Bi-Section House by Jacob Van de Roovaart

BI-SECTION HOUSE California Polytechnic State University

Executive Summary Bi-Section House - \’bī-‘sek- ‘shin houz\ (n.) : a dwelling split or divided into two parts by a thermal mass wall that provides structural support, regulates interior temperatures, and strategically separates private and public spaces This uniquely designed passive solar home seeks to challenge conventional practices of architectural and mechanical design, as well as address how one can comfortably work from home while providing a disconnect between the office and the home. The challenging, northeast facing site gave us the opportunity to configure the dwelling in a unique way that takes advantage of passive solar design strategies while capturing plenty of interior daylight and maximizing our potential for solar power generation. The bi-secting thermal mass wall, running perpendicular to the street, connects the building with the environment and separates the office from the rest of the house by dividing the house into two unique pieces; social wing and private zone. The social wing houses the kitchen, living room, and dining area while creating a protected backyard for the family to enjoy in the warmer months. The private zone is the two story volume that encloses bedrooms with a home office facing the street. Where these two volumes intersect a flex space is created that allows the living room to expand when needed while creating a stronger separation between the social wing and the home office. With affordability and sustainability in mind, the need for passive design strategies was critical for this house. The placement and orientation of the house is optimized for solar heat gain, day lighting, and ventilation. The thermal mass of the exposed concrete floor and bi-secting wall are used to regulate temperatures year round in the most used space of the house. In addition, the goal in designing this house was not just to make it “solar ready,” but to actively use photovoltaic cells and achieve a net zero home. The south facing social wing is not only optimal for passive design strategies but, also provides for active solar power generation. The result is a net-zero, high performance, passive solar home that uses a holistic design approach considering social, economic and ecological challenges. In order to truly achieve net zero, the standard natural gas furnace heating system was rejected in place of a passive solar design supplemented by all-electric heating. This design minimizes the heating requirements in the winter without overheating the occupants in the summer. A carefully designed envelope was specified to include all of the necessary elements of a passive solar design, such as thermal mass, a tight construction, thick insulation, and high solar heat gain windows on the South- and Southeast-facing walls. Temperature studies for the Denver climate using Climate Consultant 5.4 show that the temperature dips below 60 F on many summer nights. The design also takes advantage of these low temperatures by having the all-house fan pre-chill the thermal mass wall and slab. The home’s equipment, materials and construction were all carefully selected and designed for durability and longevity with the occupant’s health and environment in mind. The overall approach to indoor air quality was to provide continuous mechanical ventilation in the home and carefully control pollutants and moisture. Using mechanical ventilation allows for a tight house construction, which results in significant energy savings and a healthier home. In order to minimize the effect that the ventilation has on the heating and cooling loads, an Energy Star certified energy recovery ventilator (ERV) was specified. This super-efficient house is low maintenance and long lasting which will save the homeowners a significant amount of money in the long run while contributing to a more sustainable future. Occupants have a personal stake in the performance of their home, playing an active role in this passive house. In addition to the environmental benefits of reaching net-zero, the building’s performance has economic benefits since it eliminates the owner’s electric bill. Paired with high efficiency systems, long lasting durable materials and passive design strategies, this home is an affordable investment for the owner’s and environment’s future. This design creates an environment that is organized for livability to provide for occupants health, comfort, and financial success in the long run by using place-responsive design thinking.

Table of Contents SECTION A_Team Qualifications SECTION B_Design Goals SECTION C_Financial Analysis SECTION D_Envelope Durability SECTION E_IAQ Evaluation SECTION F_Space Conditioning SECTION G_Domestic Hot Water SECTION H_Lighting & Appliances SECTION I_Zero Net Energy Use SECTION J_Construction Documents APPENDIX A_Denver Climate Data APPENDIX B_EPA Checklists APPENDIX C_PV Watts Calculation APPENDIX D_Extra Credit

1 3 21 28 37 42 52 55 60 64 75 77 86 88

SECTION A_Team Qualifications

Team Profile STUDENTS

FACULTY

Michael Scott, Architecture

Richard Beller, AIA, LEED AP

Jacob Van de Roovaart, Architecture

Jesse Maddren, PhD, P.E.

Taylor Atterbury, Mechanical Engineering

Richie Croce, Mechanical Engineering

Jasmine Lomax, Construction Management

Gilberto Garzon, Construction Management

Institutional Profile California Polytechnic State University (hereafter “Cal Poly”) is one of twenty-three universities within the California State University system. Cal Poly, located in San Luis Obispo, halfway between San Francisco and Los Angeles on California’s Central Coast, is a predominately undergraduate, teaching university that follows a “learn-by-doing” philosophy. The university is nationally recognized for this hands-on approach to education. Cal Poly has seven academic colleges and enrollment of almost 19,000 students. Cal Poly’s College of Architecture and Environmental Design (CAED), with about 1,500 students, is the largest program of its type in the nation with seven degree programs in five closely related departments: Architectural Engineering, Architecture, City and Regional Planning, Construction Management, and Landscape Architecture. The Architecture Department ranked first in the nation among undergraduate programs in the 2014 DesignIntelligence survey ranking public and private degree programs nationally. Cal Poly’s College of Engineering (CENG), with 5,500 engineering and computer science students, thirteen undergraduate and nine graduate degree programs, is one of the largest engineering colleges in the western U.S. Named by U.S.News as a top undergraduate engineering school, Cal Poly’s College of Engineering is known as a leader in engineering education because of its learn-by-doing, hands-on approach. Disciplines related to building sciences include: Mechanical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Electrical Engineering. The Mechanical Engineering Department boasts a curriculum concentration in heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC), which is unique for engineering programs in the western U.S.

Evidence of Passing Grade for EEBA Houses that Work Coursework As Faculty Advisor, I have reviewed the on-line records for each of the student members of the team and I hereby certify that each student team member has successfully completed the EEBA’s Houses that Work building science curriculum and passed all of the tests. Richard Beller AIA LEED AP Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

SECTION B_Design Goals

Client Profile

DANIEL

PETER

LISA

SARAH

PETER, 32 / A recently licensed civil engineer looking to start his own

business. He is concerned with separating work from home so a detached office would be required. LISA, 30 / Works for the Colorado EPA primarily conducting field research

for the community. She wants a high performance, long term home that the family can grow together in. SARAH, 11 / Enjoys music and art. DANIEL, 6 / Likes spending time outdoors and playing sports.

ENTERTAIN ON WEEKENDS OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES CONTEMPORARY HOME HIGH PERFORMANCE HOME CONNECTION WITH OUTDOORS

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

OFFICE

FLEX SPACE

SOCIAL WING PRIVATE PRIVA VATE ZONE BEDROOMS OFFICE

KITCHEN LIVING DINING

SECTION B_Design Goals

Step 1 Initial Design Ideas - Design a two story home to minimize the building footprint while keeping the total square footage under the 2,200 s.f. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Benchmark Home Sizeâ&#x20AC;?

Step 2 Beginning to think about solar access, we pushed the mass to the west to ensure that we could take full advantage of the sun. This puts in place passive design strategies that are key to making this project succeed.

Step 3 The clients are a young, active and social family wanting a clear separation of social and private spaces. The social wing houses the kitchen, living room, and dining area while creating a protected backyard for the family to enjoy in the warmer months. The private zone is the two story volume that encloses bedrooms and the home office. Where these two volumes intersect a flex space is created that allows the living room to expand when needed while creating a disconnect between the social wing and the home office.

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

SECTION B_Design Goals

Step 4 With affordability and sustainability in mind, the need for passive design strategies is critical for this house. The placement and location of the social wing is optimized for solar heat gain and photovoltaic efficiency. The thermal mass of the concrete floor in the social wing is used to regulate temperature year round in the most used space of the house. As the sun begins to set in the summer, the private zone blocks solar access to the social wing when it is not desired.

Step 5 A bisecting wall is introduced to further separate the social and private areas while providing additional thermal mass to passively heat and cool the house. This wall has many functions as it hosts HVAC, lighting, stairs, casework, and it acts as a shear wall.

Step 6 Lastly, the roofs are sloped so that rain and snow run off is directed to the bioswale. All water is retained and utilized on site since rainwater harvesting is not legal in Colorado.

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Site Plan

STREET Path to Home Entry Path to Home Office

Deck

Bioswale

Driveway

ALLEY 9

SECTION B_Design Goals

1st Floor Plan

-Guests coming from the street enter the front door and are greated with the open layout of the social wing that has a strong connection with nature as it faces the backyard. The south facing wall of the social wing is heavily glazed for passive heating in the winter. -Clients can arrive at the home office via a separate entrance at the front of the house. -The bisection wall separates this social wing from the less public areas of the house. -Residents park in the garage and enter the home through a mud room.

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

2nd Floor Plan Reading Nooks

-Casework runs parallel to the bisecting wall which provides extra storage and personal reading nooks for each of the kids. These reading nooks act as an extension of each kids bedroom. -A spacious patio is provided on the southwest end of the house for the family to use as they entertain. -The kids also have access to a private deck facing the front of the house.

SECTION B_Design Goals

Elevations Street facing deck

Window shadow box Fiber cement board Folded standing seam metal roof

Reclaimed snow fence siding

NORTH EAST Fiber cement panels Wood trellis above back patio

Solar panel array

Standing seam metal roof

SOUTH EAST

SOUTH WEST

Fiber cement panel siding w/batts to match standing seam metal roof spacing

CMU bisecting wall at front of house

NORTH WEST

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

A view looking at the entry of the house. You can see the deliberate move of extending the bisecting wall towards the street which clearly separates the home entrance from the office entrance.

SECTION B_Design Goals

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Taking a look from the other side of the bisecting wall, the path to home office seen.

A view from the backyard reveals how the social wing protrudes from the rest of the house to capture sun in the cold months. The back patio seen also has a strong connection with the backyard.

SECTION B_Design Goals

The hallway on the second floor provides access to all bedrooms as well and the two decks on either end of the home. Casework running parallel to the bisecting wall providing storage and reading nooks for the kids.

Coming down the stairs you can see the flex space and the interior entrance to the home office to the left. To the right the home opens up into the social spaces with views and access to the backyard. An orange mechanical chase can be seen running throughout the house, integrating the mechanical system with the architecture.

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

The social wing is seen here with a spacious open plan featuring the kitchen, dining, and living areas. The thermal mass of the concrete floor helps to regulate temperature throughout the year. You can also see the flex space beyond the bisecting wall and how the living room can easily extend into this area.

SECTION B_Design Goals

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

HERS Rating The HERS index of the house was attained using the energy modeling software REM Rate 14. The house scored beneath the maximum allowable HERS index without on-site generation at 54 (the maximum allowable was 60), and had a HERS index of 7 with on-site generation. The goal in designing this house was not just to make it â&#x20AC;&#x153;solar ready,â&#x20AC;? but to actively use photovoltaic cells and have a net zero home.

Projected Rating: Based on Plans Field Confirmation Required.

