Quantrills raid 150th 2013 kpa2

A History of Lawrence Memorial Hospital

1920-1960

Lawrence founded with touches of home Ever wonder why we shop on Massachusetts Street in Lawrence rather than Main Street?

In 1854, a group of Massachusetts businessmen joined together to form an abolitionist group called the New England Emigrant Aid Company, to help anti-slavery Northerners settle the new territory of Kansas.

The company helped about 1,300 anti-slavery pioneers — including Daniel Anthony, brother of legendary women’s suffrage leader Susan B. Anthony — leave the comforts of New England for Kansas to face furious slave-state neighbors and brutal prairie conditions to fill the territory with like-minded voters in the name of freedom. They settled in what is now Lawrence — and brought their home state’s name to their widest, central road.

“They decided on Lawrence because it was a beautiful area with the hill and the prairie flowers,” Sweets said. “It was also near a river, and you need water for settling, and it wasn’t that far from Missouri, so they thought it was a good location.”

The free-state emigrants’ voices echoed against the towering Mount Oread when they arrived, as they sang their spirited abolition lyrics to the tune of Auld Lang Syne: We cross the prairie as of old, the pilgrims crossed the sea, to make the West, as they the East, the homestead of the free!

We go to rear a wall of men, on Freedom’s southern line, and plant beside the cotton-tree, the rugged Northern pine!

The company built stores and businesses such as the Free State Hotel — now known as the Eldridge Hotel — to entice abolitionist New Englanders to stake claim in the new land. Sweets says you can still see touches of the northern style around Lawrence today.

“They laid out Lawrence like a

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New England town,” Sweets said.

“They made a map of where the common would be, which is South Park.”

Still, the new Kansas frontier was no Massachusetts. Sweets says settlers gave up many comforts for their cause.

“They had really nice homes back east and they had to leave all that to come here and live in tents or sod homes,” Sweets said.

“It was a sacrifice on their part, but they felt so strongly about slavery that they wanted to make this a freestate town.”

Those sacrifices became clear the following March, when Kansas elected its first state legislature to decide the slavery status of the territory. On that 1885 election day, current Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach’s recent crusade against voter fraud might have been helpful to the pioneers of Lawrence.

Thousands of southern sympathizers hopped the border to swing the election and then slipped back to their home states. In all, 6,307 individual votes were cast — but the population of Kansas was just 2,905. In Lawrence alone, only 232 of the 1,034 total votes counted were legal.

Settlers who had left their lives, moved their families and braved the 2,000-mile journey to inhabit the Kansas Territory were infuriated.

Watkins Community Museum executive director Steve Nowak says this tension in Lawrence would be a grim foreshadowing of the nation’s future as it headed toward war between the states.

“It pitted both sides against each other, and they battled it out here in a way that had not been seen before,” Nowak said. “It anticipated what the nation would be going through come 1861 at the beginning of the Civil War.” — Caitlin Doornbos can be reached at 785-813-7146.

Quantrill’s Raid Sesquicentennial

The first Lawrence Memorial Hospital was opened in the 300 block of Maine in a converted frame residence on January 17, 1921. During the Depression, it was organized under applicable state statutes as a municipal hospital with a governing authority of five Lawrence citizens appointed by the City Commission and Mayor.

With funds supplied by Lawrence philanthropist Elizabeth Miller Watkins, the original 50-bed building was constructed to modern standards at the time and occupied in the fall of 1929. Later, Mrs. Watkins’ generosity made possible an addition in 1937, which brought the total number of beds to 75. In 1956 a south addition was completed, and in 1969 another addition opened to provide expanded facilities and to increase the beds to 165.

An 1854 drawing of early Lawrence shows the layout of the town then located in the Kansas Territory. The view looks north toward the Kansas River from a vantage point near what is Ninth St.

The Man Who Gave Lawrence its name Amos Lawrence While he never visited the city that was named after him, Amos Adams Lawrence was an abolitionist who played a key role in making Kansas a free state. Unlike other, more notorious activists, his weapon of choice wasn’t a firearm or pike. It was his checking account.

“He was kind of a pioneer industrialist,” said Jonathan Earle, associate history professor at Kansas University. “He owned big cotton mills and factories in Massachusetts, so he made tons of money — Bill Gates kind of money.”

Amos Lawrence, born in Boston in 1814 to a notable philanthropist, was willing to give this money to almost anybody in need: former servants, old schoolmates and others he came across throughout his life.

One public scene would prompt Lawrence to direct his money toward a larger cause.

In the summer of 1854, a runaway slave named Anthony Burns was escorted by U.S. Marshals through the streets of Boston, where people gathered outside in protest. Burns was eventually sent back to his master in Virginia, and northerners were enraged. According to “The Leaders We Deserved (and a Few We Didn’t)” by Alvin Stephen Felzenberg, Lawrence wrote in describing the transformation that many underwent that night: “We went to bed one night old-fashioned, conservative, compromise, Union Whigs, and waked up stark mad Abolitionists.”

It was this event that changed Lawrence’s outlook, but it was the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act the same year that gave him an outlet for his support of the abolitionist cause. Lawrence soon became involved with an organization that sent anti-slavery settlers to live — and vote — in Kansas.

According to the Massachusetts Historical Society, the New England Emigrant Aid Company needed Lawrence’s financial backing, and he agreed to serve as its treasurer.

The first mission for the company-supported emigrants was to found a settlement. They traveled up the Kansas River to an area named Wakarusa, assembled tents, then huts and log cabins, and named the post “Lawrence.”

Amos Lawrence’s money supported those who lived and fought here. “Amos Lawrence had a big, fat

checking account. So if you needed money in the cause, you would go to him,” Earle said. “John Brown went to him during the Bleeding Kansas episode. It’s Amos Lawrence that sends guns.”

It wasn’t enough for Lawrence to fund a settlement and help defend it. “Life of Amos A. Lawrence,” by Amos’ son William, details correspondence between Amos and John Geary, governor of the Kansas territory.

In one letter dated shortly after the village’s founding, Lawrence expressed his hopes for the state to be a model for the rest of the country, a place that held high standards for “learning, virtue and patriotism.”

Part of this vision was a place of higher education.

Lawrence donated $10,000 toward the creation of a college, establishing the nucleus for what would be Kansas University.

In another letter, dated 1887, Robinson wrote to William about his father’s role in the battle to keep Kansas free: “Mr. Lawrence was one of the very few men who seemed to comprehend the struggle in its every detail, and to see the end from the beginning ... the crowning glory of his beneficent life will forever be his work in saving Kansas to freedom, and, as a consequence, redeeming the nation from the curse of slavery.”

Today, historians see Lawrence in the same light.

“KU owes a lot to Amos Lawrence, Kansas owes a lot to Amos Lawrence, freed slaves owe a lot to Amos Lawrence,” Earle said.

Lawrence continued with his anti-slavery involvement throughout the Civil War, backing President Abraham Lincoln and the war effort and raising a battalion, according to the Massachusetts Historical Society.

After the war ended, Lawrence led a quiet life with his wife, Sarah Elizabeth Appleton, whom he married in 1842, and their seven children. He is said to have placed a high importance on family, regarding them as his greatest treasures.

Lawrence died at his summer residence in Nahant, Mass. in 1886. He is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Mass.

— Nikki Wentling can be reached at 832-7196.

1970s-1990s

In August 1975, ground was broken for the construction of a new building to virtually replace the original facility and bring the total hospital bed capacity to 200. Only the 1969 addition was retained for hospital use. Patients were transferred to the newly completed structure on May 21, 1977. The old hospital building was demolished in 1999.

A three-story Medical Office Building, which was built adjacent to the hospital, opened in December 1994. A $14.5 million addition to accommodate expansion of outpatient services opened in April 1996. In February 1997, a $2.5 million construction project expanded the Emergency Department and completely renovated the Maternity Care Unit. The Radiology Department was expanded in 1998, including the addition of a permanent Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) facility.

LMH opened an off-site outpatient facility, known as LMH South, in 1999. The hospital signed a 15-year lease to occupy the former Columbia/HCA Surgery Center, located at Clinton Parkway and Kasold Drive. Services provided at LMH South include LMH South Therapy Services, LMH Breast Center, LMH Sleep Center and outpatient imaging services.

2000-Onward

The LMH Oncology Center officially opened in 2001 and its space was expanded in 2002 with proceeds from the Hearts of Gold Ball and the LMH Endowment Association, which has been a generous supporter of the center through the years.

LMH launched the LMH Heart Center with the introduction of interventional cardiology services in 2005.

In March 2009, LMH completed a three-year $45 million expansion which included new facilities for Emergency and Surgery and additional space for Maternity, Intensive Care and Critical Care. A new 18-bed wing was added which allowed the hospital to convert semi-private patient rooms to all private. A 49,000-square-foot medical office building, located on the south side of the hospital campus at 1130 W. 4th Street, opened in 2010.

