Ghosts of a Bygone Era: Remains of the Former Northern Trust & Savings Co. Building by Jeremy Young

The Journal of Lancaster County’s Historical Society

Volume 112, Number 1/2, Summer/Fall 2010

Ghosts of a Bygone Era: Remains of the Former Northern Trust & Savings Co. Building 138–140 North Queen Street, Lancaster, Pennsylvania Jeremy R. Young

The Northern Trust & Savings Company at 138–140 North Queen Street. Circa 1920s. LHO 2-03-08-12

n its heyday, the 100 block of North Queen Street in Downtown Lancaster, Pennsylvania, was a hub of activity and a major source of the city’s economic strength. This block alone boasted three major hotels—the Brunswick, the Pennsylvania, and the Wheatland; four movie theatres—the Hamilton, the Capitol, the Grand, and Boyd’s Colonial; and multiple popular retail stores, restaurants and nightclubs.1 In addition to its entertainment venues, lodging, and shops, the block was home to structures whose façades represented many historic architectural styles.2 Anchoring the buildings in the middle of the 100 block’s western half was the Northern Trust & Savings Company building at 138–140 North Queen Street. This bank, with its magnificent façade and towering, ornate Corinthian columns, stood as a brilliant example of Classical Revival architecture.

Today, the Northern Trust & Savings Company building and its neighboring structures on the 100 block no longer exist. Their demolition began in 1965 to pave the way for a $15 million3 urban renewal project in the form of a modern urban “market place”4 to be called Lancaster Square. Although these buildings have been razed, their images can be seen today in old photographs and the details described in public documents. But through surviving architectural elements, one of these former structures, the Northern Trust & Savings Company itself, contributes information to the telling of its own story through bits and pieces of its crumbled façade. Remnants of this marvelous structure, including sections of its once-tall Corinthian columns and their foliated capitals were found littering the woods in a refuse area on the grounds of the 9

The Journal of Lancaster County’s Historical Society

Volume 112, Number 1/2, Summer/Fall 2010

ALL THAT CERTAIN lot or piece of land, situated as aforesaid on the west side of North Queen Street, between Orange and Chestnut Streets, and known as Nos. 138 and 140 North Queen Street, CONTAINING in front on said North Queen Street, thirty-two feet and one-fourth inches, and extending in depth westwardly two hundred and forty-five feet, more or less, to a fourteen feet wide public alley.7

The foyer and main entrance of the Northern Trust & Savings Company. LHO D-12-01-05

former Lancaster Brickyards; similar elements are also installed to ornament the gardens in Binns Park, which occupies a large portion of the west side of the 100 block of North Queen Street today. These relics survived in these two conceptually opposed repositories as ghosts of a bygone era, not only quietly reminding us of the 100 block of North Queen Street’s vitality and prosperity in decades past, but also serving as a testament to the failures of the urban renewal ideologies of the 1960s and the historic architectural treasures that were sacrificed. The history of the Northern Trust & Savings Company building begins shortly before its construction. According to the property deeds for this address, on 10

February 5, 1923, the Northern National Bank of Lancaster, Pa. sold the property to the Northern Trust & Savings Company for a sum of $40,000.5 At this time, the property was the site of a three-story brick structure, as evidenced by photographs taken prior to and during this time. In 1924, the Northern Trust & Savings Company demolished this brick structure and constructed a brand-new, three-story Classical Revival concrete faux-marble structure on the same site.6 According to a deed from April 20, 1934, in which the Northern Trust & Savings Company is said to have sold the property to the Northern Bank & Trust Co. for $1.00, in essence merely changing its name, the dimensions of the property are described in detail:

The Northern Trust & Savings Company was not unlike modern-day financial institutions in that it too was purchased by other banks over the decades, and its name was changed to signify new ownership. Just as the 1934 deed describes its name change, a deed from September 30, 1949, describes the

purchase of the Northern Bank & Trust Company by the Lancaster County National Bank and thus another name change.8 On December 11, 1963, as an official notice from the U.S. Treasury’s Comptroller of the Currency states, the Lancaster County National Bank and the Farmers Bank and Trust Company of Lancaster, Pa. merged to become known as the Lancaster County Farmers National Bank.9 This is the name by which the building that stood at 138–140 North Queen Street would be known for the rest of its days, until its demolition less than two years later. Were they remaining today, the Northern Trust & Savings Company and the 100 block’s theatres, hotels and shops might be understood as great assets to the city; however, these attributes apparently