DRAFT 3/10/2014

7 EPA Indoor airPlus Program EPA WaterSense for New Homes Program IBHS Fortified for Safer Living Program DOE Challenge Home Quality Management Guidelines REM/Rate - Residential Energy Analysis and Rating Software v14.4.1

SECTION B_Design Goals

Overview of the Integrated Design Process The design process for this project began in a ten-week, 4th-year Architecture Studio. For the first five weeks, individual schematic designs were developed by individual architecture students. The projects were then presented at a silent, public review on campus. Students and professors from a wide range of disciplines came to review the work and were given a ballot to vote for their top five projects. Once the review was closed, votes were counted and the top five projects were selected for further development. Starting the next five weeks, the top projects were assigned to small groups of architecture students. Each group then took their project through a brief redesign phase and rigorous design development. During this stage in the design process, Mechanical Engineering and Construction Management students were brought into the studio to assist each of the groups. The Mechanical Engineering students initially served as energy consultants, helping teams select appropriate mechanical systems and strategies, as well as sizing and integrating these systems into the architecture. The Construction Management students worked with each group helping them select materials and finishes, construction types and begin budgeting the project for their client. This process resulted in five very strong and competitive designs. The final designs were then presented at another silent review where reviewers voted for their top project. In the end, the Bi-Section House was named the top project. With the Bi-Section House selected, a final team was created to complete the project in a 10-week interdisciplinary studio. The team was created by selecting two architect, two mechanical engineering and two construction management students who were all heavily involved throughout the early design process. The team worked together to complete the project including energy analysis, detail design, material specification and financial & cost analysis. The result is a net-zero, high performance, passive home that uses a holistic design approach considering social, economic and ecological challenges.

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

SECTION C_Financial Analysis

Construction Costs and Sale Price: In the Bi- Section home, the idea was to provide a unique design with standard finishes and provide a net zero home. Our design is for a family with a gross family income (GFI) of $100,000. Using an affordability calculator tool provided by Zillow we estimated a sale price of $357,210. Non-Construction costs were assumed to be 40% of the sales price: $357,216 X 40.6% = $145,030 The remaining amount is associated with the construction of the home. $357,216 - $145,030 = $212,186 The construction costs are shown in more detail on the following page. The home will have enough solar panels to power the home and eliminate utility costs. The homes heating system and hot water are all supplied by electricity captured by the Photovoltaic panels. The cost estimate includes a $12,142 contingency should there be any changes. The construction costs were determined from Cost to Build website provided by the DOE competition guide. The sales price break down includes construction, marketing, commission, profit, overhead and general expenses. The percentages are from the 2011 National Results study done by the National Association of Home Builders.

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Construction Cost Breakdown Table 1. Construction cost breakdown

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1 2 3 4

Total $ 2,426 $ 2,311 $ 12,073 $ 9,580 $ 13,706 $ 11,521 $ 1,824 $ 2,515 $ 9,621 $ 3,319 $ 22,113 $ 14,397 $ 239 $ 6,089 $ 5,790 $ 2,530 $ 6,046 $ 10,269 $ 1,176 $ 679 $ 3,858 $ 7,653 $ 4,651 $ 2,063 $ 32,800 $ 12,142 $ 201,391 $ 742 $ 4,339 $ 4,035 $ 1,679 $ 10,795

Item Site Work Utility Connections Building Concrete Outside Concrete/Masonry Rough Carpentry Cabinets Finished Carpentry Interior Doors *Exterior Doors Insulation Exterior Siding *Roofing Hardware *Windows Drywall Painting and Wall Covering Floor Covering Plumbing Tub, Shower, Shower Doors Bath Accessories and Mirrors Appliances *Heating System Electrical Light Fixtures PV Panels 250 WATT Contingency Subtotal Direct Building Costs Final CleanͲUp Building Permits Utility Connection Fees Construction Plans and Specs Subtotal Indirect Building Costs

Material $ 2,328 $ 1,811 $ 7,275 $ 3,858 $ 8,412 $ 11,521 $ 989 $ 1,363 $ 8,741 $ 2,638 $ 11,475 $ 9,274 $ 193 $ 4,177 $ 2,664 $ 879 $ 3,400 $ 4,012 $ 541 $ 507 $ 3,858 $ 3,307 $ 2,165 $ 1,716 $ 19,680 $ Ͳ $ 116,784 $ Ͳ $ 4,339 $ 4,035 $ 1,679 $ 10,053

Labor $ 98 $ 500 $ 4,798 $ 5,722 $ 5,294 $ Ͳ $ 836 $ 1,152 $ 880 $ 681 $ 10,638 $ 5,123 $ 45 $ 1,912 $ 3,126 $ 1,651 $ 2,647 $ 6,257 $ 635 $ 172 $ Ͳ $ 4,346 $ 2,485 $ 347 $ 13,120 $ Ͳ $ 72,465 $ 742 $ Ͳ $ Ͳ $ Ͳ $ 742

Total Costs

$ 126,837

$ 73,207 $ 212,186

Footnotes: Item 9: Exterior Doors determine using (http://www.homewyse.com/costs) Fiber Glass Sliding Doors Item 12: Roofing cost determine using (http://www.homewyse.com/costs) Standing Metal roof 1860 Sq.Ft Item 14: Windows cost determine using (http://www.homewyse.com/costs) Fiberglass Casement Window Item 22: Heating includes House Fan, Radon Fan, ERV, Toe Kick Heater, & Baseboard Heater (http://www.marleymep.com, http://cadetheat.com, http://www.wholehousefan.com, http://radon.radonaway.com) Item 25: PV Panel 8000 WATT DC X $4.10 per Watt "tracking sun" Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory * Rest of the Items where determined using (http://costtobuild.net/calculator.php) provided from DOE Guidelines

SECTION C_Financial Analysis

Sale Price Breakdown Table 2. Sale price breakdown A. B. C. D. E. F. G.

Breakdown Item Finished Lot Cost(including financing cost) Total Construction Cost Financing Cost Overhead and General Expenses Marketing Cost Sales of Commission Profit

Price e of Price Percentage $ 77,516 21.7% $ 212,186 59.4% $ 7,502 2.1% $ 18,575 5.2% $ 5,358 1.5% $ 11,788 3.3% $ 24,291 6.8%

Total Sales Price

$ 357,216

100%

Footnotes: Share of Price Percentage were percentages used from National Association of Home Builders(NAHB) 2011 National Results of a study done by Heather Taylor. (http://www.nahb.org) provided by DOE Guidelines

Figure 1. Monthly income

Figure 2. Monthly mortgage payment

Figure 3. Remaing interest & monthly payments

Figure 4. Total payments

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Cash Flow: The cash flow statement for this family depicts the most important income and expenses they will have over the life of their mortgage. They will receive a 30% tax credit in the first year on the $32,800 photovoltaic system. There will be no utility expenses other than the connection fee of $120 once a year. This super-efficient house is also a low maintenance house which will save the homeowners a significant amount of money in the long run. The exterior of the house is clad in fiber cement siding that is guaranteed for 50 years. The roof is a metal roof also allowing for longevity and no maintenance. A high efficiency ERV system installed providing the occupants with great indoor air quality. Each aspect of this super-efficient house will improve the health and quality of life of the residents.

Table 3. Schedulepof repairs and maintenance

Desription Merv Air Filters PV Inverter Carpet Paint Repairs and Maintenance Major Appliance Replacement

Amount $100 $4,000 $2,400 $2,530 $600 $5,000

Term yearly 12 years 15 years 10 years yearly 15 years

Tax Credit on Solar 30% tax credit for solar

$9,841

year 1

SECTION C_Financial Analysis

Table 4. Thirty-year cash flow analysis (assuming 2014 dollars) Year 1 Wages Salary, Tips Solar Tax Credit

