Antofagasta, Chile
Thesis
Julie Mikkelsen
Remedium Student number 150292 Tutor David A. Garcia The Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
2019 / 2020
Program
2
Architecture Thesis Program 2020
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Julie Mikkelsen 150292 Architecture and Extreme Environments Tutor: David A. Garcia The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Institute of Architecture and Technology School of Architecture Philip De Langes AllÊ 10, 1435 København K
Format A5 (148mm x 210mm) Font Gotham
Thesis Program
150292
Remedium
3
Investigating Potentials of Architecture as a Protester
remedy
verb 1. To rectify (an undesirable or unhealthy condition): cure, heal. 2. To make right what is wrong: amend, correct, emend, mend, rectify, redress, reform, right. https://www.thefreedictionary.com/remedy
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
noun 1. An agent used to restore health: cure, elixir, medicament, medication, medicine, nostrum, physic. 2. Something that corrects or counteracts: antidote, corrective, countermeasure, curative, cure.
Remedium
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
4
Thesis Program
150292
/ Index
Table of Contents Investigation 06 Preface 08 Architecture & Extreme Environments 10 An Overview Architecture as a Protester
Understanding 14 Context Chile Antofagasta, Chile Chile’s Cancer Capital
46 Social Actions Este Polvo te Mata Protests in Chile The Building & Protests The Square & Protests The Road & Protests The Built Intervention
Julie Mikkelsen
84 Proposed Site Typologies Port of Antofagasta Site Photos
Process 96 Scales of Investigation Macro Meso Micro Planned Submission References Architectural Investigation Methods UN Goals 120 Appendices Infographics Device Absorbing Air Pollution Collaborators Timeline Bibliography Figures / Icons CV
5
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
28 Pollution Air Pollution Antropocene A Political Problem Levels Pollution-related Diseases Health Effects
62 Program Intentions Keywords: Definitions and Utilization The Users Parameters of Investigation Guiding Principles Making the Invisible Visible Promote Health & Well-being Give People a Voice Through Architecture
Remedium
/ Summary
South America
6
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Antofagasta “Chile’s Cancer Capital”
Thesis Program
150292
1
Preface Can architecture, backed by research, play an active role as a protester against an industrial polluter?
7
Architecture as a Protester
The project derives its momentum from a global problem of air pollution from man-made resources and places itself physically in the midst of an on-going problem with air pollution in the city of Antofagasta in Northern Chile, where the industrial harbour is polluting and harming the citizens with the minerals being stored and shipped. Social actions have been occurring since 2014, with protests made by a local movement called Este Polvo te Mata (This Dust Kills You). These protests have so far been unfruitful in achieving their goal of relocating the harbour out of the city center. Heavier actions need to be taken. Can architecture do this?
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
This program is an investigation into looking at architecture through a political lens of protesting.
Remedium
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
8
Thesis Program
150292
/ Master Program
Architecture & Extreme Environments Master Course This project is part of the master program Architecture & Extreme Environments, at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture in Copenhagen. The program deals with the field of architecture through its relation to environmental challenges and a question of the status-quo, with a site-specific approach by analysing the context. With an on-site method, through expeditions to far away and extreme climates, a greater understanding of the destination’s culture, climate, political and geographic profile is researched and experienced, to understand architecture tailored to the context. Research and study of the destination generates areas of interest to be explored through 1:1 prototypes that are tested on site during the expedition and which opens the discussion with locals about the importance of architecture in their own context and words. The previous expedition was to the cold, north Alaska in the US, where a completelt different set of challenges occured compared to Chile.
9
In November 2019, the program went on an expedition to Antofagasta, Chile for one month. Just before take off from Copenhagen, political uproar and protests from the public started to emerge and the possibility of a cancellation of the trip was on the table. The protests settled down a bit and the trip was done without too many disruptions. In the suitcase of each student lies a prototype designed and created at the school campus to test a specific problem faced in the context. The designed prototype allowed for experiments and testing as well as establishing social interactions with the local community, and by that getting wiser on the specific challenges they face and what they see as future solutions.
Julie Mikkelsen
https://kadk.dk/program/architecture-and-extreme-environments
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Field Work
Remedium
/ Preface
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Understanding / An Overview
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
The following document is organised into three overall sections to give the reader and overview to understand a greater context within it.
Thesis Program
Section one is called Understanding, and is concerned with the background and contextual underpinning of the project. It underlines the problematics which has led to the thesis question being asked and is indicating the direction of further research. Section two is called Investigation, and outlines the positioning of the thesis and the specific social, spatial and technological paradigms that will be utilized to explore the speculative hypothesis. Within this section are indicated the programmatic elements necessary to architecturally test this hypothesis. Section three is called Process, and defines the intended methods through which this investigation will manifest, setting out the tools and scope of the questioning.
150292
/ Preface
Where In Antofagasta, Northern Chile, protests have for years been held against the authorities and the Port of Antofagasta relating to the ongoing air pollution. The city is build on the mining industry and the export of its products and have the highest living standards in all of Chile. In the city center, which lies at edge of the coast, the Port of Antofagasta operates a medium sized Sea port, exporting copper and other minerals from the mines to the rest of the world.
What
12
The public space has a history of being a space of expression of distrust and uproar from the public to organisations or general politics of a place. In Antofagasta there is a protest running for the 6th year against the Port. With the help from published medical studies, attention has come forward about the damages the pollution from the industry at the Port has on the citizens of the city, particularly the ones having a daily life at the center of the city. In the fall of 2019, general protests were spreading through Chile, with people upset about the general cost of living and a general unrest about the government. These protests are unrelated to the ones at the Port, but shows a general public tired of the direction the government and money-makers has led to country on to.
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Why
Thesis Program
The citizens in Antofagasta are at a higher risk of cancer due to the pollution coming from the Port, this is supported by medical studies done by local medical universities. The citizens have had enough and demand not to be contaminated and affected by the money-making businesses. They stage various types of protests, blocking and walking the streets. So far it has had little effect on the industry, which fights back saying the pollution is not dangerous. They did build a shed called El Galpรณn in 2014, to store some of the copper before exporting, but studies have show this does little to contain the pollution. The main outcome for the protests is to re-locate the port to a place outside of the city center. The people want the port to take action for its pollution and in a scenario where the people and industry live side by side, the port needs to find a way to make a sustainable, clean industry.
150292
Architecture as a Protester This program asks the question of the role of architecture in society and political power today. Can architecture be the medium to make a statement?
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How
Through an investigation into architecture as a protester, this thesis looks to question the formal power of architecture, through researching historical means of using proportions to mediate and inform, by placing volumes with varying intensities and the balance between reaching the edge of the Port, and entering enemy territory, the formal investigation will unfold. The presence of a busy road, a place where protests often take place by blocking, will also be taken into considerations and the potentials of controlling this as a tool in sending a message, as it has been used many times before, but including it as a transformation within the architecture will be explored.
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Architecture has in historical terms been used to express power from a political point of view. The physicality and proportions can have a strong impact on how we read a building.
Remedium
2
/ Context
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Understanding / Context The project is placed in Antofagasta, a city and region in Northern Chile.
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
The following pages is an introduction to the context, both politically, climatic and visually, to set the scene for the thesis project.
Thesis Program
The city is built upon the industry and exporting of products from mining and have both given the city and region the reputation of one of Chile’s richest, but also the reputation of one of Chile’s most unhealthy cities. The project is developed from the information about Antofagasta as Cancer Capital of Chile, a city of high cancer rates due to the pollution from the industry and the protests from the population against this.
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/ Context
Cop D
Fl ig
16 e tim t h
rs hou 17 l ta to
CHILE DATA Region of Antofagasta
4.300 km coastline 30°00’S 70°00’ W coordinates South American Continent
Chile
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Equator
756,102 km2 area
Thesis Program
150292
Chile
penhagen, Denmark
17
Why is Chile so long and narrow? Natural boundaries and military conquests. Chile has had its current shape since the late 1880s, when the nation finally captured its southern territories. Its meager width and impressive length have differing origins, however. The former is determined by the local geography: The country is wedged between the Andes mountain range to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. As such, it measures an average of only 109 miles across, but even that understates how narrow the country really is. The mountains that run along the border with Argentina occupy between one-third and one-half of Chile’s width. Most Chileans live in the country’s fertile Central Valley, a narrow ribbon of habitable land that runs alongside a smaller range of mountains on the coast. Julie Mikkelsen
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2010/03/why-is-chile-so-long-and-skinny.html
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Equator
Remedium
3
/ Context
Tarapacรก Chile
Pacific Ocean
Bolivia
Region of Antofagasta City of Antofagasta
Argentina
18
The Region The Region of Antofagasta is in the Northern part of Chile. The region is known as one of the driest places in the world, since it receives very little rain. It has one of the highest income per capita in the country due to the heavy mining industry, where lithium and copper are the dominant sources. The desert, The Atacama, stretches from the region beneath and up through the region of Antofagasta and is a popular tourist destination, whereas the City of Antofagasta receives very few tourists a year.
Rainshadow Effect
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Atacama Chile
Coquimbo Chile
Thesis Program
The Region of Antofagasta receives very little rain every year, due to a climatic phenomenon called the Rainshadow Effect. This causes many issues, for plants and wildlife, but also for the drinking water underground, which is runnning out. It affects the design of the cities in the region, which are built without a drainage system, and when a rare downpour does happen, mudslies and flooding occours.
