun· da· tion Archeological Remains

Construction Overlaps : a basis (such as a tenet, principle, or axiom) upon which something stands or it supported

Symbolic Chambers Projection

: a body or ground upon which something is built up or overlaid Exploring the definition and assessment of the significance of the existing foundations within their current setting and against the construction environment of the new city hall. Granary

Hall

Main Hall

Granary Municipality Chamber

Cloack Room

Hall

Chamber

Shop

Main Hall

Voyt Chamber

Chamber

Yard Tower Archives Debt Collector Jail Cell

Construction Overlaps

Symbolic Chambers Projection

Extrusions of Support Elements

Extru

DEFINING A FOUNDATION

STANDARD FOUNDATION

EXTENDED FOUNDATION

METAPHORIC FOUNDATION

WHAT IS A FOUNDATION?

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT

Foundations by their definition are the “lowest part of the building or the civil structure that is in direct contact with the soil which transfers loads from the structure to the soil safely”. However, through the evolution of foundation design, in the past, cellar walls were also considered extensions of foundations, fulfilling the definition of foundations as well as overground structural members. Therefore, where do foundations really begin and end?

Foundations are a duality. They signify not just the environmental factors that a building had to be built in, but also impart what their building was used for. Shallow, yet sturdy masonic foundations, revealed by the technical investigation, dictate that, even though the original architecture may have been demolished, the engineering, and moreover the idea that the city hall was built upon, remains, testified by the remaining foundations.

During excavation work most attention is given to what physically exists on the site and how it can be exhibited for viewing. My investigation wants to push the definition of preservation of excavation sites, and with respect to their structural integrity allow their reuse, use, as well as exhibition.

DEFINITION 33

TYPES OF SITE EXCAVATIONS [TYPE ONE] : OPEN AREA This excavation technique was developed in the early 20th century on archaeological sites in the Netherlands, Northern Germany and Southern Scandinavia. This excavation reveals the entire archaeological site. It allows for the visualisation of the entire site, providing a holistic view of the found remnants. By stripping large areas of the archaeological site, excavation efforts can uncover full structures and their neighbouring connection networks. However, open-area excavation does not provide stratigraphic evidence for the sites layers of archaeological deposits.

[TYPE TWO] : HARRIS MATRIX (STRATIGRAPHY) The matrix technique demonstrates the temporal relationship between any two units of archaeological stratification. The matrix technique is governed by the importance of the geological layers surrounding the archaeology. The technique’s core laws are the law of superposition, law of original horizontal, law of original continuity and law of stratigraphic succession. The assigning of importance to stratigraphic layering helps establish an excavation logic following the chronology of the site. However, this type of excavation is best applied when the investigated site has not yet been excavated, to ensure the authenticity of the analysis of the ground condition.

[TYPE THREE] : VERTICAL

This method is used to clarify archaeological chronology. It involves digging a series of thin trenches through the site, which allows the excavators to analyse various archaeological periods or structural transitions; in the case of a presence of more than one settlement or building. However vertical excavation is associated with health risks, due to the deep trench digging as well as land disturbance.

DEFINITION 34

SITE APPROPRIATE EXCAVATION [TYPE ONE] : OPEN AREA ANALYSIS

Excavation reveals all foundations needed to integrate new building

By exposing the entire relevant excavation site the physical qualities of the found structures, as well as their loading capabilities would allow for a comprehensible assessment for the integration of the new city hall structure with it. Since the site has been excavated in the 80’s as well as in 2004, there will be no stratigraphic damage done to the historical layering on site as that has already been recorded. A further benefit of this technique is that it will allow for the study and reuse of the entirety of the site, rather than fragments of it.

Dig out site covers the whole perimeter of the old and new structure

[TYPE TWO] : HARRIS MATRIX (STRATIGRAPHY) ANALYSIS The matrix technique allows for a better recording of archaeological findings as well as their surrounding environment. The technique is useful to establish the type and quality of soil in which the excavated structures have been buried in. This data can be used when designing additional foundations for the new structure. However, the site will inevitably be fully opened in order to allow for the construction of the new city hall building, as well as the site has been previously excavated, as an open area excavation, meaning the stratigraphic information has already been damaged.

Foundations are kept stable and don’t require external supports by not being fully exposed

The excavation doesn’t extend on the whole perimeter of the site

[TYPE THREE] : VERTICAL ANALYSIS The vertical technique proves the least beneficial to the type of investigation I would like to explore for my site. The vertical excavation technique is focused on the documentation of the archaeology on site rather than intervention upon it. The site my investigation is on has been documented and studies for the past half a century, all necessary chronology data has been extrapolated from previous ground studies.

Most of the site is not excavated

Different foundation layers can be examined and tested

DEFINITION 35

CHOSEN METHOD -[TYPE ONE] OPEN AREA EXCAVATION

APPLICABILITY TO SITE IN QUESTION Upon evaluating the three main excavation techniques, the most suitable appears to be the open area technique. As the foundations present on site are not considered to be ancient, and the structures they used to carry did not collapse, but were rather progressively demolished the objects in question for excavation are sturdy enough to be exposed. The open area technique will also prepare the land for further intervention once the existing structures on site are sufficiently safeguarded from collapsing.

DEFINITION 36

SITE PREPARATION: CURRENT PAVING REMOVAL PAVEMENT REMOVAL AND REUSE 1. Dust off with a broom any loose debris and dirt. Finish off with a high pressure power wash to remove dirt ingrained in the stone.