Year 2 $100,000 Wages, Salary, Tips $9,841

Year 3 $100,000 Wages, Salary, Tips

$100,000

Year 4 Wages, Salary, Tips

Year 5 $100,000 Wages, Salary, Tips

Year 6 $100,000 Wages, Salary, Tips

$100,000

Total Income

$109,841 Total Income

$100,000 Total Income

$100,000

Total Income

$100,000 Total Income

$100,000

Itemized Expenses

Mortgage Principle

$5,440 Mortgage Prinicple

$5,690 Mortgage Principle

$5,951

Mortgage Principle

$6,225 Mortgage Principle

$6,511 Mortgage Principle

$6,810

Mortgage Interest

$15,063 Mortgage Interest

$14,814 Mortgage Interest

$14,552

Mortgage Interest

$14,279 Mortgage Interest

$13,993 Mortgage Interest

$13,694

Repairs & Maintenance

$600 Repairs & Maintenance

$600

Repairs & Maintenance

$600 Repairs & Maintenance

PMI

$214 PMI

$214

PMI

$214 PMI

$852

Homeowners Insurance

$852 Homeowners Insurance

Yearly Debt Property Tax

Utility Connection Fee Major Home Repairs

$852 Homeowners Insurance

$214

$852 Homeowners Insurance

$852

$6,000 Yearly Debt

$6,000

Yearly Debt

$6,000 Yearly Debt

$6,000

$7,144 Property Tax

$7,144

Property Tax

$7,144 Property Tax

$7,144

$120 Utility Connection Fee e schedule Major Home Repairs

Personal Expenses Major Appliances

$852 Homeowners Insurance

$600

$50,000 Personal Expenses

$120 Utility Connection Fee

$120

Utility Connection Fee

$120 Utility Connection Fee

$100 Major Home Repairs

$100

Major Home Repairs

$100 Major Home Repairs

$50,000 Personal Expenses

e schedule Major Appliances

$50,000

$0 Major Appliances

Personal Expenses

$50,000 Personal Expenses

Major Appliances

$50,000 Personal Expenses

$0 Major Appliances

$120 $100

$50,000

$0 Major Appliances

Total Expenses

$85,433 Total Expenses

$85,534 Total Expenses

$85,533

Total Expenses

$85,534 Major Appliances

$85,534 Total Expenses

$85,534

Cash Flow

$24,408 Cash Flow

$14,466 Cash Flow

$14,467

Cash Flow

$14,466 Cash Flow

$14,466

Year 7 Wages, Salary, Tips

Year 8 $100,000 Wages, Salary, Tips

Year 9 $100,000 Wages, Salary, Tips

$100,000

Year 10 Wages, Salary, Tips

Year 11 $100,000 Wages, Salary, Tips

Year 12 $100,000 Wages, Salary, Tips

$100,000

Total Income

$100,000 Total Income

$100,000

Total Income

$100,000 Total Income

$100,000

Itemized Expenses

Mortgage Principle

$7,123 Mortgage Principle

$7,450 Mortgage Principle

$7,792

Mortgage Principle

$8,150 Mortgage Principle

$8,525 Mortgage Principle

$8,916

Mortgage Interest

$13,381 Mortgage Interest

$13,054 Mortgage Interest

$12,711

Mortgage Interest

$12,353 Mortgage Interest

$11,979 Mortgage Interest

$11,587

Repairs & Maintenance

$600 Repairs & Maintenance

$600

Repairs & Maintenance

$600 Repairs & Maintenance

PMI

$214 PMI

$214

PMI

$214 PMI

Homeowners Insurance

$852 Homeowners Insurance

$852

Homeowners Insurance

Yearly Debt

$6,000 Yearly Debt

$6,000

Yearly Debt

Property Tax

$7,144 Property Tax

$7,144

Property Tax

Utility Connection Fee

$120 Utility Connection Fee

Major Home Repairs

$120 Utility Connection Fee

$100 Major Home Repairs

Personal Expenses

$50,000 Personal Expenses

Major Appliances

$120

$100 Major Home Repairs

$50,000 Personal Expenses

$0 Major Appliances

$100

$50,000

$0 Major Appliances

Total Expenses

$85,534 Total Expenses

$85,533

Cash Flow

$14,466 Cash Flow

$14,467

$852 Homeowners Insurance

Utility Connection Fee Personal Expenses Total Expenses

$6,000

$7,144 Property Tax

$7,144

$120 Utility Connection Fee

$120

$100 Major Home Repairs

$50,000 Personal Expenses

$100

$50,000 Personal Expenses

$5,000 Major Appliances

$50,000

$0 Major Appliances

$93,063 Total Expenses

Cash Flow

$852

$6,000 Yearly Debt

$2,630 Major Home Repairs

Major Appliances

$214

$852 Homeowners Insurance

$6,000 Yearly Debt $120 Utility Connection Fee

Major Home Repairs

$600

$6,937 Cash Flow

$4,000

$85,534 Total Expenses

$89,533

$14,466 Cash Flow

$10,467

Year 13 Wages Salary, Tips

Year 14 $100,000 Wages Salary, Tips

Year 15 $100,000 Wages Salary, Tips

$100,000

Year 16 Wages Salary, Tips

Year 17 $100,000 Wages Salary, Tips

Year 18 $100,000 Wages Salary, Tips

$100,000

Total Income

$100,000 Total Income

$100,000

Total Income

$100,000 Total Income

$100,000

Itemized Expenses

Mortgage Principle

$9,326 Mortgage Principle

$9,754 Mortgage Principle

$10,202

Mortgage Principle

$10,671 Mortgage Principle

$11,161 Mortgage Principle

$11,674

Mortgage Interest

$11,178 Mortgage Interest

$10,749 Mortgage Interest

$10,301

Mortgage Interest

$9,832 Mortgage Interest

$9,342 Mortgage Interest

$8,830

Repairs & Maintenance

$600 Repairs & Maintenance

$600

Repairs & Maintenance

$600 Repairs & Maintenance

$600

PMI

$214 PMI

$214

PMI

$214 PMI

$214

Homeowners Insurance

$852 Homeowners Insurance

$852

Homeowners Insurance

$852 Homeowners Insurance

$852

Yearly Debt

$6,000 Yearly Debt

$6,000

Yearly Debt

$6,000 Yearly Debt

$6,000

Property Tax

$7,144 Property Tax

$7,144

Property Tax

$7,144 Property Tax

$7,144

Utility Connection Fee

$120 Utility Connection Fee

$120

Utility Connection Fee

$120 Utility Connection Fee

$120

Major Home Repairs

$100 Major Home Repairs

$100

Major Home Repairs

$100 Major Home Repairs

$100

Personal Expenses

$50,000 Personal Expenses

Major Appliances

$50,000 Personal Expenses

$0 Major Appliances

$50,000

Personal Expenses

$7,400

Major Appliances

$0 Major Appliances

Total Expenses

$85,534 Total Expenses

$85,533 Total Expenses

Cash Flow

$14,466 Cash Flow

$14,467 Cash Flow

$92,933 $7,067

$50,000 Personal Expenses

$0 Major Appliances

$50,000

$0 Major Appliances

Total Expenses

$85,533 Total Expenses

$85,534

Cash Flow

$14,467 Cash Flow

$14,466

Year 19 Wages Salary, Tips

Year 20 $100,000 Wages Salary, Tips

Year 21 $100,000 Wages Salary, Tips

$100,000

Year 22 Wages Salary, Tips

Year 23 $100,000 Wages Salary, Tips

Year 24 $100,000 Wages Salary, Tips

$100,000

Total Income

$100,000 Total Income

$100,000

Total Income

$100,000 Total Income

$100,000

Itemized Expenses

Mortgage Principle

$12,210 Mortgage Principle

$12,771 Mortgage Principle

$13,358

Mortgage Principle

$13,972 Mortgage Principle

$14,614 Mortgage Principle

$15,285

Mortgage Interest

$8,293 Mortgage Interest

$7,732 Mortgage Interest

$7,146

Mortgage Interest

$6,532 Mortgage Interest

$5,890 Mortgage Interest

$5,219

Repairs & Maintenance

$600 Repairs & Maintenance

$600

Repairs & Maintenance

PMI

$214 PMI

$214

PMI

$214 PMI

$214

$852

Homeowners Insurance

$852 Homeowners Insurance

$852

Homeowners Insurance

$852 Homeowners Insurance

Yearly Debt

$6,000 Yearly Debt

Property Tax

$7,144 Property Tax

Utility Connection Fee

$120 Utility Connection Fee

Major Home Repairs

$100 Major Home Repairs

Personal Expenses

$50,000 Personal Expenses

Major Appliances

$852 Homeowners Insurance

$600 Repairs & Maintenance

$600

$6,000 Yearly Debt

$6,000

Yearly Debt

$6,000 Yearly Debt

$6,000

$7,144 Property Tax

$7,144

Property Tax

$7,144 Property Tax

$7,144

$120 Utility Connection Fee $2,630 Major Home Repairs

$50,000 Personal Expenses

$0 Major Appliances

$600 Repairs & Maintenance

$120

Utility Connection Fee

$120 Utility Connection Fee

$120

$100

Major Home Repairs

$100 Major Home Repairs

$100

$50,000

$0 Major Appliances

Personal Expenses

$50,000 Personal Expenses

Major Appliances

Total Expenses

$85,533 Total Expenses

$88,063 Total Expenses

$85,534

Total Expenses

Cash Flow

$14,467 Cash Flow

$11,937 Cash Flow

$14,466

Cash Flow

$50,000 Personal Expenses

$0 Major Appliances

$50,000

$0 Major Appliances

$4,000

$85,534 Total Expenses

$89,534

$14,466 Cash Flow

$10,466

Year 25 Wages Salary, Tips

Year 26 $100,000 Wages Salary, Tips

Year 27 $100,000 Wages Salary, Tips

$100,000

Year 28 Wages Salary, Tips

Year 29 $100,000 Wages Salary, Tips

Year 30 $100,000 Wages Salary, Tips

$100,000

Total Income

$100,000 Total Income

$100,000

Total Income

$100,000 Total Income

$100,000

Itemized Expenses

Mortgage Principle

$15,987 Mortgage Principle

$16,722 Mortgage Principle

$17,490

Mortgage Principle

$18,293 Mortgage Principle

$19,134 Mortgage Principle

Mortgage Interest

$4,516 Mortgage Interest

$3,782 Mortgage Interest

$3,014

Mortgage Interest

$2,210 Mortgage Interest

$1,370 Mortgage Interest

Repairs & Maintenance

$600 Repairs & Maintenance

$600

Repairs & Maintenance

$600 Repairs & Maintenance

PMI

$214 PMI

$214

PMI

$214 PMI

Homeowners Insurance

$852 Homeowners Insurance

$852

Homeowners Insurance

Yearly Debt

$6,000 Yearly Debt

$6,000

Yearly Debt

Property Tax

$7,144 Property Tax

$7,144

Property Tax

Utility Connection Fee Major Home Repairs

Personal Expenses Major Appliances

$120 Utility Connection Fee $100 Major Home Repairs

$50,000 Personal Expenses $0 Major Appliances

$120 Utility Connection Fee $100 Major Home Repairs

$50,000 Personal Expenses $0 Major Appliances

$852 Homeowners Insurance

$6,000 Yearly Debt

$7,144 Property Tax

$120

Utility Connection Fee

$120 Utility Connection Fee

$100

Major Home Repairs

$100 Major Home Repairs

$50,000 $0

Personal Expenses Major Appliances

$50,000 Personal Expenses $0 Major Appliances

Total Expenses

$85,533 Total Expenses

$85,534 Total Expenses

$85,534

Total Expenses

$85,533 Total Expenses

$85,534 Total Expenses

Cash Flow

$14,467 Cash Flow

$14,466 Cash Flow

$14,466

Cash Flow

$14,467 Cash Flow

$14,466 Cash Flow

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

$20,009

$491 $600

$214 $852

$6,000 $7,144

$120 $2,630

$50,000 $7,400

$95,460 $4,540

Affordability Analysis Expected Financial Parameters: $100,000 Median Family Income (MFI) Home Ownership Affordability: 38% of household income Affordability Price of Home Total Interest Down Ppayment Annual Income Monthly Mortgage Payment Monthly Debts Rate Property Tax Annual Property Tax Debt-to-income Ratio Homeowners Insurance Total Mortgage Payment

$357,210 $277,887 $20,000 $100,000 $2,589 $500/mo $4.500% Included $7,144 (2%) 38.0% $852 $980,000

$357,216 is the amount of budget for Construction and Finances Monthly Budget: Estimated Monthly Income Monthly Mortgage Payment Debts Misc. (outside expenses)

$8,333 $2,880 $500 $5,167

Payment Breakdown: Monthly Mortgage Payment Principal & Interest Property Tax Homeowners Insurance

$2,880 $1,709 $893 $65

Total of Payments: Total Principal and Interest Taxes, Fees, and Insurance Down Payment

$615,104 $421,780 $20,000

Total Spent-

$980,000

SECTION C_Financial Analysis

SECTION D_Envelope Durability

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

3D Wall Section

Standing Seam Metal Roof Metal Clip 2 x 8 Fascia Foam Sealant v 3OFlT 2 x 6 Rafter 7ATER 0ROOlNG -EMBRANE 3/8â&#x20AC;? Sheathing Over Rigid Insulation 1â&#x20AC;? R-5 Rigid Insulation Roof Sheathing 12â&#x20AC;? TJI All-House Fan Plenum Ventilation Ductwork Per Mech. Plan

Painted MDF Casework

Built-Up Header Rigid Insulaton

Dual Pane Glazing

Wood Window Frame

Foam Sealant v #ONCRETE 4OPPING 3LAB Plywood Sheathing 12â&#x20AC;? TJI Gypsum Board &IBER #EMENT #LADDING Vapor Barrier 1â&#x20AC;? Rigid Insulation OSB Sheathing PS2 Compliant Blown-In Cellulose Insulation 'YPSUM "OARD W 6APOR 3EMI PERMEABLE Concrete Masonry Unit 4â&#x20AC;? Gravel Anchor Bolt v %XPOSED #ONCRETE 3LAB 10 mil Geotextile Matting Vapor Barrier 1â&#x20AC;? Rigid Insulation Concrete Reinforcement Concrete Footing 25â&#x20AC;? Below Frost Line

SECTION D_Envelope Durability

Wall Section - Scale:3/8” = 1’-0”

ROOF DETAIL

WALL/FLOOR DETAIL

FOUNDATION DETAIL

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Roof Detail - Scale:1” = 1’-0”

SECTION D_Envelope Durability

Roof Condition Standing Metal Seam Roof- The roof is finished with standing metal seam roofing which is very long lasting, fire retardant and usually completely maintenance free. The typical standing seam metal roof would last over 50 years with little to no maintenance. Metal roofs are also more energy efficient since they reflect heat and prevent heat from transferring into the building. Metal roofs are said to absorb 30-40% less heat than asphalt shingles resulting in lower energy costs and a higher performing building. Most steel roofs today are made from 60-65% recycled material so this finish has some good environmental benefits. Rigid Insulation- To help control moisture transfer through the roof, rigid insulation is wrapped across the roof and down around the wall without any thermal breaks. Rigid insulation is placed above roof decking to control condensing surface temperatures. This method also elevates the roof temperature and maintains a roof deck condensing surface temperature criteria of around 40 degrees. This approach prevents any moisture problems or ice dams while controlling heat gain and heat loss, extending the life of the roof assembly and the performance of the home. Cellulose insulation- The roof assembly has blown-in cellulose insulation which has a higher R-value and better sound insulation compared to standard fiberglass insulation. Cellulose insulation limits air movement which greatly reduces the volume of air leakage, retaining the heat inside. Cellulose insulation is also made from up to 80% post-consumer recycled newsprint and is treated with non-toxic compounds which improve indoor air quality while using a sustainable material to insulate the home. Foam Sealant- Foam sealant is placed at sensitive connections where the roof meets the exterior wall. The foam sealant helps prevent moisture from traveling through the assembly and inside which threatens roof integrity and durability while significantly affecting the homes insulation efficiency.