150292
Antofagasta Rainshadow Effect
High pressure descending air warms and dries up
Cooling, condensation and rain on the windward slopes
Winds are chilled by the Humboldt current, so unable to pick up moisture
Recalling southeast trade winds
Andes Mountains Antofagasta
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean South American Continent (Not to scale)
CPH
8.45 °C 17.9 °C 1 mm
79 %
77 %
12.3
12.1
4.5
Temperature Average
Precipitation / year Average
Humidity Average
Daylight hours Average
Longest days: Dec (13.6 hours) Shortest days: Jun (10.7 hours)
8.4
Sunshine hours Average
https://weather-and-climate.com
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
313 mm
Longest days: Jun (17.4 hours) Shortest days: Dec (7.1 hours)
Julie Mikkelsen
19
ANT
Remedium
/ Context
Antofagasta, Chile
Pacific Ocean
Nickname “The Pearl of the North”
Motto “Glory, homeland and tenacity is your motto and your honor” (“Gloria, patria y tesón es tu lema y tu honor”)
Established 22nd of October, 1868
Residential
Area 30.718 km2
Old fish harbour and market
20
Port of Antofagasta
Population 388.545 people
Downtown
Average width 2 km
Shoreline 24 km
University
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
The City
Thesis Program
Residential
1 km
The city of Antofagasta was built to accomodate the nearby mines and started with a history of exporting saltpeter. Today there are ruins in the south of the city, which are a memory of the history of mining and exporting that are so present in the city. Nowadays it is mainly copper and lithium that are mined and exported, which is being driven in trucks and on trains to the city and exported through the Port.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antofagasta
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Antofagasta N Wind direction and speed N
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Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Julie Mikkelsen
Remedium
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
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Thesis Program
The Mountains
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/ Context
Antofagasta
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Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
The Sea
Remedium
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
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Thesis Program
150292
/ Context
The Harbour
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Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Remedium
Julie Mikkelsen
/ Background Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
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Thesis Program
A protest staged by the local movement Este Polvo te Mata, with the black hand print as a recognizable symbol
150292
Antofagasta Chile’s Cancer Capital % 2015
42
er nc
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2
se
of
ta as
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h at de
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Ant of ag a
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21% of
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tal
a d e a t h s d u e to c
29% nc
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of
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a d e a t h s d u e to c
27 nc
er
Julie Mikkelsen
http://www.chilesustentable.net/masiva-marcha-contra-la-contaminacion-en-antofagasta/
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Long known as a hub of production in the world’s biggest miner of copper, Antofagasta has earned a darker distinction as Chile’s cancer capital. Scientists consider that the Antofagasta area is undergoing a biological experiment in having the population exposed to such levels of contamination, the president of the Antofagasta Medical College, Aliro Bolados, told Agence FrancePresse (AFP). “There is a whole generation that has had all these things,” she said. Despite having the highest per capita income, they have the lowest life expectancy in Chile. “There should be obligatory annual tests for children from one to six years old,” the city’s mayor, Karen Rojo, told AFP, “to determine the damage to the population.” The port’s operators, the major Chilean conglomerate Luksic, have signed a commitment to “clean production.” Despite that, a court fined the company $1.3 million in October for pollution and ordered them to clean up the area. The port continues to operate.
Remedium
/ Pollution
Understanding / Pollution
28
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Pollution is a global issue, which can occur both in the air, soil and water. Pollution has an impact on society on many levels. It is causing diseases in the people exposed to it, and the industry at times gain an economic outcome by cutting corners on certain costs, but the population, and in some cases, the state, are picking up the bill when costs of health issues arise. Studies have shown that we already get impacted from air pollution while we are in the womb and that the first years of living are crucial regarding the amount of pollution we are exposed to and our health issues later in life.
Thesis Program
150292
/ Measuring
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Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
What is Air Pollution? Air pollution is a mixture of solid particles and gases in the air. Car emissions, chemicals from factories, dust, pollen and mold spores may be suspended as particles. Ozone, a gas, is a major part of air pollution in cities. When ozone forms air pollution, it’s also called smog. Some air pollutants are poisonous. Inhaling them can increase the chance you will have health problems. People with heart or lung disease, older adults and children are at greater risk from air pollution. PM2.5 is a microscopic particle, 2.5 microns in width and almost 30 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. When levels are high, PM2.5 particles form a haze in the sky, making their way into people’s respiratory tracts and reaching the lungs. Often dubbed a silent killer, it’s only in the past decade that we have begun to understand PM2.5 better, its sources and the long-term impacts on lung and heart diseases. Exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution was estimated by WHO to cause about 7 million deaths in 2012, raising awareness of the scourge of pollution on a global scale.
Thesis Program
https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics
150292 4
Air Pollution Air Quality Index Good
0
Moderate
Unhealthy
35
75
Hazard
250
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How to Measure Air Pollution?
Air Pollution is measured and communicated through an Air Quality Index, which is the sum of various sizes of particles in the air. The calculations and standards wary between countries.
Julie Mikkelsen
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/07/14/understanding-air-pollution-andthe-way-it-is-measured
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Measuring the concentration of PM2.5 and understanding its sources is key to designing policies to control its presence in the air we breathe. Scientists believe there is no substitute for ground level monitoring, but on-ground monitoring of PM2.5 requires sophisticated equipment, sustained funding, technical knowhow, and regulatory support that are still absent in many countries. In some cases they use satellite-driven technologies which are a powerful, supplementary tool for measuring large-scale exposure to air pollutants.
Remedium
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
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Thesis Program
150292
/ Antofagasta
Port of Antofagasta Industry pollution
Pollution
Avenida Grecia Traffic pollution
33
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Julie Mikkelsen
Remedium
/ Pollution
Joseline Tapia, Geologist Geological Society of Chile
“The global average of arsenic in the earth’s crust is 4.8 mg per kilo. The soil in northern Chile is four times higher, about 20 mg of arsenic per kilo of soil, but in the soil of the Port there are 200 mg per kilo of soil and even more“
34 Pollution by the Industry
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
The minerals are occuring geologically at high levels in Antofagasta, but is skyrocketing because of the industries and their extraction and export of it. The closer you get to the Port in the city, the higher the concentrations of for example arsenic have been found.
Thesis Program
Antofagasta 200 mg arsenic/kg of soil
http://www.chilesustentable.net/masiva-marcha-contra-la-contaminacion-en-antofagasta/
150292
Pollution Antropocene
Arsenic in the soil
35 8
4.
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Julie Mikkelsen
il
2
so t us of cr kg ’s / rth nic Ea rse a g m
l
oi
ile f s Ch g o rn c/k e i rth en No ars g m 0
Remedium
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/ Hierarchy
The hierarchy of institutions and people affecting eachother:
QuiĂąenco Andronico Luksic
ATI Port Authority
EPA, Port Authority LeĂłn Cohen
Mayor Karen Rojo
36
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
University of Antofagasta Rodrigo Orrego
Este Polvo te Mata Grassroot movement
The Citizens Thesis Program
150292
Pollution A Political Problem “I have already said it. Pollution in Antofagasta is a historical problem. If they want to take out the Port, they have to talk to the State, not me.” Andrónico Luksic, Chairman of Luksic Group / Quiñenco
It was assumed that after the #EstePolvoTeMata movement, policies would be designed to change sanitary conditions, but the efforts have been harmless. So much so, that the Medical College has repeatedly requested that Antofagasta be declared a zone saturated with contamination. The Port of Antofagasta (ATI) has been targeted as a critical pollution focus. The port, in order to mitigate the environmental impact it generates, built a shed for the collection and transfer of minerals from the train to the boats. However, in 2016, an evaluation of the port’s warehouse showed that its workers are exposed to lead levels of 0.143 mg / m3 representing 2,760% above the average, the same with arsenic. Julie Mikkelsen
https://timeline.cl/2014/02/antofagasta-terminal-internacional-confirma-que-apelara-y-sigue-construccion-de-galpon/
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Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
The fear and distrust installed in the population are due to the fact that periodically the scientific researchers have registered the presence of pollutants and the health damages they cause in the long term. The abundance of minerals in the area and their collection for decades in Antofagasta before being shipped through the port, has generated a prolonged process of intoxication of the city. In 2014 the Port of Antofagasta (ATI) was the main axis of a series of mobilizations that had the motto “This dust kills you”, in reference to the heavy metals present in the city.
Remedium
6
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
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Thesis Program
150292
/ Hierarchy
Pollution A Political Problem
Ricardo Díaz Founder of Este Polvo te Mata
Julie Mikkelsen
http://www.ricardodiaz.org/
39
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
“The World Cup came and everyone forgot about the protests. The appeal before the Supreme Court against the shed was lost. Our president opened the Sierra Gorda Mining Company [in 2014], along with the environment minister who said that all those who claimed were wrong. And so the companies were happy rubbing their hands to do the business of the year at the expense of the health of the antofagastinos.”
Remedium
Background
53.300%
Qingshan, China Santiago, Chile Antofagasta, Chile
5.080%
1.991% 1.610%
40
92%
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
746% Thesis Program
Arsenic
Copper
www.ciperchile.cl/2018/06/18/puerto-de-antofagasta-un-dispositivo-urbano-que-intoxica
Magnesium
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Pollution Levels Pollution levels in Antofagasta compared to Qingshan, China and Santiago
The Port of Antofagasta has been tested for levels of heavy metals in the dust and the results have been compared to several locations around the world. Here the results show a comparison to a busy, heavily polluted expressway in China and to the capital of Chile, Santiago.
1.258%
Some results are so high that the difference cannot be shown visually and goes far beyond the borders of the paper.
