WOOD IS GOODs by k.pomorova

Kateryna Pomorova

wood is goods

Content

Furniture 6 Musical instruments 40 Tools 70 Building 104

furniture

I Description

Furniture is movable objects intended to support various human activities such as s eating (chairs, stools, tables and sofas) and s leeping (beds). Furniture is also used to hold objects at a convenient height for work (as h orizontal surfaces above the ground, such as tables and desks), or to store things (cupboards and shelves).

chair

bookshelf

chest of drawers

wall shelf

table

chair

handmade: ≈ 5 h – 5 days manufactured: ≈ 12 h

I Object definition

A chair is a piece of furniture with a raised surface, commonly used to seat by a single person. Chairs are made of a wide variety of materials, ranging from wood to metal to synthetic material (plastic), and they may be padded or upholstered in various colors and fabrics, either just on the seat or on the entire chair. Chair intended for people to work at a desk or table, including dining chairs, can only recline very slightly; otherwise the occupant is too far away from the desk or table. Ergonomic design distributes the weight of the occupant to various parts of the body.

TOP RAIL

BACK

SPLAT

CROSS RAIL

STILE

SEAT

SUPPORT

APRON

SPINDLE

REAR LEG

FRONT LEG

I Object anatomy

Most often chair consist of support and back part. The back of the chair will support some of the weight of the occupant, reducing the weight on other parts of the body. Typical back details are: top and cross rails, splat and two stiles. Seat, aprons spindles and four legs made chair support.

high chair

deck chair

stool

high chair

rocking chair

chair

I Specialized types of wood

All different type of woods have unique signature marks that can help in easy identification of the type. Solid wood â&#x20AC;&#x201D; that is, wood cut into boards from the trunk of the tree â&#x20AC;&#x201D; makes up most of the wood in a piece of furniture. The type of wood you choose determines the beauty and strength of the finished piece. Many varieties of wood are available, and each has its own properties. The following section introduce you to the most common types of soft- and hardwoods.

I Wood index

Avodire Turraeanthus africanus

Butternut

Cedar

African Cherr y

Cocobolo

Juglans cinerea

Cedrela spp.

Tieghemella heckelii

Dalbergia retusa

Gum

Iroko

Eucalyptus tereticornis

Milicia excelsa

Benge

Birch

Bubinga

Guibourtia arnoldiana

Betula spp.

Guibourtia spp.

Cof feebean

Goncalo Alves

Gymnocladus dioicus

Astronium graveolens

Lacewood

Mahogany

Panopsis spp.

Khaya ivorensis

I Wood index

Myrtle

Narra

English Oak

Umbellularia californica

Pterocarpus indicus

Quercus robur

Peroba Rosa

Plane

Poplar

Aspidosperma polyneuron

Platanus hybrida

Populus spp.

Teak Tectona grandis

Olive

Oriental Wood

Padauk

Olea spp.

Endiandra palmerstonii

Pterocarpus spp.

Primavera

Rosewood

Sapele

Roseodendron donnell-smithii

Dalbergia spp.

Entandrophragma cylindricum

Walnut

Willow

Zebrano

Juglans hindsii

Salix spp.

Microberlinia brazzavillensis

I Specialized types of wood

27 Benge Guibourtia arnoldiana

Avodire Turraeanthus africanus

Tree Size: 25 – 35 m tall, 0.6 – 1.0 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: pale yellow or cream, darkening with age to golden yellow. Heartwood and sapwood usually look the same. Grain | Texture: grain are straight, wavy, or irregular and interlock. Texture is fine, with a high natural luster. Workability: Avodire is generally regarded as having good working characteristics, is easy to work with hand or machine tools: though wood with interlocked grain can pose a challenge with tearout while being planed. The wood also has a slight blunting effect on tool cutters. Avodire glues and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Tree Size: 30 – 45 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: varying shades of yellowish to reddish brown with darker brown, gray, or black stripes. Moderately wide sapwood is a pale y ellow, clearly demarcated from heartwood. Sometimes seen with a curly or mottled grain pattern. Grain | Texture: grain is straight to slightly interlocked. Medium to coarse texture, with moderate natural luster. Workability: overall a fairly easy wood to work, Benge contains silica and can therefore dull cutters prematurely. Also, if the grain is interlocked, or if there is other figure present in the wood, planing and other machining operations may be troublesome and cause tearout. Turns, glues and finishes well. Odor: has a strong unpleasant odor when wet, disappears once the wood has dried.

Birch Betula spp.

I Specialized types of wood curl similar to the curl found in C herry. There is virtually no color distinction between annual growth rings, giving Birch a somewhat dull, uniform appearance. Grain | Texture: grain is generally straight or slightly wavy, with a fine, even texture. Low natural luster. Workability: generally easy to work with hand and machine tools, though boards with wild grain can cause grain tear-out during machining operations. Turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

28 with figured or interlocking grain, tearout can occur during planing or other machining operations. Gluing can occasionally be problematic due to Bubinga’s high density and natural oils. Turns and finishes well. Odor: has an unpleasant scent when the lumber is still wet, which disappears after the wood is dry.

Butternut Juglans cinerea

Bubinga Guibourtia spp.

Tree Size: 40 – 45 m tall, 1 – 2 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood ranges from a pinkish red to a darker reddish brown with darker purple or black streaks. Sapwood is a pale straw color and is clearly demarcated from the heartwood. Bubinga is very frequently seen with a variety of figure, including: pommele, flamed, waterfall, quilted, mottled, etc. Grain | Texture: grain is straight to interlocked. Has a uniform fine to medium texture and moderate n atural luster. Workability: easy to work o verall, though depending upon the species Bubinga can have silica present, which can prematurely dull cutting edges. Also, on pieces

Tree Size: 20 – 30 m tall, 0.6 – 1.0 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is usually a light to medium tan, sometimes with a reddish tint. Growth rings are d arker and form fairly distinct grain patterns. Sapwood is a pale yellowish white. Grain | Texture: grain is t ypically straight, with a medium to coarse texture. Silky natural luster. Workability: Butternut is easily worked with both hand and machine tools. However, being so soft, Butternut has a tendency to leave some fuzzy surfaces after planing or sanding, and sharp cutters and fine-grit sandpaper is recommended. Butternut glues, stains, and finishes well. Odor: has virtually no scent or odor when being worked.

29 African Cherr y Tieghemella heckelii

Cedar Cedrela spp.

Tree Size: 20 – 60 m tall, 0.3 – 1.8 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is a light yellowish brown. Sapwood is pale yellow – brown to almost white and isn’t clearly distinguished from the h eartwood. Color tends to darken with age upon exposure to light, (though when left exposed outdoors it weathers to a u niform gray). Grain | Texture: grain is straight, with a medium to fine uniform texture. Workability: easy to work with both hand and machine tools. Holds paint very well. Stains, glues, and finishes well. Excellent dimensional stability. Odor: has a pungent, ginger — like scent.

Tree Size: 10 – 60 m tall, 0.3 – 1.8 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: h eartwood pink or reddish brown, sometimes with streaks of mild color variation. Yellowish sapwood can be two to threeinches wide, and is clearly demarcated from the heartwood. Figured grain patterns are a common occurrence. Grain | Texture: grain generally straight, though interlocked or w avy grain is sometimes present. Fine even texture with good natural luster. Workability: generally easy to work, though sections with interlocked grain can cause tearout during planing or other machining operations. Cherry will react when put into direct contact with iron, becoming discolored and stained. It also has a pronounced blunting effect on cutters due to its high silica content. Besides this dulling effect, Cherry turns well, and is easy to glue and finish. Odor: has a mild, distinctive scent when being worked.

Cocabolo Dalbergia retusa

Tree Size: 14 – 18 m tall, 0.5 – 0.6 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: Cocobolo

I Specialized types of wood can be seen in a kaleidoscope of d ifferent colors, ranging from yellow, orange, red, and shades of brown with streaks of black or purple. Sapwood is t ypically a very pale yellow. Colors are lighter when freshly sanded /cut, and darken with age. Grain | Texture: grain is straight to interlocked, with a fine even texture. Good natural luster. Workability: due to the high oil content found in this wood, it can occasionally cause problems with gluing. Also, the wood’s color can bleed into surrounding wood when applying a finish, so care must be taken on the initial seal coats not to smear the wood’s color/oils into surrounding areas. Tearout can occur during planing if interlocked grain is present; the wood also has a moderate blunting effect on cutting edges/tools due to its high density. Cocobolo has excellent turning properties. Odor: has a distinct spice — like scent when being worked, which some find unpleasant: though it has been used in at least one women’s perfume.