The Northern National Bank (center) was demolished in 1924 and replaced with the Northern Trust & Savings Company, (see page 8). LHO D-13-03-33

The Journal of Lancaster County’s Historical Society

were not visible to Lancastrians during the early 1960s. According to Dr. David Schuyler, professor at Franklin & Marshall College and author of A City Transformed, the 100 block was starting to exhibit signs of urban “blight,” or decay, and economic decline by the late 1950s, as evidenced by “several vacant storefronts.”10 Moreover, “peeling paint, years of accumulated dirt encrusted on ornate stonework and other signs of decline contrasted with the clean new suburban malls just opening outside of the city.”11 Blight was an element feared by city planners as early as 1945, as Schuyler explains: “Michael Baker, Jr., in a 1945 plan of the city, described [blight] as a ‘cancerous tissue.’ ‘Like a cancer in a human body,’ he warned, blighted areas spread outward and cause decay in adjacent neighborhoods.”12 In 1962, the Lancaster City Planning Commission recommended in their North Queen Street Study Area Report that “the [100 block] be redeveloped by removing virtually all, and if necessary all structures within its boundary and that its land be reused…to form a new retail complex.”13 The report cited four major problems facing the downtown business sector, much of which the 100 block of North Queen Street contributed: (1) Greatly increasing vehicular traffic volumes with a resultant congestion and conflict between shopper, worker and through motor vehicles; (2) a measured efficiency in off-street parking 12

Volume 112, Number 1/2, Summer/Fall 2010

in the central business district; (3) a lack of open, aesthetically pleasing shopping space; (4) a high degree of structural obsolescence and inefficiency of existing structures and a corresponding decrease in assessed valuation.14 Lancaster’s plans for urban redevelopment in the early 1960s, most of which were made possible by federal and state funding, mirrored those of American cities “throughout much of the nation” during this time, Schuyler describes.15 “The decision to undertake a federal- and state-subsidized urban renewal program in the hope of eliminating…blight and solidifying the downtown retail economy during these years also paralleled choices made in other cities.”16 In his book Rubble: Unearthing the History of Demolition, Jeff Byles illustrates the sheer scale of the blight remedy called urban renewal during the middle part of the twentieth century: “Urban renewal took a breathtaking bite out of the American landscape. Between 1949 and 1973…the federal government shelled out $12.7 billion to bulldoze 2,500 neighborhoods in 992 American cities.”17 In an effort to halt urban decay in its tracks, on August 2, 1965, three years to the day after public officials announced their formal plan to revitalize the area of the 100 block of North Queen, demolition began in the city of Lancaster.18 As the Lancaster New Era from that day illustrates, the “steel teeth” of a crane “bit into a corner of the roof, [and] extracted a bite

A section of one of the Northern Trust & Savings Company’s fluted Corinthian columns is hoisted away by a crane during the first phase of demolition in the 100 block of North Queen Street in August 1965. LHO 2-03-03-13

The Journal of Lancaster County’s Historical Society

Volume 112, Number 1/2, Summer/Fall 2010

CORNICE ENTABLATURE FRIEZE ARCHITRAVE CORINTHIAN CAPITAL

CORINTHIAN CAPITAL

Artifact B: Capital (See page 18) Artifact C: Architrave (See page 20)

Artifact D: Capital (See page 21)

SHAFT

Artifact A: Column (See page 17)

PILASTER CORINTHIAN COLUMN

Artifact E: Column (See page 22)

