The atlas that you hold in your hand is a documentation of our collective research about Le Havre, a city with UNESCO World Heritage status, in a highly dynamic and complex area of France. Le Havre with its surrounding region, on the English Channel and the estuary of the Seine, is not only a beautiful and historically significant area, but also a place of national as well as growing European interest. The Port of Le Havre and the River Seine link Rouen, Paris, and thereby France and the EU, with the world, through trade and shipping, giving it great strategic importance. This atlas builds on the knowledge and generous help of the Agence d’Urbanisme de la Région du Havre et de l’Estuaire de la Seine (AURH), the Communauté de l’agglomération havraise (CODAH) and Le Havre Port among others, and can be seen as a complement to their extensive research about the city. Their enthusiasm and support have been invaluable for this project and we would like to give them our sincere thanks.
Urban growth and urban decline are situated next to each other and interact, so that urban growth and deline melt together - creating a dynamic, urban patchwork. Rocky Piro & Robin Ganser, 2013
Research Group Thomas Bradford Juliana Cedro Stock Rebecka Gullstrand James Hooper Rawan Jaber Richard Samuel Jjingo Piu Ting Leung Xiaofen Lu Tina Moghaddam Panah Ales Seitl Aining Tang Reece Woodhams Samer Zaeiter Mengdan Zhai
Human Resources Shrinking City The shrinking cities population graph shows the top ten fastest Shrinking Population cities in the world during 2012 – 2013. By including Le Havreit is possible to compare the rate of population shrinkage by comparing the gradient of the line, the steepest being the fastest shrinking city over this period. Le Havreisn’t shrinking as fast a rate to the other cities but it’s possible to assume Le Havreis still shrinking and the rate could become more intense.
Left: Shrinking Cities World Map Right: Shrinking Cities Graph
LE HAVRE
Human Resources
National Comparison
By comparing the population of French cities with similar volumes it is possible to see whether the cities population is increasing, decreasing or at a steady rate. The angle of the line indicates the rate at which the population is expanding or shrinking, Le Havre’s population is decreasing showing the rate in the steepness of the line, Le Havrebeing the only city shrinking within the character group. Interestingly the surrounding cities of Le Havre, Rouen and Caen are not shrinking and appear stable.
Le Havre
Rouen
Caen
The surrounding cities diagram shows the size of the population in comparison to Le Havre, Rouen and Caen have very similar sized populations and show evidence of having a stable population over the past ten years. Were as Le Havreis decreasing yet Rouen and Caen seem to be stable and not drastically increasing implying people are migrating from Le Havreto cities further than the surrounding cities.
Left: Map of France, Top right: Population in Neighbouring Cities, Bottom right: Population Graph,
Human Resources Population
Over the past 25 years, Le Havre’s population has drastically increased and decreased due to different economic forces affecting the population. Up until World War 2 the population was generally increasing, the war caused an extreme decrease in the population, as Le Havre were built itself after the war the population began to increase up until 1975 then after this period of time the population has decreased 1 people per year up until today. Currently there is no direct reason to why the city is shrinking but a combination of indicators and factors can be considered to try to understand how we could resolve with the situation. Le Havre’s population distribution is different to the typical shape of most cities, its highest population age group being 15 – 29 and decreasing as the age becomes older implies Le Havreon average has a very young average age in comparison to most cities. This helps to understand why the city is shrinking and steer us towards areas to focus on to try and reduce the number of people migrating but also to attract people to live and stay within Le Havre.
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100 50 0
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Population in thousands
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1900
Year
75 60-74 45-59 30-49 15-29 0-14 50
40
30
20
10
0
10
Population in thousands
20
30
40
50
Age Distribution
1800
250
Left: Photo of Le Havre’s City Centre, Top right: Population Graph, Bottom right: Age Distribution Graph,
Contents Chapter 1 Regional Scale 1.1 Water, Environment 1.2 Land, Environment 1.3 Food 1.4 Mobility Chaper 2 Local Scale I 2.1 Water, Environment 2.2 Topography 2.3 History 2.4 Mobility 2.5 Urbanity 2.6 Human Resource Chaper 3 Local Scale II 3.1 Space 3.2 Culture
Chapter 1 Regional Scale
Water
Le Havre
Water has, more than anything else, shaped the history of Le Havre and the area around it. Water surrounds the city and penetrates its core, the waves of the English Channel beats against its shoreline, water comes up from the ground, it falls from the sky and it rushes over the riverbed of the Seine, out into the ocean.
Rouen
Paris
This multitude of water has been a blessing and a challenge for Le Havre. It was the reason the city was founded at all, the reason it grew and became wealthy, the reason why impressionist artists came again and again to try to capture the changing light over waves and clouds; but also the reason the city was destroyed in such a terrible way during the second world war. Regardsless of the character of the historic events, water has always, and continues to, define the city. The river Seine collects water from an area of 78600 km ² in the Paris basin, and through a river system of 23 000 km of watercourses it brings 14 billion cubic meters of water down to the sea every year. On its way it flows through Paris, connecting the capital city with the city of Le Havre and the English Channel, that in turn connects both cities with the world through trade and shipping.