30 sapwood is very narrow and well defined against heartwood. Overall appearance and grain pattern s imilar to ash or oak. Grain | Texture: grain is straight and porous, with a coarse, uneven texture. Workability: Coffeetree has good working characteristics, and nearly every machining operation can be done with good and expected results. Glues, stains, and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Goncalo Alves Astronium graveolens

Cof feebean Gymnocladus dioicus

Tree Size: 20 – 30 m tall, 0.6 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood an orange to reddish brown. Yellowish white

Tree Size: 30 – 40 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is typically a medium reddish brown with irregularly spaced streaks of dark brown to black. Color tends to darken with age. Grain | Texture: grain can be straight, but is usually wavy or i nterlocked. Fine, uniform texture with good natural luster. Workability: generally is not too difficult to work, despite its high density. Figured pieces with irregular grain can pose a challenge in planing and machining operations. It can also have a moderate blunting effect on cutters. The wood is very resistant to moisture absorption, which can make it difficult to glue. Goncalo Alves turns and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

31 Iroko Milicia excelsa

Gum Eucalyptus tereticornis

Tree Size: 30 – 50 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is a light yellowish brown. Narrow sapwood is a pale gray/white. Boards with mottled figure are sometimes seen, as well as solid burl sections and veneer. Grain | Texture: grain is interlocked, with a uniform m edium to coarse texture. Low natural luster. Workability: gives moderately good results with hand and machine tools, though boards with interlocked grain frequently causes tearout during planing and other surfacing operations. Glues and finishes well. Odor: No characteristic odor.

Tree Size: 30 – 40 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is usually a yellow to golden or medium brown, with color tending to darken over time. Pale yellow sapwood is clearly demarcated from the heartwood. Grain | Texture: has a medium to coarse texture, with open pores and an interlocked grain. Workability: generally easy to work, with the exception of its interlocked grain, which may cause some tearout during surfacing operations. Also, deposits of calcium carbonate are sometimes present, which can have a significant dulling effect on cutters. Iroko glues and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Lacewood Panopsis spp.

I Specialized types of wood the l argest flecks when perfectly quartersawn; this is due to the wood’s wide medullary rays, whose layout can be seen the clearest when looking at the endgrain. Grain | Texture: has a f airly coarse and uneven texture due to the difference in densities between the regular wood tissue and the rays. The grain is usually straight. Workability: overall a fairly easy wood to work with, taking glues, stains, and finishes well; though there may be some difficulty in planing, with tearout occurring. Some species of lacewood can also have a moderate blunting effect on cutting edges. Odor: no characteristic odor.

32 Workability: easy to work, glue, and finish. Can sometimes be a problem if the grain is interlocked. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Myrtle Umbellularia californica

Mahogany Khaya ivorensis

Tree Size: 20 – 60 m tall, 1 – 2 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood color is variable, ranging from a very pale pink to a deeper reddish brown, sometimes with streaks of medium to dark reddish brown. Color tends to darken with age. Quartersawn surfaces can also e xhibit a ribbon–stripe appearance. Grain | Texture: grain is straight to interlocked, with a medium to coarse texture. Good natural luster with a light – refracting optical phenomenon known as chatoyancy.

Tree Size: 15 – 24 m tall, 0.6 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood color can be variable, from light orangish brown to gray or olive, sometimes with darker streaks present. Pale sapwood is usually well defined. Figured grain patterns (curly, mottled, burl) are not uncommon. Grain | Texture: grain can be straight, irregular, or wavy. Has a fine uniform texture with low natural luster. Workability: fairly easy to work, though tearout can occur on pieces with figured grain. Has a tendency to burn during drilling and routing, and appropriate speeds and sharp cutters are recommended. Turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: Myrtle has a strong, spicy odor when being worked.

33 English Oak Quercus robur

Narra Pterocarpus indicus

Tree Size: 20 – 30 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood can vary widely in color, ranging from a g olden yellow to a reddish brown. Pale yellow sapwood is clearly d emarcated from the heart wood. Quartersawn surfaces display r ibbon stripe figure, the wood is also seen with mottled, beeswing, or curly figure. Grain | Texture: grain is usually interlocked, and can be wavy. With an uneven medium to coarse texture with good natural luster. Workability: easy to work with both hand and machine tools. Odor: Narra wood has a distinct fragrance that lingers even after being worked.

Tree Size: 24 – 35 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is a light to medium brown, commonly with an olive cast, though there can be a fair amount of variation in color. Nearly white to light brown sapwood is not always sharply demarcated from the heartwood. Quartersawn sections display p rominent ray fleck patterns. Grain | Texture: is straight, with a coarse, uneven texture. May have irregular or interlocked grain depending on growing conditions of the tree. Workability: produces good results with hand and machine tools. Can react with iron (particularly when wet), cause s taining and discoloration. Responds well to steambending. Glues, stains, and finishes well. Odor: has a tell-tale smell that is common to most oaks. Most find it appealing.

Olive Olea spp.

Tree Size: 8 – 15 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is a cream or yellowish brown, with d arker brown or black contrasting streaks. Color tends to deepen with age.

I Specialized types of wood Grain | Texture: grain may be straight, interlocked, wavy, burl, or wild. Fine uniform texture with moderate natural luster. Workability: somewhat easy to work, though wild or interlocked grain may result in tearout during surfacing operations. Olive has high movement in service and is considered to have poor stability. Turns superbly. Glues and finishes well ended. Turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: has a distinct, fruity scent when being worked.

34 glues, stains, and finishes well ended. Odor: does not smell like typical walnut in the Juglans genus: there is no characteristic odor associated with this species when dry.

Padauk Pterocarpus spp.

Oriental Wood Endiandra palmerstonii

Tree Size: 37 – 43 m tall, 1.2 – 1.8 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: ranges from medium pinkish brown to dark brown. Sometimes streaked with pink, g reenish gray, or black streaks. Appearance c losely resembles English Walnut, though lightercolored p ieces can also resemble Ovangkol. Grain | Texture: grain is usually interlocked, and commonly wavy. Texture is medium, with a moderate natural l uster, and shallow open pores. Workability: can cause troubles in two areas: it can be difficult to plane if there is interlocked grain present, and it has a reported silica content of 0.19% to 1.08%, making it highly blunting to cutting edges. Other than these issues, the wood

Tree Size: 18 – 40 m tall, 0.6 – 1.2 m trunk dia-meter. Color | Appearance: heartwood color can vary, ranging from a pale pinkish orange to a deep brownish red. Most pieces tend to start reddish orange when freshly cut, darkening substantially over time to a reddish /purplish brown. Padauk’s initial orange coloration can be preserved through various finishing procedures. Grain | Texture: grain is usually interlocked, with a coarse texture and fairly large and open pores. Workability: overall Padauk is easy to work; tearout may occur during planing on quartersawn or interlocked grain. Padauk turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: has a faint aromatic scent while being worked.

35 Plane Platanus hybrida

Peroba Rosa Aspidosperma polyneuron

Tree Size: 30 – 38 m tall, 1.2 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood color ranges from yellow to pinkish red, sometimes with darker streaks of purple or brown. Gray to yellow sapwood not sharply demarcated from heartwood. Color tends to dark with age. Grain | Texture: grain is generally straight to slightly irregular or interlocked. Texture is fine and uniform. Workability: overall easy to work, producing good results, though Peroba Rosa has an above average blunting effect on cutters. Glues, turns, and finishes well.well. Responds well to steam bending. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Tree Size: 20 – 37 m tall, 1 – 2.4 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: similar to maple, the wood of Plane trees is p redominantly comprised of the sapwood, with some darker heartwood streaks also found in most boards. The sapwood is white to light pinkish tan, while the heartwood is a darker reddish brown. London Plane also has very distinct ray flecks present on quartersawn surfaces — giving it a freckled appearance. Grain | Texture: has a closed pore structure and a fine and even texture that is very similar to maple. The grain is usually straight. Workability: Overall, Plane works easily with both hand and machine tools, though tearout can sometimes occur in the rays of perfectly quartersawn sections during planing. London Plane turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Poplar Populus spp.

Tree Size: 40 – 50 m tall, 1.8 – 2.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is light cream to yellowish brown, with occasional streaks of gray or green. Sapwood is pale yellow to white, not always clearly

I Specialized types of wood demarcated from the heartwood. Can also be seen in mineral stained colors ranging from dark purple to red, green, or y ellow, sometimes referred to as Rainbow Poplar. Colors tend to darken upon exposure to light. Grain | Texture: typically has a straight, uniform grain, with a medium texture. Low natural luster. Workability: very easy towork in almost all regards, one of Poplar’s only downsides is its softness. Due to its low density, can sometimes leave fuzzy surfaces and edges: especially during shaping or sanding. Sanding to finer grits of sandpaper may be necessary to obtain a smooth surface. Odor: no characteristic odor.