BASE

that dislodged bricks and a section of the roof” from a building on the west side of the 100 block.19 “There was a scattering of applause from among about 125 persons who had gathered along N. Market Street to watch,” the article reads. The Northern Trust & Savings building was the next immediate victim of demolition, as the newspaper explains: “After that, the crane’s boom [swung] over the rear of the former bank building and began to chew it to pieces.”20 Classical Revival architecture While written documents such as the August 1965 newspaper article and the 1962 North Queen Street Study Area Report may help to tell the story of the 100 block’s demolition, so too may the many pieces of debris that survive nearly half a century later. These artifacts provide us with more details about the block’s onetime vitality and elegance. As previously stated, several such fragments lie undisturbed as refuse in the woods that once contained the Lancaster Brickyards while, ironically, other pieces lie on display in the gardens of the modern-day Binns Park, merely yards away from where they originally stood. However, before further discussing remains of the old 100 block’s structures, and in particular, fragments from the Northern Trust & Savings Company building’s façade and interior, it may be helpful to recognize the former bank’s architectural style and gain knowledge of

the many different design elements that this style employs. As mentioned, the Northern Trust & Savings Company was built in the Classical Revival style.21 This style of architecture became widely popular between the years 1895 and 1950 and can be seen in many “schools, government offices, banks, churches, [and] houses” built during this period.22 Steven W. Semes, a nationally acclaimed architect and associate professor of architecture at the University of Notre Dame, calls this period the “American Renaissance,” as “virtually every city and town in this country boasts some elegant classical building” that was constructed during this era.23 Classical Revival architecture was actually a revival, or reappearance of, another classical style of architecture—the Greek or Roman Revival style—that was prevalent in the United States during the 1830s and 1840s.24 The style had such widespread appeal because many people in the United States during this time “expressed sentiment that America, with its democratic ideals, was the spiritual successor of Ancient Greece.”25 This mentality was apparently not soon forgotten, as it would inspire a second wave of classical-style architecture over a half century later. During this second wave, beginning around the turn of the twentieth century, “commissions for public buildings…” like the Northern Trust & Savings Company structure “…went to architects trained in the Beaux-Arts tradition.”26 These architects often trained in France at the Ecole 15

The Journal of Lancaster County’s Historical Society

des Beaux-Arts, which “emphasized the study of Greek and Roman structures, composition, [and] …symmetry.”27 Façade elements that have come to define Classical Revival-style structures include: “formal symmetrical design, usually with center door,” “front façade columned porch,” “full height porch with classical columns,” “decorative door surrounds…” and a “dentiled cornice.”28 All of these elements are evidenced on the façade of the Northern Trust & Savings Company building (see photograph on page 8). Classical Revival structures often employ features of a particular classical Greek order—usually Corinthian, Doric, or Ionic. The Northern Trust & Savings Company’s façade employed elements of the Corinthian order, which is considered to be the “most ornate of the classical Greek orders of architecture.”29 Perhaps the most important element of this order is the “slender fluted column with a bellshaped capital decorated with stylized acanthus leaves.”30 Two such columns are clearly visible in old photographs of the Northern Trust building, each flanked on one side by a pilaster topped with a capital featuring a sculpted winged angel and acanthus leaves. Why were certain public buildings, particularly banks, constructed in the classical style with such ornate façades, to resemble ancient Greek and Roman temples? According to C. J. Hughes, a writer for the New York Times, “To inspire confidence. When the United States 16

Volume 112, Number 1/2, Summer/Fall 2010

economy collapsed in the Panic of 1893, many people blamed banks for the depression that followed and withdrew their money. So, banks built in that era (until the end of the Great Depression, when banks began to demystify themselves with glass-fronted branches) were meant to suggest strength, as if they had been there forever.”31 The artifacts Several architectural fragments, which once comprised parts of the façade and the interior of the Northern Trust & Savings Company building, exist today as artifacts in two conceptually opposed repositories. These fragments are identified as artifacts A through H. Five of these eight fragments, artifacts A through E, clearly once comprised portions of the building’s façade. Of these five, two— artifacts A and B—rest in the gardens of Binns Park. Up until recently the remaining three façade artifacts were found in the woods at the Lancaster Brickyards site. Due to their scale and weight, artifacts A through E were photographed and measured in place. The remaining three fragments, artifacts F, G and H, which appear to be remnants of the bank’s interior, were excavated and removed from the woods at the Lancaster Brickyards site. Artifact A, fluted column fragment The first fragment in focus, artifact A lies on display in the southernmost