Left: The course of the river Seine from Rouen to Le Havre and the English Channel, http://ulmarden. pagesperso-orange.fr/images/j_embouchure_seine. jpg Top right: The Paris Basin and the Seine, graphic: Rebecka Gullstrand Bottom right: Water Diagram, graphic: Rebecka Gullstrand
Baie Baiede deSeine Seine
Le LeHavre Havre
Lower Lowerestuary estuary Salty Saltywater water The Theestuary, estuary,area areaaffected affected by the tide by the tide
Middleestuary estuary Middle Brackishwater water Brackish
Water
The Estuary An estuary is defined as an area of a river that is under the influence of the tide of an ocean. For the Seine, it is the last 160 km, from the Poses dam upstream to the eastern part of the Baie de Seine downstream. It also includes the floodbanks and wetlands along the river. The Seine estuary can be divided into three zones with different characteristics: the upper estuary, the middle estuary, and the lower estuary. The hydrological functioning of the Seine estuary is influenced by several factors: the flow of the Seine with alternating low water (during summer) and flood (during winter); the tide from the sea; lateral inflows from tributaries, groundwater and runoff; and meteorological parameters (rainfall, wind and atmospheric pressure). This all leads to the estuary being a rich, complex and dynamic environment, with an appearance and functioning that vary not only throughout the year, but also during a day. The tide has the biggest influence on the water levels. During spring tide, the avarage tidal range is greater than 7m in the mouth and reaches 3.5m in Rouen. During neap tide it is lower: at the mouth 3m and 2m in Rouen.
Rouen
The Poses dam
Upper estuary Freshwater
Graphic: Rebecka Gullstrand
Water The Evolution of the Seine
1750
1866
1900
1921
1961
2009
The Seine was early on considered an economic asset for Paris and the other cities along its course. Up until the middle of the 19th centuary Seine was still more or less undeveloped, making navigation on the river very difficult and dangerous. The river bed was broad, shallow and unstable, and especially the estuary behaved in a very unpredictable way, taking the form of an everchanging landscape of channels and sandbanks. A ship going up the river had to fight not only the mobile islands and banks but also currents, a strong tide and heavy mist. Specially trained pilots worked as navigators on the Seine, guiding ships on their way to Rouen. The river was so unpredictable that a pilot that had been away from work for more than 4 days was not allowed to pilot a ship without first talking to a colleague with knowledge of the latest changes in the river. As the ships grew bigger, the problems increased and with the establishment of railways in the middle of the 19th century the ship trade up the river was threatened, putting strain on the port in Rouen in particular. Beginning in 1848 the Seine was slowly changed, making ship journeys both faster and safer. Embankments were gradually built to stabilize the navigation channel. This was combined with dredging to help increase and maintain the water depth; draining of marshlands; filling of shallow water; the creation of dams etcetera. This changed the appearance of the waterway enormously, reducing the total area of the estuary from 4360 ha in 1750 to 170 ha in 2005, and the number of islands from 117 to 19 during the same period. Today the estuary is strongly influenced and shaped by human activities, and maintenance in the form of dredging, dike building and so on is still necessary to maintain the navigation channel. Big volumes of sediments are being removed every year, up to a million cubic meters of mud, silt and sand annually.
Left: The Estuary of the Seine, 1750 Source: http://mmcdn4.hosting-media.net/wp/ fr/40402/SeineHist.jpg Top right: Estuary Evolution, graphic: Rebecka Gullstrand Bottom right: Dredging in the Seine, 1st ofDecember 193, http://img-dad.cg78.fr/ExpoSeine/img/ PresentationOeuvre/2/hd/231_5_3S.jpg
Environment The figure illustrates the combination of swells directed at Le Havre Beach through an average May. It is based on 1725 NWW3 model predictions since 2007 (values every 3 hours). The wave model does not forecast wind or surf right at the shore so we have chosen the optimum grid node based on what we know about Le Havre Beach. In the case of Le Havre Beach, the best grid node is 6 km away (4 miles). Source: Surfforecast.com, Country. France: Region: Normandy. Date 18May2014 at 1430
Left: Le Havre’s beach
Food From the west La Manche washes the shores of Normandy, from the northest the the fertile fields roll towards the Le Havre. There is no surprise then that this exciting combination has embossed the unique agricultural heritage into the Norman landscape and into the souls of local communities. One can taste the exceptional cheeses with the centuries of a tradition and wash it down with the apple cider. In the Upper Normandy, the fields of cereals, flax and potatoes run endlessly to the horizon whereas the landscape of Lower Normandy is scarred by bocage hedgerows. Somewhere the bocages bow above the pastures, somewhere above the ancient orchads or fields of crunchy vegetables.
Left: Agricultural Map of the Seine Estuary - intaglio print on cartridge paper by Ales Seitl, April 2014
Food
Organic Farming A food product of organic agriculture results from a type of production free of synthetic chemicals. Organic farming is based on respect for natural balance, prefers cultural practices preserving the environment and ensures the agricultural, economic and social sustainability of farming. Since 1 January 2009, the new European regulation on organic production, and how it is labelled, came into force. This regulation is known as RCE 889/2008.
ORGANIC FARMING
Conversion from conventional agriculture to the status of organic farming takes at least 2 years when the the entire operation of a farm must be transformed in order to gain certificate (conversion of land and animals simultaneously). All rules must be respected during this period but the products cannot be sold in the biological circuit. An annual inspection is required by an accredited independent organization of the state. An annual notification of biological activity is required to Agence Bio.
19 % 191 FARMS (2011) 6 928 ha 67% pastures
81 % 807 FARMS (2011) 44 964 ha 85% pastures
Organic farms in Normandy are on rise. Since 1995 their number has grown 7 times with the increase of 12% between 2010 and 2013.
19 %
The orientation of organic farms still reflects the traditional production of Normandy: cattle (milk and meat) and grains, vegetable and fruit (including cider apples), followed by other diverse products - sheep (almost exclusively for meat), laying hens, fragrant plants, aromatic and medicinal herbs, broilers, goats, pigs and bees.