In 2011 the LMH Eudora Medical Park opened right off K-10 Highway to accommodate primary care, radiology, therapy services and leased space for an on-site pharmacy. Through the years LMH has expanded primary coverage in the areas surrounding Lawrence by developing clinics in Eudora, Baldwin City, Tonganoxie and McLouth.

In 2012 remodeling was completed for the medical nursing unit, completing the hospital’s move to all private rooms for acute care areas. Today LMH continues to reinvest in facilities and services which meet the needs of Lawrence and surrounding communities to provide quality health care services for the future.

325 Maine Street Lawrence, Kansas 66044 | 785-505-5000 | www.lmh.org

Join us on Wednesday, August 21st 7am-11am for

Quantrill’s Raid Commemoration The Eldridg e Hote l Breakfast

A Bloody predawn raid shaped Lawrence's history

The m os Kansat historic co sw rn and h here historer in osp y conve itality rge.

Image copyright Ernst Ulmer, courtesy of Watkins Community Museum of History. ‘Blood Stained Dawn,’ copyright Ernst Ulmer.

Oil on canvass by Ulmer, 1991. See page 22 for more information about this painting and other pieces of art about Quantrill's Raid.

In the predawn hours of August 21, 1863, the city of Lawrence slept peacefully unaware of the destruction that was about to occur.

At a summit southeast of the town, 300 to 400 Missouri guerrilla fighters prepared to march on the unsuspecting residents. William Quantrill, a charismatic Confederate guerrilla leader, commanded the bushwhackers — guerrilla soldiers that fought along side the Confederacy during the Civil War. Some men in the group became restless as they waited for scouts to return from Lawrence.

“You can do as you please,” Quantrill said. “I’m going to Lawrence.”

Around 5 a.m., Quantrill ordered his men to charge on the city. By 9 a.m. they had cut a destructive path through Lawrence, killing or wounding nearly 200 civilians and burning all but a half-dozen structures.

Sowing the seeds of destruction Lawrence residents felt no particular danger leading up to Quantrill’s raid.

Threats of attacks were nothing new to the city. Lawrence had been sacked

seven years before, and since then rumors of Missouri raiders planning attacks had come and gone. Just a few weeks before the massacre, Lieutenant T.J. Hadley, who was stationed in Lawrence with a few dozen men, received a letter indicating that Quantrill planned to raid the town.

Reinforcements were sent, but after no attack came, the soldiers withdrew.

The seeds for Quantrill’s aggression towards the city were sown in the years and months before the attack.

He had come to Kansas in the 1850s, teaching school south of Lawrence.

During this time, Quantrill’s political views probably leaned against slavery.

When a conflict over his land claim arose along with accusations of a criminal past, he fled to Missouri and joined a band of looters.

In 1860 he returned to Kansas under the name Charles Hart and taught in Lawrence until the school was closed. Desperate for money, he found profit in capturing runaway slaves. With his political views changed, he joined other pro-slavery advocates in Missouri.

Since its founding in 1854,

Lawrence had been a hub of antislavery forces. Jayhawkers, the antislavery counterparts to bushwhackers, from the town and surrounding area frequently raided Missouri farms and towns. Quantrill and many of the men with him despised Senator James Lane, a strong anti-slavery voice who lived in Lawrence. Quantrill wanted to capture or kill Lane and plunder the city as revenge for attacks in Missouri.

Aggression among Quantrill’s men was fueled by the collapse of a women’s prison in Kansas City a few weeks before the raid. The women, all under 20 years old, were imprisoned for giving aid to Confederate sympathizers and bushwhackers. William “Bloody Bill” Anderson’s 14-year-old sister and three other young women were killed when the three-story structure collapsed. Anderson was a major player in Quantrill’s band of ruffians, and committed most of the murders in Lawrence that morning.

Many bushwhackers and pro-slavists believed the prison disaster was the work of Jayhawkers, but no evidence supported this.

Bloody Dawn As dawn broke, Quantrill and his men descended on Lawrence from the southeast with instructions to kill any man old enough to carry a gun.

On the outskirts of town, the raiders found a group of tents filled with goods taken during the Jayhawkers’ raids in Missouri. A number of freed slaves and African-American soldiers still asleep there were awoken by gunshots. The startled men fled away from the camp, but the bushwhackers chased them to the river. The men were either shot or drowned.

“None succeeded in reaching the opposite shore,” John McCorkle wrote in his 1914 account of riding with Quantrill.

The riders moved into the heart of Lawrence. On New Hampshire Street between Ninth and Tenth streets they attacked an encampment of young Union recruits. When Quantrill’s gang left the encampment, 17 of the 22 boys had been slain. They were unarmed.

Reaching the central business district, Quantrill dispatched his men in various directions to search Continued page 8

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Quantrill’s Raid Sesquicentennial

Quantrill Special: Coffee crusted steak and eggs with bacon and toast...$15

The Eldridge Hotel

701 Massachusetts St. • Lawrence, KS 66044 www.eldridgehotel.com • 785.749.5011 August 21, 1863 - August 21, 2013

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Continued from page 6 for plunder and in search of notable Jayhawkers. At the Eldridge House, Captain A. R. Banks waved a white sheet out his window at the raiders.

He requested that Quantrill not harm any of the hotel’s residents. Abiding, Quantrill ordered all guests out into the street and took them prisoner in the neighboring City Hotel. The owner of that establishment had offered charity to Quantrill when he was living in Lawrence as Charlie Hart, so Quantrill ordered his men to leave the City Hotel alone.

At the Eldridge, his men sacked the building, removing valuables before torching it. For the second time in 10 years, Missourians burned the Eldridge House.

Across Lawrence, Quantrill’s raiders tore through houses. They attacked the home of mayor George Collamore. He hid from the attackers in his well, but suffocated there when the men lit his house on fire. His son and a friend died trying to rescue him.

The offices of Lawrence’s three newspapers, the Journal, Tribune and Republican, were leveled. The papers were anti-slavery publications and had been the victim of the previous sacking

seven years before as well. Tribune employee John Speer Jr. was killed by the raiders while trying to defend his home.

The Bell residence was under construction at 1008 Ohio Street. Mr. Bell left his wife and eight children there to confront the attackers. A raider who happened to be an old friend of Bell’s shot him some time later.

Dr. Walter Griswold, a local pharmacist, and a two other men were murdered in Griswold’s yard in front of his family.

At James Lane’s house, Quantrill was told the senator was not home. Having previously heard that Lane was out of town, Quantrill decided not to pursue a search for him. In fact, Lane had been home — but escaped through a cornfield in his nightclothes.

Aftermath of the bloodshed Quantrill and his men rode out almost as quickly as they came in. In their wake they left the city near total destruction.

Victims of the massacre lay dead on the streets, on their porches and in their homes.

News of the attack spread quickly. A New York Times article from a few days

after the raid described Massachusetts Street as “one mass of smouldering (sic) ruins and crumbling walls, the light from which cast a sickening glare upon the little knots of excited men and distracted women, gazing upon the ruins of their once happy homes and prosperous business.”

The Times reported that it took several days to find the bodies of the nearly 200 residents that died. It took Quantrill just four hours to wreak havoc.

Immediately following the terror, Lane formed a posse and chased Quantrill with a detachment of Union soldiers. They pursued Quantrill for two days south towards Paola, Kans., and then east into Missouri. By the time they reached the Grand River in north central Missouri, the bushwhackers had dispersed into the woods.

For the most part, Quantrill, Bloody Bill and the rest of the marauders escaped punishment for their actions in Lawrence.

— By Luke Ranker Richard Gwin, Journal-World Photo. Alvin Howell painting of Quantrill's raid, commissioned in 1966 for old Lawrence City Hall, title unknown. The image is reproduced courtesy of the Douglas County Historical Society, Watkins Community Museum of History, where the painting is currently in storage. See page 23 for more information about this painting and other pieces of art about Quantrill's Raid.

We have a 150 year history with the Lawrence community.

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U.S. Bank was established as a financial institution in 1863 – the same year as Quantrill’s Raid. Originally chartered locally as State Bank in 1872, our office at 900 Massachusetts is still the Main Branch where we are proud to serve you. We have celebrated a number of milestones alongside the Lawrence community, supporting our customers during some of the nation’s best and toughest economic times.

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Quantrill’s Raid Sesquicentennial

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Richard Gwin, Journal-World Photo. Lawrence Coffell painting of Quantril's raid, date unknown. The image is reproduced courtesy of the Douglas County Historical Society, Watkins Community Museum of History, where the painting is currently in storage. See page 23 for more information about this painting and other pieces of art about Quantrill's Raid.

