Global framework

UN countries have agreed to try to stop global warming at 1.5 degrees. Member states claim they will achieve this by emitting net zero greenhouse gases by 2050. Norway has announced to cut 55 percent of its greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. Det Norske Veritas (DNV) recently published a report that demonstrates measures are needed to achieve this goal. The report states that developing countries, aviation, shipping, heavy transport and some heavy industries will not be able to have zero emissions by 2050. This means that other countries must be emission-free earlier. Europe and North America must therefore become carbon negative by 2042, eight years before the goals of the Paris Agreement. g that they not only have to cut their emissions to zero, but also capture carbon from the air14 .

Today, 80 % of our energy comes from fossil sources. In DNV's scenario, we will in the future have 80 % renewable energy. According to DNV, the technology that exists today is sufficient to be able to achieve the climate goals. But it needs to be scaled up and fast. To do that, strong political control is needed.DNV points to a number of tools that states must used:

- A carbon tax to be introduced in all countries. In Europe, this should be at $ 250 per. tonnes by 2050. (This tax is higher than the price of carbon capturing per tonnes, which today is at $ 90-200 per tonnes) - A number of prohibitions and injunctions must be introduced. I.e, power plants based on oil and coal must be banned by the 2040s. - Streamlining of existing technology. Everything that can be electrified should be. The sectors that are difficult to electrify must switch to hydrogen, synthetic fuel or biofuel. - It must be expensive to invest in fossil energy and industry. - In addition, the state must subsidize or contribute to financing the development of renewable technology, energy storage, zeroemission cars, hydrogen production and carbon capture and storage. - In addition, 20 % of the climate cuts in DNV's calculation will take place through carbon capture and storage, both from the combustion process, but also from the air.

14 L. Bergvall, Anne Sofie. 2021. “Skal vi Nå Paris-Målene, Må Europa Ha Null Utslipp i 2042: -Veldig Lite Sannsynlig.” Aftenposten - E24, 2021.

European Commission

The European Union’s European Green Deal is working on creating a sustainable economy within the European Union, by turning climate and environmental challenges into opportunities15. Their listed objectives are these:

- There are no net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050 - Economic growth is decoupled from resource use - No person and no place is left behind - Investing in environmentally-friendly technologies - Supporting industry to innovate - Decarbonising the energy sector - Ensuring buildings are more energy efficient - Working with international partners to improve global environmental standards

United Nations: Paris Agreement

Whilst the Paris Agreement has a large plan and several categories and areas of action, one part aiming at supporting and establishing newer technology and a framework to accelerate technology development through its policy and implementation arms16:

- Providing a framework for financial, technical and capacity building support - Requiring economic and social transformation, based on the best available science - Limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees C - Fully realising technology development and transfer - Improving resilience to climate change and reducing GHG emissions - Establishing a technology framework - Emphasis on climate-related capacity-building for developing countries

15 Commission, European. n.d. “2030 Climate Target Plan.” 2030 Climate Target Plan. Accessed April 20, 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/eu-climate-action/2030_ctp_en 16 United Nations, Climate Change. 2021. “The Paris Agreement.” https://unfccc.int/processandmeetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement