ARCHITECTURE DESIGN STUDIO
AIR EXPRESSION OF INTEREST
Semester 2 2013 Name: Kailing Wang Student No. 514464
CONTENTS 1. PART A EOI: CASE FOR INNOVATION A1. ARCHITECTURE AS A DISCOURSE A2. COMPUTATIONAL ARCHITECTURE A3. PARAMETRIC MODELLING A4. ALGORITHMIC EXPLORATION A5. CONCLUSION A6. LEARNING OUTCOMES
2. PART B EOI: DESIGN APPROACH
B1. DESIGN FOCUS B2. CASE STUDY 1.0 DESIGN CONCEPT B3. CASE STUDY 2.0 B4. TECHNIQUE: DEVELOPMENT B5. TECHNIQUE: PROTOTYPES B6. TECHNIQUE: PROPOSAL B7. LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES B8. ALGORITHMIC EXPLORATION
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PART A
EXPRESSION OF INTEREST CASE FOR INNOVATION
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INTRODUCTION My name is Kailing Wang, and I am 20 years old. This is my third year to study architecture in the University of Melbourne. I am from Beijing, China, a really mysterious city that has a very long history. I do appreciate the traditional architecture of Beijing, because it represents the unique soul of architecture, such as the ‘square’ plan for the urban planning. I have been interested in drawing and designing since childhood, and just did some little sketches of trees and other objects. I also liked to design and make clothes for my dolls. After I studied architecture in Melbourne University, I thought good hand drawing is very important to an architect because it is the easiest and fastest way to show the general ideas of the project. Therefore, I started to improve my hand drawing skills during the holidays. I believe that architecture is a very special as well as interesting way to communicate our ideas and feelings of life. Sometimes, the simple objects of our daily life will influence us to think out a very creative design idea and to illustrate the concept idea through the form, structure or the materials is the most challenge thing to do in architecture.
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In my last studio (earth), I found that the conceptual ideas of architecture are very important because they are the soul of the project and they support the form of the project. Sometimes, a good architectural project should have a good story to support it, and the architects should have an ability to design a project that can communicate well with society. Although, I think the aesthetic values in architecture are quite important, I do believe that the function and communication of the building are more than its appearance. Coming into the air studio, I found it is quite different from what I have learnt in the past. The Gateway project is more focused on the innovative design using parametric modelling tools. It is an unfamiliar design area for me because of my lack experience of software. However, I think it is a very interesting aspect of design because it is innovative and it uses the new technology of the contemporary world.
PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE My previous experience with Rhino was in the Virtual environments subject in my first year of architectural studies. The brief of the project required us to design a lantern that could be worn or held by ourselves. Its form and patterns were aimed to represent a concept that was abstracted from the natural process. This is an interesting project because it asked us to search outside and to find the patterns in the natural environments. My design focused on the wave movement of the ocean, because I really appreciate the form and the bubble patterns of the wave. It is a kind of natural process that illustrates the power of the ocean. For the fabrication, I used six threedimensional triangular boxes to create a hexagon, and I used different colours to illustrate the arrangement of bubbles.
The fabrication process of my lantern was quite complicated, because there were one hundred triangular boxes with different form in total and each of them should be unrolled separately for cutting. However, after testing the prototypes, I built my final model for the presentation at the end of the semester. I find that the lantern project is quite relevant to the gateway project because they both focus on the exploration of the ideas through the computational design methods. The Grasshopper in this project will help us to create more refined forms that we cannot do just in Rhino.
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ARCHITECTURE AS A DISCOURSE Architecture is an area that can illustrate the technology and performance of the contemporary city. Many people thought that architecture is just the form and the aesthetic values of the building, but in my opinion, the concept of architecture is more than this. Dutton believes that: “Architecture, then as discourse, discipline, and form, operates as the intersection of power, relations of production, culture, and representation, to shaping how we know the world”. Therefore, architecture is a way that architects can use to communicate their ideas with others. The concept of architecture is required to create technical systems, forms and structures to support the social, political and commercial relationships. The discourse of architecture has different approaches through each period. In my opinion, the discourse of the contemporary architecture is moving towards a new way by engaging with the society and culture. Architecture is composed by four components; form, structure, material and performance. Architecture can communicate with the society and illustrate the cultural values by using these components.