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Wall/Floor Detail - Scale:1” = 1’-0”

Staggered Stud Detail - Scale:1/2” = 1’-0”

SECTION D_Envelope Durability

Wall Conditions Staggered Studs- Staggered stud construction is a high performance wall construction that results in thicker walls, room for more affordable, environmentally friendly forms of insulation. This construction not only raises the wall’s R-value but also maintains a constant thermal barrier with minimal thermal bridging, improving the building’s performance. Cellulose Insulation- The 8inch wall cavity created by staggered stud construction allows cellulose insulation to be blown into the wall assembly. Cellulose insulation limits air movement which greatly reduces the volume of air leakage, retaining the heat inside. Cellulose insulation is also made from up to 80% post-consumer recycled newsprint and is treated with non-toxic compounds which, improves indoor air quality while using a sustainable material to insulate the home. Rigid Insulation- A continuous layer of rigid insulation is placed on top of wall sheathing to increase the wall assembly’s R-value while also providing moisture control. The insulation protects against condensation on the interior of the wall by keeping the interior of the wall warmer. This improves the homes performance, occupants comfort and extends the life of the wall assembly itself. CMU Wall- The southeast face of the home is constructed with CMU block wall to serve as a thermal mass helping to regulate indoor temperatures throughout the day and night no matter what season it is. CMU block also has load bearing properties so this wall provides structural support and serves as the home’s main shear wall. Finishes-Snow Fence: Recycled snow fencing clads a majority of the home. It is a locally abundant resource that offers a unique aesthetic appeal with low transportation and cost. Most snow fencing is also made from old growth trees, so the grain is much tighter and the wood is long lasting. -Fiber Cement: Most of the home is clad in fiber cement panels which is a very versatile material. Fiber Cement is easy to install and long lasting due to it’s resistance to fire, wind, insect, and rain. The cement content makes this finish resistant to termites and will never rot, extending the life of the wall.

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Foundation Detail - Scale:1” = 1’-0”

SECTION D_Envelope Durability

Slab Condition 4â&#x20AC;? Layer of Aggregate- Since the house has a slab-on-grade construction, contolling moisture at the slab is very important. Moisture can be absorbed through the concrete by capillary action, so 4 inches of clean aggregate is put below the slab to create a capillary break, controlling moisture. 10 mil Geotextile Mat- A secondary capillary break is introduced in the geotextile matting which in addition to managing moisture, manages radon from entering the building through the slab. Rigid Insulation- Placed horizontally under the slab, rigid insulation provides thermal and condensation control. In addition, insulation is place vertically along the inside face of the foundation, isolating the slab from the exterior face of the foundation. Exposed Concrete Slab- The slab-on-grade is left exposed without any finished material. This not only saves money but also provides a high durability surface that also happens to be used as a thermal mass to help regulate indoor temperatures. Splash Control- Where the exterior wall reaches the foundation, the finished material is left elevated above grade to prevent moisture from penetrating the assembly. A 4 inch layer of aggregate surrounds the exterior walls allowing water to percolate into the ground without splashing up and damaging the building.

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

SECTION E_IAQ Evaluation

Overall Approach: The overall approach to indoor air quality was to provide continuous mechanical ventilation in the home and carefully control pollutants and moisture. Using mechanical ventilation allows for a tight house construction, which results in significant energy savings (see Table 6 in Section F).

Mechanical Ventilation: The tightness of the house poses problems with air quality because of the lack of infiltrating fresh air into the building. In order to provide enough fresh air for the house at all times, a mechanical ventilation system using an energy recovery ventilator (ERV) was specified (see Mechanical Schedule in Section J). Section F goes into more detail about the benefits that using an energy recovery ventilator provides for the space conditioning loads. A balanced system of ventilation was chosen as opposed to an exhaust-only system or supplyonly system. While an exhaust-only system is commonly used in cold climates, the balanced system avoids putting the home under negative pressure, which has the potential to pull in pollutants1. The balanced system allows the incoming fresh air to exchange energy with an equal amount of exhaust air in the ERV. The amount of continuous ventilation was determined to be 60 cfm from ASHRAE Standard 62.2 (see Table 5), based on three bedrooms and approximately 1700 square feet of floor area. Table 5. Minimum ventilation rates per ASHRAE Standard 62.2.

Floor Area (ft2) <1500 ft2 1501-3000 3001-4500 4501-6000 6001-7500 >7500 ft2

0-1 Bedrooms 30 45 60 75 90 105

2-3

4-5

6-7

45 60 75 90 105 120

60 75 90 105 120 135

75 90 105 120 135 150

90 105 120 135 150 165

"Whole-House Ventilation." Energy.gov. Department of Energy, n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2014. <http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/whole-house-ventilation>.

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Pollutant Control Radon Denver is in Zone 1 of the EPA Map of Radon Zones, so a Radon management plan will be used to mitigate Radon levels. In order to monitor and reduce Radon levels, a pipe will run from the bottom of the slab to the top of the roof with a fan to create negative pressure through the pipe. The pressure difference will safely remove the Radon from the soil beneath the house to the outdoor air. The location of the Radon pipe in the house can be seen in the Mechanical Plan in Section J of the report. The Radon fan is not to be located inside the occupied space of the house, but putting the fan on the roof or outside was not an option due to aesthetic considerations. The Radon fan is therefore located in the attic space on the second floor of the Private Zone, which will be discussed further in Section F. An attic access ladder will be provided for easy access to the Radon fan. Household Pollutants A MERV 8 rated filter is installed in the supply air stream before the ERV in the mechanical room. In order to fit the filter in the airstream, a custom fabricated sheet metal box with 5 inch round fittings on either end will be used. The filter traps 70-85% of particles of a size 3.010.0 microns. The filter is effective against many common household pollutants such as pollen, pet dander, mold, bacteria, and dust mites. Installing the filter before the ERV also reduces the amount of particulates that will have to go through the ERV, which will increase the longevity of the ERV. Carbon Monoxide The mechanical and household appliances were carefully selected to make sure that there would be zero fossil fuel usage in the house. Therefore, the potential of carbon monoxide generation from incomplete combustion is not a concern. Carbon Dioxide The commonly held limit for CO2 concentration in occupied areas is 1,000 ppm (parts per million). While the amount of fresh air was determined using ASHRAE Standard 62.2, an easy calculation can be shown to ensure that the CO2 concentration does not exceed the limit. The average production rate of CO2 for a single person is 0.0106 cfm. Assuming a CO2

SECTION E_IAQ Evaluation

concentration of 300 ppm in fresh air, the minimum amount of fresh air is determined from the following equation2:

ܳൌ

ൌ

ܵ‫݊݋݅ݐܿݑ݀݋ݎܲ ݐ݊ܽݐݑ݈݈݋ܲ ݁ܿݎݑ݋‬ ሺ‫݊݋݅ݐܽݎݐ݊݁ܿ݊݋ܥ‬௟௜௠௜௧ െ ‫݊݋݅ݐܽݎݐ݊݁ܿ݊݋ܥ‬௔௠௕௜௘௡௧ ሻ

ͲǤͲͳͲ͸ ݂ܿ݉ ‫݊݋ݏݎ݁݌ ݎ݁݌‬ ൌ ͳͷ ݂ܿ݉ ‫݊݋ݏݎ݁݌ ݎ݁݌‬ ሺͳͲͲͲ െ ͵ͲͲ‫݉݌݌‬ሻ‫଺ିͲͳݔ‬

The house was designed for four people, which yields 60 cfm of fresh air. Note that this is the same amount suggested by ASHRAE Standard 62.2 in Table 4.

Moisture Management A vapor barrier is specified in the wall section to ensure that moisture is effectively managed in the house. The vapor barrier is important for preventing mold growth inside the home, which can result from water leakage. Sloping roofs at 5° (social wing) and 10° (Private Zone) and gravel ground cover were used to avoid the use of gutters in a snowy climate. Appropriate flashing details are specified on the roof to ensure that no water will leak through to the home. See Appendix B for the EPA Indoor airPLUS Checklist.

Johnson, Richard. ASHRAE Fundamentals of HVAC Systems, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

SECTION E_IAQ Evaluation

SECTION F_Space Conditioning

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Overview: The overall performance goal for the HVAC design of the house was to be completely net zero, while still maintaining comfortable temperature and humidity levels. Denver’s monthly average temperatures are under 45 °F during five months out of the year (see Appendix A), so an effective heating strategy was required for the home. The cooling requirements for Denver are not as demanding; Denver’s highest two monthly averages are 73 °F and 71.5 °F in July and August, respectively. In order to truly achieve net zero, the standard natural gas furnace heating system was rejected in place of a passive solar design supplemented by all-electric heating. A carefully designed envelope was specified to include all of the necessary elements of a passive solar design, such as thermal mass, a tight construction, thick insulation, and high solar heat gain windows on the South- and Southeast-facing walls. This design minimizes the heating requirements in the winter without overheating the occupants in the summer. Mechanical cooling was not required due to the careful design of the envelope and the use of a night ventilation system.

Mechanical Equipment Mechanical equipment was selected to ensure that the home is kept at comfortable temperature and humidity levels throughout the year. Heating A series of carefully placed baseboard and toe-kick heaters (see Mechanical Schedule in Section J) are used to make sure that the temperature of the building never falls below 68 °F during the occupied waking hours. Electric resistance heating may not be as energy efficient as other HVAC systems, but the rapid, targeted response of the heaters will provide for an exceptionally comfortable home environment without having a carbon footprint. The mechanical plan in Section J shows the placement of the heaters and their accompanying thermostats. Using baseboard and toe kick heaters allow for multi-zone control within the home. To optimize the distribution of heat, the home was split into three different zones, the Social Wing, home office, and the second story of the Private Zone. The heating capacities of each of

SECTION F_Space Conditioning

the heaters was determined from design data generated in DesignBuilder (to be discussed in further detail under the Energy Modeling header) for each of the three control zones. The toe kick heaters and baseboard heaters in the Social wing all communicate with one thermostat along with the baseboard heater in the flex space. These heaters essentially condition the bottom story of the house, allowing it to be independent of the home office and second story of the Private Zone. The home office has its own dedicated baseboard heater that allows for individual comfort control. This was done because comfort in the office is essential for productivity but is not required when the space is unoccupied. The baseboard heaters in the second story of the Private Zone have individual programmable thermostat control. This not only allows for independent control of each bedrooms’ heating, it also places each baseboard heater on a schedule so they do not heat in the summer and automatically turn off during unoccupied weekday hours. Cooling An all-house fan (see Mechanical Schedule in Section J) is used during the summer to keep the house below 78 °F. The all-house fan will come on only at the coldest hours of the night (from 2-6am) during the summer, thereby maximizing the cooling effect with the minimum power input. Temperature studies for the Denver climate using Climate Consultant 5.4 show that the temperature dips below 60 °F on many summer nights. The design takes advantage of these low temperatures by having the all-house fan pre-chill the thermal mass wall and slab. The fan pulls the cold outside air through the house at a rate of 30 air changes per hour during the coldest part of the night. The control strategy for the all-house fan is simple. When the homeowner is expecting a hot day, he or she will set the all-house fan to come on from 2-6am. The homeowner also has the option of setting the fan to half-speed in order to save energy. By educating the homeowner to open the windows of the house before the family goes to sleep, additional cooling will take place before the all-house fan even comes on. Ventilation As discussed in Section E, mechanical ventilation is used to ventilate the home continuously with 60 cfm of air. In order to minimize the effect that the ventilation has on the heating and cooling loads, an Energy Star certified energy recovery ventilator (ERV) was specified (see mechanical schedule in Section J). The ERV exchanges energy – not just heat – between the Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

exhausting bathroom air and the incoming fresh air. This exchange of energy both preheats and humidifies fresh air in the winter, and precools and dehumidifies fresh air in the summer. The ductwork for the ERV was sized to be a 5-inch diameter using the equal-friction method3. The placement of the ductwork can be seen in the Mechanical Plan in Section J. Figure 5 shows a 3-D diagram of the mechanical systems through the house.