Sources and further reading: This narrative of Quantrill’s Raid is drawn from the following historic accounts: “Three Years with Quantrill: A True Story Told by his Scout John McCorkle,” by O.S. Barton; 1914, republished 1966; available at http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/ quantrill.htm “Civil War Kansas: Reaping the Whirlwind,” by Albert E. Castel; University of Kansas, 1997. “Heritage of the city in the spotlight.” The Lawrence Journal-World, Aug. 21, 1963. “The Lawrence Massacre; Additional Particulars and Incidents. Murder of Mr. Stone Scenes and Incidents. The Lawrence Sufferers--Relief Asked For. Great Meeting at Leavenworth,” editorial, The New York Times, Aug. 30, 1863. “The Lawrence Massacre; Another Account of the Terrible Tragedy,” The New York Times, Aug. 27, 1863. “Quantrill’s Raid on Lawrence,” by Burton J. Williams, Kansas Historical Quarterly, 1968, Kansas Historical Society.

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Family and community are two consistent themes in the life of Jim Lewis. “I walked into Rusty’s IGA at Ninth & Iowa when I was 18 and applied for a job I needed to have while attending KU. Years later I had the opportunity to come back to Lawrence and purchase the stores,” Lewis said, remembering his start in the grocery business.

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August 21, 1863 - August 21, 2013

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A Survivor's Letter "Oh the utter desolation — the heart breaking despair I have endured."

Quantrill’s raid cut short many a family’s dreams and promise. Perhaps no account of the tragic events is as eye-opening — or as accurate — as one that is firsthand.

Lawrence resident Sarah Fitch penned a long letter to her parents-in-law on the East Coast just two weeks after the raid, with details of the horrifying day still fresh in her mind. She tells of a delightful evening walk with her husband, Edward Payson Fitch, then the next morning when the “ruffians” burst through their door, emptying bullet after bullet into Edward at close range “to make sure work of death” as she and her children looked on.

She also tells of what happened next, how she tries to stay cheerful in front of the children though her heart is breaking, and how she is able to obtain provisions and begin to resettle.

Sarah Fitch’s story is one of personal loss, but also captures the entire town’s predicament.

“Such cold blooded butchery was never before seen,” she writes. “— such deliberate, hellish cruelty — not one of the newspaper reports that I have seen exaggerated — the half is not told.”

Hundreds of pages of letters written by the Fitches are found in “Yours for Freedom in Kansas: Letters of Edward and Sarah Fitch” (copyright Watkins Community Museum of History), a transcription of original letters owned by Roger Fitch. The following passages from Sarah’s letter about the raid, edited slightly for readability, are republished with permission of the museum.

Lawrence “The City of Sorrow: Sept. 2 [18]63 Wednesday Eve. My dear Father and Mother I have been trying to summon strength to write to you all the particulars of the sad, sad day which has brought such gloom to this once happy place — which has wrecked all my happiness — which has bro’t desolation to your hearts. Oh! My dear mother how I longed to help you bear this burden! Never before did I feel the meaning of that word — crushed — oh I feel as tho’ I was crushed into the dust with the weight of sorrow which has rolled upon me! — oh the utter desolation — the heart breaking despair I have endured. My brain reels! — my reason totters — had it not been for our children — Edward’s darlings — that I had to live for, I do not think I could have endured — How have those poor hearts endured that could not feel “thou didst it.” — where shall I commence? What shall I say — there is so much I want to tell you — and my mind is so confused — I have yet hardly strength to perform the task — Two short weeks ago — on Thursday eve — this place was so happy — so prosperous — •…• I will try to tell as well as I can the events of that next terrible morning that fatal Friday morning — when horror & despair fell upon us — at sunrise I was up — it had been a warm, still night & was a lovely morning — as calm and quiet as any of these mornings to you — but few were out nearly all were just rising — I went to call Miranda the girl who lived with us — (she had been out to meeting late & was very tired) I then went to the baby who was nestling as tho’ about to wake — Edward was in Lulie’s 10

room — as it was cooler than in ours — In about five minutes I heard the report of a pistol — then another & another — twenty or thirty shots — “Edward” said I — what’s all that about. There was a camp of recruits — just back of our house & the shots were in that direction “Oh” answered E — “it’s the boys having some fun” but the shots came thicker & faster — Edward sprang to the window — “It’s more than fun” — said he — “the rebels are upon us” — •…• Oh such a strange fatality that such a body of 250 or 300 mounted men were sweeping on & we, not to dream of danger! — But they were here — stealthy — silently they came on till they reached the heart of town — then they commenced firing — quicker than I can write it — they broke their ranks & scattered in every direction — firing constantly — shooting down every unfortunate one who was out & as they were every where — no one who did not live on the outskirts of the town could escape. In five or ten minutes fires were springing up in every direction — first the “Republican” office was in flames — then barns & houses all around — What are they intending to do — was our anxious question — They very soon came to the house opposite us — where G.W.E. Griffith, a public man in the State lived, took his watch, what money he had — the key to his safe — & then ordered him to go up town with them His wife with her little child came immediately over to us almost crazy with fright & apprehension — Edward was perfectly calm — He said we had better get all the clothing we could take, tied up — & if they came to our house try to save it & ourselves — of course we could not venture out before they came, for they were firing all about us

Quantrill’s Raid Sesquicentennial

Image courtesy of KansasMemory.org, Kansas State Historical Society. Daguerreotype portrait of Edward Payson Fitch. Fitch, a free-stater who moved to Lawrence from Massachusetts was killed in Quantrill's raid as his wife, Sarah, and children looked on. A transcription of Sarah's letter to his parents telling of the raid is in the collection of the Watkins Community Museum of History.

constantly & I forgot to add they were screaming & yelling like so many demons from the infernal pit — oh how can I go on — so as I try to think it over & place in order those terrible details my brain reels — I can scarcely think — We had got the most of necessary clothing tied up — & carried down stairs to take out — when all at once twenty or thirty of them swept up to the house, surrounded it, and in an instant, a ruffian, a demon burst open the door — oh that face! it haunts me day & night, a coarse, brutal, blood thirsty face — inflamed with hellish passions & strong drink for he was evidently intoxicated — with horrid oaths he said not one of us should leave (he had not seen E. then) another one was behind with perhaps one spark more of humanity in his bosom & he said “let the women & children go” — I was almost beside myself with terror for Edward — I knew his doom was sealed — that demon — who was there swearing — shouting — screaming — in our dear little parlor, with his revolver cocked in one hand — the matches lighted to fire our home in the other — I felt there was no mercy there — oh my friends — do you wonder that in that instant — (for all passed much more quickly than I can write it) — that my heart almost stopped its beating — and in utter despair, I almost doubted if there was a God who loved us — He — that wretch — turned & saw my Edward — oh Mother — so calm so self possessed — and without a word the deadly aim was taken — shot after shot in rapid succession — emptying his own revolver, then taking the weapon from the hand of his companion, and using all its load to make sure work of death — oh can you picture that moment — I begged, I implored — I looked around on

that circle of hard cruel faces — and I know there was not help — no help — oh had God forgotten us — the match was applied to our home — I pleaded, I begged thrice to take him out — not to burn that precious body — But with an oath, a terrible oath — he pointed his pistol to my breast & said he would shoot me too if I didn’t leave — & I took my screaming children — & went across the road & threw ourselves on the grass — how did I live — I know not — In the meantime Mr. Griffith’s house (opposite ours) had been fired & soon the flames made it too hot for us to remain there & we went further away & threw ourselves upon the ground — & watched the work of death & desolation go on — no one who did not see it can form any conception of it — no words can convey an idea — By this time houses in every direction were burning — the crash of falling walls — the constant firing — the unearthly yells of the mounted invaders, rushing in every direction — the shrieks of the bereaved, the groans of the wounded — could anything more be added to the horrid picture — Before ten o’clock all were gone — and in that short space of four or five hours — what a change — 150 killed & most of them our best men — 25 wounded (their aim was sure & in most cases they shot again & again, as in E’s case) and of these last, several have since died — 86 widows over 200 children fatherless — was not their work complete? “The city of sorrow” we are justly called — scarcely a house but was in mourning — scarcely a family but had lost husband — father or friends — Many were burned in the building — others were lying here & there, scattered all over town — •…•

Such cold blooded butchery was never before seen — such deliberate, hellish cruelty — not one of the newspaper reports that I have seen exaggerated — the half is not told — after they had left we got up & went to a friend’s whose house was not burned tho’ they took from her everything of value — even to the rings from her fingers — It was Mrs. Martin F. Conway — & fortunately he was East. Here I staid a week — Father came down as soon as he heard the news — He at once found another small building & opened business again & the next week — a friend of our, Mrs. Lowe, whose husband was killed went East to Fitchburg, Mass., with her husband’s body — Father’s hired the house she was living in. took enough of her furniture for two rooms — the rest of the house our minister, Rev. Mr. Cordley, (whose house & all they had was burnt) has taken & we are comfortable — I have had plenty of clothing for present use sent me by friends from Leavenworth & Topeka & I am trying to sew & get once more enough for the children to be comfortable — but — oh it is so hard to put my mind on things that pertain to living to live without the one who was all I lived for — •…• We intended to have had the funeral exercises on last Sabbath but there were so many other services that our pastor Mr Cordley was completely exhausted — and it was deferred until today — and here this afternoon we consigned his precious remains to their last resting place — I had him buried in our garden, where I can have it close to me & keep constant watch of the dearest spot. I had our dear baby baptized over his coffin by the name of Edward Payson. You will love the dear baby, won’t you! for his name? — Oh it seems as tho’ my heart would break — two short weeks ago — such a happy home — such a happy family — such bright prospects now all that is left is a heap of blackened ruins & my husband’s grave.