36 on account of its rather low density compared to other hardwoods. It does, however, have a moderate blunting effect on cutting edges, so carbide tools are recommended. Primavera also tends to split when nailed or screwed, so pilot holes are recommended despite the wood’s softness. Turns, glues, stains, and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Rosewood Dalbergia spp.

Primavera Roseodendron donnell-smithii

Tree Size: 20 – 30 m tall, 0.6 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: usually ranges from a pale cream color to a g olden yellow. Color tends to darken and redden with age. Can exhibit a ribbon — like chatoyant grain pattern similar to quartersawn Sapele. Grain | Texture: grain usually ranges from straight to slightly interlocked. Medium texture and medium sized pores, with a naturally high luster. Workability: olthough it has interlocked and irregular grain, it is overall quite easy to work: most likely

Tree Size: 15 – 30 m tall, 0.3 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood color ranges from an medium orange to a darker reddish brown; sometimes with darker black streaks. Yellow sapwood is clearly demarcated from heartwood. Color tends to darken with age, though it tends to maintain its color better than other c olorful exotic woods. Grain | Texture: grain is usually straight or slightly interlocked. Texture is fine and uniform. M edium– fine texture and a good natural luster. Workability: generally easy to work with both hand and machine tools, though it can blunt cutting edges rapidly. Care should be taken in gluing and finishing, due to natural oils in the wood that can disrupt the drying process. Turns and

37 polishes well. Odor: has a distinct scent while being worked.

Teak Tectona grandis

Sapele Entandrophragma cylindricum

Tree Size: 30 – 45 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is a golden to dark reddish brown. Color tends to darken with age. Besides the c ommon ribbon pattern seen on quartersawn boards, Sapele is also known for a wide variety of other figured grain patterns, such as: pommele, quilted, mottled, wavy, beeswing, and fiddleback. Grain | Texture: grain is interlocked, and sometimes wavy. Fine uniform texture and good natural lustersized pores, with a naturally high luster. Workability: Sapele can be troublesome to work in some machining operations, resulting in tearout due to its interlocked grain. It will also react when put into direct contact with iron, becoming discolored and stained. Sapele has a slight blunting effect on cutters, but it turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: has a distinct, cedar — like scent while being worked.

Tree Size: 30 – 40 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood tends to be a golden or medium brown, with color darkening with age. Grain | Texture: grain is straight, though it can occasionally be wavy or interlocked. Coarse, uneven texture and moderate to low natural l uster. Raw, unfinished wood surfaces have a slightly oily or greasy feel due to natural oils. Workability: easy to work in nearly all regards, with the only caveat being that Teak contains a high level of silica (up to 1.4%) which has a pronounced blunting effect on cutting edges. Despite its natural oils, Teak usually glues and finishes well, though in some instances it may be necessary to wipe the surface of the wood with a solvent prior to gluing /finishing to reduce the natural oils on the surface of the wood. Odor: Teak can have a leather — like scent when freshly milled.

I Specialized types of wood

38 Willow Salix spp.

Walnut Juglans hindsii

Tree Size: 20 – 35 m tall, 0.6 – 2 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood can range from a lighter pale brown to a dark chocolate brown with darker brown streak. Color can have a gray, purple, or r eddish cast. Sapwood is nearly white. Can occasionally also be found with figured grain patterns. Grain | Texture: grain is usually straight, but can be irregular. Has a medium texture and moderate natural luster. Workability: typically easy to work p rovided the grain is straight and regular. Planer tearout can sometimes be a problem when surfacing pieces with irregular or figured grain. Glues, stains, and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Tree Size: 20 – 30 m tall, 0.6 – 1.2 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is tan to pinkish brown. The sapwood is yellowish white, and is not always clearly or sharply demarcated from heartwood. Grain | Texture: Willow usually has an interlocked or irregular grain with a medium to fine uniform texture. Workability: with its low density and interlocked grain, willow has very poor machining characteristics, frequently resulting in fuzzy surfaces or tearout. Willow also tends to develop numerous drying defects and can be difficult to season. Glues and finishes well. Responds moderately well to steam bending. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Zebrano Microberlinia brazzavillensis

39 Grainâ&#x20AC;&#x2030;|â&#x20AC;&#x2030;Texture: has a fairly coarse texture and open pores. Grain is usually wavy or interlocked. Workability: the wood saws well, but can be very difficult to plane or surface due to the prevalence of interlocking grain. Tearout is common. Zebrawood glues and finishes well, though a transparent pore filler may be necessary for the large open pores which occur on both dark and light surfaces. Odor: has a characteristic, unpleasant smell when being worked.

I Supplier map

40 BIRCH CEDAR BIRCH P

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BLACKWOOD CEDAR GUM MAHOGANY ORIENTAL WOOD WALNUT

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I II

musical instr

ruments

II Description

A musical instrument is an instrument created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be a musical instrument â&#x20AC;&#x201D; it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. The history of musical instruments dates to the beginnings of human culture. Early musical instruments may have been used for ritual, such as a trumpet to signal success on the hunt, or a drum in a religious ceremony. Cultures eventually developed composition and performance of melodies for entertainment. Musical instruments evolved in step with changing applications.

guitar

xylophone

grand piano

reed pipe

djembe drum

guitar

by hand: ≈ 150 h

II Object definition

The guitar is a popular musical instrument classified as a string instrument with anywhere from 4 to 18 strings, usually have 6. The sound is projected either a Â coustically or through electrical amplification (for an acoustic guitar or an electric guitar, respectively). It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the right hand while fretting (or pressing against the frets) the strings with the fingers of the left hand. The guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings andÂ distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. Every part of the guitar are hand-crafted.

HEAD

TUNERS

NECK

CROSS RAIL

SOUND HOLE ROSETTE

BODY

PICK GUARD

SADDLE

TOP

BRIDGE

SIDES

II Object anatomy

Modern guitars can be constructed to suit both left– and right–handed players. The head is located at the end of the guitar neck farthest from the body. It is fitted with machine heads that adjust the tension of the strings, which in turn affects the pitch. A guitar's frets, fretboard, tuners, headstock, and truss rod, all attached to a long wooden extension, collectively constitute its neck. The wood used to make the fretboard usually differs from the wood in the rest of the neck. The neck joint or heel is the point at which the neck is either bolted or glued to the body of the guitar. Almost all acoustic steel–string guitars have glued necks, while electric guitars are constructed using both types. Most classical guitars have a neck and headblock carved from one piece of wood, known as a "Spanish heel."

II Subject anatomy

Inlays are visual elements set into the exterior surface of a guitar. The typical locations for inlay are on the fretboard, headstock, and on acoustic guitars around the soundhole, known as the rosette. Inlays range from simple plastic dots on the fretboard to intricate works of art covering the entire exterior surface of a guitar. In acoustic guitars, string vibration is transmitted through the bridge and saddle to the body via sound board. The sound board is typically made of tone woods such as spruce or cedar. Timbers for tone woods are chosen for both strength and ability to transfer mechanical energy from the strings to the air within the guitar body. Sound is further shaped by the characteristics of the guitar body's resonant cavity.

The body of an acoustic guitar has a sound hole through which sound projects. The sound hole is usually a round hole in the top of the guitar under the strings. Air inside the body vibrates as the guitar top and body is vibrated by the strings, and the response of the air cavity at different frequencies is characterized, like the rest of the guitar body, by a number of resonance modes at which it responds more strongly.

5 bar stool 4

guitar

electric guitar

round mandolin

balalaika

II Wood index

Ash Fraxinus ornus

Cedar

African Cherr y

Cocobolo

Cedrela spp.

Tieghemella heckelii

Dalbergia retusa

Benge

Black wood

Guibourtia arnoldiana

Dalbergia melanoxylon

Lacewood

Mahogany

Maple

Panopsis spp.

Khaya ivorensis

Acer macrophyllum

II Wood index

Myrtle Umbellularia californica

Supruce Picea spp.

Padauk Pterocarpus spp.

Walnut Juglans hindsii

Rosewood

Sapele

Dalbergia spp.

Entandrophragma cylindricum

II Specialized types of wood

All different type of woods have unique signature marks that can help in easy identification of the type. The type of wood you choose determines the beauty and strength of the finished piece. Many varieties of wood are available, and each has its own properties. The following section introduce you to the most common types of soft- and hardwoods in a piece of furniture.

65 Benge Guibourtia arnoldiana

Ash Fraxinus ornus

Tree Size: 15 – 20 m tall, 0.3 – 0.6 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: the heartwood is a light to medium brown color. Sapwood can be very wide, and tends to be a beige or light brown; not always clearly or sharply demarcated from heartwood. Grain | Texture: has a medium to coarse texture similar to oak. The grain is almost always straight and regular, though sometimes curly or figured boards can be found. Workability: produces good results with hand or machine tools. Responds well to steam bending. Glues, stains, and finishes well. Odor: gives off a distinct, moderately unpleasant smell when being worked.