81 %
ARABLE LAND
MILK
VEGETABLES
66 % 76 %
24 % 76 %
E LAND
FARMERS
ARABLE LAND
94%
AGRIBUSINESSES
40 % 600 km
60 %
MILK
53% FRA average
6% SMALL
SEAFOOD
44% SMALL FARMERS
BUSINESSES
DAIRY COWS (2011) Upper Normandy 131 200 (10th FRA) Lower Normandy 437 300 (3rd FRA) 11 000 (organic)
6 400 litres/cow/year
56%
66 %
AGRIBUSINESSES
6 AOC cheeses
VEGET
sandy soils + sea mist carrot turnip leek beetroot lettuce cauliflower
1st FRA 1st FRA 2nd FRA 2nd FRA 2nd FRA - 35 species 6th FRA
85 species 80 000 t/year (3rd FRA) shellfish oysters clams whelk mussels
25% 40% 60% 90% 80%
FRA FRA FRA FRA FRA
24 %
Left: Cliff top cultivation to the city horizon, photograph: Ales Seit Right: Data: http://www.agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/ R2513A05.pdf http://www.agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr http://www.cra-normandie.fr/agriscopie-AB.asp Graphics: Ales Seitl
Food
Supermarkets Supermarket Bakeries Bakeries Restaurants Restaurants Agri-food businesses employees) Agri-food business (20-200 (20-200 employees)
Left: CafÊ du Port in L’Eure, photograph: Ales Seitl Right: data: http://maps.google.com; graphics: Ales Seitl
Food
Traditional Markets There are still some traditional food markets in Le Havre, offering local and seasonal products, such as vegetables, fruit, meat, dairy products and seafood. They act as a direct link between the producers and the customers, between the countryside and the city. In the ‘upper town’ some stall markets regularly rotate within the neighbourhoods. They are not permanent but are mostly on a ‘once a week’ basis. In the lower town, more frequent markets are concentrated in and around the Unesco centre. Permanent markets are located in Les Halles Centrales and in the fish market.
Tue Fri
Thu
Wed Sat Tue
Fri
Mon Thu/Sat
Fri
Tue/Thu/Sat
Wed/Fri
Sun
Fri Mon/Wed/Fri
Mon/Wed/Fri Wed/Fri
Opening hours
7/7 7/7
Les Halles Centrales
8:30 19:30
Fish market
9:00 19:30
13:30
Stall markets
7:30
Market (more than once a week) Fish market Market (once a week) 7/7
Market (7 days a week) Cliff line
Left: Food marketon Avenue René Coty photograph: Ales Seitl Top right: Data: http://www.foiresetmarches.com/ http://geo.lehavre.fr/ Graphics: Ales Seitl Bottom right: The Fish Market in Le Havre, photographs: Ales Seitl
Mobility Le Havreis a major French city located some 50 kilometres (31 miles) west of Rouen on the shore of the Channel and at the mouth of the Seine. Le Havreis located in between the coast of the Channel from south-west to north-west and the estuary of the Seine to the south. Regionally, Le Havreis connected with other European countries by trains and airway. It is also communicated with the UK by water way.
City Ferry to Portsmouth, UK River Seine Railway Autoroute Cycle route to Paris
Le Havre Rouen
Paris
Le Havre
2 hours Train
Paris
Left: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ Bottom right: Data: Graphics:
Mobility Waterway
Le Havre is an important part of cruise lines networking the European countries.
IJmuiden (Netherland) Southhampton (United Kingdom)
Atlantic Ocean
Saint Peter Port (Guernsey)
Le Havre (France)
Bibao (Spain) Vigo (Spain
Lisbon (Portugal) Portsmouth, UK
5 hours ferry
Le Havre
Left: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ Right: European Cruise to Le Havre, http://www. msccroisieres.fr/
Mobility Airway Airport Location Octeville Airport Autoroute to Airport
0
Le Havre– Octeville Airport is an airport serving the city of Le Havrein France. The airport is located in Octeville-surMer, 5 km (3 NM) north-northwest of Le Havre.
500m
Air Line Octeville Airport Autoroute to Airport
Le Havre
There is one direct flight route to city of Lyon in France at Octeville Airport. It takes 2 hours to Lyon in France as commuter jet. However no other direct air line from other cities of countries.
Lyon
Lyon
2 hours flight
http://www.lehavre.aeroport.fr/
Le Havre
Left: Octeville Airport-View from Air, Right: European Cruise to Le Havre, http://www. lehavre.aeroport.fr/
0
1
5
10km Seine Eustuary
Primary Road
Railway
Secondary Road
Mobility Regional Network
Neighbouring Cities
Le Havre
1 hour Train
Rouen
3
2
1
0
1km
Mobility
Connectivity Between City and Port The Le Havre Region is consisted of 17 communes and a large industrial area in the lower part of the city. Its main railway station is situated in the lower city and close to a busy autoroute core. The railways in the industrial area also connects to its metropolitan rail station. The CODAH [The Agglomeration community of Le Havre (French: Communauté de l’agglomération havraise)].
City River Seine Railway Autoroute Cycle route to Paris
4
1
Pont V (Bridge V)
2
Pont VI (Bridge VI)
3
Pont VII (Bridge VII)
4
Pont VII Bis (Bridge VII)
5
Bridge to Normandie Bridge
5
Mobility In Le Havre, plenty of green routes are provided for people who are interested in travelling without car. It is very important to improve urban evironment and reduce carbon foot print.