On, my God, why layest thou thine hand so heavily upon me?

•…• Perhaps I have been selfish in torturing your hearts with all my moans — but it seems as tho’ I could not restrain myself — I try to control myself

before father for his grief is very deep — he loved Edward as his own son — he had placed all his hopes upon him — all his business was soon to be left entirely in E.’s hands — & he is old — & it is so hard for him to see all his plans so crushed — and for the children’s sake I try to keep a cheerful face — for Lulie says — “Mamma why do you cry! Isn’t dear papa in Heaven with God? and don’t he love us now just the same as he used to? — and dear little Charlie says “Don’t cry Mamma — papa’s with God.” Dear little comforters! They little know what they have lost — •…• Oh was there ever such wickedness done!

— Is there not a righteous Judge who will bring them into judgement! Will not the wails of anguish which rise from this city of mourning reach the ear of a pitying Father & call down terrible retribution. I feel that God has mingled mercies even with this bitter cup — for I have one of the kindest fathers in the world & a great many friends & everything that love & kindness could do, has been done to sustain me under this burden — but there are many who have none to look to — many poor women whose only friend was taken & they left to struggle alone — a great amount of provisions & clothing is being sent here from Leavenworth & Kansas City & other places — but — as is usually the case those who need it most are the last to apply.

•…• Pray for me. I need strength more than human hands can give. Sometimes I can rise above & seem to see beyond the cloud — & can say — “Do all Thy will — for it is good.” but tis only for a short time & poor nature sinks & the clouds seem impenetrable & God seems afar off — must I live so for years, perhaps without my Edward — my stay — my support — my almost idol — I am thankful that I have his children to live for — to do for — to train them to fill his place — may God help me to do my duty to them for his dear sake. Will you not write to me as you used to him for I need your letters & I will try to write for him for I cannot bear that his children should grow up without a knowledge & love for his friends. Yours in love & sympathy, Sarah

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More letters A number of letters containing first-hand accounts of Quantrill’s raid are protected in museums and libraries. The Kansas State Historical Society has several that can be viewed online at KansasMemory.org. Letter-writers include raid survivors H.M. Simpson, John Stillman Brown and Mary Savage. The Kansas City (Mo.) Public Library also houses periodicals that reprinted several letters. Eyewitness accounts by Erastus

D. Ladd, Sophia Bissell and Sidney Clarke are cataloged online at kchistory.org and available to view in person at the library, at 14 W. 10th St. in Kansas City, Mo. The Bissell and Clarke letters were transcribed and featured in a Kansas History article by Fred Six of Lawrence, a former Kansas Supreme Court justice. At Kansas University, the Spencer Research Library also has eyewitness letters, viewable only in person but catalogued online at spencer.lib.ku.edu.

August 21, 1863 - August 21, 2013

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From Tragedy,

a legacy of Progressivism Lawrence has long had a flair for activism, a countercultural spirit. To this day, it remains a progressive oasis in the midst of conservative America, a blue dot in a deeply red state. But how much of that has to do with what William Quantrill and his men did to the city Aug. 21, 1863?

“I think it gave more impetus for the town to not only rise from the ashes but be even more like it was,” said Lawrence historian Karl Gridley. “The greatest rebuke to Quantrill’s raiders was not to die out but rebuild and come back even stronger.”

Lawrence has always attracted or reared a certain kind of people: poet and social activist Langston Hughes was raised in Lawrence, while postmodern author William Burroughs spent the twilight of his life here.

The college town also has long been a magnet for social activism. During the Vietnam War, for instance, thousands of Kansas University students marched on campus to protest the war.

“I lived over by the high school. I remember smelling the tear gas,” Gridley said. “Lawrence was in a lot of ways the Berkeley of the Midwest. It was kind of an oasis in the middle of the country.”

Other historians argue that the city’s free-thinking reputation was cemented upon its founding by abolitionists from the East Coast.

“Lawrence was already famous before Quantrill rolled into town, as a progressive, anti-slavery bastion in Kansas territory,” said Jonathan Earle, a history professor at Kansas University.

“When a place is as famous as Lawrence was made by William C. Quantrill, you

have a bit of an advantage. You can say that you’re the martyrs of the evil guerrilla Quantrill. You can entice people in wealthy parts of the country to open their pocketbooks and help rebuild the town.”

That doesn’t mean that Lawrence’s ideals haven’t at times been forgotten.

During the Jim Crow period, local African-Americans faced the same type of segregation here that they did in many parts of the country. In his essay, “Hold the Line: The Defense of Jim Crow in Lawrence, Kansas, 1945–1961,” historian Brent M. S. Campney writes that Lawrence residents have long subscribed to the “free-state” narrative that “reframed the anti-slavery struggle as a romantic campaign for human liberty.”

“Notwithstanding this narrative, many white Lawrencians never adhered to

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Titled “Free the Radicals,” it was inspired by the town’s resurrection and the survival of its revolutionary spirit after Quantrill’s Raid.

“It’s a city that encourages controversy in the quest for truth,” Fred Conboy, director of the Lawrence Convention and Visitors Bureau, told the Journal-World at the time of the proposal, adding that Lawrence has long been “a flashpoint for the enduring struggles for freedom.” (The grant proposal was rejected, however.)

Lawrence also is famous for remaining one of the last bastions of the liberalism in the (red) state of Kansas. A religious advisor to Gov. Sam Brownback even referred to the city earlier this year as a “dark spiritual area.”

“Sam Brownback and the Legislature seem to think we’re the last pocket of resistance. Maybe Quantrill’s Raid was our trial by fire,” Gridley said, though “I don’t know how many people would be willing to lay down their lives for it these days.”

“The greatest rebuke to Quantrill’s raiders was not to die out but rebuild and come back even stronger.”

— Lawrence historian Karl Gridley

— Reporter Giles Bruce can be reached at 832-7233. Follow him at Twitter.com/GilesBruce

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those high principles,” Campney writes. “In the aftermath of the Civil War, they imposed practices aimed at keeping blacks at the bottom of the social order.”

That included instances of violence directed against blacks, as well as segregation in schools, restaurants, theaters, employment and housing.

Earle said that after Reconstruction, African-Americans known as “exodusters” migrated to Kansas from former slave states along the Mississippi River.

“They came because of Kansas’ reputation as a bastion of racial egalitarianism,” he said. “But they found a populous not really happy to see them.

Kansans thought they were not welleducated, a burden, a problem, almost like refugees.”

The tension came to a head locally in 1970, when a white Lawrence police officer shot and killed a black teenager in a dark alley, setting off violent protests; the National Guard even had to be called in.

The Lawrence Arts Center weaved the city’s insurrectionist history into a recent grant proposal for a public art project.

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August 21, 1863 - August 21, 2013

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Detail of Massachusettes Street

This map shows Lawrence as it stood in 1873, 10 years after Quantrill's Raid. You'll notice a few differences between this and the Lawrence we know now.

For instance, our 6th Street thoroughfare and the other numbered streets used to be named for prominent forefathers of Lawrence. Notice how the individual buildings are marked by who owned the property. See if you can find lot 29 on Vermont Street, home of Mrs. Jetta Dix, a Quantrill's Raid survivor. What's there now? The Eldridge and House buildings are still labeled, too. Also, if you saw that there's water running through what's now Watson Park, what you can't see is the old footbridge connecting east and west Lawrence. Many used that bridge to escape raiders.

What other similarities or differences do you see in this map? Compare it to Quantrill's Raid landmarks on a modern map and imagine what it used to look like!

Map from Kansas University Anschutz Library credit Brenna Buchanan Young.

In 1863 The Nation's Eyes Were on Lawrence At the time of Quantrill’s Raid, the country was in the midst of a civil war — which was reflected in the national media coverage of the massacre in Lawrence.

Northern news outlets portrayed it as an unthinkable tragedy committed by a gang of heartless thugs, while Southern newspapers painted it as retribution for earlier acts of brutality by the Jayhawkers.

“Horrible atrocities!” “The affair the most fiendish of the war!” “Parents shot down with their children clinging about them!” read some of the headlines in the Boston Sunday Herald two days after the raid.

“No other such instance of wanton brutality has occurred during the American war,” reported Harper’s Weekly, which ran an illustration of the burned remains of downtown Lawrence.