2. Wedge a thin blade of a trowel into the seam along the short side of the paver. Insert the blade of a spackle knife into the seam along the opposite short side

3. Paving stones will be stored on site to be later applied as roofing material for the new city hall.

PAVEMENT TYPES ON SITE

GREY GRANITE CUBE

RED GRANITE SLAB 41.5cm

41.5cm

21cm 14cm

DEFINITION 37

SITE PREPARATION: CONCRETE FILL REMOVAL

1. Portions of the site on which the concrete slabs will be removed need a plastic sheet cover to ensure the safety of the nearby buildings and City Hall tower. 2. Thin concrete sections (10cm) can be broken apart using a sledgehammer and a pry bar to break apart loose concrete pieces. 3. In the case of thicker concrete sections electric or pneumatic demolition jack hammers need to be used. In case of further difficulty, digging under the slabs will remove the support layer of the soil, making it easier to break. 4. In the event some sections might be composed of reinforced concrete, a cutoff blade is needed to dismantle the reinforcing bars.

SLAB REMOVAL PROCESS

DEFINITION 38

SITE PREPARATION: EXCAVATION PROCESS

1. Trenches will be dug 1 meter at a time to asses the condition of the foundations on site. The excavation has to be taken in stages as the existing foundations are located at different heights in the soil 2. Once the bottom of the first layer of foundations it reached, propping and temporary supports will be added. 3. Upon the excavation of the entirety of site, the foundations will be tested for stress resistance and reconstructed in necessary areas.

LAYER EXCAVATION 1m deep

2m deep

3m deep

4m deep

5m deep

DEFINITION

EXCAVATED FOUNDATION IN TENSION WITH PROPOSAL STRUCTURAL ISSUE 1: NEED FOR NEW STRUCTURAL SUPPORT MEMBERS

The New City Hall requires supports to be able to distribute loads from its overhanging overground structure. Upon excavating the site to fit the needs of the new City Hall, the revealed foundations would be hovering in the air. First, they would need to be anchored by applying a form of foundation extension. Secondly, as the foundations are stone and brick and used to carry a 5 storey brick building they can be used as structural members to anchor some new structural members.

Furthermore, in order for the dig out for the new city hall to be possible, the existing city hall clock tower will have to be safeguarded from falling over. The foundations of the tower do not reach the level of the new building, therefore a form of underpinning will have to applied to ensure future stability of the structure.

Foundation engineering is one of the most neglected topics in building technology, while being one of the most crucial aspects of building construction. By superimposing the pre-existing foundations with my City Hall proposal I observed an interesting tension about the function of a foundation as well as several structural issues between what exists and what is to be built as an addition.

STRUCTURAL ISSUE 2: INSUFFICIENT FOUNDATIONS UNDER TOWER

DEFINITION 40

2.3 ANALYSIS Upon evaluating the condition of the existing foundations on site my project follows a variant of experimental preservation. The archaeological site will not be treated as an untouchable relic; building upon it will be beneficial to the new structure. The aim of the technical analysis is to establish which parts of the structure will be reused as foundations for new structural members and circulation thresholds, which existing foundations need to be extended to be able to become a part of the new building, and should new structural members be introduced on to the site to emulate historical and ephemeral traces of the old City Hall.

STRUCTURAL PROBLEM : [ FOUNDATION EXTENSION ] METHODS TO EXPLORE According to Calabersi & D’Agostino 1997 the appropriate methods of preservation which can be utilised are: (a) widening the load-transmitting surfaces, lowering the foundation level, strengthening the existing foundations including in the soil of structural elements such as piles, micro-piles, tendons and underpinning or substituting foundation structures.

FOUNDATION EXTENSION PROBLEM 1:

FOUNDATION EXTENSION PROBLEM 2:

Extension of old city hall foundation to touch the ground level of new city hall

Due to the depth of the new structure, the existing city hall towers foundations are not sufficient to keep it safely grounded

<10.7m>

<6.4m>

<1.7m> <4.6m>

<1.7m>

<10.7m>

<4.6m>

1.3m

2.1m

1.2m

<7.4m>

2.1m

2.2m 1.1m

<1.2m>

<2.6m> <2.9m> 1.1m

1.1m

<2.9m>

<2.6m>

<7.4m>

1.3m

(b)

ANALYSIS

FOUNDATION EXTENSION TECHNIQUES -CASTING AND MASONRY STRENGTHENING, DEEPENING OR WIDENING THE FOUNDATIONS

BENEFITS

- Some historical foundations can be effectively reconstructed by grouting and casting, using a cement – sand – clay water mixture.

By introducing solid support structures such as brick or concrete, stress distribution throughout the foundations is more even.

- Increasing the foundations depth by underpinning with bricks may be applied in cases of considerable fissures and cracks in the building constructions.

Considering the excavated foundations will not be carrying the load of the entire building by themselves, but rather isolated points of stress, a solid strengthening of the structures would be sufficient to ensure the preservation of the excavated structures.

1. EXCAVATION AROUND THE FOOTING

2. HARDENING THE SURFACE AND INSTALLING DOWELS

Foundation under a pillar of St John Church in Gdansk (Poland): (a) initial (1460) (b) rebuilt (1693)

PROCESS OF APPLYING BRICK UNDERPINNING TO EXISTING FOUNDATIONS

3.INSTALLING STEEL IN FOOTING Exposed existing foundations on loose ground bed

Every 60cm intervals a cavity is dug out

Remaining cavities are filled with brick

4.COMPLETING THE JACKETING OF FOOTING New brick is placed into cavities

Removal of all excess loose ground

ANALYSIS 43

FOUNDATION EXTENSION TECHNIQUES - PILE UNDERPINNING PILE METHOD - In underpinning by pilling, vertical shafts are bored to the top of the rigid soil layer, or a little deeper and filled with reinforced concrete and steel bars - To transfer the load to the new piles, pile caps are constructed and attached to the old foundation with pre-stressing tendons. BENEFITS Since the foundations in question will no longer be exclusively serving as structural members, underpinning with piles may prove to be lightest of interventions to extend the load bearing capacities of the structures. If the piles were to remain in place to support the foundations with a concrete pile cap the space underneath the foundation can be utilised for use.