41
949%
Julie Mikkelsen
Zinc
Graphical works done by the author
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
558%
211% Lead
Remedium
South America
A New Contaminated Watersource The Toconce and Holajar rivers became Antofagasta main source of drinkable water. The rivers were considered to be clean at the time 9
Arsenic in water Antofagasta has a shortage of water available for drinking. In 1958, the city chose to start drinking water from two rivers close to the city. The main issue: the rivers were highly contaminated with arsenic.17
1958
1960
852 µg / L
WHO recommended level
/ Background
Antofagasta
1970
Water contamination discovered
1971 1973
Water treatment plant installed 10
220 µg / L
Cement Production Complex built 33 km southeast of Antofagasta11
1978
1980 Water treatment plant improved
200 µg / L
First test of children with lead 12 (Pb) in the blood
1988
Lead in blood
1990
Water treatment plant improved further
40 µg / L
Lead storage facilities in city centre closed
After an old lead storage was closed down in 1998, tests were conducted on children living nearby and levels of lead in their blood. A few years later, follow up tests were conducted, showing the lead was still present in the children and new children living there after the closure.18
1998
A follow up test of children tested in 1998 was conducted
2005
17.5 µg / dL
2000
NIOSH recommended level
High levels of lead (Pb) tested in children living near the Port 13
2010
42 / 13.5 µg
dL
Politics
kg 15 .2
14
20
mg /
kg
900
800 N
IO SH
700 re co m m en d
600 500
ed lev el
400
20
17
t, or e P as th , w at se) ntly ity ou rre 4 cil reh h cu e1 a g f (wa hic trat in ld —n , w en ho lp ed nc A e ga uct co th nstr s Cu co ore st
100 0
ppm: parts coppe million parts
WHO The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. 25 NIOSH The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is the United States federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness.26
33
ead in blood 82
Copper in dust 29
As
Pb
Cu
Arsenic
Lead
Copper
1958 - 1980
1998 - currently
2014 - currently
µg/dL
mg/ kg
18
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
300
A in cou m dust rt Þ th illion ry c ned Th em for om Luk e p to p pa s or cle ollu ny, ic, a t c an tio $1 m on up n .3 ult itin t an ue he d o s t ar rd o o ea er ed pe . ra te 15
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
g/ m
ppm: parts arsenic per million parts of water ppm: parts lead per million parts of blood
µg/L
Arsenic in waterL
Thesis Program
.9 17
This Dust Kills You (Este Polvo Te Mata) is a peoples movement campaigning for the port of Antofagasta to be moved. It protest againt the growing industries in Antofagasta, although it is ignored by politicians and government so far. The protests include marches, distruption of the industry and attempt to breaking and entering.16
200
2020 Future solutions The future prevention of contamination in Antofagasta could be strengthened by the implementation of a local geochemistry laboratory that allows for fast, efÞcient, and accurate measurements. But due to political insecurities, little is prospected to be changed about the issues.28
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A History of the Region Antofagasta has a long history of diseases stemming from pollution. In the 1950s a new drinking water source was chosen from two nearby rivers. What the population did not know at the time, was that the rivers were heavily polluted with arsenic. When the issues was tested in the 1970s, an immediate installation of a water treatment plant was installed. But the people had already been contaminated and a higher rate of cancers in the bladder and lungs were starting to skyrocket 30 years after the contamination had taken place. The issue with contamination due to pollution and health risks from it, is that the problems and diseases often only show up many years after being exposed. In the beginning of the autumn semester, an infographic poster was made that looked at diseases caused by pollution, currently and historically in the city of Antofagasta (seen partly on the left). This has been a main starting point of the investigation and interests in dealing with architecture and pollution.
Julie Mikkelsen
Graphical works done by the author https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324730245
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
er per of dust
Pollution-Related Diseases
Remedium
/ Pollutants
24
Cr 7
Chromium 25
29
Mn
Cu
Manganese
Copper 30
33
48
Zn
Cd
Zinc
Cadmium 82
As
Pb
Arsenic
Lead
Soil
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Size of Pollution Particles
44
Water
Air
16
Thesis Program
Line of hair
8
PM10
PM2.5
Pollutants in the Body The human body can be affected by many outside sources. The pollution can cause some diseases in specific organs of the body. Some of the minerals found in Antofagasta, which can have health affects on humans, is seen at the top. The are often breathed in and can, depending on the size of the particle, enter far into the body and damage the organs. An important note is the fact that most minerals are naturally occuring, but become unhealthy in large doses through industries.
Graphical works done by the author https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324730245
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Cognitive disabilities The damage on cognitive ability by air pollution likely impacts the development of children. A few studies have found that exposure to air pollution lowers educational accomplishment and in general students score lower on tests.
Health Effect
Cardiopulmonary diseases Over 4,000 people worldwide are estimated to die prematurely every year from cardiopulmonary diseases associated with chronic exposure to air pollutants.
Lung cancer
Av. new diagnosis / year 35 / 100.000 Antofagasta Av. new diagnosis / year 17 / 100.000 Chile
45
Bladder cancer
Diagnosis Men Antofagasta
153 / 100.000 50 / 100.000
Diagnosis Average Chile
4.5 / 100.000
Skin cancer Since the skin acts as a barrier between the organism and the environment, it is frequently directly exposed to pollution. It is very often degraded by polluting agents and acts as an inlet toward other tissues.
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Diagnosis Women Antofagasta
Remedium
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/ Protests
Understanding / Social Actions
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
46
During the fall of 2019, riots started in Santiago, the capital of Chile and quickly spread to the entire country. The people were fed up with the rising cost of living, healthcare and public transportation, which they felt did not follow an increase of the wages. The people took to the streets and demonstrations turned violent and damaged many buildings and public transportation. The protests showed to be affective on the government and they chose to withdraw the rising fees of transport as well as deciding to vote for a new constitution. In another protest, a local protest group called Este Polvo te Mata have gathered people to protest specifically about the Port and the pollution stemming from it. They have created blockages and quiet protests as well as fires and attempts to breaking and entering into the grounds of the Port, to demand it being moved outside of the city.
Thesis Program
150292
/ Background
“They [the politicians] prefer to sacrifice Antofagasta than to stop Chile from making money” Ricardo Diaz, This Dust Kills You
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
48 Este Polvo te Mata is a movement started in 2014 by university professor Ricardo Díaz, a local citizen of Antofagasta. They fight to create awareness of the dust that pollutes the city, coming from the Port. They request the port to be moved or at least for a clean, responsible industry and for the companies to take action against ot. Ricardo Díaz has fought a fight for years against pollution in Antofagasta. Determined to dispute the municipality for the Democratic Revolution party, Díaz declares himself tired of the actions of the authorities of the region, including Senator Alejandro Guillier: “He is more worried about his presidential candidacy than of Antofagasta, in fact we don’t even see him in the region”. Tired of the contamination of the mining concentrates at the port of Antofagasta, of the dust-filled surfaces and of the high rates of cancer in the region, philosophy professor Ricardo Díaz and other people from Antofagasta started the movement “This dust kills you “ One of the first actions taken by the movement was given after the warning one night that the trucks full of concentrate were then heading to the port. Ricardo Díaz, with about 50 people, decided to put together a candle in the middle. When the vehicles were seen from afar, Diaz stood in the middle of the confident street. “They won’t pass!” He said. It took a while to realize that he was the only one standing in the street.
Thesis Program
http://www.ricardodiaz.org/
150292
Este Polvo te Mata This Dust Kills You
49
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Julie Mikkelsen
Remedium
8
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
50
Thesis Program
“Enough with the Pollution!”
150292
/ Background
Este Polvo te Mata This Dust Kills You This Dust Kills You (Este Polvo te Mata) is constituted of the common population and has a purpose to create awareness about the problem with pollution from industries. They arrange various events, as well as use street art to promote their message and the black hand has become a recognizable symbol of their movement. To incorporate what is already being done by the protests, the following explains what constitutes the current mobilization within the group:
Forms of mobilization:
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. Artistic and creative actions (e.g. guerilla theatre, murals) . Blockades . Development of a network/collective . Development of alternative proposals . Lawsuits, court cases, judicial activism . Media based activism/alternative media . Objections to the EIA . Public campaigns . Street protest/marches . Arguments for the rights of mother nature . Spreading viral videoes in the town . Stopping trucks, and going in a demonstration to the harbour carrying candles . Legal appeals to the the environmental authorities, to the Supreme Court, and intervention of local politicians.
Local schools Local government Political parties Neighbours Citizens Communities Trade unions Local scientists Professionals Fishermen Industrial workers Informal workers
Julie Mikkelsen
Environmental Justice Atlas: https://ejatlas.org/conflict/port-of-antofagasta
51
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Groups mobilizing:
Remedium
/ Background
52
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
A General Protest During the fall of 2019 riots started in Santiago, but quickly spread to the entire country of Chile. The people were fed up with the rising cost of living, of healthcare and public transportation, which they felt did not follow an increase of the wages. The people took to the streets and demonstrations turned violent and damaged many buildings and public transportation. The people are driven by widespread anger over Chile’s economic model, which was introduced during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, which ended in 1990. People feel that relying heavily on the private sector to provide services hasn’t worked, that it’s made the rich richer, but the government isn’t delivering. Protesters complain often that they can’t afford education, that the public health system is woefully inadequate. The one issue they really very often raise is the pension system, which is privatized. Pension fund managers have been making big profits, but payments to pensioners are generally very low. The protests showed to be affective on the government and they chose to withdraw the rising fees of transport as well as deciding having a referendum in April 2020, to vote for a new constitution. The protests turned violent at times and as of December 28, 29 people have died, nearly 2,500 have been injured, and 2,840 have been arrested.
Thesis Program
NPR: https://www.npr.org/2020/01/11/795514808/protests-in-chile
150292
Protests in Chile
53
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Photo by Henry Glogou
Julie Mikkelsen
Remedium
/ Disruption of Spaces
“Architectural design which aims and desires to predict and control what the user will/should experience/do, is not only a loss of design’s full potential, but very removed from what defines an architectural instrument. These considerations of control are closer to architecture as a tool, aimed to mould and manipulate in this case, the user, as opposed to an instrument that allows for discovery. “ (David A. Garcia)
Where do protests take place?
54
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Using the building for protesting Using architecture as an object of protests has been used throughout history. Occupying a space to demand control of it or postpone or cancel a demolition has occurred many times throughout history. It was seen in Copenhagen during the riots concerning the Youth House in Nørrebro, where the users squatted inside the building and made a blockage, so the police could not enter. It has been used by students strike, where teachers are locked outside and not allowed to enter, as a way of using the power of the door and lock as a tool for a statement. The way of protesting by squatting, barricading or occupying a building to make a statement can be very powerful. When emotions take over and people are involved as opposed to mere brick and mortar, the architectural fight becomes instantly stronger. During the recent protests in Hong Kong, the protesters started building small Stonehenge formations on the streets, to block, but also to make the protest into a visual recognizable tool. A protester involved in the protest explained that the Stonehenge formations were used to slow down water cannons and police vehicles. When hit by a wheel, the block on top falls and helps buttress the other two, working together.