In contemporary architecture, it is very important to create new aesthetic values and outcomes by using the form, structure, materials and performance of architecture. Due to the development of technology and society, to find a new contribution to architecture is quite significant for architects to think about. To move forward in architecture, one thing that the architects should do is to find what society is looking for. Moreover, when looking at a building, they should have ability to find the conceptual ideas and exploration through its form and structure. The brief of the project requires us to design a gateway sculpture on the highway to the Wyndham City that illustrates the connection between the urban area and the suburb, and stimulates interest for the local people in Wyndham City. Moreover, it should reflect the landscape of the site. This concept can be seen as the combination of architecture and culture. Therefore, this project should demonstrate the understanding of the site and local culture through the architectural forms, structures, materials and performance.
Resources Dutton, T., ‘Reconstructing architecture: critical discourses and social practice’, 1996, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 1-2 Dobson, J., “A Framework for Architectural Discourse”, http://www.ncl.ac.uk/kite/assets/downloads/discourse1.htm Ana Martins, ‘ICD and ITKE learn from the lobster’, MARK, Aprial 2013, ISSUE 43, p.49
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SEATTLE PUBLIC LIBRARY
ARCHITECTS: OMA AND LMN ARCHITECTS
The Seattle Central Library is the flagship library of the Seattle Library system known for its innovative distinctive facade and interior design. The collaboration between the OMA and LMN Architects are the principal architects for this building. The Seattle Public Library is a radical building and it is a good example to look for the functions of the library in the twenty-first century. The innovation of the library is to change the way of use and to recognise the different attitudes towards such a building. Koolhaas believes that the new library in the twenty-first century is a custodian of the book. It is a dynamic presence for thought, discussion and reflection that contains much new information. Additionally, the digital content of all libraries can be stored in a single library by using current technologies, and it can be rethought as: “new forms of storage enable the space dedicated to real books to be contained; new forms of reading enhance the
The interior space of the library that was designed by Petra Blaisse is a kind of innovative system that supports the communication between social, political and commercial relationships. The individual areas in the library are defined not by internal walls, but through the use of textures and ornaments such as the carpet and curtains. As a public discourse, the function of the library is not only to provide the best services and materials, but to stimulate the aggressive engagement of people in the library. Therefore, the huge, open warehouse like interior space is a good example that people can engage with the whole space of library, because there is no internal walls to obstruct any part of the library. In the contemporary architecture, the interior design of the Seattle Public Library is an innovative and risky idea that the soft furnishings are used to fix specific functions in a definite area.
But what I find most interesting is its design of facade and it was all achieved with the computer software to create the diamond geometric louvers. These diamond patterns can provide interesting shading on the floor which can reflect the innovative design techniques in the twenty-first century.
aura of the real book.” figure 1: The ‘library stack’ of soft furnishing.
Resources Brooker, G., ‘Basics Interior Architecture’, 2010, Switzerland: AVA Publishing, pp.56-57 Alstad, C., ‘Public Space, Public Discourse, and Public Libraries’, http://libres.curtin.edu.au/libres13n1/ pub_space.htm ‘Seattle Public Library’, 29/03/2004, http://www.arcspace.com/features/oma/seattle-public-library/ Figure 1: Brooker, G., ‘Basics Interior Architecture’, 2010, Switzerland: AVA Publishing, p.57
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figure 2: The open space of the library
Resources Figure 2: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_Public_Library.jpg
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ION ORCHARD SINGAPORE
ARCHITECTS: BENOY ARCHITECTS Ion is a shopping centre on the Orchard road, which is a landmark of Singapore’s architecture. This shopping centre was designed by Benoy Architects and received “The Grand Award for Best Project outside Hong Kong” at 2010. The Ion Orchard illustrates the first pure monocoque facade and canopy structure in Singapore to support the loads that are imposed on the building. In addition, this building becomes an iconic monumental architecture in Singapore because of its innovative design techniques.