Much of the nation’s media at that time was located in the Northeast, so many of the newspaper clippings that survive to this day are from that region.

Because of where the publications were located, the slant is sympathetic to Lawrence. The Philadelphia Times called the city the “Plymouth Rock of Kansas,” a town populated by “staunch, industrious and intelligent people from the New England states.”

People from that part of the country

were particularly invested in what happened in Lawrence because many knew or were related to the area’s settlers, who had come from New England. They would check victim lists printed in the newspaper to see if any were family members.

The national media had actually been interested in the goings-on in Lawrence and in Kansas long before the massacre of 1863.

“Because of the controversy over the Kansas-Nebraska bill and the opening of Kansas territory (for settlement) … national reporters were here from the get-go,” said Lawrence historian Katie Armitage.

That included Lemuel Fillmore, a reporter for the New York Herald Tribune, who lived in Lawrence and was killed in Quantrill’s Raid.

Many of the early articles about the massacre relied on wire reports that came from the Leavenworth Conservative newspaper.

“We have seen battlefields and scenes of carnage and bloodshed, but have never witnessed a spectacle so horrible as that seen among the soldering ruins at Lawrence,” wrote the Conservative’s reporter, Leavenworth Mayor D.R. Anthony.

“No fighting — no resistance: but coldblooded murder was there.”

The wire reports, which described the raid as an act of “cowardly barbarism,” were even featured in newspapers located in hostile territory, such as the St. Louis Missouri Democrat.

But while the Leavenworth paper’s

Kansas City,” said Jonathan Earle, a history professor at Kansas University.

“Confederate papers viewed (the raid) as an honorable, retributive act of violence, a settling of scores.”

In his 1867 book, “Shelby and His Men; or, the War in the West,” Confederate journalist John Newman Edwards, who founded the Kansas City Times, described the raid in almost fawning terms: “About daylight on the morning of August 21, 1863, Quantrill, with three hundred men, dashed into the streets of Lawrence, Kansas. Flame and bullet, waste and pillage, terror and despair, were everywhere. Two hundred were killed. Death was a monarch, and men bowed down and worshiped him.

Blood ran in rivulets. The guerrillas were unerring shots with revolvers, and excellent horsemen.”

“After killing every male inhabitant who remained in Lawrence, after burning

“Horrible atrocities!”

“The affair the most fiendish of the war!”

—read some of the headlines in the Boston Sunday Herald two days after the raid.

Image courtesy of KansasMemory.org, Kansas State Historical Society, copy and reuse restrictions apply. The Lawrence Massacre, black and white illustration of Quantrill's raid that appeared in the Sept. 5, 1863, issue of Harper's Weekly magazine. Artist unknown. See page 23 for more information about this painting and other pieces of art about Quantrill's Raid.

16

Quantrill’s Raid Sesquicentennial

loyalties may have been with the Free Staters, its reporting a few paragraphs later showed how different a time it truly was: “We below give a list of seventy-six killed, and several wounded. … The list is all white men. A few negroes were killed but we did not get their names.”

In the South, the media often described Quantrill as an officially sanctioned military leader rather than what he was: the head of a gang of ragtag guerrillas. A lithograph that once hung in the clerk’s office in a Confederate courtroom in Richmond, Va., featured his portrait surrounded by the words, “Col. William Quantrell (sic).

Confederate war hero.”

“Quantrill was portrayed as heroic in Southern newspapers: avenging the Jayhawkers’ sacking of Osceola, Mo., and the collapse of the women’s jail in

the houses in the town and those directly around it,” he wrote, “Quantrill very quietly withdrew his men into Missouri and rested there, followed, however, at a safe distance, by General Lane, who made terrible threats, but miserable fulfillments.”

Quantrill’s Raid even garnered international media attention. The German-language Solinger KreisIntelligenzblatt, for instance, used it to get in digs at the U.S. and some rival European nations. The newspaper wrote that the raid “sheds a new, harsh light on the character of the noble ‘nation’ — a nation whose establishment ‘cultivated England’ and ‘highly-civilized France’ nourish so eagerly.’”

— Reporter Giles Bruce can be reached at 832-7233. Follow him at Twitter.com/GilesBruce

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August 21, 1863 - August 21, 2013

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NOt Far away,

A town that never recovered Lawrence wasn’t the only Douglas County town destroyed by Quantrill and his band of raiders 150 years ago this month. It was, however, the only one that was rebuilt.

After William Quantrill and his raiders left Lawrence in flames on Aug. 21, 1863, they weren’t done looting and pillaging.

They burned farmhouses and haystacks along the way before running into the tiny pioneer village of Brooklyn, 15 miles southeast of Lawrence.

The village’s residents, having been warned about the approaching band of marauders, put what belongings they could into trunks and escaped, hiding in the cornfields. The bushwhackers, perhaps hyped up on mayhem and alcohol, torched much of the settlement before continuing on their way to Missouri.

Nowadays, all that’s left of the town of 81 are the remains of a few foundations and a sign that reads: “Brooklyn.

Early trading center on Santa Fe Trail.

Destroyed by Quantrill August 21, 1863.”

Brooklyn, Kan., stood for only eight years before it was wiped off the map forever.

There wasn’t much to Brooklyn to begin with: a horse stable, an inn, a general store/saloon, a handful of log houses. It was located in Palmyra Township, near North 550 and East 1400 roads, northwest of current-day Baldwin City. Settlers bought plots of land for $25 apiece, incorporating the town in 1858. It acted as a trading post along the Santa Fe Trail, which the building of the railroad a few years later essentially made obsolete.

After Quantrill’s gang spent four hours destroying the city of Lawrence and massacring nearly 200 of its residents, one of its spotters saw federal troops approaching. So the guerrillas headed south on Fort Scott Road toward Baldwin and Prairie City. The road intersected with the Santa Fe Trail at the small settlement of Brooklyn.

The adrenaline from the killing in Lawrence — plus a lot of alcohol — may have fueled the pillaging of Brooklyn,

18

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Mike Yoder, Journal-World Photo. A historical marker at North 550 Road and East 1400 in Douglas County, marks the spot where the small town of Brooklyn was. The town was destroyed by Quantrill's Raiders after they had attacked Lawrence.

said local historian Katie Armitage. At that point, she said, the destruction “began to feed on itself.”

Though Quantrill’s men torched the village, they did, not surprisingly, leave the saloon standing. It marked the last of the raiders’ destruction that day, as the federal soldiers on their heels got them moving at a brisker pace.

John Patchen, a history student at Baker University, says it may not have been a random attack. In a 2012 research paper that has received acclaim from the Kansas Association of Historians, he argued that Quantrill and his men specifically targeted the Brethren, a non violent religious sect that had been forced out of Missouri after being told by pro-slavery forces that, in essence, if you’re not with us, you’re against us. Several members of the faith had settled near Brooklyn.

Patchen says Quantrill may have stumbled on the Douglas County village because they were in the area hunting

Quantrill’s Raid Sesquicentennial

Brethren leaders Abraham Rothrock and Jacob Ulrich, who were rumored to be involved with the Underground Railroad; Ulrich supposedly also had corresponded with abolitionist fighter John Brown.

Quantrill’s men raided the men’s homes; they didn’t find Ulrich because he had been rushed to safety by his sons and son-in-law, but they did shoot and injure Rothrock.

Patchen mentioned another theory about why Brooklyn was targeted: that Quantrill and his raiders burned the village to buy time, in the hopes the Ninth Kansas Calvary would stop to aid the town's residents. It didn't work, though, as the calvary continued its pursuit of the guerrilla gang.

Robert Mutaw has gotten closer to the remains of Brooklyn than just about anyone alive.

About five years ago, the Louisville, Colo., archaeologist was hired to determine where exactly the terrorravaged city was. A gas company was

trying to relocate a pipeline, but the Historical Preservation Office objected, citing its possible proximity to Brooklyn.

Mutaw’s crew started by walking the grounds of the site, where they found domestic artifacts, such as window glass and china. After discovering the remains of building foundations using groundpenetrating radar, they decided they had enough evidence to start digging.

Underground, they found pieces of bricks, ceramic dishes and glass bottles before coming across a foundation topped with a burnt layer, evidence that this was, indeed, the gravesite of Brooklyn. The gas company diverted the pipeline so the remains of village could rest in peace. Mutaw guesses that what he found in that one confined area was likely just a “tip of the iceberg” of the artifacts that remain.

— Reporter Giles Bruce can be reached at 832-7233. Follow him at Twitter.com/GilesBruce

ust as modern Lawrence is very different from the town that arose from the ashes of Quantrill’s Raid in 1863, the modern Lawrence Journal-World is very different from newspapers of even just a few years ago.