Thesis Program
https://www.salisburyjournal.co.uk/news/18039445.hong-kong-protesters-use-mini-stonehenge-road-blocks/
150292
The Building and Protests
55
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Stonehenge imitations build during protests in Hong Kong and placed around the squares and streets to block.
Remedium
9
/ Disruption of Spaces
Where do protests take place?
56
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Inhabiting the square A protests can take place anywhere. But the protests always takes place where people want to be heard. If they are protesting the politics, the protest take place in front of a Parliament. If they are protesting a company, the people will gather in front of the headquarters. In front of many important buildings, there is a public square. In the case of a protest, people temporarily take over the ruling of the square and can collectively scream rants at the people they want to hear it. In recent years, from the Arab uprisings to the anti-austerity movement in Spain and the global Occupy sit-ins, protests and civil unrest have sparked new debates about political organization and the nature of contemporary citizenship in the public space and the way it is used as a tool. There is not anything new about these occupations of public space, but ways of quieting people and closing down protest have been debated. In a book by Marie Rovisco and Jonathan Corpus Ong, the debate regarding challenges of the notion of a disappearance of public space, the reconsidering of the significance of physical space and embodiment in the conduct and consequences of protest events are debated. The book illuminates how square and street politics and their mediation become vehicles for new ideas of community, citizenship and public life.
Thesis Program
Taking the Square,Mediated Dissent and Occupations of Public Space By Maria Rovisco and Jonathan Corpus Ong
150292
The Square and Protests
57
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Julie Mikkelsen
Remedium
10
/ Disruption of Spaces
Where do protests take place?
58
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Blocking the streets The road is a place where people move from a to b in their preferred vehicle. When protesting against something, blocking a road can be powerful, to make it impossible for people to move and therefore gain their attention. During the recent protests in Chile, blocking the streets became at times a celebratory way of protesting, by forcing people to get out of their cars and dance in order for them to pass. The protests were often smaller groups. Other protests are done by burning garbage and tires, which leaves a mark on the street, even when the fires have burned down. A global protest movement called Reclaim the Streets are a collective with a shared ideal of community ownership of public spaces. Participants characterize the collective as a resistance movement opposed to the dominance of corporate forces in globalization. Reclaim the Streets often stage non-violent direct action street reclaiming events such as the ‘invasion’ of a major road, highway or freeway to stage a party. While this may obstruct the regular users of these spaces such as car drivers and public bus riders, the philosophy of RTS is that it is vehicle traffic, not pedestrians, who are causing the obstruction, and that by occupying the road they are in fact opening up public space. The events are usually spectacular and colourful, with sand pits for children to play in, free food and music.
The Road and Protests
5
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
60
Thesis Program
150292
12
The Built Intervention
Julie Mikkelsen
61
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
How can architecture play an active role as a protester on the shoulders of research?
Remedium
/ Program Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
62
Thesis Program
Investigation / Program Intentions Based on the information gathered, the following is an explanation of what the project aims to work with. During the course of the final semester, the project is open to new discoveries and by keeping an open question, the project can end up in many different directions. This is intentional.
150292
/ Program
This thesis proposal aims to provide:
A space for exploring and researching alternative ways to combat air pollution and formalize those findings A space which works and transforms as a protest, creating a higher self-sufficiency and power within the community A space that creates synergy between citizens, research and influence
64 Proposal
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
The project places itself at the ground zero of air pollution in Antofagasta, next to the Port. The project will investigate how architecture can merge protests and research with the exploration of form as a political power in Chile. Can this inform new forms of synergy between the industry and the citizens? And how can architecture have an active role in both generating and communicating knowledge to the public? Implementing education in this research environment is aimed towards reaching a higher state of autonomy and future engagement for the community. The continuity of knowledge and expertize surrounding the environment and air pollution is crucial for the sustainable development of the town. This will provide space of protests and information sharing to create an architecture which aims at teasing the culprit and in the future have a potential of power.
Thesis Program
150292
Program Intentions
65
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Remedium
Julie Mikkelsen
/ Program Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
66
Thesis Program
Performance
Instrument
per·for·mance | \ pər-’fȯr-mən(t)s
in·stru·ment | \ ‘in(t)-strə-mənt
the execution of an action the fulfillment of a claim, promise, or request the manner of reacting to stimuli
a measuring device for determining the present value of a quantity under observation a means whereby something is achieved, performed, or furthered
Protest
Research
pro·test | \ ‘prō-,test
re·search | \ ri-’sərch
a solemn declaration of opinion and usually of dissent the act of objecting or a gesture of disapproval
investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws
Accumulation
Territory
ac·cu·mu·la·tion | \ ə-,kyü-m(y)ə-’lā-shən
ter·ri·to·ry | \ ‘ter-ə-,tȯr-ē
increase or growth by addition especially when continuous or repeated to gather or pile up especially little by little to increase gradually in quantity or number
a geographic area belonging to or under the jurisdiction of a governmental authority a field of knowledge or interest a geographic area (such as a colonial possession) dependent on an external government but having some degree of autonomy
Parasite
Mosaics
par·a·site | \ ‘per-ə-,sīt
mo·sa·ic | \ mō-’zā-ik
a person who exploits the hospitality of the rich and earns welcome by flattery something that resembles a biological parasite in dependence on something else for existence or support without making a useful or adequate return
a surface decoration made by inlaying small pieces of variously colored material to form pictures or patterns an organism or one of its parts composed of cells of more than one genotype
150292
Keywords Definitions Satellite
mon·u·ment | \ ‘män-yə-mənt
sat·el·lite | \ ‘sa-tə-,līt
a lasting evidence, reminder, or example of someone or something notable or great an identifying mark a boundary or position marker
someone or something attendant, subordinate, or dependent a celestial body orbiting another of larger size.
Collector
Direct
col·lec·tor | \ kə-’lek-tər
di·rect | \ də-’rekt
to bring together into one body or place to gain or regain control of to gather an accumulation of (objects)
to point, extend, or project in a specified line or course to dominate and determine the course of to point out, prescribe, or determine a course or procedure
Elevated
Provoking
el·e·vat·ed | \ ‘e-lə-,vā-təd
pro·vok·ing | \ prə-’vō-kiŋ
raised especially above the ground or other surface being morally or intellectually on a high plane
causing vexation or irritation causing annoyance causing displeasure
Sculpture
Layer
sculp·ture | \ ‘skəlp-chər
lay·er | \ ‘lā-ər
to shape by or as if by carving or molding to form an image or representation of from solid material to change (the form of the earth's surface) by natural processes (such as erosion and deposition)
one thickness, course, or fold laid or lying over or under another a branch or shoot of a plant that roots while still attached to the parent plant
Julie Mikkelsen
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary
67
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Monument
Remedium
/ Program
Throughout the project, the following keywords are kept as references to guide the design process:
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
68
Thesis Program
Performance
Instrument
per·for·mance | \ pər-’fȯr-mən(t)s
in·stru·ment | \ ‘in(t)-strə-mənt
Using the form and atmospheric elements to create a performative space. The light, the dust, showing the cubic meters of air inhailed every day.
An instrument which gives power to play. To pull the threads of the puppets to control.
Protest
Research
pro·test | \ ‘prō-,test
re·search | \ ri-’sərch
A place that express an opinion regarding the topic of health of the general population and the exploitation from the industry. A place to be heard and to be seen.
The laboratory used as a public tool to create awareness of the issue at stake. The research is not hidden, but is the weapon used in action.
Accumulation
Territory
ac·cu·mu·la·tion | \ ə-,kyü-m(y)ə-’lā-shən
ter·ri·to·ry | \ ‘ter-ə-,tȯr-ē
The accumulation which leads up to an “explosion.” Enough with the pollution. The accumulation consist of both objects (dust) and people.
Where is the line between entering another site? How can that line visually be pushed and debated? Working with territory as a takeover, but without breaking the law.
Parasite
Mosaics
par·a·site | \ ‘per-ə-,sīt
mo·sa·ic | \ mō-’zā-ik
Like a parasite, the project aims to work with inserting elements which like parasites can be difficult to get rid of. Something that attaches to another piece of architecture.
Utilizing that in Antofagasta it is an expression form, used to identify the public schools around the city and that art is a powerful tool to communicate with.
150292
Keywords Utilized Satellite
mon·u·ment | \ ‘män-yə-mənt
sat·el·lite | \ ‘sa-tə-,līt
A guiding point for the city, which gives a sense of remembering and point of reference
Like water ripples, the information spreads through the city and reaches further ends.
Collector
Direct
col·lec·tor | \ kə-’lek-tər
di·rect | \ də-’rekt
Collecting dust and particles. Collecting people and objects to manifest the position. Creating a collection of possibilities.
Directing light and air, utilizing the wind to direct dust in certain directions and collect it.
Elevated
Provoking
el·e·vat·ed | \ ‘e-lə-,vā-təd
pro·vok·ing | \ prə-’vō-kiŋ
Lifting elements up and have them visually as guiding points of the city. Elevate people up to be able to look down into the Port.
How can architecture provoke? It is both to create a debate but also to be a form which in itself has a power.
Sculpture
Layer
sculp·ture | \ ‘skəlp-chər
lay·er | \ ‘lā-ər
The intersecting between a sculpture and building. Where does the built loose its function and becomes merely a sculpture and where can it benefit from having a function?
Having layers to explain pollution but also to layers of protecting. Layers as an experience of getting closer to the core and revealing elements as layers are lifted.
Julie Mikkelsen
69
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Monument
Remedium
/ Program Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
70
The proposal will aim at approaching the following user groups, already present in Antofagasta:
The Citizens
The Scientists
The Visitors
“I drive my car from the south of the city and park it, close to my work. I work in downtown Antofagasta, where I teach English at a local school.”
“I believe in research based information. When I conduct a paper, I spend many hours and funds on making sure the information is correct. And that it is published in an understandable way.”
“My first impression of the city was the view between the mountains and the sea. And the colours! The buildings are all very colourful.”
General Statistics
352.638
2
125.300
citizens in the urban area
number of Medical Colleges in Antofagasta
total of tourists a year
Thesis Program
97% of the visitors in Antofagasta City are Chileans.