Artifact A. Section of fluted shaft from one of Northern Trust & Savings Company’s Corinthian columns, now lying on its side in Binns Park in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Photograph by author, 2009.

gardens of Binns Park. Unlike its originally intended function—aiding in the composition of the bank’s façade and in particular, one of its Corinthian-style columns—artifact A currently serves the function of adorning these gardens. This fragment, a portion of one of the bank’s columns with easily identifiable fluted shafts, measures approximately 66 inches in length and is approximately 36 inches in diameter. If the columns of the bank’s façade were constructed in segments, as photos of them in place indicate, then it appears that artifact A may be one of

many segments needed to construct each column. Whether it was a part of the southernmost column on the bank’s façade or of the northernmost remains unknown, as there were no recognizable markings on this artifact. While the August 2, 1965 Lancaster New Era article covering the 100 block’s demolition describes the bank as being composed of “marble,”32 this does not appear to be the case; a close look at artifact A reveals that the columns were, in reality, made of composite concrete. This conclusion has been made due to the 17

The Journal of Lancaster County’s Historical Society

Artifact B. Capital of one of the Northern Trust & Savings Company’s Corinthian columns, now sitting upside-down in Binns Park in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Note the acanthus leaves which are typical of Corinthian capitals. Photograph by author, 2009.

granulated look and feel of the column segment and the appearance of many small stones embedded in its matrix. Regardless of its material composition, artifact A serves as a wonderful example of the Corinthian fluted column. It should be noted that while it is possible that the concrete make-up of the columns may have appeared to be actual marble in 1965, they no longer have such an appearance, likely due to severe weathering and lack of preservation following the bank’s demolition. In addition, any surface coating that may have been 18

applied at the time of the bank’s construction in 1924 to achieve the illusion of real marble’s natural polished look and smoothness has since deteriorated. Artifact A seems to have sustained injury upon the bank’s demolition, as evidenced by several chips and cracks on its surface. Artifcat B, Corinthian capital In addition to artifact A, another fragment of the Northern Trust & Savings Company’s façade adorns the gardens in Binns Park. Artifact B is one of two Corinthian capitals that once crowned the

Volume 112, Number 1/2, Summer/Fall 2010

bank’s fluted columns. Capitals are “the top, decorated part of a column or pilaster crowning the shaft and supporting the entablature” on a classical façade.33 In the photograph, artifact B’s sculpted acanthus leaves are clearly visible. Comparing artifact B to the historic photographs of the Northern Trust on pages 8 and 13, it may be recognized that artifact B, in its current state, is positioned upside down, as evidenced by the direction in which its sculpted leaves point. Artifact B measures approximately 39 inches in length and is approximately 36 inches in diameter. Since artifacts A and B share the same diameter, it may be inferred that the capital (B) would have rested on the column (A). Artifact B also appears to be made of a composite concrete material. It also exhibits signs of severe weathering and seems to have sustained damage upon the bank’s demolition; both artifacts have the same type of chips and cracks. Artifact B, too, lacks any evidence of a surface coating or treatment that may have originally given it the illusion of being carved from actual marble. Artifacts A and B now ornament the gardens in Binns Park, which cover most of the site once occupied by the old theaters, hotels, shops, and the Northern Trust & Savings Company. The park was named after “the late James H. Binns, former president and chairman of Armstrong World Industries, Inc..”34 His widow, Ruamie, contributed most of the funds necessary for its completion. It was designed and developed between 2003

and 2005 by John Hershey, a landscape architect formerly of Derck & Edson Associates of Lititz.35 Hershey also credits a portion of the funds for Binns Park to the City of Lancaster, which used “significant public funds…to correct the misguided renewal efforts of the 1960s.”36 Visitors to Binns Park may wonder how and why fragments of a building from the 100 block’s past came to be placed in the park’s gardens. According to Dr. David Schuyler, during the park’s design phase, Hershey contacted him and expressed interest in including “fragments of buildings that formerly stood on the site.”37 Schuyler immediately directed Hershey “to where much of the material was dumped, in the old Brickyard adjacent to [Franklin & Marshall College’s] Baker Campus (which was acquired by the college twenty or so years ago), and [F&M President] John Fry promptly agreed to allow the removal of the Northern Trust fragments for the park.”38 According to Hershey, “the architectural relics were intended to provide another layer of meaning to this particular open space, and a visual link to the site’s former (pre-1960s) grandeur.”39 Further, he adds, “parks, like works of art, should include layers of discovery. Initially, Binns Park users discover the obvious park amenities (fountain, benches, shade, etc.). Further observation of park features reveals other items such as this tangible link to the site’s architectural past.”40 Certainly visual references to fallen civilization can be made, as well. 19