Benoy’s design idea for Ion Orchard was inspired by the contour lines of fruit and nuts. They imagined the natural process of growth in the orchard as an original point and then continued this theme in the design: “from seed to stem to tree”. Therefore, the canopy structure of the Ion Orchard is visually influenced by the roots and branches of the trees so that the powerful organic presence and uniquely free form facade will stimulate the interaction and communication between visitors and architecture.
Cartledge, the chairman of Benoy said that: “We are delighted that Ion Orchard has been recognised for its outstanding quality and innovative design. Ion Orchard makes a meaningful, breath-taking urban contribution to the built environment”. Therefore, the design intention for Ion Orchard is to create a space that has overtaken the commercial values of the shopping centre in the contemporary innovative architecture.
Resources ‘Ion Orchard: Singapore’s most Iconic Mall Opens’, http://agfacadesign.com/images/Layout-on-ION-Orchard.pdf ‘Ion Orchard’, 2013, http://www.ionorchard.com/en/about-ion-orchard ‘Benoy’s Ion Orchard, Singapore Recieves Quality Building Award’, June 2011, http://www.benoy.com/press/ benoy%E2%80%99s-ion-orchard-singapore-receives-quality-building-award
figure 3: Ion Orchard at night
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Top: figure 4 Ion Orchard with lighting effects Left: figure 5 ‘tree’ structure of Ion Orchard
Resources Figure 3: http://www.shkp.com/Pages/press-release-detail/1266 Figure 4: http://www.shkp.com/Pages/press-release-detail/1363 Figure 5: http://www.flickr.com/photos/naterobert/4008129237/
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COMPUTATIONAL ARCHITECTURE Computational architecture is a part of the discourse of architecture, which represents the technological aspect of design. In contemporary architecture, sometimes the architects should represent their works through computer based language. This kind of computer language can promote architecture to a new level. Therefore, it is very important to know how things can be worked and defined in the computer program at the first stage. Architects should consider their conceptual ideas in a different way compared to the traditional design, because they should to know the meaning of each command in the software and how they work. For instance, architects need to know that the algorithm of the program will explore different outcomes through various modifications. Currently, the use of computational design is reasonably effective in each stage of the design process. Sometimes, design can be seen as a problem solving process, because the architecture is quite complicated due to its connection between the social and cultural aspects.
Therefore, the computational design becomes an essential way to analyse the data in order to solve these complicated problems in design process. The computer programs are able to organise and analyse the information through the design process. By considering the different approaches of the computer based design for the contemporary architecture, it can be categorised into two groups, which are computerisation design and computational design. Computerisation design is defined as using computer program to improve the conceptual design ideas that already exist or have been generated by architects. Therefore, for me computerisation design simply transfers the conceptual ideas into the computer. Compared to computerisation design, computational design is aimed to develop the conceptual idea with the computer in the first stage. Architects can use the computational design tools to create a database to improve the design and the outcomes can be changed according to the various modifications.
Resources Terzidis, K., ‘Algorithmic Architecture’, 2006, Boston: elsevier, p.xi
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BEIJING NATIONAL STADIUM ARCHITECTS: Herzog & de Meuron
The Beijing National Stadium is a kind of monumental architecture because it is the main stadium for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing and it was designed by a computational design group: Herzog & de Meuron. At this time, the group decided to design something with the Chinese traditional elements. Therefore, the structure of the stadium is in the Chinese traditions. For instance, the patterns of the structure can be found in the Chinese grid type of windows or in the surface of porcelain and vases, where cracks are like very fine grade. These Chinese traditional patterns inspire them with the structure of the stadium.
The structure, surface and the space are the main components of architecture, and the most interesting and creative idea of this is to make these components falling together in one. As a monumental architecture, the national stadium has a size from south to north of almost about 326 meters, from east to west, it spans approximately 313 meters and nowhere in sight do we have any columns or anything holding the whole stadium up. This kind of size and this scale, a steel structure like this has never been done before.