The stories of the users are fictional
150292
The Users
71
The Protesters
The Industry
“Listen! We want them to hear us! For the people who have gained money on the expense of the rest of us. To stop exploiting the city and let us all be heard!”
“I like my job. It is very well payed and supports my entire family. Sometmes the working hours can be difficult, but when we work as a team, we get things done quicker.”
300
people per major demonstration (on average)
people employed at the Port
Julie Mikkelsen
/
The stories of the users are fictional
8.000 people employed at La Escondida mine in the desert
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
10.000
Remedium
13
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
72
Thesis Program
150292
The City
73
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Remedium
Julie Mikkelsen
/ Methodology
Space as a Protester The form creating spaces that in themselves are protests. How can form express an opinion? And how can it change?
Science as an Attraction Making research a public interest and as a background for reasoning. How can scientific findings be expressed in architecture?
Empowering Knowledge A laboratory which publicates its research through the spaces. How can optimal spaces be created for researching air pollution and combat of it on site?
74 Interacting Space Creating a public space. How can a space demonstrate empowerment for the community?
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Form as a Disruption
Thesis Program
Creating a place for a viewpoint to look down onto the Port. Investigating the use of the road blockage as a tool for disruption.
Crossing the Line? An investigation into how close to the Port is enough? And too far?
150292
Parameters of Investigation
Wind Simulation
75
As part of the Master program Architecture & Extreme Environments, simulation has been taught as a key tool to inform the design process.
The wind has a strong effect on the environment. Currently the wind is persistently strong in the area close to the Port, due to the large number of highrise buildings. It comes mainly from southwest, from the Pacific Ocean and brings in at first the fresh sea air, but becomes contaminated by the polluted air at the Port. CFD will be used to understand the current wind flow and how it can be controlled by new objects. Wind simulation will be used as a tool for understanding, more than a verification of the possibilities. The simulation has its limits and will be understood within these limits.
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Computational Fluid Dynamics or CFD is used to generate flow simulations with the help of computers. CFD enables analysts to simulate and understand fluid flows without the help of instruments for measuring various flow variables at desired locations, meaning without having to do a test in 1:1, the simulation can, with the right amount of information, potentially predict how certain fluids will move and be directed.
Remedium
14
/ Methodology
1
Making the Invisible Visible
2
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
76
Visibility
Health
Use architecture to promote health and well-being
3
The architecture as an exploration of health and creating spaces which advocates for architecture as a tool to make our environment healthy.
Protest
Give People a Voice through Architecture
Thesis Program
The architecture aims to create awareness for the people and give them a tool to show the changing levels of pollution around them.
An architecture which suggests in its form and material expression a message and which like water ripples, spreads the information throughout the city.
150292
Guiding Principles At the Intersection Between Art, Architecture and Technological Research Protest, Form & Health
77 The project looks into creating a space of protests, not a space to protest, meaning the space itself will not be solely a provider to accommodate the people for protesting, but instead will be a protests in its own form. To guide the design, the three topics to keep in mind to inform the path are: Visibility, Health and Protest.
How can an architecture (atmosphere) make the invisible visible? How can an architecture (space) promote health? How can an architecture (form) express a given topic?
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
When the design goes off the path in the process, the guidelines will be used to keep these topics as main issues and as a help to ask the questions needed to make a viable suggestion.
Remedium
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
78
Thesis Program
150292
/ Methodology
Making the Invisible Visible
79 Written in the Wind
The space aims through artistic explorations to make what we cannot see a more permanent visual expression. A reference project is “The Air of the Anthropocene,� a project collaboration between digital artist Robin Price and environmental scientist Prof Francis Pope. The work uses experimental photography to visualize the amount of hazardous fine particulate matter (PM2.5) present in the air
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
The wind is present around us. But it is often something we can only see through a different medium; the trees, plastic bags, the hair etc. In the air, the pollution is found as small dust particles, so small that the eye often cannot see these either. But the damage the particles can do to our health have dire consequences.
Remedium
15
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
80
Thesis Program
150292
/ Methodology
Promote Health and Well-Being
81 People First
The main aim of the protest is to force the port to move to a different location. But what the protesters want in the first place is for the industry to take actions against the pollution and deal with a cleaner way of handling the goods. By placing a building opposite the port, which is all about the pollution coming from them, and how to deal with it in a healthy way, hopefully it could start a more open discussion about health within the city and how industry and people could potentially co-exist instead of one feeding off the others miseries.
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
The publics health is crucial to incorporate in a modern society’s public space. The idea that our surroundings have an affect, for good and bad, on us is now a know factor. But how we will let this dictate how we build is the question. The people taking advantage of the rest of the city are all in all merely people. They are also citizens part of the city and should have an interest in the well-being of their peers. But as it is not the case currently, instead money is the driving force, people are left behind and their health are staggering.
Remedium
16
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
82
Thesis Program
150292
/ Methodology
Give People a Voice through Architecture
83 Form as Protest
The perception of architecture will be studied to understand the formal languages potential to communicate. The project is seen within the realm of Post-modernism and the re-action to architecture previously being an anonomous and uncommunicative object, but instead becomes expressional and have a voice and a face. Much as a person.
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
The image and perception of architecture have the potential to create a strong positioning and opinion. The form goes together with the function, but how a building is read will underline the story told by it. It asks the question on how to make architecture speak? How a building of brick and mortar (or another material) can express a topic? And how can it be read by people with different backgrounds who would analyse it differently? And then have a singular message without misconceptions?
Remedium
17
/ Proposed Site
84
Investigation / Proposed Site
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
The site chosen is directly northwest of the main area of the Port and therefore in a direct line of the wind direction. It makes it an ideal site for a protest, since the aim for the message, the Port, is right across the street.
Thesis Program
The site is currently a parking lot and a main road going through the city and is the only area (not owned by the port) which is vacant in the area. In the middle of the road lies a pedestrian median, like an island between the streets. It is currently a green passageway, but is not used by that many people.
150292
/ Proposed Site
86
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Downtown The site chosen is currently a parking lot for the houses and offices nearby. It is located northeast of the harbour, with the prevailing southwestern wind coming right into the direction of the site. This would allocate for a great testing site for the on-site testing for the laboratory.
Thesis Program
150292
Proposed Site
87
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Remedium
Julie Mikkelsen
/ Context of Site
1
Port Gate
7
Housing Complex
2
Health Clinic
8
City Mall
3
Children’s Playground
9
Municipal Square
4
Commercial Center
10
Hospital
5
School
11
Fruit and Vegetable Market
6
School
12
Supermarket
8 9 10 m water depth
4
7 6
88
11
1
5 2
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
3
10
Southwest Wind
12
1 km (radius) from the Port Gate
0.5 km (radius) from the Port Gate
Thesis Program
150292
Typologies
X #HT
El Galpon (Warehouse) X #HT
X #HT
X #HT
X #HT
X #HT
Cranes (Dynamic)
89
Containers (Stacking)
Sodimac / Supply Store (Static)
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Pathway (Green)
Remedium
18
/ Context of Site
Inaugurated by President Carlos IbĂĄĂąez del Campo on February 14 1943. Managed by two companies: Empresa Portuaria Antofagasta (EPA) since 1 July 1998 Antofagasta Terminal Internacional (ATI) since 1 March 2003. The port can operate the production of 5,000,000 tons of cargo a year and mainly deal with the export of copper and nonmetallic minerals such as nitrate and iodine.
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
90
Thesis Program
150292
Port of Antofagasta
91
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Julie Mikkelsen
Remedium
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
92
Thesis Program
Photo credit: Alioune Diop
150292
/ Proposed Site
Proposed Site
93
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Remedium
Julie Mikkelsen
/ Proposed Site Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
94
Thesis Program
Train tracks transporting goods to the harbour crosses through the street
150292
Site Photos
95
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
The current site is a parking lot for the neighbouring housing, offices and school (under renovation). A large parking lot basement is found across the street.
Remedium
/ Scales of Investigtion
96
Process / Scales of Investigation
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
The project is dealing with the architecture through a smaller scale and the relationship to the larger scale, the city.
Thesis Program
To frame how the project will incorporate the various scales, it is seen through the macro, meso and micro lens. The different scales each bring a new understanding to the project and places it within the field of varying scales: from the details to a complex context.
150292
/ Scales of Investigtion
To set the framework for this investigation, three scales of focus are used for guidance:
Macro The larger scale, seen in the context of the city and communicating at a long distance. Meso The human scale, where built environments, spaces and spatial relationships are explored through architectural investigation. This will have the most substantial weight of the project. Micro The technological and scientific approach, where the methods of air pollution capturing and retrieving of environmental data is explored. This scale will also focus on the necessary technical and environmental optimizations of a building communicating air pollution levels.
98
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Satelites / Network The macro scale is to see the project within the larger framework, the context of the city. The project defines itself within an existing network of communication through the city, where there already is an existing group of smaller networks talking to each other and distributing. This is in the form of access, the roads, the transportation, the education system etc. Many smaller networks which add up to the entire, complex city system. This program will find its way within it and add on to it with its own presence.
Information Sharing In order to spread a message from one point in the city to another, there need to be established a route of knowledge sharing. This will be explored as a way of utilizing mobility and change of direction a new fact can have the power to move. Sharing becomes an important aspect to create a whole, sustainable society, and the idea of having a space where this can be unfolded becomes crucial.
Thesis Program
150292
Macro
99
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Remedium
Julie Mikkelsen
/ Scales of Investigtion
To set the framework for this investigation, three scales of focus are used for guidance:
Macro The larger scale, seen in the context of the city and communicating at a long distance. Meso The human scale, where built environments, spaces and spatial relationships are explored through architectural investigation. This will have the most substantial weight of the project. Micro The technological and scientific approach, where the methods of air pollution capturing and retrieving of environmental data is explored. This scale will also focus on the necessary technical and environmental optimizations of a building communicating air pollution levels.
100
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Educational The meso scale relates more to the human scale of elements. Looking through the lens of how a person can access information for itself, the space will be developed. Relating the individual to the building as a tool of educational potential, creates a way of measuring and imagining the human within the context. How will this feel for a person? How does the person read this message?