The Journal of Lancaster County’s Historical Society

Volume 112, Number 1/2, Summer/Fall 2010

Artifact C, egg-and-dart architrave Another fragment of the Northern Trust’s exterior, “artifact C,” shown (see photograph on previous page), at the Lancaster Brickyards site is a portion of the façade’s architrave. An architrave is “the lower part of a classical entablature, resting directly on the capital of a column...”43 Artifact C features a band of ornamental molding known as egg-and-dart from its alternating eggshaped and dart-shaped motifs.”44 The discarded fragment is currently positioned upside-down. Artifact C’s composition resembles that of artifacts

A and B: composite concrete with no surface coating. Like the others it also shows signs of weathering and damage probably sustained in the bank’s demolition. Artifact D, capital from a pilaster Perhaps the most ornate fragment of the Northern Trust & Savings Company’s classical façade that survives today is a capital from one of its pilasters. A pilaster is “a shallow pier attached to a wall; often decorated to resemble a classical column.”45 This fragment identified as “artifact D” was found lying on its side on

Artifact C. Section of architrave from the façade of the Northern Trust & Savings Company, lying upside-down in the woods at the former Lancaster Brickyards. Note the detailed ornamental molding. Photograph by author, 2009.

What created a desire to look back to the 100 block’s “architectural past”? The ill effects of the construction of Lancaster Square. According to Christina Olenchek, a writer for the Central Penn Business Journal, “When Lancaster Square was built about thirty years ago, Lancaster officials hoped it would renew the city by offering a gathering place for residents and community activities. The brick- and concrete-covered square, surrounded almost entirely by hulking brick and concrete buildings, now stands mostly empty… Many people consider it an embarrassing eyesore.”41 20

Evidently, the Planning Commission’s urban blight remedy was a failed one. In fact, as Olenchek suggests, it may have just made the 100 block of North Queen Street more unsightly than it was perceived to be in the early 1960s. While Hershey’s placement of architectural relics from the Northern Trust’s façade in the gardens at Binns Park may seem to be simply a nostalgic expression, according to Hershey himself, the relics were also “intentionally placed…in the park to tell the story of that site’s evolution as community perceptions, philosophies, and values have changed over previous decades.”42

Artifact D. Capital from the left pilaster on the façade of the Northern Trust & Savings Company, lying on its side on the bank of a stream in the former Lancaster Brickyards. Note the angel and acanthus leaves carved into its face. Photograph by author, 2009.

The Journal of Lancaster County’s Historical Society

Volume 112, Number 1/2, Summer/Fall 2010

a section of the same building. They are both sections of a Corinthian column and may, in fact, have been part of the same column. Like the rest, artifact E exhibits characteristics of weathering and injury sustained during the bank’s demolition. Artifact F and G, interior molding The remaining two building fragments, artifacts F and G, differ significantly from the others. Unlike artifacts A through E which once comprised portions of the Northern Trust & Savings Company’s exterior, artifacts F and G are thought to have once comprised a portion of the bank’s elegant interior. Artifact F measures

approximately 12 inches in length, approximately 3.5 inches wide at its widest section, and is approximately 7.5 inches tall. Artifact G, which is significantly smaller, measures approximately 5 inches in length, approximately 3.5 inches wide at its widest section, and is approximately 5.5 inches tall (see photograph on page 23). These two fragments also differ from artifacts A through E in that they do have a surface luster. They are also of a different color than the aforesaid fragments; they are white. Based on these two qualities alone, it may be inferred that artifacts F and G are composed of a natural stone, likely of white marble.