Tree Size: 30 – 45 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: varying shades of yellowish to reddish brown with darker brown, gray, or black stripes. Moderately wide sapwood is a pale yellow, clearly demarcated from heartwood. Sometimes seen with a curly or mottled grain pattern. Grain | Texture: grain is straight to slightly interlocked. Medium to coarse texture, with moderate natural luster. Workability: overall a fairly easy wood to work, though contains silica and can therefore dull cutters prematurely. Also, if the grain is interlocked, or if there is other figure present in the wood, planing and other machining operations may be troublesome and cause tearout. Turns, glues and finishes well. Odor: has a strong unpleasant odor when it's wet, which disappears once the wood has dried.

Black wood Dalbergia melanoxylon

II Specialized types of wood and it is not uncommon to see boards with ribbon-like streaks of color. Boards figured with wavy and/or curly grain are also not uncommon. Grain | Texture: grain is usually straight to slightly interlocked, and sometimes wavy. Uniform fine to medium texture. Workability: is easily worked with both hand and machine tools, though figured wood and pieces with interlocked grain can cause tearout; turn, glues, stains, and finishes well. Responds well to steam bending. Odor: no characteristic odor.

African Cherr y Tieghemella heckelii

Cedar Cedrela spp.

Tree Size: 20 – 60 m tall, 0.3 – 1.8 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is a light yellowish brown. Sapwood is pale yellow-brown to almost white and isn’t clearly distinguished from the h eartwood. Color tends to darken with age upon exposure to light, (though when left exposed outdoors it weathers to a u niform gray). Grain | Texture: grain is straight, with a medium to fine uniform texture. Workability: easy to work with both hand and machine tools. Holds paint very well. Stains, glues, and finishes well. Excellent dimensional stability. Odor: has a pungent, ginger — like scent.

Tree Size: 10 – 60 m tall, 0.3 – 1.8 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood pink or reddish brown, sometimes with streaks of mild color variation. Yellowish sapwood can be two to threeinches wide, and is clearly demarcated from the heartwood. Figured grain patterns (such as mottled or curly) are a common occurrence. Grain | Texture: grain generally straight, though interlocked or wavy grain is sometimes present. Fine even texture with good natural luster. Workability: generally easy to work, though sections with interlocked grain can cause tearout during planing or other machining operations. Cherry will react when put into direct contact with iron, becoming discolored and stained. It also has a pronounced blunting effect on cutters due to its high silica content. Besides this dulling effect, Cherry turns well, and is easy to glue and finish. Odor: has a mild, distinctive scent when being worked.

67 Lacewood Panopsis spp.

Cocabolo Dalbergia retusa

Tree Size: 14 – 18 m tall, 0.5 – 0.6 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: Sapwood is t ypically a very pale yellow. Colors are l ighter when freshly sanded/cut, and darken with age. Grain | Texture: grain is straight to interlocked, with a fine even texture. Good natural luster. Workability: due to the high oil content found in this wood, it can occasionally cause problems with gluing. Tearout can occur during planing if interlocked grain is present; the wood also has a moderate blunting effect on cutting edges/tools due to its high density. Cocobolo has excellent turning properties. Odor: has a distinct spice — like scent when being worked.

Tree Size: 9 – 15 m tall, 0.6 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: has a very conspicuous flecking that gives this wood its namesake. The wood itself is a reddish brown with grey or light brown rays, which result in a lace pattern when quartersawn. Like other woods that e xhibit the s trongest figure in quartersawn pieces, (such as Sycamore), Lacewood has the most pronounced figure and displays the largest flecks when perfectly quartersawn; this is due to the wood’s wide medullary rays, whose layout can be seen the clearest when looking at the endgrain. Grain | Texture: has a f airly coarse and uneven texture due to the difference in densities between the regular wood tissue and the rays. The grain is usually straight. Workability: overall a fairly easy wood to work with, taking glues, stains, finishes well; though there may be some difficulty in planing, with tearout occurring. Some species of lacewood can also have a moderate blunting effect on cutting edges. Odor: has no characteristic odor.

Mahogany Khaya ivorensis

II Specialized types of wood Tree Size: 20 – 60 m tall, 1 – 2 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood color is variable, ranging from a very pale pink to a deeper reddish brown, sometimes with streaks of medium to dark reddish brown. Color tends to darken with age. Quartersawn surfaces can also e xhibit a ribbon–stripe appearance. Grain | Texture: grain is straight to interlocked, with a medium to coarse texture. Good natural luster with a light–refracting optical phenomenon known as c hatoyancy. Workability: easy to work, glue, and finish. Sometimes be a problem if the grain is interlocked. Odor: no characteristic odor.

68 less distinct in Soft Maples than in Hard Maple. Workability: fairly easy to work with both hand and machine tools, though maple has a tendency to burn when being machined with high-speed cutters such as in a router. Turns, glues, and finishes well, though blotches can occur when staining, and a pre-conditioner, gel stain, or toner may be necessary to get an even color. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Myrtle Umbellularia californica

Maple Acer macrophyllum

Tree Size: 15 – 24 m tall, 0.6 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood color can be variable, from light orangish brown to gray or olive, sometimes with darker streaks present. Pale sapwood is u sually well defined. Figured grain patterns (curly, mottled, burl) are not uncommon. Grain | Texture: grain can be straight, irregular, or wavy. Has a fine uniform texture with low natural luster. Workability: fairly easy to work, though tearout can occur on pieces with figured grain. Has a tendency to burn during drilling and routing, and appropriate speeds and sharp cutters are recommended. Turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: has a strong, spicy odor when being worked.

69 Rosewood Dalbergia spp.

Padauk Pterocarpus spp.

Tree Size: 18 – 40 m tall, 0.6 – 1.2 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood color can vary, ranging from a pale pinkish orange to a deep brownish red. Most pieces tend to start reddish orange when freshly cut. Padauk’s initial orange coloration can be preserved through various finishing procedures; Grain | Texture: grain is usually interlocked, with a coarse texture and fairly large and open pores. Workability: overall Padauk is easy to work; tearout may occur during planing on quartersawn or interlocked grain. Padauk turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: has a faint aromatic scent while being worked.

Tree Size: 15 – 30 m tall, 0.3 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood color ranges from an medium orange to a darker reddish brown; sometimes with darker black streaks. Yellow sapwood is c learly demarcated from heartwood. Color tends to darken with age, though it tends to maintain its color better than other c olorful exotic woods. Grain | Texture: grain is usually straight or slightly interlocked. Medium– fine texture and a good natural luster. Workability: generally easy to work with both hand and machine tools, though it can blunt cutting edges rapidly. Care should be taken in gluing and finishing, due to natural oils in the wood that can disrupt the drying process. Turns and polishes well. Odor: has a distinct, rosewood — like scent while being worked.

Sapele Entandrophragma cylindricum

II Specialized types of wood sawn boards, Sapele is also known for a wide variety of other figured grain patterns, such as: pommele, quilted, mottled, wavy, beeswing, and fiddleback. Grain | Texture: grain is interlocked, and sometimes wavy. Fine uniform texture and good natural luster.m sized pores, with a naturally high luster. Workability: can be troublesome to work in some machining operations, resulting in tearout due to its interlocked grain. It will also react when put into direct contact with iron, becoming discolored and stained. Sapele has a slight blunting effect on cutters, but it turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: has a d istinct, cedar — like scent while being worked.

70 sealer, gel stain, or toner is recommended when coloring Spruce. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Walnut Juglans hindsii

Supruce Picea spp.

Tree Size: 24 – 34 m tall, 0.6 – 1.4 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: Spruce is typically a creamy white, with a hint of yellow and/or red. Grain | Texture: has a fine, even texture, and a consistently straight grain. Workability: easy to work, as long as there are no knots present. Glues and finishes well, though it can give poor (blotchy and inconsistent) results when being stained due to its closed pore structure. A sanding

Tree Size: 20 – 35 m tall, 0.6 – 2 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood can range from a lighter pale brown to a dark chocolate brown with darker brown streaks. Color can sometimes have a gray, purple, or reddish cast. Sapwood is n early white. Walnut can occasionally also be found with figured grain patterns such as: curly, crotch, and burl. Grain | Texture: grain is usually straight, but can be irregular. Has a medium texture and moderate natural luster. Workability: typically easy to work provided the grain is straight and regular. Planer tearout can sometimes be a problem when surfacing pieces with irregular or figured grain. Glues, stains, and fi nishes well, (though walnut is rarely stained). Odor: no characteristic odor.