Figure 5. Ducting layout with supply in blue, return in red, and radon pipe in green.

In order to keep the supply and return ventilation ducts in conditioned space, a mechanical chase was designed in the home. The chase winds through the first story of the home and allows for easy placement of supply and return grilles. The chase not only houses the ducts and piping, but also adds aesthetic appeal to the home (see interior renderings in Section B). The second story was redesigned to facilitate a dropped ceiling in the hallway. The dropped ceiling easily fits all of the mechanical equipment, and provides an easy path for the ducts to connect to the supply and return grilles in the bedrooms and bathrooms.

Energy Modeling While REM Rate was an effective tool for a basic energy model of the house, the program DesignBuilder (an interface for EnergyPlus) was used for a more detailed energy analysis of the building. DesignBuilder is an innovative software that allows users to actually see the house they are modeling, instead of simply filling out a series of data sheets (see Figure 6).

ASHRAE 2013 Fundamentals Handbook, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, Ch. 21

SECTION F_Space Conditioning

Figure 6. Energy model using DesignBuilder as interface for EnergyPlus.

A parametric study was conducted to test the effect of many different energy-saving strategies. The energy-saving strategies were compared to a â&#x20AC;&#x153;base caseâ&#x20AC;? model based on a less energy-efficient home. The simulations shown in Table 6 were conducted for the design winter week.

Table 6. Parametric study showing the effect of various energy-saving strategies on energy usage during the winter design week.

Parameter

Reduction of Design Winter Week Heating

Changed tightness from 0.4 ACH to 0.3 ACH Increased insulation from R-12 to R-50

9.6% 19.1%

South glass solar heat gain coefficient changed from 0.364 to 0.688 and added thermal mass in bisection wall

8.7%

Removed mech. room window Added energy recovery feature to ventilator

0.3% 10.6%

Note that the thermal mass strategy was simulated in conjunction with the high solar heat gain windows because the two strategies work best when paired together. Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Passive Solar Design A passive solar design was implemented for the home in order to take advantage of Denverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cold and sunny climate. High solar heat gain windows were placed on the South- and Southeast-facing facades to allow the thermal mass to absorb the heat radiated by the sun during the winter months (see Window Schedule in Section J). In order to avoid this heat gain during the summer months, overhangs and building geometry are used to block out the sun. This is achievable because the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s trajectory is higher in the sky during the summer months than during the winter months (see Figure 7).

Figure 7. Difference in altitude angle of the sun for the summer and winter solstices at noon.

While the overhangs shade the house during the midday hours of summer, an additional shading strategy was required to shade the house during the late afternoon hours. The afternoon shading is achieved by using the garage to block the sun from the South-facing glass (see Step 4 in Section B). Shadow boxes on the Northwest-facing wall shade the bedroom windows to ensure the occupants have a comfortable sleeping environment.

SECTION F_Space Conditioning

Figure 8 shows how the heat gains through the windows are maximized during the winter months and minimized during the summer months. Winter

2400

Summer

Winter

2200 2000 Solar Gains (kBtu)

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 JAN

FEB MAR APR MAY JUN

JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Figure 8. Solar heat gain through windows maximized during winter and minimized during summer.

A 6-inch concrete masonry unit is specified in the bisecting wall to add thermal mass to the envelope along with the exposed concrete slab (see 3D Wall Section D). Figure 9 on the following page shows a diagrammatic representation of the charging and discharging of the home during the winter and summer.

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

The thermal mass in the bisecting wall and slab are charged by radiation from the sun during the winter.

Figure 9a. Winter Charge

The thermal mass radiates the stored energy to the rest of the home throughout the night.

Figure 9b. Winter Discharge

The all-house fan runs during the coldest hours of the night, prechilling the thermal mass.

Figure 9c. Summer Charge

The thermal mass keeps the house cool throughout the day by absorbing heat from the rest of the house.

Figure 9d. Summer Discharge

SECTION F_Space Conditioning

The overall effect is a dampening of the outside air fluctuation. Figure 10 shows this effect in detail for the cooling design day. Notice how the indoor air temperature (shown in the lighter shade of blue) stays below 78 째F when the outside temperature is almost 95 째F. The horizontal green band shows the summer thermal comfort zone as defined by ASHRAE Standard 55. The indoor air temperature stays in the bottom portion of the comfort zone throughout the day, even though there is no active air-conditioning in the home. Indoor Air Temp

Outdoor Air Temp

100 95

Temperature (F)

90 85 80

Summer Comfort Zone

75 70 65 60 0

Time of Day (Hour)

Figure 10. Dampening effect of outside air fluctuations due to thermal mass on design cooling day (hottest day of the year).

Commissioning Requirements The following is a list of commissioning requirements to be completed before the occupants move into the house: x Educate homeowner on operation of thermostat controls for baseboard and toe-kick heaters Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

x Balance ventilation supply and exhaust to 60 cfm using built-in dampers at ERV and supplementary dampers at the grilles x Ensure clean filter in ERV x Install MERV 8 filter in fabricated sheet metal box, connect ducts x Set heat pump water heater to output 120 째F hot water x Check that Radon fan is operational within 15 days of installation x Teach control operation of all-house fan to homeowner

Homeowner Maintenance Checklist Table 7 shows the homeowner maintenance checklist adapted from the Energy Star Maintenance Checklist. Table 7. Homeowner maintenance checklist.

Equipment MERV 8 filter Radon fan Thermostats ERV Baseboard heaters Toe-kick heaters Hot water heater All-house fan Supply/return grilles

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

Maintenance Requirements Clean filter every month Replace filter every 3 months Check pressure gauge regularly If damaged/broken, call supplier Clean/check thermostats every 3 months Clean ERV filter every 6 months Clean vents every 3 months Clean contact points every 3 months Check alignment every 3 months Wash screen every 6 months Vacuum out dust every 6 months No maintenance required No maintenance required Clean every 3 months

SECTION F_Space Conditioning

SECTION G_Domestic Hot Water

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Design Principles A heat pump water heater will be used to supply domestic hot water throughout the house. In order to be a truly net zero home, an all-electric heater was chosen over a more traditional gas-burning water heater. By avoiding the use of combustion-based appliances, the home will also be free of pollutants resulting from incomplete combustion, such as carbon monoxide. The water heater is located in the garage to make sure that the cooling effect from the vaporcompression cycle is not experienced in the conditioned space. The plumbing plan layout can be seen in Section J. The pipe was sized at ¾” diameter to ensure velocity of the water will never exceed 4 ft/s, as recommended in the pipe sizing section of the ASHRAE Fundamentals handbook4. The selected water heater can be seen in the mechanical schedule in Section J. This unit is a hybrid-electric heater with a back-up resistance heating element to ensure that the water heater can meet the load with maximum efficiency. When the temperature of the garage is outside the optimal operating range for the heat pump, the resistance heating element will be used. The combination of the heat pump and the heating element results in an overall energy factor of 2.75. In addition to having a high energy factor, the water heater will be scheduled to provide domestic hot water at only 120 °F, which will result in additional energy savings.

Estimated Loads The loads shown in Table 8 served by the water heater include the three bathroom sinks, two showers, the kitchen sink, the dishwasher, and the washing machine. A total of four showers were assumed for each day, although this is a conservative estimate since the kids may not shower every day. The total amount of hot water usage was determined by assuming a desired output temperature for each appliance, and finding the required combination of 120 °F hot water with 55 °F main supply water. Each load was based on data for Energy Star certified appliances5. Appendix B includes the EPA WaterSense Checklist.

ASHRAE 2013 Fundamentals Handbook, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, Ch. 22 "ENERGY STAR Qualified Products." ENERGY STAR. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. <http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.&s=mega>. 5

SECTION G_Domestic Hot Water

Table 8. Hot water loads per day.

Appliance Bathroom sinks Showers Kitchen sink Dishwasher Washing machine Total

Load (gallons) 4 55.4 2 2.22 15 78.6

The design supply flow rates were found assuming Energy Star appliances to ensure that the velocity of the water will never exceed 4 ft/s. Velocities in excess of 4 ft/s may result in a noisy piping system and/or inefficient water hammers6.

Table 9. Supply flow rates and velocities to satisfy the estimated loads.

Appliance Bathroom Sink Shower Kitchen Sink Dishwasher Washing Machine

Total Flow Rate (GPM) 1.00 2.00 2.00 0.50 2.00

Hot Water Flow Rate (GPM) 0.70 1.39 2.00 0.50 2.00

Velocity Hot Water (ft/s) 0.45 0.90 1.25 0.30 1.25

ASHRAE 2013 Fundamentals Handbook, ASHRAE, Atlanta, GA, Ch. 22

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

SECTION H_Lighting & Appliances

Lighting Since passive design strategies led to a high percentage of glazing on the south faรงade, we were able to use this to our advantage when it came to lighting as minimal artificial light would be needed throughout the day in the social wing. This is ideal because most, if not all activity occurs in the social wing when it is light out thus natural light is used to illuminate the space. In all other rooms (office, bathrooms, and bedrooms), lighting is controlled by occupancy sensors. LED Recessed Can Lights- Used throughout the house to highlight certain places in the kitchen (cooking surfaces, eating surfaces), living room (reading spaces), and flex space. These will be the most used lights in the house so a LED light fixture was specified. Fluorescent Ceiling Fixtures- Used in the garage, mud room, mechanical room, and office. This is the most efficient and inexpensive way to light a room where aesthetics are not of concern. CFL Wall Sconce- Placed in strategic places throughout the house to provide reflected light. The CLF light bulb provides a warmer ambient light that a LED bulb cannot offer.

Shadow Boxes Shadow boxes are added to each window of the second floor on the north-west faรงade to avoid both late afternoon glare and unwanted solar gain.

Load Monitoring An all house power monitor will be used to track electricity use for the entire home so that the users can see how much energy is being consumed in real time. The monitor can not only also tell you which appliances and devices are using up the most energy, but it can also track incoming energy via the solar panel array. This is important because the homeowners need to be aware of how they are using energy during different times of the year so they can change their habits and improve.

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Lighting Plan - First Floor

SECTION H_Lighting & Appliances

Lighting Plan - Second Floor

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Plug Loads and Lighting Table 10. Plug load and lighting breakdown

# lights MASTER BEDROOM Charger Clock Laptop Lighting MASTER BATHROOM Hair Dryer Exhaust Fan Lighting KIDS BEDROOM 1 Charger Clock Laptop Lighting KIDS BEDROOM 2 Charger Clock Lighting KIDS BATHROOM Hair Dryer Exhaust Fan Lighting DOWNSTAIRS BATHROOM Exhaust Fan Lighting LIVING ROOM TV Cable Box DVD Stereo Phone Clock Lighting KITCHEN Coffee Maker Garbage Disposal Toaster Waffle Iron Refrigerator Oven Microwave Dishwasher Lighting UTILITY Washer Dryer Lighting HALLWAYS Lighting KIDS ROOM Lighting OFFICE Computer Printer Phone Lighting

TOTAL

hrs/day

kwh/yr

3 15 25 20

120 0.7 6

3 15 25 9

3 15 9

120 0.7 3

0.5

0.7 2

198 260 24 75 35 26 120

140 7 39 20 445 225 75 269 160

0.5

99 965 2

50 21 35 106

3957.1

SECTION H_Lighting & Appliances

SECTION I_Zero Net Energy Use

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

House Design Modifications From the conception of this project, our intent was to achieve net-zero energy use. Using a tight envelope, passive design strategies and electric appliances, we were able to reach netzero energy using an 8.0 kW photovoltaic system. The roof-mounted, photovoltaic system integrates into the architecture, leading to a holistic solution to energy generation.