Artifact E. Section of fluted shaft from one of Northern Trust & Savings Company’s Corinthian columns, now lying in thick brush at the Lancaster Brickyards site. Photograph by the author, 2009

the bank of a stream in the woods at the Lancaster Brickyards site. It is cubeshaped and measures approximately 42 inches on all sides. Artifact D is apparently the capital from the bank’s southernmost pilaster (see photos on pages 8 and 13). Note the acanthus leaves and female angel sculpted onto two sides of this capital, which, if placed directly above the left pilaster, would face north and east. According to photographs of the bank, only the angels from the southernmost pilaster’s capital face north and east. Identical angels on the northernmost pilaster’s 22

capital face south and east. Artifact D’s composition matches that of artifacts A through C, and it, too, seems to have sustained damage during the bank’s demolition. Artifact D’s jagged edges signify a rough break from its pilaster. Artifact E, another fluted column segment Artifact E, was also found in the woods at the Lancaster Brickyards. It measures approximately the same length and diameter as artifact A, and it is obvious that these two fragments once comprised

Artifact F. Fragment of architrave from a doorway in the interior of the Northern Trust & Savings Company, excavated at the Lancaster Brickyards site. Photograph by author, 2009.

The Journal of Lancaster County’s Historical Society

It should be noted that artifacts F and G were removed from the wooded Lancaster Brickyards site. These two fragments were discovered protruding from the ground nearly thirty feet away from each other. Astonishingly, they fit together and it has been determined that they were once a single piece. When placed together as shown in the photo on page 25, it appears that artifacts F and G once comprised the corner section of an interior doorway’s molding, perhaps at the bank’s main entrance leading into the foyer. Studying the photo on page 10 may lead one to this conclusion. When closely analyzed, artifacts A through E, remnants of the Northern Trust & Savings Company’s ornate façade,

Volume 112, Number 1/2, Summer/Fall 2010

reveal information about American ideals in several completely different contexts. First, during the 1920s when the bank was constructed and these fragments were part of a greater whole, they visually sought to embody ancient meaning to symbolize the power and strength of an American financial institution—the local community bank—and attempted to inspire hope and faith. However, in the 1960s, shortly before the Northern Trust was razed, these pieces represented part of a much different whole—that of the blight and decay of the structures of the 100 block of North Queen Street—an ailment that quickly needed to be remedied. It was believed, the dereliction could only be cured by these structures’ Artifacts F and G. Two fragments of interior doorway architrave shown on page 10, excavated at the Lancaster Brickyards. Partially buried nearly 30 feet away from each other at the site, these fragments fit together and clearly once formed the same architrave. Photograph by author, 2009.

Artifact G. A second fragment of architrave from an interior doorway at the Northern Trust & Savings Company. This fragment was also excavated at the Lancaster Brickyards site. Photograph by author, 2009.

total destruction. And yet today, as these pieces lie in repose in the gardens of Binns Park and the wooded Brickyards, they symbolize three entirely different entities: nostalgia, the grandeur and elegance of structures past, and the failure of 1960s urban renewal. Haunting us by calling to mind what we have sacrificed, or graciously reminding us of what we were once fortunate to have and what is now our history, the fragments of what remains of the Northern Trust & Savings Company building are now ghosts of a bygone era.

Endnotes 1

David Schuyler, A City Transformed: Redevelopment, Race, and Suburbanization in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1940–1980 (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002), 59.

Ibid.

“Demolition Starts on N. Queen,” Lancaster New Era, August 2, 1965, p. 1.

City of Lancaster Planning Commission, North Queen Street Study Area Report. (Lancaster: Intelligencer Printing Company, 1962), 5.

County of Lancaster. Recorder of Deeds Office. Deed Book X, Vol. 25, Pages 554–556. (Lancaster, February 5, 1923), 554.

Map No. 25. City of Lancaster, Pa. 1912 with updates. New York: Sanborn Fire Insurance

The Journal of Lancaster County’s Historical Society

Maps. 7

Dr. David Schuyler, e-mail message to author, April 8, 2009.

Ibid.

John D. Hershey, e-mail message to author, April 8, 2009.

Ibid.

Olenchek, “Reinvented”; Internet.