Left: Central Railway Station Top right: the Hiking Routes of Le Havre, graphic Bottom right:
Chapter 2 Local Scale I
Some examples of the varied water landscape in Le Havre Photos: Ales Seitl, Juliana Cedro Stock & Rebecka Gullstrand
Water
Water in the City As important as the English channel and the river Seine is for the character of the bigger landscape surrounding Le Havre, as important are the basins, docks and canals for the character of the landscape within the city itself. There are 63 km of water edge in the city, from the beach, through the urbanised basins surrounded by Perret buildings in the heart of the city centre, to extensivly used docks in the port and the far reaching Canal de Tancarville stretching 25 km to connect the city with the Seine at Tancarville. Starting out as a fishing village, Le Havre was turned into a port city for trade and defence in 1517. It was constructed on marshland, painstakingly drained and dug out to form the first basin, Bassin du Roy, still existing today. Le Havre quickly became an important hub for shipping, importing coffee among other things. During the 18th century it was also a node in the booming slave trade, and as the ships grew bigger the port had to expand, leaving the old basins behind in the city centre, instead sprawling towards the south and the east, rapidly doubling in size again and again throughout the 19th century, a trend that continued during the 20th century as well as the volume of cargo handled in Le Havre exploded. The port, today France biggest for container traffic, keeps expanding, and a new area for handling of the biggest container ships, Port 2000, was taken into use in 2006. As the port has moved outside of the city, several old basins within the urban structure has been left behind, a gift to the city, a great potential for the future development of the public realm in Le Havre.
Top left: photograh: Juliana Cedro Stock Bottom left: photograph: Rebecka Gullstrand Top right: Le Havre in 1536, surrounded by marshland, http-// p3.storage.canalblog.com/32/32/406444/22599320. jpg Le Havre in 1778, http-//p4.storage.canalblog. com/44/10/406444/31562949.jpg Vauban docks in 1883, http://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Le_Havre._Bassin_Vauban_-_Les_ Travaux_Publics_de_la_France.jpg Bottom right: The basins and canals of Le Havre, graphic: Rebecka Gullstrand
Water
Tide and Flooding Le Havre is, as have already been stated, both surrounded by and penetrated by water. Being a coastal town with numerous basins open to the sea the great tidal variation of the English Channel is clearly noticeable in the city every day. As can be seen in the two images of Bassin du Roy on the left, the difference between high and low tide is dramatic. The tidal range can be more than 8 m during spring tide and around 4 m during neap tide. The system of water bodies in Le Havre consists of tidal basins on one hand, completely open to the sea and therefore experiencing the daily tidal cycles in full; and regulated tidal docks on the other, set behind marine locks to ensure that the water height is kept on a level sufficient for maritime transit at all times.
Saint-François district, high flood risk
Having the tidal movements of the sea within Le Havre puts the especially the city centre under potential threat of flooding, under certain circumstances, during spring tide with strong winds coming in from the south or west, combined with low athmospheric pressure. The city has experienced flooding, especially frequent during the 1980’s, when water overflowed the historical basins into the low-lying SaintFrançois district. Sea-wall protection has been built up on the most vulnarable sides of the hitorical basins, to protect the city from future flooding. The predicted sealevel rise at Le Havre is 0.36 m by 2100. If a combination of spring high tide and atmospheric depression would occur then, the effect may be dramatic around the nonregulated tidal docks in the old town. The risk that this happens is minimal though, according to a Phd study by Sylvain Elineau (xx), though some additional protective walls or similar will have to be built as a precaution.
Top left: Low tide in Bassin du Roy, photograph: Ales Seitl Bottom left: High tide in Bassin du Roy, http://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Le_Havre_ (France),_Bassin_du_Roy,_towards_north.JPG Right: Tidal dock map, graphic: Rebecka Gullstrand
6 water catchments feeding territory agglomeration of Le Havre: Yport, Radicatel, St. Lawrence Durecu, The Payennière and Rollevile. 55,000 m3 of drinking water produced daily in 4 factories water production of the Community. Le Havre. 55 million liters of water.
Water
Water Catchment
The water is collected from a source which naturally leaves earth, a watercourse or groundwater. in Agglomeration Le Havre, the majority are sources but also wells that capture this water in underground water.
A well is dug in the ground (drilling) for reach the water sometimes located up to 50 meters depth. A pump installed in the well draws water to be routed to a station production of drinking water.
Le Havre - Water Activities
Le Havre is as important a commercial port as it is a popular yachting destination. Its 2km of beach open onto the Seine estuary, once the backdrop for many Impressionist artists who loved the effect of the light, including Monet as seen in his "Sunrise at Le Havre". It is siutable for wide ranged of water sports such as Kayak, water sking, sailing and fishing etc.
Le Havre ferry port, connects Portsmouth UK to Le Havre France. For volume of traffice, Le Havre port is the second largest in France. Le Havre port also benefits from direct motorways linking to Rouen, Paris and the north of France. The “Normandy Bridge�, Honfleur, Deauville, Cotentin, le Mont Saint-Michel and the beaches of Normandy are all also easily accessible.
The port of Le Havre can accommodate all sizes of world cruise liners.[citation needed] Le Havre is one of the UNESCO cities. Due to its geographical location, on the Seine River mouth, at the entrance of the Channel, Le Havre is a gateway to Normandy and Paris. In 2010, Le Havre cruise port hosted 70 calls and 130,000 passengers and should, in 2011, accommodate 90 calls and 170,000 (+23%) with several maiden calls, including : AIDASol, Queen Elisabeth, MSC Opera, MSC Magnifica, Mein Schiff 2, Ventura and also calls from Aida Cruises, Costa, Princess Cruise or Cunard Line. Le Havre opened a new terminal[when?] to accommodate passengers in optimum[clarification needed] conditions. The terminal is fully equipped with a new baggage scanner, baggage handling area and check in counters.[citation needed] With the increasing popularity of cruises in Europe, Le Havre is becoming a handy starting port, especially for Northern Europe cruises.
Water
Le Havre is one of the checking points of sailing competetion within Europe routes. Basins in Le Havre are used to park comprtetion ships in the resting season. For example the fleet of 44 boats sit at the docks around Le Havre's Paul Vatine basin one week before the start of the eleventh Transat Jaques Vabre transatlantic yacht race.