Underpinning of St Martin’s Cathedral (Germany) - with a new concrete foundation

PROCESS OF APPLYING PILE UNDERPINNING TO EXISTING FOUNDATIONS

Exposed existing foundations on loose ground bed

Underpinning using micro-piles Malbork Castle (Poland)

Every 40cm intervals a cavity is made

Fixed pins allow for use of space underneath the existing foundations

Underpinning piles are placed to support existing foundations

Permanent concrete slab is placed along the spine of the foundation

ANALYSIS

FOUNDATION EXTENSION TECHNIQUES - JET GROUTING JET GROUTING PILES - The Soilcrete jet grouting process (soil + concrete) is a type of soil stabilisation with cement. - The eroded soil is rearranged, mixed with cement suspension and partly flushed out to the top of the borehole through the annular space between the drilling and the grouting rod and borehole. - Different geometrical configurations of Soilcrete elements, such as lamellae or panels, quarter half and complete columns can be produced.

BENEFITS Jet grouting is not a desirable foundation extension technique for the site. First of all, on large scales, it requires heavy machinery, and as the site is surrounded by other archaeological excavation pockets the machinery could possibly disturb it. Furthermore, the foundation of the old city hall do not have to be deeply anchored into the ground as their load bearing capacities will be unburdened by new structural members on the site, this technique is suitable for site where foundations need to bear larger loads than they were designed to.

Layout of Soilcrete elements made for underpinning, and crosssection of pillar foundation at St John Church in Gdansk (Poland)

PROCESS OF APPLYING JET GROUTING AS FOUNDATION EXTENSION

Buried existing foundations

Grouting jet descends to the deepest fill cavity

Completed soilcrete support collumns

Exposed foundations with new support collumns

ANALYSIS 45

<9.4m>

<3.4m>

<9.4m>

<3.4m>

<9.4m>

<3.4m>

ROMANESQUE

<3.4m>

<9.4m>

<3.4m>

<9.4m>

<3.4m>

TREATMENT OF HERITAGE - EXCAVATED FOUNDATIONS INTERVENTION POINTS

INTRODUCTION OF PASSAGES

<4.19m> <4.19m>

<4.19m>

<10.6m>

<4.19m>

<10.6m>

<4.19m>

<10.6m>

<4.19m>

<10.6m>

GOTHIC

The newly outlined volumes by the existing foundations will serve as programmatic dividers. However, due to the need of securing the structures to the ground during their excavation new passages will be carved into the foundation extensions to allow for free movement into different programmatic pockets.

<2.02m>

<2.02m> <2.02m>

<2.02m>

BAROQUE

ANALYSIS

TREATMENT OF HERITAGE - EXCAVATED FOUNDATIONS RECORD

TYPE

CHOSEN EXTENSION TECHNIQUE

ROMANESQUE

PILE UNDERPINNING

GOTHIC

CASTING AND MASONRY

Exposed existing foundations on loose ground bed

BAROQUE

Exposed existing foundations on loose ground bed

PILE UNDERPINNING

FRONT VIEW

SIDE VIEW

Every 40cm intervals a cavity is made

Fixed pins allow underneath found ANALYSIS

Permanent concrete slab is placed

Fixed pins allow for use of space underneath the existing

DETAILS OF PASSAGES THROUGH FOUNDATION EXTENSIONS

1. Sample 5 meter section of Baroque foundations underpinned with piles

2. Removal of two rows of piles to allow for access to the concrete spine

3. Cut out a 2 meter section of the supporting concrete spine

4. Insertion of foundation bearing frame

ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE USES OF FOUNDATIONS

PASSAGE

BOOKSHELF

RESTING AREA

ANALYSIS 49

STRUCTURAL PROBLEM :

[ NEW SUPPORTING STRUCTURES AND HISTORICAL TRACE ]

Ground Potential SITE AREA FREE TO PLACE NEW LOAD BEARING MEMBERS

SENSITIVE AND LIMITED LOAD BEARING EXCAVATED FOUNDATIONS

SYMBOLIC TRACES OF CIRCULATION AND CHAMBER LOCATIONS OF THE OLD RATUSZ

Granary

Hall

Main Hall

Granary Municipality Chamber

Cloack Room

Hall

Chamber

Shop

Main Hall

Voyt Chamber

Chamber

Yard Tower Archives Debt Collector Jail Cell

Symbolic Chambers Projection

PHYSICAL VS METAPHORICAL HISTORICAL TRACE

Extrusions of Support Elements

The material remnants of foundations represent the direct physicality of what came before, however without symbolic reconstruction and allusions to the uses and flows of spaces these material remnants incompletely represent the history they preserve. By introducing hypothetical, ephemeral foundations my project wants to weave the past and the present. Analysing and unearthing not only the building but also its historical context allows for a further discussion of the extents of archaeological investigations. Evaluating the value of the symbolic against the physical archaeology proposes a new approach when dealing with excavations sites.