II Supplier map

GE SS A

N ORTH

A SK

R IC A

ER IC A

BENGE

ES T

R IC A

N OR T

CEDAR

SO U T

H A M ER

IC A

NT CE

R A Lâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;E A STER N

NO R T

CENT R ROSEWOOD

A MER IC A

H ER N P AR T

UT H

M ID D L E A ND

A AL

A MERIC

EA N BB

MAHOGANY ROSEWOOD WALNUT

ASH CEDAR COCOBOLO MAHOGANY

C AND A RI

CEDAR LACEWOOD MAHOGANY MYRTLE ROSEWOOD WALNUT

T HEN EU R

UT H

CEN T

H RT

S O U T H ER

ASH CEDAR MAPLE SUPRUCE

NO R

ER N

AME

ER N, W EST

CEDAR MAPLE

ROSEWOOD

T ES

N ER

A FR IC A

ASH MAPLE SUPRUCE WALNUT

WALNUT

IA AS

CEN

IA AS

EA S

SEA REGI

R TER A NE A DI

T ASI A

N O R T H ER N

EA S

R OP

ASH BLACKWOOD CEDAR MAPLE

ME SOUTHE

ASH BLACKWOOD CEDAR ROSEWOOD WALNUT

ASIA

EAS

CA RI

ASH BLACKWOOD CEDAR MAHOGANY MAPLE WALNUT

ROSEWOOD

T US

LI A

& O CEA N

N ER W ES T

LI A

TAS M

ROSEWOOD

N CE

KA R AS

T R A Lâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;E A STER

BLACKWOOD PADAUK ROSEWOOD

M A DA

BLACKWOOD CHERRY PADAUK SAPELE

CHERRY MAHOGANY PADAUK SAPELE WALNUT

CEDAR WALNUT

IA AN

BLACKWOOD

I III

tools

III Tools describtion

A tool is any physical item that can be used to achieve a goal, especially if the item is not consumed in the process. Tool use by humans dates back millions of years, and other animals are also known to employ simple tools. Tools that are used in particular fields or activities may have different designations such as "instrument", "utensil", "implement", "machine", "device," or "apparatus". The set of tools needed to achieve a goal is "equipment". The knowledge of constructing, obtaining and using tools is technology.

shovel

ladder

pencil

grace

wooden utensils

hairbrush

hammer

handmade: ≈ 1 h manufactured: ≈ 20 min

III Object definition

A traditional hand-held hammer consists of a separate head and a handle, fastened together by means of a special wedge made for the purpose, or by glue, or both. This two – piece design is often used, to combine a dense metallic striking head with a non – metallic mechanical shock absorbing handle (to reduce user fatigue from repeated strikes). The wood which is used for the handle, it is often hickory or ash, which are tough and long – lasting materials that can dissipate shock waves from the hammer head. Rigid fiberglass resin may be used for the handle; this material does not absorb water or decay, but does not dissipate shock as well as wood.

HANDLE

HEAD

III Object anatomy

A traditional handâ&#x20AC;&#x2030;â&#x20AC;&#x201C;â&#x20AC;&#x2030;held hammer consists of a separate head and a handle, fastened together by means of a special wedge made for the purpose, or by glue, or both. The head of a hammer is made from strong metals because the front is the part which is used for striking and the back may have one of many different components which could be a claw or ball. The handle is usually made from wood.

5 bar stool 4

knife

hammer

baseball-bat

ax 89

III Wood index

Ash

Aspen

Fraxinus ornus

Populus tremula

Cedar Cedrela spp.

Ipe Handroanthus spp.

Birch

Black wood

Betula spp.

Dalbergia melanoxylon

Cof feebean

Fir

Goncalo Alves

Gymnocladus dioicus

Pseudotsuga taxifolia

Astronium graveolens

Lacewood

Madrone

Maple

Panopsis spp.

Arbutus menziesii

Acer macrophyllum

III Wood index

Narra Pterocarpus indicus

Plane

Poplar

Platanus hybrida

Populus spp.

Supruce

Tamarack

Teak

Picea spp.

Larix larcina

Tectona grandis

Olive

Padauk

Pecan

Olea spp.

Pterocarpus spp.

Carya illinoinensis

Willow

Zebrano

Salix spp.

Microberlinia brazzavillensis

III Specialized types of wood

The type of wood you choose determines the beauty and strength of the finished piece. Many varieties of wood are available, and each has its own properties. The following section introduce you to the most common types of softâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; and hardwoods.

97 Aspen Populus tremula

Ash Fraxinus ornus

Tree Size: 15 – 20 m tall, 0.6 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood tends to be a light brown. Wide sapwood is a pale yellow to nearly white, and isn’t clearly demarcated, tending to g radually blend into the heartwood. Grain | Texture: grain is generally straight, with a uniform medium texture. Low natural luster. Workability: easy to work with hand and machine tools, though sharp cutters are necessary when planing to avoid fuzzy surfaces, (subsequent fine–sanding may be necessary to obtain a smooth surface). Does not split easily, and has poor nailholding capability. Wood has a tendency to warp and distort during drying. Glues and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Birch Betula spp.

Tree Size: 20 – 30 m tall, 0.6 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood tends to be a light reddish brown, with nearly white sapwood. Occasionally figured p ieces are available with a wide, shallow curl similar to the curl found in Cherry. There is v irtually no color distinction between annual growth

III Specialized types of wood

rings, giving Birch a somewhat dull, uniform appearance. Grain | Texture: grain is generally straight or slightly wavy, with a fine, even texture. Low natural luster. Workability: generally easy to work with hand and machine tools, though boards with wild grain can cause grain tearout during machining operations. Turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: has no characteristic odor.

Cedar Cedrela spp.

Black wood Dalbergia melanoxylon

Tree Size: 20 – 30 m tall, 0.6 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: color can be highly variable, but tends to be m edium golden or reddish brown. There are usually contrasting bands of color in the growth rings, and it is not uncommon to see board with ribbon — like streaks of color. Boards figured with wavy and/or curly grain are also not uncommon. Grain | Texture: grain is u sually straight to slightly interlocked, and sometimes wavy. Uniform fine to medium texture. Workability: Blackwood is easily worked with both hand and machine tools, though figured wood and pieces with interlocked grain can cause tearout; turns, glues, stains, and finishes well. Responds well to steam bending. Odor: no characteristic odor.

99 Cof feebean Gymnocladus dioicus

Glues, stains, and finishes well. Odor: generally has no odor, though some pieces may have an unpleasant scent when green.

Tree Size: 20 – 30 m tall, 0.6 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood an orange to reddish brown. Yellowish white sapwood is very narrow and well defined against heartwood. Overall appearance and grain pattern s imilar to ash or oak. Grain | Texture: grain is straight and porous, with a coarse, uneven texture. Workability: Coffeetree has good working characteristics, and nearly every machining operation can be done with good and expected results. Glues, stains, and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Goncalo Alves Astronium graveolens

Fir Pseudotsuga taxifolia

Tree Size: 12-60 m tall, 0.3-1.2 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is white to reddish brown, with pale sapwood that isn’t clearly distinguished from the heartwood. Color tends to darken with age. Grain | Texture: grain is straight, with a uniform, medium-coarse texture. Workability: generally easy to work with both hand and machine tools, though some drying defects may be present or occur while drying the wood.

Tree Size: 30 – 40 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is typically a medium reddish brown with irregularly spaced streaks of dark brown toblack. Color tends to darken with age. Grain | Texture: grain can be straight, but is usually wavy or interlocked. Fine, uniform texture with good natural luster.Workability: generally is not d ifficult to work, despite its high density. Figured pieces with irregular grain can pose a challenge in planing and machining o perations. Can also have a moderate blunting effect on cutters. The wood is very resistant to moisture absorption, which can make it difficult to glue; turns and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

III Specialized types of wood

100

Ipe

Lacewood

Handroanthus spp.

Panopsis spp.

Tree Size: 30 – 40 m tall, 0.6 – 1.2 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood can vary in color from reddish brown, to a more yellowish olive brown or d arker blackish brown; sometimes with contrasting darker brown/black stripes. In certain species, there are powdery yellow deposits within the wood. Ipe can be difficult to d istinguish visually from Cumaru, another dense South American timber, though Ipe tends to be darker, and lacks the subtle yet characteristic vanilla/cinnamon scent while being worked. Grain | Texture: has a fine to medium texture, with the grain varying from straight to irregular or interlocked. Moderate natural luster. Workability: overall, Ipe is a difficult wood to work, being extremely hard and dense, with high cutting resistance during sawing. Ipe also has a pronounced blunting effect on cutting edges. The wood generally planes smoothly, but the grain can tearout on interlocked areas. Also, Ipe can be difficult to glue properly, and surface preparation prior to gluing is recommended. Straight-grained wood turns well, though the natural powdery yellow deposits can sometimes interfere with polishing or finishing the wood. Odor: Ipe has a mild scent while being worked.