To fulfil the aesthetic values of the Bird’s Nest has brought tremendous challenges to the constructors. To meet the mechanical requirements of such a large steel structure, 700 tons of high strength rolled steel was used in the construction of the Bird’s Nest. The connection of the steel components was achieved without the use of a single rivet, it was accomplished through welding. To achieve this, the chief evaluated and formalized 206 welding techniques, thus effectively providing accurate parameters for complicated welding in constructing the stadium. Therefore, it is a monumental design of China and it is also a very significant design to represent the computational architecture in the world.
Resources ‘The National Stadium, a new kind of public space for Beijing’, 2002, http://www.herzogdemeuron.com/index/ projects/complete-works/226-250/226-national-stadium.html
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figure 6: Beijing National Stadium Resources Figure 6: http://www.pixhd.net/wonders/View/1/preview4.html
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ABSOLUTE WORLD TOWER
ARCHITECTS: MAD Studio and Burka Architects “The Absolute Towers stretch the limits of paired sculptural form to create a marker on the skyline for a regional center.” The Absolute World Tower is located in Mississauga, Ontario and its construction stage was completed in 2012. It is a residential condominium twin tower skyscraper complex. This project was designed by MAD Studio and Burka Architects. The twin twisted tower is around 160 meters to 180 meters with 50 to 56 floors. And the recreation centre is around 2800 square meters. The form of Absolute World Tower brings distinctive views to the suburb of Toronto, which is a significant example of a private and public approach to the development of city. A natural, human feeling of the building can be evoked by the torsional form of it. In addition, the Absolute World Tower becomes an iconic architecture in Mississauga because of its connection to the natural landscape.
This is a computational architecture because of the torsional structure of the tower. It twists 209 degrees from the base to the top, making it very similar to Turning Torso in Sweden. The structure design was done by Sigmund Soudack & Associates, a Toronto-based almost 40-year-old structural engineering firm. As a monumental design, this building became the landmark architecture of Mississauga. In addition, the amazing structure of the building is a very successful computational design, especially for such a 56 floors skyscraper.
Resources ‘Absolute World Towers, Mississauga’, February 2013, http://www.ctbuh.org/TallBuildings/FeaturedTallBuildings/ FeaturedTallBuildingArchive2012/AbsoluteWorldTowersMississauga/tabid/3840/language/en-US/Default.aspx
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Top: figure 7 Absolute World Tower Left: figure 8 Conceptual diagram of torsional degrees of each floor
Resources Figure 7: http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread. php?p=5951440 Figure 8: http://archweekpeopleandplaces.blogspot. com.au/2012/12/mad-architects-in-mississauga-ontario. html
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PARAMETRIC MODELLING Parametric modelling is a kind of digital architecture, which uses geometry as the parameters to write an equation for the design. These parameters and equations can be used as defining and shaping the form or the geometry of the contemporary parametric architecture. Parametric modelling tools are not only the new technology to digitise the model in computer program, but it also provides a new approach to improve the design both through the design process and the final outcomes. It is very important to consider the outcomes of parametric modelling. For instance, when you change one parameter, the other relevant parameters need to be calculated to finalise a new outcome. Therefore, the final outcome can be different according to the changing of parameters. Moreover, designers should know as much as possible about the relationship between computational design and traditional design. They should learn how to become more creative through this new technology and language of architecture.
Parametric modelling is that all elements of architecture have become parametrically malleable, and it is the way we do urbanism and architecture now. However, there are some disadvantages of parametric modelling. The first one is you cannot always illustrate your ideas using the parameters or equations in the computer program, such as some details of the idea that cannot be dealt with database. To develop a perfect database, which is optimum to the site is quite complicated, because you need to input much information about the site context into the database. Moreover, the mathematics based design such as the parametric design can result in a lack of creativity because the program will calculate and finalise the outcomes for you automatically. Despite the disadvantages of that, this new technology will provide an efficient way of design and encourage designers moving towards parametricsm.