ANALYSIS 50

STRUCTURAL MEMBER GRID TESTING [ AVOIDING EXISTING FOUNDATIONS ] COLUMN GRID APPLICATIONS Proposed building + excavation

Combination: 2.3m + 5m

Combination: 1m

GENERAL SITE APPLICATION

Geometric Grids #1

Combination: 2m + 4m

COLUMN COLLISIONS

COMBINATION: 2m + 4m

COLUMN COLLISIONS

COMBINATION: 2.3m + 5m

Combination: 1m + 4m

Progressing Grids #1

COMBINATION: 1m + 4m

Linear Grids #1

ANALYSIS 51

STRUCTURAL MEMBER GRID TESTING [ INCORPORATING EXISTING FOUNDATIONS ] COLUMN GRID APPLICATIONS Proposed building + excavation

Combination: 2.3m + 5m

Combination: 1m

GENERAL SITE APPLICATION

Geometric Grids #2

Combination: 2m + 4m

COMBINATION: 2m + 4m

NEW COLUMNS

EXTENSION COLUMNS

COMBINATION: 2.3m + 5m

Combination: 1m + 4m

Progressing Grids #2

COMBINATION: 1m + 4m

Linear Grids #2

ANALYSIS 52

REPRESENTING METAPHORICAL TRACE AS PHYSICAL GESTURES

Hall

Municipality Chamber Chamber

Shop

Yard

Chamber

MainChamber Hall

Yard

Municipality Chamber Main Hall

Debt Collector Jail Cell

Cloack Room

Main Hall

Chamber

Yard Tower Archives

Jail Cell

Cloack Room

Debt Collector

Tower Archives

Chamber

Hall

Municipality Chamber Chamber

Chamber

Yard

Municipality Chamber MainChamber Hall

Chamber

Yard

Jail Cell

Debt Collector

Cloack Room

Main Hall

Tower Archives

Chamber

Hall

Chamber

Yard

Chamber

Cloack Room

Chamber Main Hall

Yard

Tower Archives

Debt Collector

As some parts of the physical remnants on site could potentially be damaged by exposure and use, introducing a material wrapping can accentuate their importance while protecting them from the exterior environment. Cork wrapping is a technique applied to provide insulation to decayed stone and brick, sometimes in the form of elastic cork grouting. Applying a cork wrapping to the more sensitive areas of the excavated site improves the usability of the space, removing unnecessary conservational boundaries. Additionally, new symbolical wrappings will be applied to areas of the foundations where there is greatest historical layering, demarcating where the structure was repeatedly supported.

Debt Collector Jail Cell

Jail Cell

Voyt Chamber

Cloack Room

Main Hall

Voyt Chamber

Cloack Room

Main Hall

Yard

Tower Archives

Jail Cell

Granary

Voyt Chamber

Hall

Main Hall

Granary

Hall

Main Hall

Granary

Main Hall

Hall

Voyt Chamber

Yard

Debt Collector Jail Cell

Voyt Chamber

Granary

Hall

Cloack Room

Municipality Chamber Main Hall

Tower Archives

Debt Collector

Approaching metaphorical traces through the use of elevation changes creates new subspaces in the structure. The action of having to physically enter into the boundary makes the change an experience. Using elevation changes for room demarcations allows for the users to identify spaces in the old city hall past its physical remnants, exhibiting discrepancies between the physical and symbolic memory of the building. However elevation changes as a physical gesture can be problematic and reduce the usability of surfaces, especially when there is more than one change of elevation.

Voyt Chamber

Hall

Cloack Room

Tower Archives

Jail Cell

Granary

Main Hall

Granary

Voyt Chamber

Shop

Municipality Chamber Chamber

Cloack Room

Voyt Chamber

Hall

Granary

Shop

Chamber

Voyt Chamber

Granary

Shop

Chamber

Granary

Hall

Shop

Chamber

Shop

Chamber

Granary

Main Hall

Granary

Hall

Main Hall

Hall

Granary

THRESHOLDS

Shop

Granary

Shop

Granary

Main Hall

Granary

MATERIALITY

Main Hall

ELEVATION CHANGES

Debt Collector

Tower Archives

Debt Collector

Jail Cell

Using a variant of Carlo Scarpa’s threshold technique, I am able to expose important old circulation routes through the building. By creating ‘ghost’ outlines which suggest alternatives for movement within the spaces. In order to not outline the entirety of the medieval building, the circulation which is emphasized is that of mixing society classes, with the most prominently outlined part of the building being the yard, where ordinary citizens, politicians, monarchs and prisoners were likely to cross while at the Ratusz.

ANALYSIS 53

MATERIAL STRUCTURE WRAPPING - ROMANESQUE FOUNDATIONS

3. SPONGE-EPOXY COMPOSITE WRAP 1.FOUNDATION TYPE The material wrap is to be applied to the 13th century Romanesque foundations which will be extended using the pile underpinning technique. As the structure is made up of some loosely placed materials a safeguarding wrapping is recommended to be applied.

1. FOIL WRAP Using the AquatexEX- impermeable polyolefin-based homogeneous polypropylene with a thickness of 0.5mm will secure the humidity of the excavated foundations and protect them from liquid penetration. Although this foils primary application is to waterproof structures, it has been found it also protects from chemical factors, temperature and UV rays.

Coating the Romanesque foundations with only protective film will not ensure its safety from pressures of use. Therefore, researching the uses of sponge epoxy composites showed their resistance to pressure and ability to provide structures with a few centimetre protective layer. However as the sponge is to a certain extent adhesive to dry surfaces the initial application of the AqutexEX foil is crucial to protect the foundations from any further damage.