The digital revolution has radically transformed how we collect and publish news, information and advertising. Today, we offer news 24/7 via the internet, Twitter, Facebook, text message, e-mail newsletters and mobile apps. Digital photography, video and interactive features bring the news to life as never before. And our Marketplace business directory, Lawrence Deals, Giveback and other advertising programs provide advertisers and readers with access to new forms of digital commerce.

Of course, the printed Lawrence Journal-World still is the most complete publication covering Lawrence - just as it has been for its 120 years in existence.

Many things have changed in Lawrence over the past 150 years, including the way that we bring you news and advertising. But one very important thing hasn’t changed: The JournalWorld, LJWorld.com, KUsports.com, Lawrence. com and WellCommons. com remain fully committed to bringing readers the best, most complete coverage of everything Lawrence.

2013

Hollywood on the Kaw• the raid in movies Hollywood loves a villain. What it often cherishes less is accuracy.

And so it goes with the film industry’s depiction of Quantrill’s Raid. In some films, the residents of Lawrence beat back the advancing guerrillas; in others, William Quantrill is portrayed as a hero.

“Quantrill himself is just the kind of historical phenomenon storytellers dearly love,” wrote John Tibbetts, a professor of film and media studies at Kansas University, in an essay titled “Riding With the Devil: The Movie Adventures of William Clarke Quantrill.” “A man of many contradictions, he seems to have been equally at home plotting a guerrilla raid as he was teaching English poetry.”

He was also an outlaw, making him juicy fodder for early Westerns. Tibbetts quotes historian Richard Slotkin in explaining how, after his death, “Quantrill gradually was transformed in the popular consciousness from a local hero into a figure of western and frontier mythology, ‘the hero of a national myth of resistance.’”

Many of the men who rode with Quantrill have been glorified in popular culture as well,

including Jesse James (who is thought to have joined the gang after the Lawrence massacre) and his brother, Frank; Cole and Jim Younger; and Kit Dalton. Jayhawkers, with their fighting for a moral issue (even in an at-times immoral fashion), just weren’t quite as sexy.

“We love outlaws. We love Bonnie and Clyde.

We love bank robbers,” explained Jonathan Earle, a history professor at Kansas University.

Most of the films involving Quantrill’s Raid highlight Hollywood’s penchant for stretching the truth.

In 1940’s “Dark Command,” “Will Cantrell” is a Lawrence schoolteacher who becomes dispirited after losing the sheriff’s race, vowing revenge against the city. However, when he arrives, the residents are armed and able to hold their own against the guerrillas for a time. In the film, Cantrell is killed in a showdown with a romantic rival, played by John Wayne.

The people of Lawrence apparently didn’t mind the historical errors: According to some reports, as many as 70,000 spectators turned out for the film’s world premiere in Lawrence, which was

attended by such Hollywood heavyweights as Wayne, Roy Rogers and Gene Autry. The event even featured a re-enactment of the raid in South Park. Actors dressed as Quantrill and his raiders robbed and shot down the fake townsfolk before burning down replicas of the Eldridge House, a stagecoach house and log cabin.

To that point, all of the Quantrill films had depicted the raid as a “relatively bloodless affair,” Tibbetts writes. Then came 1950’s “Kansas Raiders.” In the film, the guerrilla fighters ride into Lawrence, firing wildly, bodies falling to the ground. A woman crouches over her husband’s lifeless corpse and screams, “Murderers!”

Contrast that with 1958’s “Quantrill’s Raiders,” which, according to Tibbetts, “enjoys the dubious distinction of being the only Quantrill picture in which Lawrence, Kan., emerges completely unscathed from the raid. The citizenry are so well prepared and so heavily armed that they turn away the small band of raiders with little effort.”

Tibbetts argues that the filmmakers were less thumbing their noses at history than dealing with the realities of the time. For instance, the

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Hollywood stars came to town for the April 1940 world premiere of ‘The Dark Command," which was screened in the building now called Liberty Hall. The film, starring John Wayne, was set in Lawrence and inspired by the story of Quantrill's Raid.

raid scene in 1954’s “Quantrill and His Raiders” recycles footage from “Dark Command”; what was in real life a gang of 400 guerrilla fighters becomes, in “Quantrill’s Raiders,” a tiny force of 25.

“The standard western formulas and stereotypes were growing tired through repetition. Moreover, the cheap budgets enforced cost-cutting procedures,” Tibbetts writes.

The filmmakers also had to deal with the political and moral sensitivities of the time, producing their movies under the watchful eye of the Motion Picture Production Code, state censors and religious groups.

Ang Lee’s 1999 feature “Ride With the Devil” is widely thought to be the only film about the raid that gets it right — especially in how the filmmakers portrayed the look and feel of the period. “They took pains to try to get the material culture of the time right,” said local historian Katie Armitage, who advised filmmakers on the type of food served in that era. In addition, the movie was shot in the area — the old Quantrill Westerns were mostly filmed on Hollywood backlots — and depicts the raid as it actually happened: defenseless

residents, caught off-guard, victims of bad luck more than anything else.

“Ride with the Devil” also is one of the few Quantrill films that deals with the actual complexities of the time. The film features an African-American ex-slave riding with the bushwhackers. In reality, three African-Americans — John Lobb, Henry Wilson and John Noland — were with Quantrill when he raided Lawrence.

Noland actually had spied on the city prior to the attack.

Daniel Woodrell, who wrote the novel on which the film was based, “Woe to Live On,” once said in an interview that, after reading the first-person account of a black man who rode with Quantrill, he discovered what many of these border skirmishes were actually about. “He wasn’t thinking about the big political issues, he was thinking about his friends,” the author said. “That began to help my comprehension about what the Border Wars were really like. It revolved ultimately around issues of family loyalties rather than ideology.”

— Reporter Giles Bruce can be reached at 832-7233. Follow him at Twitter.com/GilesBruce

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Other television and film depictions of Quantrill’s Raid • ”Red Mountain:” the 1951 movie tells the fictional story of “General Quantrell,” who has fled Kansas after the raid on Lawrence for the Colorado Territory, where he tries to form a gang of Native American tribes to build a “Western empire.”

• ”Gunsmoke:” an episode from the long-running television series’ first season, in 1956, centers on a cowboy from Lawrence who seeks revenge on one of Quantrill’s raiders, who is now a hardware dealer in Dodge City.

• ”Bandolero!:” the 1968 film stars Dean Martin as a member of Quantrill’s gang who confesses to participating in the raid on Lawrence.

• ”Lawrence: Free State Fortress” and “Bloody Dawn: The Lawrence Massacre:” docudramas produced in 1998 and 2007, respectively, feature reenactments of the raid.

• ”Into the West:” the 2005 historical-fiction TV miniseries, produced by Stephen Spielberg, depicts the massacre.

• ”Psych:” a 2006 episode of the USA Network series features a Civil War re-enactment in which a nurse whose family was killed in Lawrence murders Quantrill. įĂĀāă đ ĂăĂĤāă

20

Quantrill’s Raid Sesquicentennial

August 21, 1863 - August 21, 2013

21

If raiders rode into town and sacked Lawrence today, dozens of bystanders would capture the event on smartphones and photojournalists would quickly swarm the scene.

Of course, that wasn’t the case in 1863. Visual impressions of Quantrill’s Raid are limited to original art — mostly drawings, paintings and prints — that was created later.

How much later, in some cases, has a distinct effect on how the events are portrayed.

There’s not a large amount of artwork depicting Quantrill’s raid, according to Kate Meyer, assistant curator of works on paper at the Spencer Museum of Art. However, she said, as the dramatic subject seems to increase in popularity, so does historical research on it and works of art inspired by it.

Artist: Joe Coleman Year: 1992 Medium: Acrylic on Masonite Location: Spencer Museum of Art, 1301 Mississippi St. The painting will be temporarily on display the week of the anniversary of Quantrill’s raid.

Curators plan to incorporate it into a future permanent exhibit being designed as part of Project Redefine, the museum’s ongoing overhaul of permanent galleries.

About: Stephen Goddard, associate director and senior curator of works on paper at the Spencer Museum of Art, first spotted this painting while he was looking for rock posters at a New York City shop called Psychedelic Solution. The Spencer borrowed the work for a 2004-2005 exhibition and purchased it last year.

Infamous historical events — especially violent ones — are a favorite theme of artist Joe Coleman, whose Brooklyn, N.Y., home features his collection of sideshow, serial killer and religious artifacts. An admirer of Northern Renaissance artists, Coleman produces paintings with the same exquisite detail — in “Ballad,” one can see individual hairs on Quantrill’s head.

Coleman’s interpretation — which portrays not just the raid but events and people surrounding it — is painstakingly researched, yet visceral and unflinching, Meyer said. Scenes include William T. “Bloody Bill” Anderson scalping a Union soldier at the Centralia, Mo., holdup and Quantrill on his deathbed, seeping blood from gunshots to his back and trigger finger. Dividing the four scenes is an X-shaped black banner, lined and bookended with portraits of Quantrill — the central figure — and his cohorts.