The Port of Le Havre is France's second port after Marseille. Much of the traffic passing through the Port of Le Havre is crude oil, but the Port of Le Havre is also important for its ship repairs and its ferry services to England and Ireland. The Port of Le Havre supports a large industrial zone that contains oilrefining, chemical, petrochemical, cement, automotive, and aeronautical industries. The Port of Le Havre contains growing service and administrative sectors and a growing tourist trade.
The port of Le Havre is the second commercial port in France in terms of overall tonnage after Marseille and the largest container port in the country. Between December 2004 and December 2005, the Port of Le Havre handled (in tons per year)
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Topography and Geology Le Havre is situated in the Haute Normandy region which belongs to the Paris basin. The basin itself lay beneath the sea for hundreds of millions of years from the Mesozoic to the Tertiary period. The nature of Normandy’s sedimentary subsoil is due to the prolonged contact with the sea. Le Havre is
U
located on the upper cretatious sedimentary rock. The character of the region of Le Havre and the Paris Basin has been formed because of a major downfold or syncline in the bed rock. Most of the region of Le Havre is under 200 metres in height. This can therefore mean that the land is very suitable for several types of agriculture. The altitude of Le Havre almost divides it into two parts with the port area being 10metres or less and the cliff beyond the city dramatically rising to more than 100 metres, resulting in a 90m difference. Due to the low level of the topography, and being on the coast, it is apparent that the city is susceptable to flooding from both the English Channel and from the river Siene.
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The cross sections show the relief of the land and define the contrast between the area of the city and the iconic cliffs of the Normandy region. The cross sections from ‘K’ onwards also encorporate the seaside vally behind the cliff line of Le Havre, in which the tributary of Le Lezarde then joins the canal de tancaville.
Left page: Le Havre’sTopography, graphic: Right page: Topography Sections, graphic:
History Le Havre was founded on 8 October 1517 as a new port by royal command of François I partly to replace the historic harbours of Harfleur and Honfleur which had become increasingly impractical due to siltingup. The city was originally named Franciscopolis after the king then subsequently became Le Havre-deGrâce ("Harbour of Grace") after an existing chapel of Notre-Dame-deGrâce ("our Lady of Grace"). 1517
1541
1628
1778
1820
1843
1946
1901
Left: Right: Historical Development of Le Havre, graphics:
Showing the harbour and quays protected the town defences.
1500
As a result of the discovery of America, the port gained in importance. King Francis commissioned architect J.Bellarmato from seine to plan an extension.
In 1525, a storm caused the death a hundred people and destroyed 28 fishi boats.
1600
Finding of Le Havre. The port of Le Havre waslittle more than a fish village.
1581
1541
1600
1525
1417
Louis XIV Richelieu expanded The old cita , and an ar
Le Havre Cathedral was built.
1583 1400
1627-1628
1564
1562-1563
It became the main departure for colonists seeking a life in the new world and who eventually create the first French colony at fart Caroline near Jacksonville in Florida.
The decision to establish a sea port by King Francis 1.
1536
1517
1415
English Fleets land in Normandy.
Le Havre occupied by the English, and in next year it was abandoned.
The first Protestant church was built in Le Havre in 16 in the district of Sanvic.
The construction began of a canal between Harfleur and the estuary of the seine.
History
18471848
1853
The port of Le Havre was the second largest in France after that of Nantes.
The railway arrived which allowed the opening up of Le Havre.
The effects of industrial revolution were increasingly visible in Le Havre . The first stream dredge was used in 1831
Growing dock system and the grid planlayout of the street.
The canal to Harflear opened, opening the way for industries along the river. The cod trade attracted ship owners to the port of Le Havre.
1700
1890
1843-1845
The Anglo-Dutch bombarded the city several times, notably in 1694 and in 1696
In 1669, the Minister inaugurated the Havre to Harfleur canal which is also called the “canal Vauban�.
It from here that Lafayette started his trip to go to fight America.
1880
1778-1779
1669
h 600
190
1800 1810-1820
1696
1662
The king basin was reserved for the Royal Navy and the several hundred ships were constructed in the port of Le Havre.
1831
The city was the staging point for a planned French invasion of Britain. Le Havre began to grow , as trade from the west Indies was added to that of France and Europe
1789-1793
V and Cardinal u fortified and d the 17 century. adel was replaced rsenal was added.
1823
1759
Time line I
Villa Ma
1897
1940
The port fell under German-occupation.
1944-1945
The effects of industrial revolution were increasingly visible in Le Havre . The first stream dredge was used in 1831
Town Hall was built.
Growing dock system and the grid planlayout of the street.
1901
.
18471848
1936
e Havre econd nce after
The railway arrived which allowed the opening up of Le Havre.
1853
1831
1823
The king basin was reserved for the Royal Navy and the several hundred ships were constructed in the port of Le Havre.
Allied forces began their assault to liberate the city from German occupation. Le havre in ruins during the winter. -12.500 building destroyed -80.000 people homeless
The liner Normandie began sailing in New York.
1949
Villa Maritime was built.
1951
1890
1843-1845
1810-1820
1930
1900
00
1913
1880
ayette started America.
St Joseph churc built, and finish 1958.
Le Havre was hono with the Legion of H award.
Time line II
2011
In 1995, The population of the Le In 1996, Havre area was about 191,000 Cultural heritage development specialist.
2006
1998-1999
End of ocean liner service to New York. In 1945, It has seen a dropn in population , during these years of industrial decline, the population fell by 18,000.
In 2005, the centre of Le Havre is named a UNESCO Heritage site. In 2006, create a new impetus for the development of culture business and tourism in the heart of the reconstructed city.
In 2011 there were approximately 12,000 students in all disciplines in Le Havre.
2000 In 2005, the centre of Le Havre is named a UNESCO Heritage site.
2009
Another notable architectural work of the central city is that of the House of culture built by the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and hick named ‘VOLCANO’ because of the shape of the build.
2005
The story continues
1982
ch was hed in
1974-1975
1970
t n
History
Economic difficulties due to de-industrialization saw.
In 2009, the birth rate was 14.2 per thousand and the mortality rate was 9.4 per thousand.
1995-1996
ored onor
The rebuilt city centre was designated as a culturally protected area under ZPPAUP ( Zone for protection of urban landscape and Heritage).Reconstructed buildings could participate in the city night life.
THE TIME LINE OF LE HAVRE
History
Left: The Old Way Right: Natural History Museum Sketches by Menghan Zhai
History
Left: Malraux Museum Right: Dock Vauban Sketches by Menghan Zhai
Le Havre History
Left: Hotel Dubocage de Bleville Right: Le Havre UniversitĂŠ Sketches by Menghan Zhai
Cathédrale Notre-Dame
Villa Maritime
Museum of Natural History Priory of Graville
Docks Vauban St. Joseph’s Church
Town Hall
Malraux museum The Volcano The Dubocage De Belleville Mansion museum
History
Historical Buildings
Cathédrale Notre-Dame Built from 1575 to 1630. The North PortaThe Volcano l is called the Hail Mary, due to the inscription above the Flamboyant rose window.
Villa Maritime The Old house of the French dramaturge Armand Salacrou - 19th century
St. Joseph’s Church (350 feet) 109m high The Church of St. Joseph is one of the landmarks of Le Havre and contains the highest tower in France.
Town Hall This is designed by Auguste Perret 20th century. (74 meters high)
Docks Vauban Shopping centre
The Dubocage De Belleville Mansion museum It shelters a permanent display about the history of Le Havre from the Second Empire to Fifth Pepublic, as well as temporary exbition.
Museum of Natural History The museum was damaged during World War II. "The Museum of Natural History is housed in Le Havre’s former law courts, built in the mid-18th century; the façade and monumental staircase are listed as historical monuments.
Malraux museum This museum houses a collection of art spanning the past five centuries; thecollections are the second most extensive in France after those of the Orsay Museum in Paris.
Priory of Graville Today, Graville Abbey is the oldest building in Le Havre.
The Volcano - Cultural Centre (Le Volcan), designed by Oscar Niemeyer - 20th century.
History Historic Context Following the Industrial Revolution, urban growth in France during the 19 century occurred somewhat anarchic fashion. There was no urban development plan to guide the reconstruction. Property speculation defined the city’s reconstruction, which makes the deplorable living conditions for neighbourhoods in Le Havre. There was no significant redevelopment activities until the outbreak of second world war. During the was, the city was bombed 132 times, which made 5000 dead, 12500 buildings destoryed and 80000 homeless. The port was unusable, 370 acres of city centre were reduced to ruins. All public and commercial buildings were destroyed. When le Havre was liberated, the city council again called on Félix Brunau, who designed a reconstruction plan based on the one drafted during the war. Te plan followed the same principle of rebuilding and took up the name and layout of earlier routes. In spring 1945, the MRU named Auguste Perret as head architect of Le Havre’s reconstruction, although an organization had already been established locally to oversee the city’s rebuilding. Perret immediately came into conflict with Félix Brunau on the very philosophy of the reconstruction. Perret called for a comprehensive urban redesign to free Le Havre from any constraint the former city might impose and to create a new, modern and rational city.The Atelier’s members organized an internal competition to devise the urban solutions best suited for rebuilding Le Havre. The Perret Team's Principles of Composition Varied periods and schools of thought -including the ancient, gothic, classical, modern, rationalist and the “health and hygiene” school -- influenced the principles established by the Atelier de la Reconstruction. The Perret School thus followed in the French classical tradition, while introducing a spirit of technical innovation and urban research.
History
The Urban Design of le Havre Urban Design Three major arteries linked the three areas central to Le Havre’s identity: The city centre, the sea and the port. These roadways are remarkable for their width and the regularity of the structures that compose them. They form what is known locally as the urban areas “Golden Triangle.” The rue de Paris and the avenue Foch, which form the citys north-south and east-west axes, make reference to the Cardo and Decumanus, the main streets of Roman cities. Two flagship edifices dominate the city, symbolizing the importance of its two powers – the political, represented by the tower of the Hôtel de Ville (235 feet), and the religious, represented by St. Joseph’s Church (350 feet). Architecture Perret's Buildings Space - Material : Reinforced Concrete Offered particularly interesting technical and economic features. It would lend the rebuilt city centre a wide range of colours and effects. - Classism The elements such as columns, capitals, entablature and cornices were constitutive of the remade facades. All contractions had a flat roof, initially added for extra space to compromise the buildings fifth facade. - Construction Framework The rebuilding of le Havre would be a large scale plan and huge commitment. Classical influence on the concept of volume is illustrated in perret's buildings Several designs give away the fact that perret's will is to create a hierarchy among the buildings construction levels including the crowning elements distributed in harmonious fashion to ensure aesthetic balance.
Buildings that were painted must be stripped to restore their original appearance. Concrete fragments must be replaced so that they are identical to the larger support. As in the case of the Saint Joseph Church restoration, the problem is making repairs to the worked concrete. They must be carried out using particular mortars that reproduce the texture, granulometry and colour of the original concrete.