4. CORK SHEET WRAP The cork wrap layer is not only an aesthetic shell around the foundations, it provides additional cushioning and waterproofing. All the materials applied to the foundation are as light as possible to not damage the integrity of the more loose parts of the structure while keep them intact during use.

ANALYSIS 54

PROPOSED REPRESENTATION OF METAPHORICAL TRACES ON SITE

The final representation of metaphorical traces between the existing physical foundations with removed idea of elevation change. Instead of demarcating different function rooms in the Ratusz using elevation changes, a combination of thresholds and material variations created the desired result.

ANALYSIS 55

LOCATING METAPHORIC TRACE ON PRE-TESTED GRIDS

GEOMETRIC GRID #1

LINEAR GRID #1

GEOMETRIC GRID #2

ANALYSIS 56

GRID APPROACH SUCCESSES AND FAILURES

APPLICABILITY TO SITE IN QUESTION The approach to the ephemeral representation of historical trace has successfully allowed my structure to not only communicate its past through its architecture but also its spatial records. The grid tests showed potential subdivision of spaces in the structure and represented examples of different load distribution variants. The column method is successful and can be applied on site, however it does take away from the openness of the bottom floor of the City Hall. On the other hand, this technique makes best use of the preexisting foundations, allowing them to remain a structural part of the building. The material reinforcement of the Romanesque foundations solved the issues of the sensitivity of that section of the structure. The grid approach answered the load bearing needs of the building, yet to a certain extent it is limiting its spatial flexibility, therefore another approach will be explored.

3.1 DEFINITION - tow· er • one that provides support or protection; • a building or structure typically higher than its diameter and high relative to its surroundings that may stand apart; Exploring the physicality and structural logics of the Old Ratusz Bell Tower

TREATMENT OF HERITAGE - TOWER RECORD

A’

ROOF PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

SOUTH-WEST ELEVATION

SECTION A-A’

DEFINITION 59

TREATMENT OF HERITAGE - TOWER INTERVENTION POINTS

ENTRANCE ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION The ground condition will shift when the new city hall will be built. To accommodate the new structure and use the tower as an active participant it will need to accommodate three new entrances with the old entrance to be converted into a window. As the tower has undergone numerous renovations and the location of its entrances has varied over the centuries, it is within the UNESCO code of regulation to relocate entrances.

INTERIOR RETROFITTING To accommodate for contemporary circulation needs the interior of the tower will be fully retrofitted to allow for the introduction of an elevator shaft in the space of the old staircase core. The intervention will not remove the existing historical floors, rather will provide access to more people to be able to visit the viewing deck on the top as well as the scribes archival chamber on the upper floors.

DEFINITION 60

3.2 ANALYSIS The City Hall bell tower has remained primarily unused rather than touristic purposes since the demolishion of the Ratusz in 1820. Its staircase is narrow and erroded and needs ot be widened and renovated to accomodate for heavier traffic if the tower is to serve as the central circulation core for the new city hall.

TOWER - MATERIAL RECORD PHOTOGRAPHY

BRICKWORK

PATCHING

MATERIAL CONNECTIONS

Renovations which the tower underwent after the demolition of the city hall in 1822 required the sealing of cavities and erection of a full wall on the North-Eastern façade to close of the tower. The clay-lime mortar which was used in the original construction of the tower was reconstructed, however the age difference between different patches of bricks on the bottom levels of the tower can be identified due to the vibrancy and texture of the new brickwork.

During the 1913-1914 tower renovation weakened brickwork at the foot of the tower was replaced with ashlar pieces. The irregularity of application between the brickwork and ashlar caused a deformation to the vertical profile of the tower. Some Krakovian polytechnic historical analysis relate the patching works with skewing of the towers point of equilibrium, resulting in a tilt in the towers axis.

Clay-lime mortar was consistently used throughout renovations in 1913, 1925 and 1964 to correct pointing on the lower part of the tower. Connections between materials visually show places where old passages used to exist from the tower into the city hall. The arches of the City Hall vaults had to be preserved in the brickwork as they served as load bearing elements as well as to signify previously existing passages.

ANALYSIS

TOWER - MATERIAL DETAILS

The tiling of the elevation of the towerBrickwork is divided into three sections. The bottom being primarily made out of brick, Mixed the middle from stone and the top a continuation of the stoneStone arrangement but with brickwork.

Brickwork

Mixed

Mixed Stone

Brickwork

Stone

Yellow tinted decorative aspects are carved in dolomite stone – a compact, polyphic coal rock.

Upper level more prominent decorations, running on the horizontal and vertical axis of the tower are carved out of the Pinczów limestone.

Brickwork

ANALYSIS 63

4. ROOF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY - POST GRID TEST Upon examining the structure of the building using the column grid test the technical investigation turned towards exploring a relationship between the historical basement and the overhanging middle floor. As the primary design gesture of the basement lies in its expansive volume with structural remnants which in a few points will contributed to the structural integrity of the city hall I decided to mirror this condition onto the middle administrative floor. By introducing a bold structural system which would become part of the interior of the middle floor I could create a stronger dialogue between the old and the new.

ANALYSIS 64

1. VILLA KOGELHOF - PAUL DE RUITER - NETHERLANDS 2013

The excessive clutter after the introduction of a column grid system resulted in the need for a new structural solution to uphold the middle floor of the administrative.