‘Lawrence Massacre, Mural Design for Fort Scott Kansas’

Artist: Ethel Magafan Year: 1937 Medium: Watercolor on paper Location: Spencer Museum of Art. Not on display.

About: This small watercolor is an example of how controversial subject matter doesn’t always succeed in public art. Ethel Magafan, an artist working for the federal government’s Public Works of Art Project, created the sketch to win a commission for a mural in the Fort Scott post office. Her entry featuring simplified, geometric figures was a finalist but ultimately rejected, Meyer said, because it depicted a political and violent event — hardly a victory for Kansans — that the locals didn’t want on the wall of their post office.

Magafan created a few other studies for this mural that never was, including a second watercolor in the Spencer’s collection and a more detailed design owned by the Denver Art Museum.

Here’s an art-appreciation tour through some of the various depictions of the raid:

Artist: L. Braunhold Year: Circa 1883 Medium: Unspecified Location: Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka About: This black and white illustration is a pastoral image of Quantrill and his men riding through the countryside toward Lawrence. According to the historical society’s description, the illustration was copied from the book “Life and Adventures of the James Boys,” by Jay Donald.

— Features reporter Sara Shepherd can be reached at 832-7187. Follow her at Twitter.com/KCSSara.

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‘Quantrill”s Raid on Lawrence’

Artist: Sherman Bronson Enderton Year: Between 1868 and 1880 Medium: Pencil on wood pulp paper Location: Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka About: Sherman Enderton, a private in Company E, 11th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry, during the Civil War, drew his interpretation of the raid in sweeping black strokes with an ominous sky. Gunmen on horseback gallop through what appears to be an amalgamation of farms, homes and, in the background, larger buildings.

Painting commissioned for old Lawrence City Hall, title unknown

Quantrill’s Raid Sesquicentennial

Artist: Lauretta Louise Fox Fisk | Year: Between 1866 and 1919 Medium: Black and white watercolor on paper Location: Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka About: Lauretta Louise Fox Fisk was the wife of Washburn College sociology professor D.M. Fisk, according to the historical society. A dark, smoky sky and crackling flames are prominent in the painting, a scene portrayed as if one were viewing the raid from a distance instead of eye-level.

‘Quantrill in Life” and “Quantrill in Death’

‘On to Lawrence’

This painting can be seen on page 6.

Artist: Ernst Ulmer | Year: 1991 | Medium: Oil on canvas Location: Watkins Community Museum of History, 1047 Massachusetts St. The painting is a key part of the museum’s new permanent exhibit, located on the second floor. (Framewoods Gallery, 819 Massachusetts St., also sells prints of it.)

About: Artist Ernst Ulmer of Bonner Springs was known for his meticulous historical research and commitment to authenticity.

“Blood Stained Dawn” is a lifelike depiction of gunmen on horseback marching through downtown Lawrence, buildings engulfed in smoke in their wake.

Early last year, this large painting was for sale in a Kansas City, Mo., art gallery with a price tag of $30,000. A private trust (which wants to stay anonymous) has since purchased the painting and loaned it to the Watkins museum to be displayed there long-term, museum executive director Steve Nowak said.

“Their motivation was to have this painting in a public venue, preferably in Lawrence where it relates so much to our history,” Nowak said. “In some ways, I think it’s much more like what people would have witnessed at the time than the period illustrations that were published in East Coast magazines.”

comic book cover Artist: Avon Periodicals Inc. Year: 1952 Medium: Unspecified Location: Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka About: A fictional interpretation of Quantrill and his men, this color comic book features Quantrill’s Raiders from the movie “Red Mountain,” according to the historical society’s description. The glossy yellow cover depicts gunmen on horseback firing at a man trying to defend his burning cabin and is emblazoned with the teaser, “Alan Ladd battles the West’s most desperate outlaw killers!”

‘Quantrill's Raid’

Lawrence massacre-inspired artwork ranges from thoroughly researched historical representations to juxtaposition of characters from the day into modern scenes. In nearly all interpretations, mayhem, blood and fire reign supreme.

‘Blood Stained Dawn’

‘Red Mountain, featuring Quantrell's Raiders’ (sic)

‘The Ballad of Quantrill's Raiders’

Artist: Michael Krueger | Year: 2004 | Medium: Lithography and intaglio print Location: Private collection About: Krueger, an associate professor of art at Kansas University, created a number of Quantrill-inspired works with a “contemporary twist” for the Lawrence sesquicentennial. The modern reflections on stories from the raid include this pair of 5-by-6-inch prints, “Quantrill in Life” and “Quantrill in Death.” The first depicts a seated Quantrill with multiple arms, each holding a gun, and the second a folding table full of relics, including Quantrill’s skull. It was believed that after Quantrill was killed, his body was dug up and his bones went on display in a traveling side show, Krueger said.

Krueger’s other prints on the theme include “Quantrill’s Cake” (lithography and intaglio print, 2004), in which a blood-drenched man and woman smile at each other over a cup of tea and a slice of cake, and “Lost Boys” (color etching, 2005), in which two children — one holding a pistol — sit beneath smoky skies in a surreal depiction of Lawrence’s Centennial Park skateboard park. Krueger said one story he read, written by a woman who survived the raid, told of Quantrill and his men bursting into her home and killing her husband, then demanding tea and cake served on the street. “Lost Boys” is an interpretation of another story, about two boys who fled the raid with a pistol and hid in the area now home to the park.

This painting can be seen on page 8.

Artist: Alvin Howell | Year: Commissioned 1966 Medium: Oil on canvas Location: Watkins Community Museum. Not on display.

Description: The city of Lawrence commissioned artist Alvin Howell to paint this artwork, which was hung in 1967 in the Watkins building (then Lawrence’s city hall) and featured on the cover of the 1967 phone book, according to a 1980 Journal-World article.

When city offices moved to 910 Massachusetts St. in 1970 the painting was in the fourth-floor city commission meeting room, but when the current city hall opened in 1980, officials said the painting didn’t fit with the building’s design and donated it to the Watkins museum, the article said.

Howell painted a collage of scenes from the raid, including burning buildings, a raider shooting a man while women look on and a shadowy graveyard.

“It symbolizes the utter lawlessness of the time,” Howell told the Journal-World in 1980, lobbying for the painting to be permanently displayed somewhere, if not in city hall. “This town was left to its own devices, and it’s inspiring that Lawrence was able to rebuild itself on its own after all that destruction.”

Painting of Quantrill's raid, title unknown

This painting can be seen on page 9.

Artist: Lawrence Coffell (spelling based on signature) Year: Unknown | Medium: Oil paint on canvas board Location: Watkins Community Museum. Not on display.

About: This 2-by-4-foot painting features a raider on a raring horse in the foreground with burning buildings in the background. The museum’s records don’t indicate how or when the museum obtained the painting, although it was added to the museum’s catalog in 2004.

‘The Lawrence Massacre’

This illustration can be seen on page 16.

Artist: Unknown | Year: 1863 | Medium: Unspecified Location: Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka About: “Harper’s Weekly” magazine published this black and white illustration of the raid on Sept. 5, 1863, according to the historical society’s description. The image shows a chaotic scene, with a tangle of dead and wounded Lawrencians lying on the ground with others running from the raiders, the action framed by burning buildings and clouds of smoke.

August 21, 1863 - August 21, 2013

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Traces of the Raid Remain Even 150 years later, the survivors of Quantrill’s Raid are drawing attention.

“There are a lot of people who want to see anything that has survived the raid,” said Debbie McCarthy, manager of the Lawrence Visitors Center.

Many come into the center expecting to find that there are very few surviving things to see. History books long have promoted the notion that the entire town was burned in the raid. But now modernday historians are beginning to shine new light on that assumption.

Brenna Buchanan Young, a local historian and project manager for the 1863 Commemorate Lawrence Project, estimates that there were 70 to 80 structures outside of downtown that survived the raid. Young believes there are quite a few that still exist, probably housing people who have no idea they are living in a home that survived the wrath of Quantrill.

150 years ago Quantrill was unsuccessful in killing Plymouth’s pastor, Rev. Richard Cordley and the Plymouth spirit.

Come to our 9:30 a.m. worship service,

August 25, 2013,

to hear and see a reenactment of Cordley preaching at Plymouth.

(Sponsored by Plymouth’s History Committee.)

Abolitionists since 1854 Sunday Worship Services 9:30 a.m. Traditional • 11 a.m. Contemporary • 6 p.m. Hispanic

925 Vermont St Lawrence, KS 66044 (785) 843-3220 www.plymouthlawrence.com

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Quantrill’s Raid Sesquicentennial

“It wasn’t a burnt town,” Young said.

“It was a burnt district.”

All the surviving structures in the city aren’t known today, but there are a handful of known structures that stand out, McCarthy said. The visitors center, 402 N. Second St., provides visitors with a brochure to take a self-guided tour of some of the important remnants of the raid.