Tree Size: 9 – 15 m tall, 0.6 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: has a very conspicuous flecking that gives this wood its namesake. The wood itself is a reddish brown with grey or light brown rays, which result in a lace pattern when quartersawn. Like other woods that e xhibit the strongest figure in quartersawn p ieces, (such as Sycamo-re), Lacewood has the most pronounced figure and displays the l argest flecks when perfectly q uartersawn; this is due to the wood’s wide m edullary rays, whose layout can be seen the c learest when looking at the endgrain. Grain | Texture: has a f airly coarse and uneven texture due to the difference in densities between the regular wood tissue and the rays. The grain is usually straight. Workability: overall a fairly easy wood to work with, taking glues, stains, and finishes well; though there may be some difficulty in planing, with tearout occurring. Some species of lacewood can also have a moderate blunting effect on cutting edges. Odor: no characteristic odor.

101 Maple Acer macrophyllum

Madrone Arbutus menziesii

Tree Size: 25 – 30 m tall, 0.6 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: unlike most other hardwoods, the sapwood of maple lumber is most commonly used rather than its heartwood. Sapwood color r anges from almost white, to a light golden or reddish brown, while the heartwood is a darker reddish brown. Silver Maple can also be seen with curly or quilted grain patterns. Grain | Texture: grain is generally straight, but may be wavy. Has a fine, even texture. The growth rings tend to be lighter and less distinct in Soft Maples than in Hard. Workability: fairly easy to work with both hand and machine tools, though maple has a tendency to burn when being machined with high–speed cutters such as in a router. Turns, glues, and finishes well, though blotches can occur when staining, and a pre-conditioner, gel stain, or toner may be necessary to get an even color. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Narra Pterocarpus indicus

Tree Size: 20 – 30 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood can vary widely in color, ranging from a golden yel-

III Specialized types of wood low to a reddish brown. Pale yellow sapwood is clearly demarcated from the heartwood. Quartersawn surfaces display ribbonstripe figure, and the wood is also seen with mottled, beeswing, or curly figure. Narra burl is full of welldefined knot clusters, and the highly valued wood is known as Amboyna. Grain | Texture: grain is usually interlocked, and can sometimes be wavy. With an uneven medium to coarse t exture with good natural luster. Workability: easy to work with both hand and machine tools, one of Narra’s only downsides is that it has a moderate blunting effect on c utters. Turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: has a distinct fragrance that lingers even after being worked.

102 out during surfacing operations. Olive has high movement in service and is considered to have poor stability. Turns superbly. Glues and finishes well.ended. Turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: has a distinct, fruity scent when being worked.

Padauk Pterocarpus spp.

Olive Olea spp.

Tree Size: 8 – 15 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is a cream or yellowish brown, with d arker brown or black contrasting streaks. Color tends to deepen with age. Grain | Texture: grain may be straight, interlocked, wavy, burl, or wild. Fine uniform texture with moderate natural l uster. Workability: somewhat easy to work, though wild or interlocked grain may result in tear-

Tree Size: 18 – 40 m tall, 0.6 – 1.2 m trunk dia-meter. Color | Appearance: heartwood color can vary, ranging from a pale p inkish orange to a deep brownish red. Most pieces tend to start reddish orange when freshly cut, darkening s ubstantially over time to a reddish/purplish brown. Padauk’s initial orange coloration can be preserved through various finishing procedures. Grain | Texture: grain is usually i nterlocked, with a coarse texture and fairly large and open pores. Workability: overall Padauk is easy to work; tearout may occur during planing on quartersawn or i nterlocked grain. Padauk turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: has a faint aromatic scent while being worked.

103 Plane Platanus hybrida

Pecan Carya illinoinensis

Tree Size: 30 – 40 m tall, 0.6 – 1.2 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood tends to be light to medium brown, with a reddish hue; sapwood is a paler yellowish brown. Grain | Texture: grain is usually straight, though occasionally wavy. Texture is medium, with a low natural luster. Workability: difficult to work, with tearout being common during machining operations if cutting edges are not kept sharp; the wood tends to blunt cutting edges. Glues, stains, and finishes well. Responds well to steam bending. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Tree Size: 20 – 37 m tall, 1 – 2.4 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: similar to maple, the wood of Plane trees is p redominantly comprised of the sapwood, with some darker heartwood streaks also found in most boards. The sapwood is white to light pinkish tan, while the heartwood is a darker reddish brown. London Plane also has very distinct ray flecks present on quartersawn surfaces — giving it a freckled appearance — and it is sometimes even called “Lacewood”, though it bears little botanical relation to the tropical species of Lacewood. Grain | Texture: has a closed pore structure and a fine and even texture that is very similar to maple. The grain is usually straight. Workability: overall, Plane works easily with both hand and machine tools, though tearout can sometimes occur in the rays of perfectly quartersawn sections during planing. London Plane turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Poplar Populus spp.

Tree Size: 40 – 50 m tall, 1.8 – 2.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood

III Specialized types of wood is light cream to yellowish brown, with occasional streaks of gray or green. Sapwood is pale yellow to white, not always clearly demarcated from the heartwood. Can also be seen in mineral stained colors ranging from dark purple to red, green, or yellow, sometimes referred to as Rainbow. Colors tend to darken upon exposure to light. Grain | Texture: typically has a straight, uniform grain, with a medium texture. Low natural luster. Workability: very easy to work in almost all regards, one of Poplar only downsides is its softness. Due to its low density, can sometimes leave fuzzy surfaces and edges: especially during shaping or sanding. Sanding to finer grits of sandpaper may be necessary to obtain a smooth surface. Odor: no characteristic odor.

104 inconsistent) results when being stained due to its closed pore structure. A sanding sealer, gel stain, or toner is recommended when coloring Spruce. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Tamarack Larix larcina

Supruce Picea spp.

Tree Size: 24 – 34 m tall, 0.6 – 1.4 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood ranges from yellow to a medium orangish brown. Narrow sapwood is nearly white and is clearly demarcated from the heartwood. Flatsawn sections can exhibit a lot of character and interesting patterns in the growth rings. Knots are common but are usually small. Grain | Texture: grain is generally straight or spiraled. Texture is medium to fine with a greasy or oily feel. Workability: most hand and machine o perations produce good results. However, Tamarack is high in silica content and will blunt cutting edges. Also, because of the disparity between the soft earlywood and the hard latewood, sanding can create dips and uneven surfaces. Odor: no characteristic odor.

105

Teak

Willow

Tectona grandis

Salix spp.

Tree Size: 30 – 40 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood tends to be a golden or medium brown, with color darkening with age. Grain | Texture: grain is straight, though it can occasionally be wavy or interlocked. Coarse, uneven texture and moderate to low natural luster. Raw, unfinished wood surfaces have a slightly oily or greasy feel due to n atural oils. Workability: easy to work in n early all regards, with the only caveat being that Teak contains a high level of silica which has a pronounced blunting effect on cutting edges. Despite its natural oils, Teak usually glues and finishes well, though in some instances it may be necessary to wipe the surface of the wood with a solvent prior to gluing/finishing to reduce the natural oils on the surface of the wood. Odor: can have a leather — like scent when freshly milled.

Tree Size: 20 – 30 m tall, 0.6 – 1.2 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is tan to pinkish brown. The sapwood is yellowish white, and is not always clearly or sharply demarcated from heartwood. Grain | Texture: usually has an interlocked or irregular grain with a medium to fine uniform texture. Workability: with its low density and interlocked grain, Willow has very poor machining characteristics, frequently resulting in fuzzy surfaces or tearout. Willow also tends to d evelop numerous drying defects and can be difficult to season. Glues and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

III Specialized types of wood Zebrano Microberlinia brazzavillensis

Tree Size: 20 – 40 m tall, 1.2 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is a light brown or cream color with dark blackish brown streaks vaguely resembling a zebra’s stripes. Depending on whether the wood is flatsawn or quartersawn, the stripes can be either chaotic and wavy, or somewhat uniform. Grain | Texture: has a fairly coarse texture and open pores. Grain is usually wavy or interlocked. Workability: the wood saws well, but can be very difficult to plane or surface due to the prevalence of interlocking grain. Tearout is common. Glues and fi nishes well, though a transparent pore filler may be necessary for the large open pores which occur on both dark and light surfaces. Odor: has a characteristic, unpleasant smell when being worked.