Semes, Steven W. The Architecture of the Classical Interior. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2004.

John D. Hershey, e-mail message to author, April 29, 2009.

Chambers, Poppeliers, and Schwartz, What Style is It?, 96.

S. Allen Chambers, Jr., John C. Poppeliers, and Nancy B. Schwartz, What Style is It? (New York: John C. Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1983), 36.

Ibid., 100.

Ibid., 104.

Ibid., 96.

County of Lancaster. Recorder of Deeds Office. Deed Book O, Vol. 31, Pages 447–449. (Lancaster, April 20, 1934), 448. County of Lancaster. Recorder of Deeds Office. Deed Book N, Vol. 40, Pages 94–95. (Lancaster, September 30, 1949), 94. U.S. Department of the Treasury. Comptroller of the Currency. Consolidation Notice. Washington, DC, December 10, 1963.

Georges Gromort. The Elements of Classical Architecture. Edited by H. Stafford Bryant. Translated by Henry Hope Reed and Steven W. Semes. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2001), 19.

According to the text, Semes is the one attached to the above reference, yet Semes was only the translator of the Gromort work. Should the text have Gromort as the source or should the note be to:

Schuyler, A City Transformed, 60.

Ibid.

City of Lancaster, North Queen Street Report, 2.

Ibid, 5.

Ibid.

Schuyler, A City Transformed, 4.

Ibid.

Ibid., 66.

Jeff Byles, Rubble: Unearthing the History of Demolition (New York: Harmony Books, 2005), 216.

“Classical Revival Style”; Internet.

Chambers, Poppeliers, and Schwartz, What Style is It?, 99.

Ibid.

C. J. Hughes, “From the Outside, They Still Look Like Banks” New York Times, February 6, 2005; available from http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E3DB103BF935A35751C0A 9639C8B63&sec=&spo n=&pagewanted=all; Internet.

“Demolition Starts,” p. 2.

Chambers, Poppeliers, and Schwartz, What Style is It?, 97.

Christina Olenchek, “Square Will Be Reinvented.” Central Penn Business Journal, July 18, 2003; available from http://www.allbusiness.com/northamerica/united-states-pennsylvania/9548981.html; Internet.

John D. Hershey, e-mail message to author, April 8, 2009.

Ibid, April 29, 2009.

“Demolition Starts,” p. 1.

Ibid., 1

Ibid., 1.

This conclusion has been made by matching photographs obtained from the Lancaster County Historical Society of the structure’s façade and interior to photographs of typical Classical Revival structures and diagrams of this architectural style’s distinct features, according to What Style is It?, a guide to prevalent American building styles published by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, “Classical Revival Style 1895–1950,” Pennsylvania Architectural Field Guide, available from http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open =512&objID=2390&&PageID=294771&level=5 &css=L5&mode=2&in_hi_userid=2&cached=tru e; Internet; accessed 2009.

Volume 112, Number 1/2, Summer/Fall 2010

About the Author Jeremy Ryan Young, a 2002 graduate of J.P. McCaskey High School, is native to Lancaster and is currently a student at Millersville University of Pennsylvania, where he is majoring in history and geography. Inspired at a young age by Downtown Lancaster’s built environment and its rich history, its cosmopolitan feel, and its current ongoing major reinvestment and rebirth, he is pursuing a career as an urban planner. He is a major advocate of urban living and an opponent of suburban sprawl. During his undergraduate career, Young has interned for the Lancaster County Planning Commission (2009), as well as the James Street Improvement District in Lancaster City (2010), where he continues to volunteer monthly in an

effort to help fill vacant commercial space and bring businesses back Downtown. In 2010, he was named one of forty History Scholars chosen nationwide by the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History in New York City, was awarded the Predmore-Cornogg Scholarship for Geography, and the John Ward Willson Loose Award (for local history) by the History Department at Millersville University. Young is a member of Phi Alpha Theta, the National History Honor Society; Gamma Theta Upsilon, the International Geographical Honor Society; and a student member of the Pennsylvania Chapter of the American Planning Association. He is also a graduate of the Lancaster County Planning Commission’s Master Planner Program, and looks forward to pursuing a master’s degree upon graduating from Millersville.