Renewable Energy Plan The social wing’s south orientation allowed us to take advantage of passive solar strategies while providing optimal orientation for solar panels. The roof of the social wing slopes away from the street at a 5° angle to allow photovoltaic panels to be directly mounted to the roof, hidden away from the street. The South-facing roof provided enough room to place 32 panels at 250W each, which generates an annual production of 10,315 kW-h. This annual PV production is enough to meet the end-use energy consumption of 10,310 kW-h, achieving net-zero. In order to ensure that the house is truly net zero, an energy budget was created to show energy usage in different categories (see Table 11). The total amount of energy used for the heating, cooling, and domestic hot water was calculated using EnergyPlus’s detailed whole building energy simulation program. See Table 10 in the previous section for a detailed breakdown of the energy consumed by plug loads and lighting.

Table 11. Energy budget for one year of expected use.

End-Use Heating Cooling (all-house fan) Domestic Hot Water ERV Fans Radon Fan Plug Loads and Lights Photovoltaic Cells Net Energy Usage

Energy Used (kW-h) 4185 83 1114 526 438 3964 -10315 -5

Cost (at $0.116/kW-h) $485.46 $9.63 $129.22 $56.09 $50.81 $459.82 -$1196.54 -$0.62

SECTION I_Zero Net Energy Use

NRELâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s PV-Watts calculator was used in order to determine the annual production of the photovoltaic cells. The details of this calculation are included in Appendix C. Sun studies were conducted to ensure that the PV cells receive adequate sunlight during the different times of the year. Figures 11 and 12 show how the shadows cover the PV cells at the summer and winter solstices, respectively.

4:00 pm

Figure 11. Shading on PV cells at 4:00pm during the summer solstice.

4:00 pm

Figure 12. Shading on PV cells at 4:00pm during the winter solstice.

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

The Solar Electric and Solar Water Heating EPA Renewable Energy Ready Home Checklists are included in Appendix B. After analyzing the benefits and drawbacks with renowned energy engineer Peter Rumsey, it was decided to use the entirety of the South-facing roof for PV cells, rather than splitting the roof between PV and solar water heating. This eliminates the first cost of the solar water heating equipment, the piping, and the solar thermal storage unit. Excess electricity generated during the summer can be effectively stored in the utility providerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s grid for winter days with little sunlight, but this option is not available to a solar water heating system. The excess hot water generated during the summer can only be stored for so long, so even the most efficient solar thermal system will still have significant energy losses.

SECTION I_Zero Net Energy Use

SECTION J_Construction Documents

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

1st Floor Plan A B

SECTION J_Construction Documents

2nd Floor Plan A B

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Building Sections

8’

7’

3’

14’-10”

Section 5

SECTION J_Construction Documents

53’- 6”

10’

10’ - 4”

4’- 6”

SECTION AA

11’ - 6”

14’-10”

SECTION BB

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Window Schedule

NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

SIZE 1'-4" X 6'-0" 4'-0" X 2'-6" 5'-0" X 2'-6" 14'-O" X 7'-0" 6'-6" X 7'-0" 3'-0" X 2'-0" 2'-6" X 4'-0" 2'-6" X 4'-0" 3' 0" X 1'-4" 4'-0" X 4'-0" 3'-0" X 4'-0" 2'-0" X 4'-0" 4'-0" X 4'-0" 4'-0" X 4'-0" 2'-2" X 2'-2" 4'-0" X 3'-0" 2'-0" X 4'-0" 2'-6" X 4'-0" 4'-0" X 3'-0" 3'-0" X 1'-4" 3'-0" X 1'-4" 4'-0" X 3'-0" 4'-0" X 3'-0"

FRAME FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD FIBERGLASS, CLAD IN WOOD

DESCRIPTION FIXED; LOW-E, DUAL PANE SLIDING WINDOW; LOW-E, DUAL PANE FIXED; LOW-E, DUAL PANE SLIDING GLASS DOOR; LOW-E, DUAL PANE SLIDING GLASS DOOR; LOW-E, DUAL PANE FIXED; LOW-E, DUAL PANE FIXED; LOW-E, DUAL PANE FIXED; LOW-E, DUAL PANE SLIDING WINDOW; LOW-E, DUAL PANE FIXED; LOW-E, DUAL PANE FIXED; LOW-E, DUAL PANE FIXED; LOW-E, DUAL PANE FIXED; LOW-E, DUAL PANE FIXED; LOW-E, DUAL PANE FIXED; LOW-E, DUAL PANE FIXED; LOW-E, DUAL PANE FIXED; LOW-E, DUAL PANE FIXED; LOW-E, DUAL PANE SLIDING WINDOW; LOW-E, DUAL PANE SLIDING WINDOW; LOW-E, DUAL PANE SLIDING WINDOW; LOW-E, DUAL PANE SLIDING WINDOW; LOW-E, DUAL PANE SLIDING WINDOW; LOW-E, DUAL PANE

U-VALUE 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.303 0.303 0.303 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.303 0.303 0.303 0.303 0.303 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264 0.264

SHGC 0.364 0.364 0.364 0.688 0.688 0.688 0.364 0.364 0.364 0.364 0.364 0.364 0.688 0.688 0.688 0.688 0.688 0.364 0.364 0.364 0.364 0.364 0.364

SECTION J_Construction Documents

Mechanical Schedule

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Mechanical Plan 1st Floor

SECTION J_Construction Documents

Mechanical Plan 2nd Floor

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Plumbing Plan 1st Floor

SECTION J_Construction Documents

Plumbing Plan 2nd Floor

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

APPENDIX A_ Denver Climatic Data

APPENDIX A_Denver Climate Data

2013 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (IP)

ÂŠ 2013 ASHRAE, Inc.

DENVER/STAPLETON, CO, USA Lat: 39.75N

Long: 104.87W

5289

Elev:

StdP:

12.1

WMO#: 724690

Time Zone: -7 (NAM)

Period: 86-95

WBAN:

23062

Annual Heating and Humidification Design Conditions Coldest Month

(1)

Heating DB

Humidification DP/MCDB and HR 99.6% 99% HR MCDB DP HR

Coldest month WS/MCDB 0.4% 1% WS MCDB WS MCDB

MCDB

MCWS/PCWD to 99.6% DB MCWS PCWD

99.6%

99%

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

(n)

(o)

-1.4

5.1

-7.5

4.5

5.4

-2.4

5.9

14.0

27.2

40.8

23.8

40.8

5.0

180

MCWB

(1)

Annual Cooling, Dehumidification, and Enthalpy Design Conditions Hottest Month

(2)

(3)

Hottest Month DB Range

0.4% MCWB

Cooling DB/MCWB 1% DB MCWB

2% DB

0.4% MCDB

Evaporation WB/MCDB 1% WB MCDB

MCWS/PCWD to 0.4% DB MCWS PCWD

2% WB

MCDB

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

(n)

(o)

27.9

93.9

60.7

91.2

60.0

88.5

59.6

64.5

81.8

63.4

80.7

62.3

79.7

9.1

MCDB

Hours 8 to 4 & 55/69

Dehumidification DP/MCDB and HR 1% DP HR MCDB

0.4% HR

MCDB

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

60.1

94.7

67.2

58.5

89.1

0.4% MCDB

Enthalpy/MCDB 1% Enth MCDB

(p)

2% HR

MCDB

Enth

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

(n)

(o)

(p)

67.0

56.8

83.9

67.4

32.3

82.0

31.3

80.3

30.5

80.1

754

2% Enth

(2)

(3)

Extreme Annual Design Conditions

2.5%

Extreme Max WB

Min

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

(n)

(o)

(p)

24.3

19.7

17.2

71.4

-10.4

99.7

8.2

2.5

-16.3

101.5

-21.1

103.0

-25.7

104.4

-31.7

106.3

Annual

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

(m)

(n)

(o)

(p)

51.4 2446 5667 2971 721 9191 3800

32.4 10.51 546 1010 1 0 0 0

34.4 12.19 441 857 4 0 0 0

42.3 9.56 268 704 28 0 8 0

50.1 9.38 113 451 116 3 139 19

59.1 7.41 16 205 299 24 484 110

69.2 6.60 0 34 576 161 2066 921

73.0 5.07 0 7 713 255 3023 1448

71.5 4.90 0 11 666 212 2291 957

63.4 7.37 6 113 407 64 988 315

51.6 9.29 90 416 140 2 187 30

38.8 10.57 357 787 20 0 5 0

30.4 11.59 609 1072 1 0 0 0

15.4 24.1 7.9 5.2

0.5 1.3 0.0 0.4

0.6 2.5 0.0 0.6

1.3 2.3 0.4 0.5

1.7 3.9 0.6 0.9

2.4 6.1 0.0 1.9

1.8 5.2 0.1 1.5

1.9 5.9 0.4 1.3

1.5 5.8 0.2 1.3

1.2 4.9 0.0 1.3

1.0 4.1 0.0 0.9

0.9 1.9 0.2 0.5

0.6 2.8 0.1 0.7

(13)

63.7 42.7 58.5 40.6 53.9 38.1 49.4 36.2

67.9 45.6 62.1 43.0 57.5 40.7 52.8 38.6

75.4 48.1 70.5 46.2 65.6 44.1 60.3 42.3

82.4 52.9 78.3 51.4 73.4 50.2 68.7 47.9

87.3 55.3 83.0 54.6 79.6 54.5 75.8 53.6

97.7 60.0 93.0 59.3 89.4 59.0 85.5 58.8

98.3 61.3 94.4 61.0 91.7 60.7 88.6 60.5

95.0 61.1 91.8 60.4 89.1 60.2 85.8 60.0

90.8 60.0 87.2 57.7 83.7 56.7 80.3 55.9

83.3 52.7 79.3 51.7 75.1 50.4 70.0 48.6

73.7 47.3 67.1 46.2 61.5 43.5 55.7 40.9

64.2 43.4 58.4 41.1 52.5 38.2 47.1 35.1

(17)

43.5 61.6 40.8 57.3 38.6 53.2 36.3 48.6

46.5 66.0 43.3 60.4 41.2 56.7 38.9 52.2

49.3 73.0 46.6 67.7 44.7 63.6 42.8 59.1

54.7 76.7 52.5 74.3 50.8 70.9 48.9 67.2

59.1 75.4 57.4 74.0 56.2 73.6 54.9 72.1

64.9 82.7 63.3 81.9 61.8 80.0 60.5 79.0

66.5 86.1 64.5 82.7 63.5 81.2 62.3 80.6

66.4 80.8 64.4 80.0 63.2 79.1 62.1 78.2

63.3 84.9 60.4 78.1 59.0 76.6 57.4 75.3

55.3 73.2 53.0 73.8 51.4 71.3 49.8 68.7

50.1 67.1 47.1 64.3 44.5 60.3 41.6 54.3

44.3 61.4 41.4 57.0 38.7 52.0 35.3 46.4

(25)

24.4 29.7 16.6 28.9 16.4

23.1 30.2 15.8 29.4 15.7

24.6 33.1 15.4 31.3 14.9

25.1 31.8 12.9 29.8 12.5

25.3 31.5 11.5 27.4 10.9

27.1 32.8 10.0 27.4 10.3

27.9 32.8 9.5 28.1 9.2

26.4 31.2 9.3 25.9 8.9

27.8 32.6 11.4 27.8 10.8

27.5 35.4 14.8 32.2 14.1

23.9 31.8 16.2 30.5 15.7

24.4 30.9 17.0 30.4 17.1

(33)