106

107

ASPEN BIRCH CEDAR FIR MADRONE MAPLE TAMARACK

III Supplier map

108

N ORTH

A SK

R IC A

T HEN EU R

UT H SO

R IC A

HW NO R T

GONCALO ALVES IPE PECAN

CEDAR

N OR T F

UT H

A MER IC A

H ER N P AR T

CENT R IPE PECAN

A MERIC

EA N BB

C AND A RI

BIRCH CEDAR FIR IPE LACEWOOD PECAN PLANE POPLAR SUPRUCE TEAK

OLIVE

M ID D L E A ND

ES T

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ASH ASPEN BIRCH CEDAR MADRONE OLIVE SUPRUCE TAMARACK

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ASH ASPEN BIRCH COFFEEBEAN FIR MAPLE POPLAR WILLOW

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109 ASH ASPEN BIRCH FIR MAPLE OLIVE PLANE POPLAR SUPRUCE WILLOW

ASH BIRCH BLACKWOOD CEDAR MAPLE OLIVE POPLAR WILLOW

BIRCH OLIVE

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BIRCH NARRA POPLAR

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ASH BIRCH BLACKWOOD CEDAR POPLAR TEAK

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BIRCH

BLACKWOOD PADAUK

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TEAK

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BLACKWOOD PADAUK

PADAUK TEAK ZEBRANO

ASH BLACKWOOD CEDAR MAPLE

CEDAR

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BLACKWOOD

I IV

building

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IV Building wood describtion

Solid wood â&#x20AC;&#x201D; that is, wood cut into boards from the trunk of the tree â&#x20AC;&#x201D; makes up most of the wood in a piece of furniture. The type of wood you choose determines the beauty and strength of the finished piece. Many varieties of wood are available, and each has its own properties. The following section introduce you to the most common types of soft- and hardwoods.

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door

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flooring

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roof construction

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stairs

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window

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window

handmade: ≈ 5h – 5 days; manufactured: ≈ 12h

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IV Object definition

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A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof or vehicle that allows the passage of light and, if not closed or sealed, air and sound. Modern windows are usually glazedÂ or covered in some other transparent or tÂ ranslucent material. Windows are held in place by frames. Many glazed windows may be opened, to a Â llow ventilation, or closed, to exclude inclement weather. Modern windows are usually glazed with one large sheet of glass per sash, while windows in the past were glazed with multiple panes separated by glazing bars, or muntins, due to the unavailability of large sheets of glass. Glazing bars are typically wooden.

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FRAME

CASEMENT

TRANSOM MUNTIN

JUMB

CASEMENT

BEAD

IV Object anatomy

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Many windows have movable window coverings such as blinds or curtains to keep out light, provide additional insulation, or e Â nsure privacy. Windows allow natural light to enter, but too much can have negative effects such as glare and heat gain. Additionally, while windows let the user see outside, there must be a way to maintain privacy on in the inside. Window coverings are practical accommodations for these issues.

sliding sash

5 bar stool 5

arch caseton

awning 122

till & turn window

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bay window

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IV Wood index

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Ash Fraxinus ornus

Cedar Cedrela spp.

Gum

Ipe

Iroko

Eucalyptus tereticornis

Handroanthus spp.

Milicia excelsa

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Benge

Birch

Bubinga

Guibourtia arnoldiana

Betula spp.

Guibourtia spp.

Fir

Goncalo Alves

Pseudotsuga taxifolia

Astronium graveolens

Mahogany

Maple

Khaya ivorensis

Acer macrophyllum

IV Wood index

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Narra

English Oak

Pterocarpus indicus

Quercus robur

Peroba Rosa Aspidosperma polyneuron

Supruce

Teak

Picea spp.

Tectona grandis

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Oriental Wood

Pecan

Endiandra palmerstonii

Carya illinoinensis

Walnut

Zebrano

Juglans hindsii

Microberlinia brazzavillensis

IV Specialized types of wood

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Solid wood â&#x20AC;&#x201D; that is, wood cut into boards from the trunk of the tree. The type of wood you choose determines the beauty and strength of the finished piece. Many varieties of wood are available, and each has its own properties. The following section introduce you to the most common types of woods used in building.

131 Benge Guibourtia arnoldiana

Ash Fraxinus ornus

Tree Size: 15 – 20 m tall, 0.3 – 0.6 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: the h eartwood is a light to medium brown color. Sapwood can be very wide, and tends to be a beige or light brown; not always clearly or sharply demarcated from heartwood. Grain | Texture: has a medium to coarse texture similar to oak. The grain is almost always straight and regular, though sometimes curly or figured boards can be found. Workability: produces good results with hand or machine tools. Responds well to steam bending. Glues, stains, and finishes well. Odor: gives off a distinct, moderately unpleasant smell when being worked.

Tree Size: 30 – 45 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: varying shades of yellowish to reddish brown with darker brown, gray, or black stripes. Moderately wide sapwood is a pale yellow, clearly demarcated from heartwood. Sometimes seen with a curly or mottled grain pattern. Grain | Texture: grain is straight to slightly interlocked. Medium to coarse texture, with moderate natural luster. Workability: overall a fairly easy wood to work, though Benge contains silica and can therefore dull cutters prematurely. Also, if the grain is interlocked, or if there is other figure present in the wood, planing and other machining operations may be troublesome and cause tearout. Turns, glues and finishes well. Odor: Benge has a strong unpleasant odor when wet, which disappears once the wood has dried.

Birch Betula spp.

Tree Size: 20 – 30 m tall, 0.6 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood tends to be a light reddish brown, with nearly white sapwood. Occasionally figured pieces

IV Specialized types of wood are available with a wide, shallow curl similar to the curl found in Cherry. There is virtually no color distinction between annual growth rings, giving Birch a somewhat dull, uniform appearance. Grain | Texture: grain is generally straight or slightly wavy, with a fine, even texture. Low natural luster. Workability: generally easy to work with hand and machine tools, though boards with wild grain can cause grain tearout during machining operations. Turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: has no characteristic odor.

132 dull cutting edges. Also, on pieces with figured or interlocking grain, tearout can occur during planing or other machining operations. Gluing can occasionally be problematic due to Bubinga’s high density and natural oils. Turns and finishes well. Odor: has an unpleasant scent when the lumber is still wet, which disappears after the wood is dry.

Cedar Cedrela spp.

Bubinga Guibourtia spp.

Tree Size: 20 – 60 m tall, 0.3 – 1.8 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is a light yellowish brown. Sapwood is pale yellow-brown to almost white and isn’t clearly distinguished from the h eartwood. Color tends to darken with age upon exposure to light, (though when left exposed outdoors it weathers to a uniform gray). Grain | Texture: grain is straight, with medium to fine uniform texture. Workability: easy to work with both hand and machine tools. Holds paint very well. Stains, glues, and finishes well. Excellent dimensional stability. Odor: has a pungent, ginger — like scent.

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Fir Pseudotsuga taxifolia

Tree Size: 12 – 60 m tall, 0.3 – 1.2 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is white to reddish brown, with pale sapwood that isn’t clearly distinguished from the heartwood. Color tends to darken with age. Grain | Texture: grain is straight, with a uniform, medium–coarse texture. Workability: generally easy to work with both hand and machine tools, though some drying defects may be present or occur while drying the wood. Glues, stains, and finishes well. Odor: generally has no odor, though some pieces may have an unpleasant scent when green.

Tree Size: 30 – 40 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is typically a medium reddish brown with irregularly spaced streaks of dark brown to black. Color tends to darken with age. Grain | Texture: grain can be straight, but is usually wavy or interlocked. Fine, uniform texture with good natural luster. Workability: Goncalo Alves is generally not too difficult to work, despite its high density. Figured pieces with irregular grain can pose a challenge in planing and machining operations. Goncalo Alves can also have a moderate blunting effect on cutters. The wood is very resistant to moisture absorption, which can make it difficult to glue. Turns, glues and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Gum Eucalyptus tereticornis

Goncalo Alves Astronium graveolens

IV Specialized types of wood moderately good results with hand and machine tools, though boards with interlocked grain (especially on quartersawn surfaces) frequently causes tearout during planing and other s urfacing operations. Gum tends to have many internal stresses and drying difficulties, and also has a large amount of movement in service, which excludes it from being used in applications where stability is important. Glues and finishes well. Odor: has no characteristic odor.

134 is a difficult wood to work, being extremely hard and dense, with high cutting resistance during sawing. Ipe also has a pronounced blunting effect on cutting edges. The wood generally planes smoothly, but the grain can tearout on interlocked areas. Also, Ipe can be difficult to glue properly, and surface preparation prior to gluing is recommended. Straight-grained wood turns well, though the natural powdery yellow deposits can sometimes interfere with polishing or finishing the wood. Odor: has a mild scent while being worked.

Ipe Handroanthus spp.