A
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Mobility
Public Transport Route
As a port city, Le Havre has well transport facility system. There are 19 bus routes work in the city center, and 5 bus routes work in countryside of the city. The two tram lines connect the main urabn activities areas. Both of MOBILITY MOBILITY MOBILITY them come from the south beach, pass through the central train station and seprate in boundray of the lower and upper city. The line A continue with the journey to Grand Heameau, and line B is opposite of it.
LE LE LE HAVRE HAVRE HAVRE
Because of the large population who live in the port area, there are auite a lot of routes. Routes51 and 52 come from Grares and Graville and reach to the east part of the city, routes 41, 42 and 43 reach to the central port area, route 32 can reach to the west. Route 1 as the longest line in the city departure from the east beach pass through city centre , Place Jeener, go to the upper town. The final stop is Montibull. Route 2 and 7 are the longest journey which across the city form west to east. Well developed system of urban public transport can increasing the efficiency of travel , and protect the urban environment.
Mobility MobilityMobility
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Mobility
Public Transport Route
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Urbanity
Graphic: AURH, eddited by Juliana Cedro Stock and Samer Zaeiter
Community Industrial
Urbanity
Land Usage
Graphic: AURH, eddited by Juliana Cedro Stock and Samer Zaeiter
Urbanity Le Havre’s city centre - world heritage site - rebuilt from 1945 to 1964 according to the plan of a team headed by the architect Auguste Perret.
L’Eure - Boulevard Amiral Mouchez
Caucriauville - Rue de Londes and Av. du Mont le Comté
Dollemard
Les Neiges
Left: AURH photograph Right: http://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/accueil,eddited by Juliana Cedro Stock and Samer Zaeiter
Urbanity
Graville - Boiulevard de Graville, Rue Gustave Nicolle / Rue de la Vallée
Les Ormeauk - Cours de la République, Université du Havre
Graville / Aplemont - Av. Pablo Picasso
Graville - Boulevard de Leningrad, Rue Auguste Blanqui
Sanvic - Rue Romain Rolland, Rue Sardi Carnot
Left: AURH photograph Right: http://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/accueil,eddited by Juliana Cedro Stock and Samer Zaeiter
Urbanity
Le Havre’s city centre - Hôtel de Ville
Tourneville - Rue de la Cavée Verte
Le Havre’s Port - Route de la Pointe du Hoc
Bléville - Rue Jean Monnet
Mare au Clearc - Rue de l’Artois / Rue du Bois au Coq
Left: AURH photograph Right: http://www.geoportail.gouv.fr/accueil,eddited by Juliana Cedro Stock and Samer Zaeiter
Landmarks
Saint-Joseph Church
Saint Joseph church is a Roman Catholic church. This Church was built in 1951, and was reconstructed by the architect August Perret in the year 1957. The church’s interior has a NeoGothic style. The tower is 107 meters high. It is heavily lighted which makes it visible from sea.
Left: http-//www.babel-voyages.com/data/photos/ source/cloche_betonne_assez_austere_de_l_ exterieur_eglise
Landmarks Hôtel de Ville
The Hôtel de Ville was built in the 16th, and 17th century. However, it got destroyed during the world war and was reconstructed. Its location is considered to be one of Europe’s largest public spaces. Climbing up the the tower gives one a full view of Le Havre city. Hôtel de Ville, was placed on UNESCO’s World Heritage list.
Left: http-//photos.wood.pagesperso-orange.fr/ photo%20hotel%20de%20ville Right: https://maps.google.com/
Landmarks Le Volcan
Le Volcan, is a cultural center for Le Havre. It was built in 1982 by the Brazilian architect Oscar Neimeyar, who developed a white curved concrete that expressed a poetical form influenced by the modern movement. This concrete was made up of two levels. The upper level had a theater and cinema, while the lower was a concert hall for modern music.
Left: http//static.panoramio. comphotoslarge18138857 Right: https://maps.google.com/
Landmarks Stade OcĂŠane
Stade OcĂŠane is now the home of Le Havre AC. It is a football stadium that is able to host 25,178 fans. The Stadium was inaugurated on July 12,2012. The cost for building this stadium was 101 million Euros.
Left: photograph by Juliana Cedro Stock Right: https://maps.google.com/
Landmarks
Le Havre’s Port and the Eletric Pylons
The Port of Le Havre is the port and authority of the Normandy city Le Havre. The port is made up of series of canal docks and the Electric Pylons. These canals connect Le Havre to the Sienne. The port is the first conatiner port and the second commercial port in France. The marina accepts boats 24/7 and accomodates all size cruise liners.
Left: photograph by Juliana Cedro Stock Right: https://maps.google.com/
Landmarks
Le Havre’s Beach
Left: photograph by Juliana Cedro Stock Right: https://maps.google.com/
EMPLOYMENT - ESTUARY
Human Resource The Estuary Employment diagram allows you to compare different fields of work within Le Havre, Education, Health, and social is the largest employment field were as real estate, agriculture and consumer goods being the lowest. These figures help to understand why the city is shrinking and how different employment fields when increased could help respond to Le HavreShrinking Population.
Administration Education – health – social action Service to individuals
The sectors of employment diagram helps to generally look at the different industries of work within the city and to compare each area to one another. Services industry is the largest sector and Energy is the lowest but due to Le Havre’s new focus on renewable energy this is a sector looking to expand resulting in providing more jobs and increasing this particular employment sector in the future.
Services to companies Real estate activities Financial activities Transports Commerce Building Energy Intermediate goods industry Capital – goods industry Car industry Consumer goods industry Agribusiness & Food Industry Agriculture
Services Industry Energy
Building Commerce
Left: Top right: Estuary Employment Sectors Botton right: City Employment Sectors Graphs by Reece Woodhams
Human Resource The education sector distribution graph shows that the largest sector of education being vocational CAP and technical BEP level of qualification. In comparison, the smallest sector being the BAC + 3 years of higher education shows how Le Havrewith an abnormal average age population being very young must begin to respond to the growing needs of the university education sector within the city. Focus on this area of the education sector is a factor that could increase the population of Le Havreand counter the effects of a shrinking city.