0.250 2.659 302 20

0.259 2.539 311 26

0.276 2.484 313 31

0.273 2.542 319 31

0.277 2.536 317 32

0.301 2.472 308 35

0.312 2.480 304 34

0.323 2.474 298 33

0.300 2.570 301 28

0.277 2.650 301 23

0.268 2.574 290 22

0.263 2.567 286 21

(38)

Extreme Annual WS

(4)

Mean

Extreme Annual DB Standard deviation Max Min Max

n=5 years Min Max

n-Year Return Period Values of Extreme DB n=10 years n=20 years Min Max Min Max

n=50 years Min Max (4)

Monthly Climatic Design Conditions

(5)

Tavg

(6)

(7) (8) (9) (10)

Temperatures, Degree-Days and Degree-Hours

HDD50 HDD65 CDD50 CDD65

(11)

CDH74

(12)

CDH80

(13)

PrecAvg

(14)

PrecMax

(15)

Precipitation

PrecSD

(16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23)

PrecMin

0.4% Monthly Design Dry Bulb and Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temperatures

MCWB DB

MCWB

10%

(24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31)

MCWB

DB MCWB WB

0.4% Monthly Design Wet Bulb and Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temperatures

MCDB WB

10%

(32)

MCDB

(33)

MDBR

(34) (35) (36)

Mean Daily Temperature Range

5% WB

(37)

(40)

MCDBR MCWBR MCDBR MCWBR taub

(38) (39)

5% DB

Clear Sky Solar Irradiance

taud Ebn,noon Edh,noon

(41)

Nomenclature:

(5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)

(14) (15) (16)

(18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24)

(26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32)

(34) (35) (36) (37)

(39) (40) (41)

See separate page

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Appendix B_ EPA Checklists

APPENDIX B_EPA Checklists

Indoor airPLUS Version 1 (Rev. 02) Veriﬁcation Checklist Home Address: Section

City:

Denver

State:

Requirements (Refer to full Indoor airPLUS Construction Speciﬁcations for details)

Must Correct

Zip: Builder Veriﬁed

Rater Veriﬁed

N/A

✔

Water Management System Builder Checklist completed.

✔

HVAC System Quality Installation Contractor Checklist completed.

✔

HVAC System Quality Installation Rater Checklist completed.

✔

Drain or sump pump installed in basements and crawlspaces (Exception: free-draining soils). In EPA Radon Zone 1, check valve also installed.

✔

1.2

Layer of aggregate or sand (4 in.) with geotextile matting installed below slabs (Exceptions: see spec) AND radon techniques used in EPA Radon Zone 1.

✔

1.4

Basements/crawlspaces insulated, sealed and conditioned (Exceptions: see spec).

✔

1.7

Protection from water splash damage if no gutters (Exceptions: see spec).

✔

Hard-surface ﬂooring in kitchens, baths, entry, laundry and utility rooms, AND piping in exterior walls insulated with pipe wrap.

✔

2.1

Approved radon-resistant features installed in Radon Zone 1 homes.

✔

3.2

Corrosion-proof rodent/bird screens installed at all openings that cannot be fully sealed (Exception: dryer vents).

✔

4.1

Equipment selected to keep relative humidity < 60% in “Warm-Humid” climates (Exception: see spec).

4.2

Duct systems protected from construction debris AND no building cavities used as air supplies or returns.

4.3

No air-handling equipment or ductwork installed in garage AND continuous air barrier in adjacent assemblies.

4.7

Central forced-air HVAC system(s) have minimum MERV 8 ﬁlter AND no ozone generators in home.

5.1

Emissions standards met for fuel-burning and space-heating appliances (Exception: see spec).

✔

5.2

CO alarms installed in each sleeping zone (e.g., common hallway) according to NFPA 720.

✔

5.3

Multifamily buildings: Smoking restrictions implemented AND ETS transfer pathways minimized.

✔

5.4

Attached garages: Door closer installed on all connecting doors AND in homes with exhaust-only whole-house ventilation EITHER a 70 cfm exhaust fan installed in garage OR a pressure test conducted to verify the effectiveness of the garage-to-house air barrier. See spec for details.

✔

6.1

Certiﬁed low-formaldehyde composite wood materials AND structural plywood AND OSB PS1 or PS2 compliant.

✔

6.2

Certiﬁed low-VOC or no-VOC interior paints and ﬁnishes used.

✔

6.3

Carpet, carpet adhesives CRI Green Label Plus AND carpet cushion CRI Green Label.

✔

7.1

HVAC system and ductwork veriﬁed to be dry and clean AND new ﬁlter installed.

✔

7.2

Home ventilated before occupancy.

✔

7.3

Completed checklist and other required documentation provided for buyer.

✔

Moisture Control

1.1

Radon

Thermal Enclosure System Rater Checklist completed.

Pests

ENERGY STAR V3 Checklists

Note: The Rev. 02 checklist has been modified to reflect only the additional Indoor airPLUS requirements and their corresponding section numbers that must be met after completing the ENERGY STAR checklists. ENERGY STAR remains a prerequisite for Indoor airPLUS certification.

Final

Materials

Combustion Pollutants

HVAC Systems

1.11

✔

✔ ✔

✔

Rater Company: ___________________________________________________

Builder Company: _________________________________________________

Rater Employee: __________________________________________________

Builder Employee:_________________________________________________

Rater Signature: __________________________________ Date ___________

Builder Signature: _________________________________ Date ___________

Rev. November 2013

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

MARCH 19, 2014

APPENDIX B_EPA Checklists

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

APPENDIX B_EPA Checklists

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

DENVER

564

180 5 87.8

APPENDIX B_EPA Checklists

Sun Study 15th of every Month Month January February March April May June July August September October November December

Military Time (Hr) Sun Rise Sun Set 7.37 16.73 6.88 17.57 6.2 18.08 5.38 18.6 4.78 19 4.5 19.5 4.75 19.25 5.22 18.92 5.68 18.13 6.17 17.33 6.75 16.72 7.25 16.57

100.00% 8.38 9.12 9.3 10.12 10.22 10.5 10.25 9.78 9.32 8.83 8.75 8.25

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Hours of Array Exposure % Adjustment 75.00% 50.00% 25.00% 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.955 1 0.5 0.5 0.958 1 0.5 0.25 0.872 1 1 1 0.879 1 1 1 0.824 1 1 1 0.800 1 1 1 0.810 1 1 1 0.823 1 0.5 0.25 0.834 0.75 0.25 0.25 0.858 0.25 0.833 0.33 0.946 0.833 0.25 0.25 0.972 Average Yearly % Adjustment 0.878

APPENDIX B_EPA Checklists

APPENDIX C_ PV Watts Calculation

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

APPENDIX C_PV Watts Calculation

APPENDIX D_ Cut Sheets

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Residential Hybrid Electric Heat Pump Water Heater

10-Year Limited Tank/ 10-Year Limited Parts Warranty* The Hybrid Electric heat pump water heater from American is the most cost effective energy-efficient option available for consumers who want to save money on their utility bills. The Hybrid Electric heat pump can reduce water heating costs up to 66% and provide payback in 2-3 years. With annual savings of $350 or more, there is no better way to go green. How Do They Work?

t Absorb ambient heat from the surrounding air to heat water using a compressor and environmentally-friendly R134a refrigerant – Self-contained heat pump unit is integrated into the top of the tank – Multiple operating modes to maximize efficiency and performance

Qualifies for many state and local utility rebates - check www.dsireusa.org

FEATURES Increased Energy Efficiency

Dry Fire Protection

t Improved efficiency designed in, to ensure

t Control system checks to ensure the tank is

available hot water at the lowest possible cost Up to a 2.75 Energy Factor (EF) Rating conserves energy and meets ENERGY STAR® qualifications

Choice of Operating Modes

t Select from Efficiency, Hybrid, or Electric

modes to match heating requirements to environmental conditions. Hybrid mode automatically adjusts between compressor and element, depending upon heat requirements. Vacation mode reduces operating costs and provides freeze protection during extended absence

Backup Electric Elements

full of water during start up to prevent dry firing the heating elements

Electronic User Interface

t User-friendly electronic interface allows easy t t

HPSE10250H045DV

Other Features

t Ideal for basements or garage installations;

t Long-lasting backup heating elements help heat water according to environmental conditions, demand, and the chosen operating modes

control of temperature setting, operating mode, and communicates diagnostics Easy to read temperature display (see back) shows temperature in °F or °C Advanced diagnostics convey error messages for service purposes. The last four error messages are saved in the control system memory.

the compressor transfers heat to the water while dehumidifying and cooling the ambient air Washable air filter is easily removed for routine cleaning

Protective Anode

t Protects the tank from the corrosive effects of hot water, to ensure long tank life

*For complete warranty information consult the written warranty of American Water Heaters found at www.americanwaterheater.com, or call (800) 999-9515. Copyright©by byAmerican® American®Water WaterHeaters Heaters2013. 2008.All Allrights rightsreserved. reserved. Copyright©

NRXSS00113

No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage retrieval system, without permission in writing from American Water Heaters.

NRXSS00113 Heat Pump 50 Gal Spec.indd 1

10/17/13 6:46 PM

APPENDIX D_Cut Sheets

Residential Hybrid Electric Heat Pump Water Heater Electronic User Interface

Efficiency Mode

t User friendly, easy to read display t LEDs clearly indicate the current

t t

operating mode

t Easily select operating mode:

t t

Efficiency Hybrid Electric Vacation Display communicates current status, mode and set point, and displays error messages when applicable Vacation mode programmable up to 99 days

ENERGY FACTOR BY MODE

MODEL

GALLON CAPACITY

EFFICIENCY

HPSE10250H045DV

2.78

Hybrid Mode

Utilizes the heat pump or heating element, depending on demand

Electric Mode

Standard electric water heater operation

Vacation Mode

Maintains tank temperature of 60°F (15.6°C) during vacation or extended absence to reduce operating costs and provide freeze protection

1ST HOUR RATING (GAL) BY MODE

HYBRID ELECTRIC

2.75

Utilizes the heat pump for all water heating Automatically reverts to heating element if ambient air or water temperatures are outside optimal operating range for heat pump

0.89

EFFICIENCY

42.1

HEIGHT TO HEIGHT TO HEIGHT HEIGHT DIAMETER WATER OUTLET WATER INLET TO T&P (INCHES) (INCHES) INCHES INCHES INCHES HYBRID ELECTRIC A B C D E

67.5

59.1

40-5/8

3-3/4

40-1/2

APPROX. SHIPPING WEIGHT LBS

196

Other Features:

t Sacrificial anode to protect against tank corrosion t 2 Inch environmentally-friendly non-CFC foam insulation

t Durable, tamper-resistant brass drain valve t CSA certified and ASME rated temperature & pressure relief valve

Operating Requirements:

t Requires provision for condensate draining; t

if a suitable drain is not available, a condensate pump is required 240 VAC single phase 30 amp power supply

B C

Order Entry and Sales 500 Princeton Road (FEDEX, UPS) Johnson City, TN 37601-2030 P.O. Box 4808 (Mailing) Johnson City, TN 37602-4808 (800) 937-1037 FAX (800) 581-7224 www.americanwaterheater.com

Distributed By: Warranty and Service 500 Princeton Road (FEDEX, UPS) Johnson City, TN 37601-2030 P.O. Box 1597 (Mailing) Johnson City, TN 37605-1597 (800) 999-9515 FAX (800) 999-5210 NRXSS00113

NRXSS00113 Heat Pump 50 Gal Spec.indd 2

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

10/17/13 6:46 PM

ERVXXSHB1100, HRVXXSHB1100

27 1/16” (688 mm) ALL

PORTS FIT

4” (102 mm)

5”

19 13 /16” (503 mm)

22 9/16” (574 mm)

DIAMETER DUCTS

1 6” (152 mm)

13¾” (349 mm)

12 3 /16” (310 mm)

3 4

2” (51 mm)

1: FRESH AIR TO BUILDING PORT 2: EXHAUST AIR FROM BUILDING PORT

3: FRESH AIR FROM OUTSIDE PORT 4: EXHAUST AIR TO OUTSIDE PORT

A12328

PHYSICAL & ELECTRICAL DATA CAPACITY (LO---HI) CFM

L/S

PORT LOC.