Iroko Tree Size: 30 – 40 m tall, 0.6 – 1.2 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood can vary in color from reddish brown, to a more yellowish olive brown or d arker blackish brown; sometimes with contrasting darker brown/black stripes. In certain species, there are powdery yellow deposits within the wood. Ipe can be difficult to d istinguish visually from Cumaru, another dense South American timber, though Ipe tends to be darker, and lacks the subtle yet characteristic vanilla/cinnamon scent while being worked. Grain | Texture: has a fine to medium texture, with the grain varying from straight to irregular or interlocked. Moderate natural luster. Workability: overall, Ipe

Milicia excelsa

Tree Size: 30 – 40 m tall, 1 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is usually a yellow to golden or medium brown, with color tending to darken over time. Pale yellow sapwood is clearly demarcated from the heartwood. Grain | Texture: Iroko has a medium to coarse texture, with open pores and an interlocked grain. Workability: generally easy to work, with the exception of its interlocked grain. Deposits of calcium carbonate are sometimes present, which can have a significant dulling effect on cutters. Iroko glues and finishes well. Odor: no characteristic odor.

135 Maple Acer macrophyllum

Mahogany Khaya ivorensis

Tree Size: 20 – 60 m tall, 1 – 2 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood color is variable, ranging from a very pale pink to a deeper reddish brown, sometimes with streaks of medium to dark reddish brown. Color tends to darken with age. Quartersawn surfaces can also e xhibit a ribbon stripe appearance.Grain | Texture: grain is straight to interlocked, with a medium to coarse texture. Good natural luster with a light– refracting o ptical phenomenon known as chatoyancy. Workability: easy to work, glue, and finish. Tearout can sometimes be a problem if the grain is interlocked. Odor: no characteristic odor.

Tree Size: 25 – 30 m tall, 0.6 – 1 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: unlike most other hardwoods, the sapwood of maple lumber is most commonly used rather than its heartwood. Sapwood color r anges from almost white, to a light golden or reddish brown, while the heartwood is a darker reddish brown. Silver Maple can also be seen with curly or quilted grain patterns. Grain | Texture: grain is generally straight, but may be wavy. Has a fine, even texture. The growth rings tend to be lighter and less distinct in Soft Maples than in Hard Maple. Workability: fairly easy to work with both hand and machine tools, though maple has a tendency to burn when being machined with high-speed cutters such as in a r outer. Turns, glues, and finishes well, though blotches can occur when staining, and a preconditioner, gel stain or toner may be necessary to get an even color. Odor: has no characteristic odor.

Narra Pterocarpus indicus

Tree Size: 20 – 30 m tall, 1 – 1.5m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood can vary

IV Specialized types of wood widely in color, ranging from a golden yellow to a reddish brown. Pale yellow sapwood is clearly demarcated from the heartwood. Quartersawn surfaces display ribbon-stripe figure, and the wood is also seen with mottled, beeswing, or curly figure. Grain | Texture: grain is usually i nterlocked, and can sometimes be wavy. With an uneven medium to coarse texture with good natural luster. Workability: easy to work with both hand and machine tools, one of Narra’s only downsides is that it has a moderate blunting effect on cutters. Turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: has a distinct fragrance that lingers even after being worked.

136 depending on growing conditions of the tree. Workability: produces good results with hand and machine tools. Can react with iron (particularly when wet), cause staining and discoloration. Responds well to steam-bending. Glues, stains, and finishes well. Odor: has a tell–tale smell that is common to most oaks. Most find it appealing.

Oriental Wood Endiandra palmerstonii

English Oak Quercus robur

Tree Size: 37 – 43 m tall, 1.2 – 1.8 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: ranges from medium pinkish brown to dark brown. Sometimes streaked with pink, g reenish gray, or black streaks. Appearance c losely resembles English Walnut, though lightercolored p ieces can also resemble Ovangkol. Grain | Texture: grain is usually interlocked, and commonly wavy. Texture is medium, with a moderate natural luster, and shallow open pores. Workability: can cause troubles in two areas: it can be difficult to plane if there is interlocked grain present, and it has a reported silica content of 0.19% to 1.08%, making it highly blunting to cutting edges. Other than these issues, the wood glues, stains, and finishes wellended. Turns, glues, and finishes well. Odor: does

137 not smell like typical walnut in the Juglans genus: there is no characteristic odor associated with this species when dry.

Peroba Rosa Aspidosperma polyneuron

Pecan Carya illinoinensis

Tree Size: 30 – 38 m tall, 1.2 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood color ranges from yellow to pinkish red, sometimes with darker streaks of purple or brown. Gray to yellow sapwood not sharply demarcated from heartwood. Color tends to darken with age. Grain | Texture: grain is generally straight to slightly irregular or interlocked. Texture is fine and uniform. Workability: overall easy to work, producing good results, though Peroba Rosa has an above average blunting effect on cutters. Glues, turns, and finishes well. Responds well to steam bending. Odor: no characteristic odor.

IV Specialized types of wood Supruce Picea spp.

Tree Size: 24 – 34 m tall, 0.6 – 1.4 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: Spruce is typically a creamy white, with a hint of yellow and /or red. Grain | Texture: has a fine, even texture, and a consistently straight grain. Workability: easy to work, as long as there are no knots present. Glues and finishes well, though it can give poor (blotchy and inconsistent) results when being stained due to its closed pore structure. A sanding sealer, gel stain, or toner is recommended when coloring Spruce. Odor: no characteristic odor.

138 tains a high level of silica (up to 1.4%) which has a pronounced blunting effect on cutting edges. Despite its natural oils, Teak usually glues and finishes well, though in some instances it may be necessary to wipe the surface of the wood with a solvent prior to gluing/finishing to reduce the natural oils on the surface of the wood. Odor: Teak can have a leather — like scent when freshly milled.

Walnut Juglans hindsii

Teak Tectona grandis

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Zebrano Microberlinia brazzavillensis

Tree Size: 20 – 40 m tall, 1.2 – 1.5 m trunk diameter. Color | Appearance: heartwood is a light brown or cream color with dark blackish brown streaks vaguely r esembling a zebra’s stripes. Depending on whether the wood is flatsawn or quartersawn, the stri-pes can be either chaotic and wavy, or somewhat uniform. Grain | Texture: has a fairly coarse texture and open pores. Grain is usually wavy or interlocked. Workability: the wood saws well, but can be very difficult to plane or surface due to the prevalence of interlocking grain. Tear-out is common. Glues and fi nishes well, though a transparent pore filler may be necessary for the large open pores which occur on both dark and light surfaces. Odor: has a characteristic, unpleasant smell when being worked.

IV Supplier map

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BIRCH CEDAR FIR MAPLE SUPRUCE BIRCH P

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CEDAR

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GONCALO ALVES IPE PECAN

PEROBA ROSA

A MER IC A

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IPE MAHOGANY PECAN WALNUT

ASH BIRCH CEDAR MAHOGANY

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BIRCH CEDAR FIR GUM IPE MAHOGANY PECAN TEAK WALNUT

T HEN EU R

UT H

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BENGE ENGLISH OAK

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ASH BIRCH FIR MAPLE SUPRUCE WILLOW

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AGE ASS

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A MER IC A PEROBA ROSA

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BIRCH ENGLISH OAK

ASH BIRCH FIR MAPLE ENGLISH OAK WALNUT WILLOW

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BIRCH NARRA ENGLISH OAK WALNUT

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ASH BIRCH CEDAR TEAK WALNUT

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ASH CEDAR GUM MAHOGANY MAPLE ORIENTAL WOOD WALNUT

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T R A Lâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;E A STER

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AVODIRE BUBINGA IROKO MAHOGANY TEAK WALNUT ZEBRANO

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BUBINGA IROKO

BIRCH

CEDAR GUM WALNUT

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GUM

Imprint

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Paper

Design

Cover recycled paperboard,

Kateryna Pomorova for Academy of Fine Arts in Gdańsk, Poland 2016

Inside Paper Fresh, 120g/qm Paper Fresh, 200g/qm SH Recycling grey, 160 g/qm

Promoter Ph.D. Adam Kamiński

Describtion

Cover screen printing

The aim of the work is to study the process that accompanies to transformation of the tree to the everyday use object by answering the question: where the tree have been before it became a chair /window /floor?

Inside Print Store Szeroka 119/120 80-835 Gdańsk Poland ripex@wp.pl

Fonts Cover Montserrat Bold, 2011 Julieta Ulanovsky Main Text Montserrat Bold, 2011 Julieta Ulanovsky Google.com/fonts Subtext Andale Mono, 1995 Steve Matteson Monotype.com

The publication is addressed to every group age and is classified as a scientific– cognitive one; In the publication you will find simple answers for the questions in the field of wildlife in forest management; expanding knowledge of wood as a raw natural material.

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