Art as a Tool Art can be explored and explained in many scales, but often takes the form of relating to an understanding of it through our own human scale. We position ourselves from our own perspective, which is confined within our human scale (and imagination on a larger scale to be noted), but physically within the human limits. The project will deal with this understanding and reading of spaces and art from this perspective and include relevant theories to understand perception.
Thesis Program
150292
Meso
101
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Remedium
Julie Mikkelsen
/ Scales of Investigtion
To set the framework for this investigation, three scales of focus are used for guidance:
Macro The larger scale, seen in the context of the city and communicating at a long distance. Meso The human scale, where built environments, spaces and spatial relationships are explored through architectural investigation. This will have the most substantial weight of the project. Micro The technological and scientific approach, where the methods of air pollution capturing and retrieving of environmental data is explored. This scale will also focus on the necessary technical and environmental optimizations of a building communicating air pollution levels.
102
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
On Site Testing The more technical aspect of the project will be looked at through an micro lens, to dive into the focus of measuring and researching on a small scale. The on site testing makes it possible for the researchers to conduct their testing right at their offices and the spaces must be available to transform based on their findings. The testing can also be a possibility for the exterior to change as the research develops and become a testing plane of its own.
Collecting Pollution The aim of the project is two folds: to protest against the industry, but also to collect and combat air pollution by providing spaces for research for it. The latter is dealt with on a technical and artistic basis, where the question arise on how air pollution can be captured, particles which are invisible to the eye, and what happens to the dust collected? This becomes the artistic part, where the dust becomes a weapon to use for messaging.
Thesis Program
150292
Micro
103
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Remedium
Julie Mikkelsen
/ Final Hand-in
104
Scales
Macro Meso Micro
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Meso
Thesis Program
Macro Meso Micro Meso Micro Macro
150292
Planned Submission
Proposed deliveries of Final Hand-in
105
Models / Site model 1:1000 / Building model 1:200 / Detailed section model 1:20
Drawings / Situation plan 1:500 / Plans / Elevations / Sections 1:100 / Detail / Section 1:50, 1:10 Visualizations / Collages Sketches The hand-in are subject to change
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Process models
Remedium
/ References
Expression
106 Speaker’s Corner, London
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Wind
Thesis Program
Gonzalo Fonseca, Tower of the Winds, Mexico City
150292
References Action
107 Archigram
“Architecture does not have to be a construction and can be simply an event, an action in the present.� Archigram
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Julie Mikkelsen
Remedium
Thesis Program
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
/ References
Power
108 Athens
Territory
Beirut
150292
References Message
109
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Robert Venturi, Learning from Las Vegas
Remedium
/ References
Instruments
110 Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Visibility
Thesis Program
The Air of the Anthropocene, Written in the Wind, Robin Price and Prof Francis Pope, Worldwide
150292
References
111
Collage
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Juan Borchers / Isidro Suárez / Jesús Bermejo: COPELEC (Cooperativa de Servicios Eléctricos)
Remedium
/ References
Cutting
112 Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Direction
Thesis Program
Le Corbusier, Chandigarh
150292
References Politics
113
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Architectural Monsters, John Hejduk
Remedium
/ A Summary Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
114
The City Urban
The Industry
The city is long and narrow.
The industry has a strong presence in Antofagasta.
The pollution is spreading with the wind throughout the city and becomes a problem for all inhabitants, not only to a specific part of the city.
Since they are the opponent in the game, in order to combat them, you got to play along with their game. The game will be a choreography of ways to interrupt and annoy the industrial site.
The spot in connection with the whole becomes important and creates satellites around the city, as a network of information
Thesis Program
150292
19
Architectural Investigations
The Protester Building
The site is heavily polluted.
Power to form.
It will function as a laboratory for testing the pollution and possible ways of combat.
The building or buildings, will through their formal expression be a part of the protest.
The levels of pollution will be the scientific backdrop for the protests.
The form is given a voice and has potential to speak through its ways of perception, colours, height and the changing possibilities of these.
The aim of the protest is eventually to move the Port out of the city center, but until something happens, the site will try and absorb the pollution coming from it.
Julie Mikkelsen
A protest can both be static and dynamic and the building will incorporate these changing states.
115
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
The Site
Remedium
/ Methodology
Method I Reading the Site’s History To get an understanding of what development has happened throughout history of the site, the various stages of new construction and the decisions made will be studied. How can you change the future of the city and re-write the city’s history to become one of health for the citizens?
Method II Moving the Wind
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
116
Thesis Program
The wind is a constant actor. It can be weak and it can be strong, but it will always be present. Since the site has a prevailing strong wind as opposed to the rest of the city, the wind will be studied, but with a lens of how to control and direct it. Ways to visualize the wind will be studies and incorporated.
Method III Utilizing Proportions The scale and placement of a building have an impact on how to read the building as either a comfortable or irritating element in the city. By using this method of playing with proportions and edges, the building can become an unavoidable element and figure in the city and giving itself more presence, instead of an anonymous, well-blended building.
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Methods To start of the design process, three methods have been decided as ways of beginning the act of architecture. Each method will both act on its own, but will also have an impact on the others, where after working with one, each method can give a new look at the project development overall.
he Site’s His tory ding t Rea
g in iz til
Mov ing t h eW in d
ions ort op r P
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U Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Julie Mikkelsen
Remedium
/ Framework
Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Target 3.9: By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
The UN Goals are used as guidelines for a focus and as a tool to understand the context of the problems faced on a global scale. The focus is to create a place which encourages the power to be placed in the hands of the people, for them to be heard and by that to create a more inclusive city.
118
The goals create a framework on how to start thinking of a future where sustainability is being the aim on an economical scale as well, as read as part of the goal number 12, to encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information into their reporting cycle and ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature.
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
In this thesis: Goal 3
Goal 9
Goal 11
Goal 12
Goal 13
The project will deal with research on site regarding how to combat air pollution. These solutions will be part of the transformation of the architecture, which can be a test object in itself.
The technical aspect of the project will be to utilize the wind and will relate to space for the scientific research explained in goal 3 as well.
Through architectural interventions, the project aims to make a space where the people’s voice are heard through the space itself.
My thesis aim to place a strain on the Port, the main polluter of the city, and to let the architecture speak directly to them through form and physical playfulness.
The program aims to deal with climate change from the antropocene perspective, where people have a choice and an influence on taking action and creating a space for it to be promoted.
Thesis Program
150292
UN Goals Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Target: Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries
Goal 11 Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Target: By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries
119 Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts Target: Improve education, awarenessraising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Target: By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human health and the environment
Remedium
/ Appendices
120
Process / Appendices
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
The program is developed from a series of background tasks, tests and field work.
Thesis Program
The initial investigation which informed this program, was a field work trip to Antofagasta in Chile. For one month I stayed in the city and with me I had brought a device: A pavilion to test the possibility of absorbing the air pollution with salt crystals. The pavilion was build of an aluminium structure in the shape of a circle. On the top were placed plastic boxes, with perforated holes at the bottom. From here salt water was poured and dripping down onto the alpaca yarn hanging from the top.
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/ Appendices
THE ATACAMA
ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE HEALTH & DEMOGRAPHICS
“Chile has a two-tier healthcare system. The structural segmentation of Chile's healthcare system has resulted in low-income and high-risk populations being served mainly by the public sector, while high-income and low-risk populations are generally treated in the private sector.”
In case of emergency
Chile has a mixed public-private health care system that includes public insurance through the National Health Fund (FONASA), insurance provided by private insurers (known as ISAPREs), and other special insurance schemes, such as those tailored to the Armed Forces. The system is responsible for collecting and pooling funds, as well as for purchasing equipment and supplies.1
131 Ambulance
132
1
Fire Brigade
133 Police Emergency
A Two-Tier Healthcare System
0.5 km
1 km
Health Facilities in Antofagasta Region
18
Life Expectancy
2
Public Hospitals
2
Specialized Hospitals
8
Health Clinic (Clinica)
2
3
100% implementation of a Public National Health Care System
The Pinochet regime changed it to a Two Tier System
1950s
1980s
Present
13
Pharmacies
2
Medical Colleges
3
9
n
Private
Pacific Ocea
Instituciones de Salud Previsional
10
Dentists
1
77.9 years
80.7 years
81 years
2
6
Public Fondo Nacional de Salud
20
19
60 km
Nomenclature for maps:
Antofagasta Region
Chile has both public and private health insurance. Governance and regulation are overseen by the Ministry of Health, which establishes the regulatory framework. The universal public health services is handled by the health authorities, which include the regional ministerial secretariats of health, the Institute of Public Health, the Ministry of Health, and the Superintendency of Health, all of which are financed by general taxes. The system gives the people a choice of opting out of the public healthcare, and pay themselves for a private one. 2
Chile
0 km
Denmark
Health Facilities in Antofagasta City
Antofagasta City
Healthcare System
Army Hospital
6 4
A Hospital is publically funded.