2. BRIDGE HOME - MAX PITCHARD - AUSTRALIA 2008

4.1 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS - REFERENCES

3. CLOUD IRONS - EL LISSITZKY - MOSCOW 1924

1. VILLA KOGELHOF - PAUL DE RUITER - NETHERLANDS 2013

CONTEXT Paul the Ruiter was asked to design a home that would have minimal impact on the protected ecological site it was located on. By minimizing contact with the ground plane and moving a portion of the villa underground and above ground the landscape remained almost untouched. The villa is designed based on complete autarky: an energy neutral home.

MATERIALS The primary materials in the construction were steel and glass and concrete. The glass façade was a form of “climate façade” the outer layer was clear insulated glass from floor to ceiling and the inner layer was made of sun reflecting fabric sheets which could be unrolled around the perimeter of the top floor.

STRUCTURE The top volume of the villa is cantilevered off the main circulation core and supported by a steel V frame on the far end of the span. The structure is a steel cantilever frame with one core anchor and one bending support point.

REFERENCES 66

2. BRIDGE HOME - MAX PITCHARD - AUSTRALIA 2008

CONTEXT On a limited budget, the brief required the house to be placed on the site in a manner which would allow the creek which runs through the centre of it to be seen. Additionally, the house was to admire but not infringe upon the natural beauty of the site.

MATERIALS The primary materials used for the construction of the Bridge Home were steel trusses and concrete piers with concrete floor slabs. The entirety of the building’s bounding volume was made of pine wood.

STRUCTURE Two steel trusses form the primary structure and are anchored by four concrete piers, poured onto each side of the creek. Concrete floor slabs span between the steel trusses on steel decking with a layer of rigid insulation.

REFERENCES 67

3. CLOUD IRONS - EL LISSITZKY - MOSCOW 1924

CONTEXT Moscow is a city built around medieval concentric roads which accumulate traffic at the intersections with inner and outer Moscow traffic routes. Lissitzky’s skyscrapers were designed to be located above these congested intersections and wanted to spark development of new nuclei around the central Kremlin

MATERIALS The design was imagined to be primarily steel and glass. Due to the scaffold like nature of the proposed core it was hypothesized no additional scaffolding would be needed to support the structure during construction.

STRUCTURE The precarious cantilever was imagined to span over 30 meters off of its steel scaffold core on reinforced steel beams. The immense pressure on the central core resulted in the design needing to thicken the main core and inevitably caused the design to be unbuildable due to the amount of excess material need for its stabilization.

REFERENCES 68

MIDDLE FLOOR POTENTIAL STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS

OLD STRUCTURE

The distribution of forces puts immense stress on beams running along the width of the structure, without additional support columns in the interior of the hall the structure would collapse due to bending stresses.

NEW STRUCTURE

Introducing floor height vierendeel trusses into the structure provided better support for the roof and middle floor as well as eliminated the need of introducing more structural columns inside of the basement floor of the City Hall.

ROOF STRATEGY 69

VIERENDEEL TRUSS FRAME SYSTEM

ROOF STRATEGY 70

INTERNAL FORCES AND LOAD DISTRIBUTION OF TRUSS FRAME

TENSION

COMPRESSION

INTERNAL FORCES

BENDING

LIVE LOADS TRANSMISSION

ROOF STRATEGY 71

5. ARCHITECTURAL LANGUAGE The investigation also wants to explore and accentuate the architectural language of the project. At the heart of the concept for the City Hall is the transition between the old and the new. The following section explores possible areas the technical intervention can support the development of architectural elements to create unique spaces where heritage meets the contemporary without treating heritage as an untouchable aspect of the design.

1. CASTLEVECCHIO - CARLO SCARPA - VERONA 1964

Using the following references I wanted to establish the directions I would like to take my intervention in. By understanding the approach of projects which integrated heritage into new architecture and new architecture into heritage I developed a position on what could benefit my vision and what I believe does not take full advantage of heritage sites.

2. CASTELGRANDE - AURELIO GALFETTI - BELLINZONA 1981

TRANSLATING BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW - REFERENCES

3. MUSEU D’ART CONTEMPORANI D’EIVISAA - VICTOR BELTRÁN ROCA - IBIZA 2012

1. CASTLEVECCHIO - CARLO SCARPA - VERONA 1964 CONTEXT Castlevecchio was refurbished to become a museum before Scarpa’s intervention. In 1924 conservation and conversion works were carried out, however when Scarpa was commissioned to renovate the castle in 1956 the structure was in disrepair. Poor conservation techniques led to the deterioration of the wooden load bearing elements of the structure, deeming it dangerous to visit. The castle was made of up parts belonging to several time periods, largely composed of the medieval Regia and nineteenth century Gallery.

SITE VISIT PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION:

APPROACH Scarpa’s intervention centred around his signature focus on the use of new materials against old architecture to create a drama between two worlds. His careful use of modern materials to clearly demarcate the additional from the original brought a sense of cohesion to the castle. In particular his intervention on the end of the main museum building leading into the castle’s bastions focused on the creation of a space where the building is peeled back and a material and structural moment is revealed through the use of the old building with new supports. Scarpa used some statues as markers on how to compose vertical and horizontal views around the site in order to superimpose these symbols into the view of the audience from several vantage points.

ANALYSIS The most unique aspect of the intervention is Scarpa’s use of the void between horizontal and vertical surfaces. The image of his work has a disjointed quality to it, yet when presented as a whole it creates a cohesive narrative. The refurbishment doesn’t try to imitate the original architecture but rather compliment it. It is a flirtatious relationship that Scarpa portrays between the materials on site. They sometimes dance in direct contact, and in other instances they remain at a respectful distance. It is a rare occasion where a new incisions feels as if it belongs with the heritage it was designed to exhibit. The insertion is an equally intriguing element as is the heritage.