No diploma CEP (primary studies certificate) BEPC (French “Brevet des colleges”) CAP (vocational education certificate) – BEP (technical school certificate) BAC (high school diploma) – BP (vocational high school diploma) BAC + 2 (high school diploma + 2 years of further higher education) BAC +3 (high school diploma + 3 years higher education)
Left: Le Havre Université, photograph by Juliana Cedro Stock Right: Education Sector, graphs by Reece Woodhams
Chaper 3 Local Scale II
Landmarks Public Spaces
Le Havre's spaces are an important part of its urban fabric that provide variety to urban places, community centre's, multifunctionality, social inclusion but also barrier's to access and change. There are several distinct features of the community squares particularly their form in that they are defined by the perimeter road and then a line of single species trees within the boundary providing shelter to the site and green space. They are generally small in size and not uniform in shape but are tucked in where convenient. The community squares take it in turn to host markets throughout the week which means the centre's to all these places are relatively clutter free and all have hard surfaces. Lawn is rarely used unless the space is used more as a park or imitating a more English style garden. These squares are commonly next to churches and this has historical significance as the church in the past would have been the centre of the community with the surrounding public space used for markets. The more modern spaces are placed generally nearer to schools and are much bigger in size accomodating a variety of activities such as sports pitches, playground equipment, lawn area's as well as large and varied landscaping which usually involves changes in the topography and mixed borders. Downtown is the must significant area for modern spaces designed and built from 1945-64 by August Perret and his team. It's orthogonal grid creates large blocks of buildings and open spaces. These are higher profile sites than the community squares and provide a sense of place for the whole city of Le Havre. Perrets ambition for the city was to create a low density centre with lots of light and space. He was possibly inspired by the impressionists attraction to Le Havrefor its interesting light. The cities bassins which were built from as early as the 1600's form a network that roughly divides the city up into sections. They are now relatively unused to compared their hay day and provide leisure and amenity rather than facilitator of commerce. Left: Right: Education Sector, graphs by Reece Woodhams
Public Space Place Charles-de-Gaulle This is the cultural centre of Le Havre. Le Volcan (Oscar Niemeyer/1982) is a theatre, cinema, recording studios and multifunctional space. The area is a patchwork of different pedestrianized areas interrupted by roads. All the spaces have a formal/symetrical layout. Avenues of Pseudoplatinus X hispanica line the Bassins and wider roads.
Parc Massillon In the neighbourhood of Graville. Near several schools. Modern in style. It is a very uncommon public space in Le Havreas it has organicly shaped lawn areas with undulating topography. The tree’s are informally out and they are varied in species type. A gym is on the site in the north-west corner. This part of the site is dedicated to sport and there are sports pitches.
Boulevard Francois I Situated as part of the monumental triangle these spaces are a transition between the 90° and 45° orthogonal grid in the Unesco/Downtown area of Le Havre. St Joseph Cathedral (Perret/1958) is the focal point of this road and a major landmark of Le Havreat 107m high.
Hôtel de Ville The administrative centre of the city (Perret/1945-64). The layout is formal with over four hectares of open space and the town hall situated centrally at the top of the site. The tram line runs though the centre of the site westeast and is an unobtrusive dividing line. Water plays an important part in dividing up space with several moving water features.
Bassin de la Barre 2.7ha of historic port bassin built in the 1700’s. It was once connected directly to the Bassin de la Manche and the Bassin du Commerce but since becoming redundant has slowly been built on and disconnected from the rest of the port. It is used now by a rowing and sailing club. There is access by footpath all around the water’s edge. A Japanese style garden is situated on the eastern bank of the bassin.
Public Space Place Faride A triangular space in the neighbourhood of Bleville, functioning as a bus stop, parking space, market, petanque pitch and public square. It is surrounded by formal tree planting which connects to the tree planted avenue along the main road. The centre of the space has a loose gravelled surface enclosed by a low stone wall. The surrounding area is an informal settlement with the square acting as a centre. Place St-Nicholas The square of the St-Nicholas church is located in the Arcole Brindeau neighbourhood. It is the centre of this historical village. The style and shape can be described as compact and informal. There is seating under the trees, a café, a bus stop, table tennis and and lighting. The surrounding streets are narrow with little space for trees.
Place de la Liberté A market square located in the neighbourhood of Saint Cecile with a connection to the adjacent church to the north east of the site. It is used weekly as a place for Le Havre’s ambulating market. It is also used as a parking space that serves the surrounding shops. Like many other public spaces in the area its edges are defined by single species trees. The surface of the square is tarmac. Graville Square A shaded open space situated along the busy Rue de Verdun, in the neighbourhood of Graville. Single species trees surround the outer edge. The site is on a slope so the space is terraced. The ground material is tarmac, used for parking. Other features include a bus stop, a drinking water fountain and scattered seating on the perimeter.
Raoul Lefaix Park An open space in a modern dense urban neighbourhood called Aplemont. Surrounding streets are wide and the main roads are lined with trees and broad pavement. It is a community square with a central lawn area, and shrub borders dividing the site. Single species trees are planted along the site boundary.
Culture
Impressionism
Left: Impression Sunrise, 1873, Claude Monet Right: Claude Monet in Studio
Theatres and Auditoriums
Galleries
Restaurants and Bars
Places of Worship
Cinemas
Hotels
Museums
Culture Cinema
Left: Right: Le Havre - Movie cover
Credits Editor: Alexandru Malaescu