7% mandated tax of employees monthy income goes to healthcare
Comparison Density / 1000 Inhabitants
12.5%
of Chileans belongs to FONASA
No insurance
8.2%
3%
A Healthy Economy
16
of Chileans are members of ISAPRE
8.56% of GDP
Pacific
Denmark:
10.4% of GDP 4
Armed Forces health system
Bolivia
Peru
1.1
5.0
2.5
Argentina
1.3
4.5 Denmark
2008
Infant Mortality
25
1.6
1.08 Chile
2.3
Old Train Storage
4.0
0.6 Antofagasta
2.2
The Health Care System is based on a tax payed by all workers and of out-of-pocket payments. This allows for access to all facilities and a guarantee to a spot in a private facility, if the public ones are full (AUGE system). This guarantee is only for group C and D (see below). As an additional expense, there is an added charge per treatment, which is based on your income. The health system also receives funding from general taxes to cover the health care needs of those who are unable to pay.6
1.6
3
Coverage
80
2016
Inequality & Healthcare Despite the socioeconomic progress described above, inequality continues to be one of the country’s greatest problems. There have been major improvements in living and health conditions, but significant differences between socioeconomic groups persist. Social inequalities are reflected in unequal access to, and unequal use of, health care services, with consequences for the health of the population.22
Explicit Health Guarantees Program
Number of priority diseases coverered included in the program
21
Chile:
2
Ocean
Division of Healthcare
5
76.3%
28
Residential
The poorest pensioners are exempt from this payment 4
122
3
A Clinica is a private medical institution, often with better quality services.17
Mothers with Mothers with >13 years <3 years of school of school
6
Port
Vaccinations
10% cost-sharing
D
20% cost-sharing
Sanitation connected to piping system 100%
38% Out-of-pocket health spending of total health expenditure 8
University Católica del Norte
Denmark
Chile
Law 20.786 (Domestic Workers)
1.7 Babies born per woman (Fertility Rate)
Female Health
Urban
Emilio Santelices Current Minister of Health
Maternity Leave
Full pay
6 weeks
No pay
Mental Health
12 weeks 12 weeks
Chile
The contraceptive pill can be bought over the counter in a pharmacy without the need for a prescription. However, in order to get the morning-after pill, an appointment with a doctor is necessary, as you will require a prescription at the pharmacy. Other methods of birth control are also available in Chile, such as the implant and IUDs. Tampons are hard to come by in Chile, the majority of Chilean women don’t use them. Tampons are only found in pharmacies or large supermarkets and cost around 50 DKK a 10 box. On the other hand, sanitary pads are readily available.
20%
of the population has had a of the population has had a psychiatric disorder psychiatric disorder Chile Denmark
2017
Half pay (or dependent on workplace)
4 weeks
12
Abortion legalized (under certain circumstances) Between 1989 and 2017 Chile had one of the most restrictive abortion policies in the world.
Thesis Program
Epidemiological studies have shown a high prevalence of mental disorders in Chile.28
31.5%
1 week
References appended
Rural
The law, which entered into effect in October 2014, changed the rules pertaining to domestic work, which is performed primarily by women. The law regulates the length of the workday, work breaks, and remuneration for domestic workers, and is expected to have a positive effect on their quality of life. 13
New families in Chile rely on a well funded system. It is a similar system to the Danish solution, where mothers take time off in the beginning, and the rest can be divided between both parents 14
Women and elderly pay more for their private health insurance, due to the belief that they will need to use it more. 9
HIV screening for pregnant women is mandatory 11
Ranking of Healthcare Efficiency (WHO 2018) Healthcare effciency measures how well a country’s healthcare system functions. It calculates time from diagnosis to treatment and how quickly it is possible to be seen by a doctor, as well as availability at hospitals.27
31 Finland 32 Australia 33 Chile 34 Denmark 35 Dominica 36 Costa Rica 37 United States of America
Residential
Huanchaca Ruins Museum
1/3 of total health spending per household is on out-of-pocket expenditure 23
64%
Measels vaccination
5% average of family income devoted to health spending 8
15
91%
26
of those diagnosed with HIV have access to treatment, although the ARV therapy is a guaranteed right for all citizens 24
95%
C
97%
B
95%
Hospital bed density
free health care services
93%
Medical doctors density Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis vaccination
A
Downtown
7
Denmark
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
high income
low income
Groups of Coverage (Income based)
60%
14 weeks 32 weeks 2 weeks
of the population expected to have a mental disorder do not receive treatment. A National Mental Health Plan has been implemented that includes a national alcohol strategy and a national program for suicide prevention. 28
Protests In October of 2019, protests began all over Chile over a number of topics. Those ranged from a rise in public transport fares, rising cost of living, including a rise in healthcare costs, income inequality and privatisation happening over the last 30 years. During the protests, several people have been shot and blinded by the police and several have died:29
29
Future Health Strategies According to the fourth government report on the health-related MDGs, the overall results have been positive, though much remains to be done. Chile has recently implemented health care reform to address growing inequalities. The reform establishes a list of 56 health conditions and treatments for which coverage is guaranteed by law. The challenges in the public sector include dealing with the shortages of specialized physicians and of infrastructure, improving primary care management and efficacy, and ensuring the adequate provision of medicines. Improved hygiene and sanitation conditions, universal hospital delivery coverage and the creation of outpatient care facilities specifically for acute respiratory infections in children and respiratory diseases in adults have provided essential benefits to the population. 30
deaths
The greatest challenge for the coming years will be to
11.564
Reduce the Socioeconomic Inequalities
injuries
that stand in the way of more equitable, comprehensive, and inclusive development. Julie Mikkelsen
150292
Infographics THE ATACAMA
POLLUTION-RELATED DISEASES HEALTH & DEMOGRAPHICS
Antofagasta in Chile is known for their extensive mining. Hard industries and high concentrations of naturally occuring minerals have lead to a higher number of cancer cases among the citizens. Following the War of the Pacific (1879–1884), Chile and Bolivia signed a trade agreement in 1904 which allowed Bolivian products to be exported from the Port of Antofagasta, where resultantly, unprotected stockpiles containing metals became common at those facilities and still are today. 1
“Street dust in Antofagasta represents the highest recorded concentrations of Arsenic, Copper and Zinc in city dust worldwide, giving the city the nickname Cancer Capital of Chile.” 1
Port of Antofagasta, a Source of Contamination
Pollutants in Antofagasta
Arsenic (As) contamination
8
0.007
A New Contaminated Watersource The Toconce and Holajar rivers became Antofagasta main source of drinkable water. The rivers were considered to be clean at the time 9
6 11 5
3
w
Arsenic in water Antofagasta has a shortage of water available for drinking. In 1958, the city chose to start drinking water from two rivers close to the city. The main issue: the rivers were highly contaminated with arsenic.17
Skin cancer
1960
10
in
12
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 km (radius) from the Port Gate
0.5 km (radius) from the Port Gate
Port Gate Health Clinic Children’s Playground Commercial Center School School
7 8 9 10 11 12
Housing complex City Mall Municipal Square Hospital Fruit and vegetable market Supermarket
Santiago
Antofagasta
Qingshan, China
Geologic:
Anthropogenic:
Pollutants naturally found in soils, water and air
Pollutants originating from the industries
Particle size
6
PM2.5
in street dust
PM10
4.5 / 100.000 21
First test of children with lead 12 (Pb) in the blood
1988
Lead storage facilities in city centre closed High levels of lead (Pb) tested in children living near the Port 13
A follow up test of children tested in 1998 was conducted
Over 4,000 people worldwide are estimated to die prematurely every year from cardiopulmonary diseases associated with chronic exposure to air pollutants.22
Lead in blood
1990
Water treatment plant improved further
After an old lead storage was closed down in 1998, tests were conducted on children living nearby and levels of lead in their blood. A few years later, follow up tests were conducted, showing the lead was still present in the children and new children living there after the closure.18
Lung cancer
1998
2000
2005
Lead (Pb)
in street dust
50 / 100.000
Diagnosis Average Chile
Cardiopulmonary diseases
17.5 µg / dL
Santiago
1980
153 / 100.000
Diagnosis Women Antofagasta
Water treatment plant improved
NIOSH recommended level
Antofagasta
1978
40 µg / L
Qingshan, China
Cement Production Complex built 33 km southeast of Antofagasta11
Contaminants
5
Contamination particles are extremely small. The largest are called PM10 and the smallest PM1.0 (see table below for size comparison to the human hairline). Some scientists believe PM10 sized particles are not unhealthy for the human, since they are coughed up again, and are too big to enter vital organs. The smaller particles, PM2.5, are very dangerous, because their size means they can enter the body and cause diseases. Particles can originate from geolgogic and anthropogenic sources. 6
Arsenic (As)
Diagnosis Men Antofagasta
1973
200 µg / L
Pollution comparison:
1971
Water treatment plant installed 10
4
Bladder cancer 2010 data
1970
Water contamination discovered
d
Since the skin acts as a barrier between the organism and the environment, it is frequently directly exposed to pollution. It is very often degraded by polluting agents and acts as an inlet toward other tissues. A few epidemiological studies describe the affects and toxinity of certain pollutants such as arsenic or lead on the skin, leading to skin cancer. 20
220 µg / L
CDI measures the daily human exposure to pollutants. In order to calculate a personal intake, you need to take into account the persons weight, amount of time being exposed and how often it happens. 3
Diseases can stem from being exposed to harmful pollutants over a period of time, ranging from industrial exhaust and car fumes. Often the effects of the contamination does not show up immediately after exposure, but can take decades to be diagnosed. Some pollutants are also more harmful for infants, as the body is19more susceptible to exterior pollutants. Some of the known diseases which have at times been caused by pollution are:
852 µg / L
2
SW
Copper
2014 - currently
1958
mg / kg / day
CDI: Chronic Daily Intake
29
Cu
Lead
9
What is a Pollution-Related Disease?
Copper in dust
82
Pb 1998 - currently
7
1
Lead in blood
33
As Arsenic
1958 - 1980
WHO recommended level
0.002
4
0.001
Arsenic in water
South America Antofagasta
relative to distance to the Port: 2
Av. new diagnosis / year Antofagasta
35 / 100.000
Av. new diagnosis / year Chile
17 / 100.000
123
23
Cognitive disabilities
2010
Line of hair
The damage on cognitive ability by air pollution likely impacts the development of children. A few studies have found that exposure to air pollution lowers educational accomplishment and in general students score lower on tests.24
24
Cr
Copper 30
WHO The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. 25
48
Zn
Cd
Zinc
Cadmium
NIOSH The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is the United States federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness.26
Politics 82
33
As
Pb
Arsenic
Lead
g/ m
kg
ppm: parts arsenic per million parts of water ppm: parts lead per million parts of blood
ppm: parts copper per million parts of dust
µg/L The contaminated dust particles in the air mainly comes from the industries and is spread over the cities by the wind.