ARCHITECTURAL LANGUAGE

2. CASTELGRANDE - AURELIO GALFETTI - BELLINZONA 1981 CONTEXT

APPROACH

The castle complex that is currently visible and accessible dates back to a verity of time periods, with first settlements in the area dating back to 500BC. The earlier construction originated in the 13th century, built upon during a “Milanese” phase between 1473-1486, followed by a restoration in the 1600’s and overhauls in the 1800’s. The castle wall complex is made out of 3 segments, most made up of elements originating from different eras. Galfetti stepped in to introduce more user friendly circulation and to renovate areas to convert into a museum.

Galfetti’s restoration lasted for 20 years. The commission for the castle was only about the buildings on of the hill, however Galfetti believed it was more important to also give the restoration an urban dimension and dig into the geological foundation of the site. He understood the entrance from the bottom of the rock as a threshold and a void that connected people who visited the castle with the greater landscape located down below. The restoration focused on revealing and amplifying the layering of different ages of the site, to reveal the rare beauty of this agglomeration of materials and history.

ANALYSIS The main gesture of the renovation is most definitely the grand tunnel staircase rising up to the level of the castle. This transition space transformed the personality of the site. As Galfetti would say preservation = transformation, proving working with rather than against what already exists can morph and create a new condition in the old. Although the castle renovation focused more on isolated gestures around the site, addressing the expansion of the complexes circulation it achieved a lot more. The castle received a brand new perspective from below, the intervention provided a connection to the wider context, removing the castle from its pedestal, humbling the approach into it, which is rarely explored with this type of large scale heritage sites.

upper entrance

circulation detail

ascent into tunnel

bottom entrance

ARCHITECTURAL LANGUAGE 75

3. MUSEU D’ART CONTEMPORANI D’EIVISAA - VICTOR BELTRÁN ROCA - IBIZA 2012 CONTEXT The original building was designed by Simon Poulet in 1772. The renovation undertaken by Victor Beltran Roca to incorporate the museum was classified as a rehabilitation, as the 18th century structure was in need of additional external and internal supports. During the rehabilitation several important archaeological finds were uncovered from the 6th century, and exhibited as part of the museum.

APPROACH The main aim of the intervention was to provide space for the needs of the new museum without further saturating the dense urban landscape with a new towering volume. The project in result descended underground. Maximising the use of natural light the building became a light and uniquely lit space, complimenting the neighbouring heritage building. The continuation of use of white plaster columns and walls in the old and new part of the museum introduced rhythm and relations between the structures.

ANALYSIS The conversation between the renovated parts of the original structure and new addition create a cohesive whole which brings the buildings closer in time to one another. The incorporation of bold white elements in pre-existing chambers supports the purpose of the new extension. If the intervention did not address the old as a continuation the site would feel disjointed. The only aspect of the project which could have maybe been addressed with more attention is the exposition of the archaeological finds under the museum. It is interesting to be able to walk on glass and see their excavated state, however their separation feels impersonal in comparison to the way the rest of the museum was constructed. Being fully aware these remnants most likely need a particular humidity to remain intact I believe there was still room to bring the visitors closer to this history, and make this history as approachable as the 18th century building neighbouring it.

Cohesion and complementarity between the internal and external gestures of the museum

ARCHITECTURAL LANGUAGE

ARCHITECTURAL LANGUAGE 77

6. TECHNICAL STRATEGY This section explores the benefits of the integration of the pre-existing structure on site with the new proposal. By comparing the success of the City Hall with and without its historical backbone in the context of Krakow builds the case for the need for architecture to build with heritage, rather than around it.

BRITISH MUSEUM GREAT COURT - FOSTER + PARTNERS - LONDON 2000 CONTEXT The courtyard at the centre of the British museum was one of London’s long-lost spaces. Due to a lack of a central circulation core and clear navigational spaces the museum’s hallways became congested with visitors with the unutilised space of the courtyard remaining inaccessible.

STRUCTURE The glazed canopy that envelopes the once open air courtyard of the museum is made up of a unique geometry designed to span the irregular gap between the circumference of the Reading Room and the museum facades facing the courtyard. The canopy acts both as a primary structure as well as a framing for the glazing. Staircases encircle the Reading Room allowing access into its upper floor.

ANALYSIS The Great Court case study helps to further justify my incorporation of the historical city hall tower as a circulation core for the my new proposal. Misused or abandoned architectural space can create unproductive voids in city fabrics. Retrofitting or remodeling then can create new spatial and circulatory conditions and improve the function and use of a building.

TECHNICAL STRATEGY 79

OLD CIRCULATION - IN PLAN

10m

15m

20m

10m

15m

20m

Administration - sans heritage incorporation

Exchange Hall Circulation - sans heritage incorporation

BASEMENT FLOOR

MIDDLE FLOOR

TECHNICAL STRATEGY

OLD CIRCULATION - IN SECTION

SECTION CUTS SOIL BRICK STONE CONCRETE METAL

10m

15m

20m

TECHNICAL STRATEGY 81

NEW CIRCULATION - IN PLAN

10m

15m

20m

10m

15m

20m

Administration - with tower

Exchange Hall Circulation - with excavation

BASEMENT FLOOR

MIDDLE FLOOR

TECHNICAL STRATEGY

NEW CIRCULATION - IN SECTION

SECTION CUTS

SOIL BRICK TECHNICAL INVESTIGATION

STONE CONCRETE

ORIGINAL PROPOSAL AND SITE

STEEL FOUNDATION

10m

15m

TECHNICAL STRATEGY 20m

IMPROVED ACCESSIBILITY TOWER WALKABLE ROOF ADMINISTRATION S

EXCHANGE LIBRARY E

R UA

D UN

C AC

The walkable roof can be accessed from the level of the square and through the tower