Here’s a look at some of the tour highlights: 1 The area near 19th and Haskell.

Even though the most visible tenant at the intersection is a shopping center that houses everything from a massage parlor to a video store, this area of town is a good reminder of how history from the raid is all around us. Somewhere near the site of the present-day shopping center, the Rev. S.S. Snyder became the first Lawrence victim of the raid when he was killed while milking a cow.

Lawrence historian Katie Armitage is compiling that story and others as part of a new interactive exhibit at the Watkins Community Museum of History that attempts to tie significant events of the raid to modern-day landmarks.

2 The Miller House, the large brick home just east of the current shopping center at 19th and Haskell, is an example of a stately farm house that survived the raid.

3 South Park continues to be a focal point of modern-day Lawrence. In 1863, the park on the south end of downtown was used as a staging area for Quantrill’s raiders. The park, which was established in 1854, also was used for purposes such as grazing livestock and growing crops to supply the city’s residents. The city’s Parks and Recreation Department recently installed new signs at the park to give visitors a better sense of its history.

4 The home at 1205 Rhode Island St., just around the corner from the park, is a good example of an East Lawrence home that survived the raid.

5 The House building, 729-731 Massachusetts Street, has long been credited as one of the few Massachusetts St. buildings that survived Quantrill’s raid. But historians like Young are researching whether other buildings in downtown — or at least significant parts of buildings — were spared from damage in the raid. While downtown, visitors also

will want to look at The Eldridge Hotel. It is not the same Eldridge House that was torched in the raid, but it is on the same site and shares the same namesake as the original.

6 Several houses in what is now considered Old West Lawrence also avoided Quantrill’s torch, in part because the western portion of the city was difficult to access because of a ravine that separated it from the main part of the city. The house at 743 Indiana St. was a boarding house, and was saved after the landlady of the home pleaded with raiders that it was her sole source of income. The Bell House at 1008 Ohio St. was under construction at the time of the raid. The house survived, but Mr. Bell did not. According to research done for the tour, Mr. Bell left his wife and eight children at the home and was killed defending the city.

7 Mt. Oread was one aspect of the city Quantrill had no hope of destroying.

The large hill houses much of Kansas University, and was a prominent lookout spot during the Civil War. McCarthy suggests people go to the area near 11th and Ohio streets to get a sense of just how sweeping of a view Mt. Oread provided to early day settlers.

“Especially during the wintertime, when the leaves are off the trees, it gives you an incredible view, and you are just amazed at how far you can see,” McCarthy said.

8 Pioneer Cemetery is where the raid ended for many victims of Quantrill’s party. The cemetery — which is on Kansas University’s West Campus, just northwest of the 19th and Iowa intersection — was the main cemetery at the time of the raid. A few raid victims still remain buried at the cemetery. But by 1865, Lawrence residents had started building a grand new cemetery, Oak Hill Cemetery in East Lawrence. Many of the victims of the raid were moved to the more elegant and easily accessible Oak Hill Cemetery. The community also erected a memorial for the raid’s victims.

The memorial still stands today.

“I tell people to try to end their tour at the cemetery,” McCarthy said. “You can just get lost in there forever.”

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— City reporter Chad Lawhorn can be reached at 832-6362. Follow him at Twitter.com/clawhorn_ljw.

August 21, 1863 - August 21, 2013

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August 12 & 13

Kids, Let’s Build a Mud Fort 9 a.m. to noon, Lawrence Visitors Center, 402 N. Second St. Learn about when Kansas was still a western territory and Lawrence residents built forts made of mud in case of raids by pro-slavery guerrillas.

Participants must pre-register.

Cost: $25 per child and adult pair. Register online at www.lawrenceks.org/lprd/webenroll

August 16

Watkins Museum Exhibit Gala 6 to 8 p.m., Watkins Museum, 1047 Massachusetts St. There will be remarks and a ribbon-cutting at 6:30 p.m., as well as a viewing of the new permanent exhibit on the Watkins’ second floor.

Cost: $35 per person. Call 785-841-4109 for tickets.

Quantrill’s Raid Graveyard Walk 8:30 p.m., Oak Hill Cemetery Participants must be at least 8 years old. Pre-registration is required. Cost: $17 per person. Register online at www.lawrenceks.org/lprd/webenroll

150th Commemoration of Quantrill's Raid

August 17

Core Exhibit Public Opening 10 a.m. to 4 p.m., second floor of the Watkins Museum, 1047 Massachusetts St. The new permanent exhibit commemorates the 150th anniversary of Quantrill’s Raid on Lawrence and explores its effect on the community, Douglas County’s role in the struggles of the Bleeding Kansas period and the 100-year struggle to achieve freedom for all people in this “free state stronghold.”

The event is free and open to the public.

Cross-Border Tour 8 a.m., Burnt District Monument, 2501 Wall St., Harrisonville, Mo. Follow Quantrill’s 1863 path to Lawrence and his escape back to Missouri on a guided bus tour.

There will be a period encampment and a reenactment, along with a barbecue lunch.

Cost: $60 per person. For more information visit freedomsfrontier.org/pages/Special-Tour Quantrill’s Raid Walking Tours 8:30 to 10 a.m. and 11:15 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.

Watkins Museum, 1047 Massachusetts St. Cost: $5 for Douglas County Historical Society members; for non-members, $10 in advance and $15 the day of the event. To sign up, call 785-841-4109.

Quantrill’s Men Reunions: Dr. Jeremy Neely, Missouri State University 10:15 a.m., Watkins Museum, 1047 Massachusetts St. Dr. Jeremy Neely will consider the meanings of the controversial gatherings of the men who once rode with William C. Quantrill, convening in Jackson County, Mo., each summer for 30 years, and the bitter memories they continued to stoke along the state line.

The event is free and open to the public.

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Fire and Fall Back: Quantrill’s Leave-taking from Kansas 2 to 3 p.m., Watkins Museum, 1047 Massachusetts St. Local historians John R. Nichols and Deborah Barker will talk about when Quantrill and his men burned and terrorized through Franklin and Miami counties. The event is free and open to the public.

Music of the Civil War Era, Kaw Valley Concert Band 4 p.m., Watkins Museum, 1047 Massachusetts St. The Kaw Valley Cornet Band will play music that was popular during the Civil War. The concert is free and open to the public.

August 18

Cross-Border Tour 8 a.m., Burnt District Monument, 2501 Wall St., Harrisonville, Mo. Follow Quantrill’s 1863 path to Lawrence and his escape back to Missouri on a guided bus tour. Guests can visit the new exhibit at Watkins Museum and lunch at the Carnegie Building, followed by a walking tour of Quantrill’s Raid through downtown Lawrence.

Cost: $60 per person. For more information visit freedomsfrontier.org/pages/Special-Tour “Birthplace of the Civil War, Where Slavery Began to Die” 1 to 2:30 p.m., Lecompton Hear the stories of Lecompton’s three stonemasons killed during the Lawrence Massacre. The event is free, but donations are accepted. For more information, visit www.1863lawrence.com/lecompton-historical-society

Quantrill’s Raid Sesquicentennial

150th Anniversary of Quantrill’s Raid and City of Lawrence Commemoration 6:30 p.m., South Park Gazebo There will be a presentation on the history and significance of Quantrill’s Raid, a special reading of the victims’ names, and the City Band will perform specially selected works that are representative of the music of the 1860s and have significance to the Lawrence community. The commemoration is free and open to the public, and the city will provide cold refreshments during the performance.

August 30

Final Friday Exhibit Opening: “Modern Views of Quantrill’s Raid” 6 to 8 p.m., Watkins Museum, 1047 Massachusetts St., and at the Lawrence Percolator, in the alley behind 913 Rhode Island. Local artists share their thoughts about the raid that changed Lawrence forever, and its impact on the town’s character. The event is free and open to the public.

September 12

Senior Session: Joe Coleman’s “The Ballad of Quantrill’s Raiders” 10 to 11 a.m., Spencer Museum of Art, 1301 Mississippi St. A presentation by Jonathan Earle, KU Associate Professor of History and author of “Bleeding Kansas, Bleeding Missouri: The Long Civil War on the Border.”

The gallery talk is free and open to the public and will be followed by a book signing.

The City of Lawrence invites you to attend a special City Band performance in historic South Park to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Quantrill’s Raid on Lawrence.

Sunday, August 18 6:30 p.m. - 8:00 P.m.

South Park • Downtown Lawrence During the program, Jonathan Earle, Associate Professor of History from the University of Kansas, will provide a brief presentation of the history and significance of Quantrill’s Raid to the Lawrence Community.

A special reading of the victims’ names of Quantrill’s Raid will also occur.

After the evening’s speakers, the City Band will perform specially selected works that are representative of the music of the 1860’s and have significance to the Lawrence community.

The city will provide cold refreshments to enjoy during the performance.