100 0 kg
900
800 N IO SH
700 re co m m en d
600
500
ed lev el
400
17
The human body can be affected by outside sources. The pollution can cause some diseases in specific organs of the body. Some of the elements found in Antofagasta, which can have health affects on humans, is seen on the left. An important note is the fact that most minerals are naturally occuring, but become unhealthy in large doses through industries. 8
mg /
20
Pollutants in the body
20
µg/dL
mg/ kg
18
18
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
8
8
6
6
4
4
300
A in cou m dustr rt fi th illion y c ned Th em for om Luk e p to p pa s or cle ollu ny, ic, a t c an tio $1 m on up n .3 ult itin th an ue e d o s to ar rd op ea. ered era te 15
Water
Water pollution is often a result of human activities or industries dumping by-products. The contamination can be optained by the fish and thus transferred to humans if ingested.
15 .2
14
t, or e P as th w y at se), ntl ity ou rre cil reh cu 14 g fa (wa hich trate in ld ón d, w cen o lp n h A e ga ucte co th nstr s Cu co re sto
200
2
2
2020
Soil
Future solutions
The contaminated soil can both be from geological and anthropological sources. Often the minerals are naturally occuring in the area, but mining can enhance the spread of particles through dust.
References appended
Julie Mikkelsen
27
The future prevention of contamination in Antofagasta could be strengthened by the implementation of a local geochemistry laboratory that allows for fast, efficient, and accurate measurements. But due to political insecurities, little is prospected to be changed about the issues.28
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
.9 17
This Dust Kills You (Este Polvo Te Mata) is a peoples movement campaigning for the port of Antofagasta to be moved. It protest againt the growing industries in Antofagasta, although it is ignored by politicians and government so far. The protests include marches, distruption of the industry and attempt to breaking and entering.16
Air
Elements / Pollutants
29
Cu
dL
25
Mn Manganese
/ 13.5 µg
7
Chromium
Remedium
/ Appendices
124
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Field work For one month during November and December I visited along with the rest of the master program, Antofagasta in Chile. With me I had brought a prototype to test the possibilities of absorbing air pollution with salt crystals. The prototype was tested at a school next door to the Port, to be as close to the source of contamination as possible. The school allowed me to set up in their parking lot while the students were on a strike. Due to the time constraints and high humidity, the salt crystals only formalized in small quantities. But the discussions with the staff at the school made the importance and the struggles with the Port and their contamination a crucial topic to deal with. They informed me about the many protests which have taken place to force the Port to move, but nothing has and ever will happen. More drastic measures must be taken into account and they supported the idea of protesting against the pollution.
Thesis Program
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Device
125
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Remedium
Julie Mikkelsen
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
126
Thesis Program
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/ Appendices
Absorbing Air Pollution
127
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Julie Mikkelsen
Remedium
/ Appendices
Port Gate Historical Landmark
Avenida Grecia Main road through the city Connecting south and north
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
128
Thesis Program
Port of Antofagasta
10
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School Classrooms
Test Site
1 2 129 Prototype
1
Measurement 10 m from device Air Quality: 196 School Assembly Hall
Measurement 1 m from device Air Quality: 173
0m
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
2
Remedium
Measurement
/ Appendices
Alejandra “A couple of years ago the school was invited to get a tour of the Port, because they wanted to show us how clean it was. It was not clean and the dust in the air was even worse. Every year we spent a lot of time cleaning and worrying about the dust which settles on the schools property.”
Felipe
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
130
Thesis Program
“The Port of Antofagasta and the relationship with the rest of the city is strained. The port will never move, it is a difficult issue to solve. To come with a Scandinavia way of designing and to think that the area can just be developed into a new, green, recreative area, is naive.”
Fernanda (Feña) “I used to live in the neighbourhood of the Port and I wanted to donate blood. They told me I couldn’t make a blood donation, because the Arsenic level in my blood was too high.”
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Collaborators C.E.I.A. Centro De Educación Integral de Adultos Alejandra Guerra English teacher
Escuela de Arquitectura, Universidad Católica del Norte
131
Felipe Rojas Teacher
Fernanda (Feña) Acuña Student and volunteer
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Techo NGO
Remedium
/ Appendices
2020
JAN
FEB
MAR
Program Project intent References Data Gathering Site data Section excercise Climate studies First Ideas Detail Sections
132
Design Draft CDF workshop Circulation Presentation
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Investigative Form and detail Impact Design Alterations Design tweak Presentation Drawing planning Final Design Production Drawing Models
Thesis Program
Final Presentation
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Timeline
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Remedium
Julie Mikkelsen
MAY APR
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/ Appendices
Books, Articles & Magazines Architecture After Revolution A. Petti, S. Hilal, E. Weizman Sternberg Press, 2013 Architecture, Democracy and Emotions: The Politics of Feeling Till Grossmann and Philipp Nielsen Routledge, 2019 Architectural Instruments: A Typology of Empowerment David A. Garcia Design Against Crime: Beyond Defensible Crime Barry Poyner Butterworths, 1983 Design Guidelines for Creating Defensible Space Oscar Newman 1976 The Funambulist Politics of Space and Bodies Bi-monthly magazine, 2016 -
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Laughing at Architecture: Architectural Histories of Humour, Satire and Wit Michela Rosso Bloomsbury Visual Arts, 2019 Moderators of Change - Architecture that Helps Andres Lepik Hatje Cantz, 2011
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
The Roundabout Revolutions Eyal Weizman Sternberg Press, 2015 Sanctuaries John Hejduk Whitney Museum of American Art Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance Kenneth Frampton 1983 Victims John Hejduk Architectural Association, 1986 Weaponized Architecture LĂŠopold Lambert DPR-Barcelona, 2012
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Bibliography Websites Beautiful Trouble - A Tool for Revolution https://beautifultrouble.org/ CATAPA, the social movement that denounces the impact of mining https://catapa.be/en/art-as-a-form-of-protest-peru/ 2003 Cities around the world are erupting in protest Carolina A. Miranda LA Times, 2019 www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2019-11-20/hong-kong-santiago-cities-around-the-world-are-erupting-in-protest-chicago-architecture-biennial Dassault Systèmes presents pollution-absorbing architecture Benedict Hobson Dezeen, 2018 https://www.dezeen.com/2018/06/08/video-interview-dassault-systemes-pollution-architecture-kengo-kuma-daan-roosegaarde-movie/ Environmental Justice Atlas https://ejatlas.org/conflict/port-of-antofagasta Forensic Architecture Eyal Weizman forensicarchitecture.com
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Mining brings Chile city riches – and fear of cancer santiagotimes.cl/2017/05/16/mining-brings-chile-city-riches-and-fear-of-cancer/ 2017 Occupy Wall Street http://occupywallst.org 2011
Real World Visuals https://www.realworldvisuals.com/blog-1/national-clean-air-day Lectures & Films The Architecture of Violence Film by Ana Naomi de Sousa link: https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/rebelarchitecture/2014/06/architecture-violence-2014629113556647744.html Léopold Lambert Lecture at the Architectural Association 2019
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Puerto de Antofagasta: Un dispositivo urbano que intoxica Francisco Vergara Perucich and Alberto Mejía ciperchile.cl/2018/06/18/puerto-de-antofagasta-un-dispositivo-urbano-que-intoxica/ 2018
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Figures / Icons Map favpng.com
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Protest hand pngitem.com
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World map vectorworldmap.com
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Icons thenounproject.com
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Industry icon thenounproject.com
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Hand logo portalnet.cl
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Human vectorstock.com
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Hand logo portalnet.cl
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Stonehenge iconfinder.com
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Square thenounproject.com
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Road thenounproject.com
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Arrow freepik.com
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People dimensions.org
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Icons thenounproject.com
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Dots freepik.com
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Health symbol iconspedia.com
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Wi-Fi symbol vectorstock.com
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Buildings cad-block.com
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Icons thenounproject.com
Photos are, if not referenced underneath it, taken by the author
Julie Mikkelsen
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Employment Denmark
KADK Metal Workshop Assistant September 2018 - Janurary 2020
Denmark
EFFEKT Architects Modelmaker August 2018 Copenhagen, Denmark
Emplyed for building a model for a housing project in Barcelona
Mexico
Tezontle Studio Architectural Intern September 2017 - July 2018 Mexico City, Mexico
Designed a summer house for a Mexican artist in the mountains. Was in charge of a set of small wooden pavilion on the beach.
Denmark
Holland
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Denmark
Freelance modelmaker 2015 - 2017 Copenhagen, Denmark Olaf Gipser Architects Architectural Intern August - October 2014 Amsterdam, Holland Krabbesholm Højskole Curator January - June 2012 Skive, Denmark
In charge of running the laser cutters at night
Employers include Leth+Gori, NOA Architects and Svendbord Architects Researched a new housing project as well as took part in the design competition for a new Guggenheim Selected artists to exhibit and was part of the team to make the exhibitions.
Skills
Thesis Program
Programs
Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign, Premiere Pro, After Effects Autodesk AutoCAD Laser cutting Casting / Model making
Languages
Architecture & Extreme Environments 2020
Rhinoceres
Danish (Mother tongue) English (Fluent) Spanish (Intermediate) German (Knowledge of)
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Education Denmark
Denmark
England
Denmark
Royal Danish Academy, School of Architecture Architecture & Extreme Environments Master program September 2018 - June 2020
CV
Royal Danish Academy, School of Architecture Anatomy & Fabrication Bachelor completed September 2015 - June 2017 Architectural Association School of Architecture Foundation and First Year completed September 2012 - June 2014 Krabbesholm Højskole Architecture January - June 2012
USA
The Art Students League of New York Life Drawing September - December 2011
Denmark
Aurehøj Gymnasium High School August 2007 - June 2010
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Exhibition & Grants 2019 Kalmer Fonden 2018 + 2019 Frøken Marie Månssons Legat
Exhibtition
2018 Augustinusfonden
Julie Mikkelsen
2017 A House in the Landscape Competition for architecture students Honorable Mention Made in collaboration w/ Christina Ahm and Mia Baltzer Africa: Rethinking Architecture and Design Selected to exhibit 2nd year project “A Testament to Akkari” KADK, 2018
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
Grants
2019 Henrik Frode Obels Legat
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Architectural Thesis 2020
Julie Mikkelsen
Royal Danish Academy School of Architecture
The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts Institute of Architecture and Technology
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