The administrative level can be accessed by using the tower from the top or bottom of the structure

C AC

The basement level of the exchange library can be accessed throgh the main ground floor entrance as well as from the roof top and administrative floor using the tower

TECHNICAL STRATEGY 84

DRAWING LEGEND:

EXISTING

7. IMPLEMENTATION Looking at the process of transformation of different zones of the city hall proposal: • Foundations • Tower

TEMPORARY WORK REUSE NEW REMOVED

EXCAVATED FOUNDATIONS REUSE

Step 1. Removal of foundations sections to allow easier access to parts of the exchange library floor

Step 2. Underpinning of all exposed foundations above floor level, some underpinnings will be temporary structures to prepare cavities for the introduction of frames, bookshelves and sofa cells.

IMPLEMENTATION 86

EXCAVATED FOUNDATIONS REUSE

Step 3. Rationalisation of placement of different inhabitation and circulation elements

Step 4. Full incorporation of new inhabitation and circulation elements

IMPLEMENTATION 87

TOWER REUSE

The original interior of the tower had limited circulation benefits. The staircase was narrow, irregular with eroded stone steps and the entrance was no longer usable after land excavation for the new City Hall. To improve the usability of the tower the old entrance and staircase were removed.

IMPLEMENTATION 88

TOWER REUSE

Proposed steel stair and elevator core with exists to the three levels of the City Hall.

Applied proposal

IMPLEMENTATION 89

THE EXCHANGE HALL

IMPLEMENTATION 90

THESIS CONCLUSION

The works carried out in the technical investigation created a platform between heritage and new architecture on a memory burdened UNESCO site. Treating the understated excavation site of the old Ratusz foundations on par with the bell tower created a new hybrid architectural condition. It unearthed a new circulation flow and allowed for programmatic zoning of the otherwise unorganised open space of the bottom floor. Building together with the context of the site rather than around it is what makes the new city hall building impactful. The new structure reveals the past of the city and will serve its inhabitants into the future.

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY WEBSITES: https://condor.depaul.edu/~sbucking/trenchex.jpg https://homeguides.sfgate.com/repair-sidewalk-paver-96531.html https://www.wikihow.com/Break-Up-Concrete http://cargocollective.com/kimberlytate/In-the-Mood-for-Castelvecchio https://www.atlantearchitetture.beniculturali.it/en/restauro-e-allestimento-del-museo-di-castelvecchio/ http://hiddenarchitecture.net/castelgrande/ http://ibiza.travel/ca/2020/12/el-museu-d-art-contemporani-d-eivissa-fa-50-anys/ http://www.starykrakow.com.pl/dawny-rynek/rynek.htm http://www.old2.muzarp.poznan.pl/wystawy/czasowe/wczesniejsze/2006-2/badania-archeologiczne-na-rynku-glownym-w-krakowie-w-2004-r/ https://www.wikiwand.com/pl/Ratusz_w_Krakowie https://medievalheritage.eu/pl/strona-glowna/zabytki/polska/krakow-ratusz/ https://www.archdaily.com/27470/bridge-house-max-pritchard-architect https://antitheziz.wordpress.com/2013/02/28/horizontal-skyscrapers-1923-1925-by-el-lissitzky/ https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/cantilever-beams/167474/ https://www.dezeen.com/2013/12/03/ecological-house-with-a-glass-box-above-the-landscape-and-a-big-underground-garage-by-paul-de-ruiter-architects/ https://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/great-court-at-the-british-museum/ PDF’S: Busko, Cezary, Wojciech Glowa, and Stanislaw Slawinski. “Main Trends Concerning the Development of the Main Market Square in Krakow from the 13th Century until the Early 1500.” Krakow: Krakow Polytechnic, 2011. Busko, Cezary. “Rynek Glowny w Krakowie w Swietla Prac Przeprowadzonych w Latach 2005-2007.” Krakow, 2007. Fredericks, Alison B. “Architecture of Ruins: How Building New Can Showcase the Old in Barbourville VA.” Roger Williams University, 2014. Kowalska, Agnieszka. “Urban Design Concepts of Ruins in Gdansk Historical Area.” Gdansk, n.d. Kusnierz, Kazimierz, and Dominika Kusnierz-Krupa. “Problematyka Rekonstrukcji Wiez Na Zabytkowych Ratuszach Na Przykladzie Sieniawy.” Wiadomosci Konserwatorskie, 2013. Kadluczka, Andrzej. “Projekt Nowej Nawierzchni Rynku Glownego w Krakowie i Modernizacjia Jego Infrastruktury Podziemnej.” Krakow: Wiadomosci Konserwatorskie, 2004. Przewlocki, Jaroslaw. “Review of Historical Buildings’ Foundations .” Gdansk: Gdansk University of Technology, 2005. Walczak, Marek. “Wieza Ratuszowa,” 2009. Wyrobisz, Andrzej. “Masonry Construction in Lesser Poland XVI-XV.” Krakow: Polska Akademia Nauk, 1963. BOOKS: Ashurst, John. Conservation of Ruins. London: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007. Burch, Rachel. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites. London: James &amp; James, 2009. Croci, Giorgio. The Conservation and Structural Restoration of Architectural Heritage. Southampton, UK: Computational Mechanics Publications, 2000. Jäger Frank Peter. Old &amp; New Design Manual for Revitalizing Existing Buildings. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2010.