ERVXXSHB1100

35 --- 105

17 --- 50

Ends

HRVXXSHB1100

35 --- 105

17 --- 50

Ends

MODEL

CORE TYPE

AIR FLOW

Enthalpic Cross Flow transfer media Polypropylene Cross Flow

WEIGHT LBS. [KG]

VOLTAGE

MAX POWER WATTS

45 [20]

115/60/1

104

1.0

42 [19]

115/60/1

100

0.85

MAX AMPS

DEFROST OPERATION OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE MODEL

_C --- 5 to Below --- 5 to Below

ERVXXSHB1100 HRVXXSHB1100

--- 27 --- 27 --- 27 --- 27

DEFROST CYCLE (MINUTES) Operation Time Between Each Defrost Cycle 9 28 10 22 8 25 10 22

Defrosting

_F 23 to --- 17 Below --- 17 23 to --- 17 Below --- 17

HVI RATED ENERGY PERFORMANCE MODEL

ERVXXCSHB1100

Heat Cool

HRVXXSHB1100

SUPPLY TEMP

MODE

Heat Cool

APPARENT LATENT POWER SENSIBLE SENSIBLE RECOVERY CONSUMED RECOVERY (WATTS) EFFICIENCY EFFECTIVE- MOISTURE CFM NESS TRANSFER 49 42 67 79 0.61 64 60 65 75 0.55 84 72 63 71 0.48 45 58 60 75 0.60 44 42 50 43 65 74 0.01 64 58 62 70 0.01 83 70 59 66 0.01 45 56 60 78 0.01

NET AIR FLOW

L/S

0 0 0 --- 25 35 0 0 0 --- 25 35

32 32 32 --- 13 95 32 32 32 --- 13 95

23 30 40 21 21 23 30 39 21

TOTAL RECOVERY EFFICIENCY

VENTILATION PERFORMANCE EXT. STATIC NET SUPPLY AIR PRESSURE FLOW Pa In w.g. L/S CFM 25 0.1 54 115 50 0.2 53 112 100 0.4 49 105 ERVXXSHB1100 200 0.8 42 89 250 1.0 38 81 25 0.1 53 111 50 0.2 51 107 100 0.4 46 98 HRVXXSHB1100 200 0.8 37 79 250 1.0 34 71 NOTE: For additional data points, refer to HVI Directory at www.hvi.org MODEL

SUPPLY L/S CFM 55 117 54 115 50 106 43 92 39 82 53 112 51 108 47 99 38 80 34 72

GROSS AIR FLOW EXHAUST L/S CFM 55 117 54 114 50 106 42 88 38 81 57 120 54 114 49 105 40 85 36 76

APPENDIX D_Cut Sheets

2500 SERIES

DIMENSIONS FRONT

SIDE

Length Varies

2-7/8"

BOTTOM

470 Beauty Spot Rd. E, Bennettsville, SC 29512 6-3/4"

WIRING COMPARTMENTS DIMENSIONS Unit length varies with model. See Selection Chart.

6-3/4"

All knockouts are 7/8 inch diameter for 1/2 inch conduit.

ACCESSORIES AND CONTROLS SELECTION CHART NAVAJO WHITE

2542W 25426W 2543W 2544W 2545W 2546W 2548W 25408W 2512W 25126W 2513W 2514W 2515W 2516W 2502W 25026W 2503W 2504W 2505W 2506W 2508W 25008W 2572W 25726W 2573W 2574W 2575W 2576W 2578W 25708W

NORTHERN WHITE

VOLTS

WATTS

LENGTH

WT. (LBS.)

2542NW 25426NW 2543NW 2544NW 2545NW 2546NW 2548NW 25408NW 2512NW 25126NW 2513NW 2514NW 2515NW 2516NW 2502NW 25026NW 2503NW 2504NW 2505NW 2506NW 2508NW 25008NW 2572NW 25726NW 2573NW 2574NW 2575NW 2576NW 2578NW 25708NW

240/208 240/208 240/208 240/208 240/208 240/208 240/208 240/208 120 120 120 120 120 120 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 208 277/240/208 277/240/208 277/240/208 277/240/208 277/240/208 277/240/208 277/240/208 277/240/208

400/300 500/376 750/564 1000/752 1250/940 1500/1128 2000/1504 2500/1880 400 500 750 1000 1250 1500 400 500 750 1000 1250 1500 2000 2500 400/300/225 500/376/282 750/564/423 1000/752/564 1250/940/705 1500/1128/846 2000/1504/1128 2500/1880/1410

2’ 2’6” 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 8’ 8’ 2’ 2’6” 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 2’ 2’6” 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 8’ 8’ 2’ 2’6” 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’ 8’ 8’

5.2 6.3 7.5 10.0 11.5 14.0 18.5 18.5 5.2 6.3 7.5 10.0 11.5 14.0 5.2 6.3 7.5 10.0 11.5 14.0 18.5 18.5 5.2 6.3 7.5 10.0 11.5 14.0 18.5 18.5

High Altitude Baseboard Heater (Above 7500) add suffix “H” to catalog number.

CATALOG NUMBER TA1AW TA1TPAW TA2AW TA2TPAW HCA2415/20W HCA1215/20W RSA1224 RSA2024 RSA2424 RSA2724 RA1W DSW2W PR24 PR120 ICAW RA1COMPW

DESCRIPTION SP Thermostat, rated 22A @ 120-277V Tamper resistant version of above. DP Thermostat, rated 22A @ 120-277V Tamper resistant version of above. 240V Load Transfer Switch, 20A 120V Load Transfer Switch, 20A 120V/24V Transformer Relay, 25A 208V/24V Transformer Relay, 25A 240V/24V Transformer Relay, 25A 277V/24V Transformer Relay, 22A 120V Duplex Receptacle Double Pole Disconnect Switch – rated 20A @ 120-277V Single Pole Power Relay, 24V Control rated 30A @ 120-240V, 23A @ 277V. Same as above except 120V Control. Inside Corner Duplex Receptacle Cover only – carton of 10

SHIP WT. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

Filler Sections CATALOG NO.

DESCRIPTION

SHIP WT. (lbs)

FS12

1 Foot Filler Section

FS24

2 Foot Filler Section

FS36

3 Foot Filler Section

FS48

4 Foot Filler Section

FSJ2

2 inch Joiner Strip

8 1/2

High Altitude Baseboard Heater (mounted above 7500 ft. ), add suffix "H" to catalog number. NOTE: Eight foot length baseboards must be ordered in multiples of two pieces for shipment.

ARCHITECTʼS & ENGINEERʼS SPECIFICATIONS* Furnish and install where indicated on plans, electric baseboard heaters, suitable for continuous operation as manufactured by QMark, A Marley Engineered Products Brand, Bennettsville, SC. Heaters shall be cULus listed. ENCLOSURE: The heaters shall be fabricated of minimum .024 inch steel with minimum .035 inch steel control boxes. Junction box enclosure to have provisions for incoming and outgoing cable with cable clamp for restraining without additional hardware. Ground wire pigtail provided in each junction box for grounding. FRONT COVER: The front cover shall be fabricated of minimum 0.26 inch pre-painted steel. HEATING ELEMENT: The heating element wire shall consist of 80% nickel, 20% chromium, and shall be encased in steel sheath to assure long and trouble free life. Aluminum fins shall be so designed

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

as to block sheath radiation to front and back of heater body and pressure bonded to the steel sheath. INSTALLATION: Heaters shall be designed to permit use of supply conductors with 60°C insulation. GENERAL: Navajo White or Northern White durable textured polyester powder coat finish for corroison resistance. Linear thermal cut-out shall be factory installed to automatically shut off heater in event of overheating and reactivate heater when temperatures return to normal. The complete heater shall have a height of 6-3/4 inches and a depth of 2-7/8 inches. Heaters shall have cULus approval for mounting on any floor surface including carpeting.

* QMark reserves the right to change specifications without prior notice.

3/19/2014

16 in. x 25 in. x 5 in. HDR MERV 8 Pleated Air Filter (Case of 2)-82105.051625 at The Home Depot

PRO Site

Tool & Truck Rental

Installation Services and Repair

Gift Cards

Help

Your Store:

San Luis Obispo #1052

(Change)

16 in. x 25 in. x 5 in. HDR MERV 8 Pleated Air Filter (Case of 2) Model # 82105.051625 Internet # 203143970 (1)

Write a Review

$50.00 / case

PRODUCT SOLD : Online Only Item cannot be shipped to the following state(s): GU,PR,VI

PRODUCT OVERVIEW The Flanders HDR has an ASHRAE 52.2 rating of MERV 8. This filter is convenient to use and easy to replace. Ordinary furnace filters are designed to protect heating and cooling equipment from the insulating properties of relatively large airborne particles. The Flanders HDR MERV 8 goes far beyond that, removing particles that can stain walls and furnishings, or worseâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;aggravate seasonal allergies. Lasts up to 90 days MERV 8 Synthetic media Wire backed media

SPECIFICATIONS Air Filter Size

16 in. x 25 in.

Air Filter Thickness

1 in.

Assembled Depth (in.)

25 in

Assembled Height (in.)

5 in

Assembled Width (in.)

16 in

Electrostatic

Filter Frame Material

Cardboard

Filter Material

Synthetic

Filter Performance Rating (FPR)

4-5 - Good

Filters Bacteria

Filters Dust

Yes

Filters Mold

Filters Pollen

Yes

Filters Smoke

Filters Viruses

Fully Incinerable

MERV Rating (Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value)

4.0

Manufacturer Warranty

N/A

Nominal Height

16 in

Nominal Width

5 in

Pleated

Yes

Product Height (in.)

Product Thickness (in.)

25 in

Product Width (in.)

Removes odors

Returnable

90-Day

Trimmable

Washable/Reusable

http://www.homedepot.com/p/Unbranded-16-in-x-25-in-x-5-in-HDR-MERV-8-Pleated-Air-Filter-Case-of-2-82105-051625/203143970#specifications

1/2

APPENDIX D_Cut Sheets

RP Series Radon Mitigation Fan All RadonAwayâ&#x201E;˘ fans are speciďŹ cally designed for radon mitigation. RP Series Fans provide superb performance, run ultra-quiet and are attractive. They are ideal for most sub-slab radon mitigation systems.

Features â&#x20AC;˘ Energy efďŹ cient â&#x20AC;˘ Ultra-quiet operation â&#x20AC;˘ Meets all electrical code requirements â&#x20AC;˘ Water-hardened motorized impeller â&#x20AC;˘ Seams sealed to inhibit radon leakage (RP140 & RP145 double snap sealed)

â&#x20AC;˘ RP140 and RP260 Energy StarÂŽ Rated â&#x20AC;˘ ETL Listed - for indoor or outdoor use â&#x20AC;˘ Thermally protected motor â&#x20AC;˘ Rated for commercial and residential use

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Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

APPENDIX D_Cut Sheets

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY

Whole House Fan: Quiet Cool Energy Saver ES-5400

APPENDIX D_Cut Sheets

Bi-Section House, CALIFORNIA POLYTECHNIC STATE UNIVERSITY