Resources ‘Parametricism and the Autopoiesis of Architecture’, 2010, http://www.patrikschumacher.com/Texts/ Parametricism%20and%20the%20Autopoiesis%20of%20Architecture.html
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SERPENTINE GALLERY PAVILION
ARCHITECTS: ALVARO SIZA AND EDUARDO SOUTO DE MOURA WITH CECIL BALMOND
The Serpentine Pavilion provided an opportunity to designers to create the temporary structure. Mainly, this is a parametric structure that is based on the landscape of the parkland. The aim of this project is to look more natural on the site. This is a good example in illustrating the relationship between the nature and the structure. Basically, the flow of the structure is quite coherent with the landscape of the park. The material of pavilion is timber and it is a natural material of the site. It also helps the whole structure look natural to the site.
Resources
In addition, the facade of the pavilion is a corrugated grid and it uses 427 wooden beams joined together. And it also used a lot of polycarbonate panels to create some shading on the inside cafe during a sunny day. The structure of the pavilion uses parametrical design method to control the final outcome of the pavilion. However, in this model, the parameters can only control the count, density and thickness of the waffle system. Therefore, it shows that the parametric design cannot always get a creative outcome although it is a reasonably innovative design method, and this is a kind of negative side of the parametric modeling.
As a discourse of architecture, the Serpentine Gallery Pavilion is quite successful in combining the structure and surrounding environments. It uses the language of architecture to illustrate the properties of the site. In addition, the furniture of the pavilion is also made with timber and it shows a good relationship with structure. As a temporary work of the site, the architects use the parametric design technique to show the context of the site. Additionally, the materials used in its construction reflected the interest in technical innovation mixed with tradition.
Brooker, G., ‘Basics Interior Architecture’, 2010, Switzerland: AVA Publishing, pp. 58-59
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Top: figure 9 Serpentine pavilion 2005 Left: figure 10 detailed waffle structure of the pavilion
Resources Figure 9: http://architecture.about. com/od/outdoorart/ss/London-Pavilions_7.htm Figure 10: http://www.flickr.com/photos/megapiksel/59985013/
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SNOWFLAKE TOWER
ARCHITECTS: Laboratory for Visionary Architecture The Snowflake Tower is located in Abu Dhabi and it was designed by LAVA – Laboratory for Visionary Architecture. The concept idea of the Snowflake Tower was influenced by the geometrical order of a snowflake, such as the changing process of the form. The snowflakes of the tower illustrate the natural patterns of the organization. In addition, architects also reflect the idea of speed, fluid dynamics, future technology by using the aerodynamics of a Formula 1 racing car. Architects learnt from the natural geometrical orders creating the efficient structures and intriguing spaces. The Snowflake Tower is a strong example, which uses parametric modelling tool to control the form of snowflake in each layer. As shown in the picture, the form of the snowflake can be changed by controlling the parameters of the geometry. Therefore, for the Snowflake Tower, the parametric modelling tool is the best way to control the form of snowflake in each layer.
This building becomes an iconic architecture because of its brilliant facade with minimal surfaces. The facade of the tower characterised by vertical slots with private balconies. The vertical dynamic of the facade was generated by the reflective fins and it can constantly change the appearance of the facade. In addition, the fins are able to control the solar shading in order to maintain the appropriate temperature in the building. Unlike the Serpentine Pavilion, architects tried to design a creative structure for snowflake tower with parametric modelling tool rather than the simple waffle system. They controlled the form of snowflake in each layer by changing the parameters of the geometry. As a result, parametric modelling is an innovative design method in contemporary architecture if you make an effort on avoiding the negative
figure 11: parametric form of snowflake
figure 12: parametric form of snowflake
side of it.
figure 13: parametric form of snowflake
Resources ‘LAVA- Snowflake Tower’, 12/04/2013, http://gbssmag.com/2013/04/lava-snowflake-tower/
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figure 14: example tower with corresponded snowflake configurations and parameters
Resources Figure 11-13: http://www.grasshopper3d.com/photo/snowflaketower7-1?context=al bum&albumId=2985220%3AAlbum%3A22665 Figure 14: http://www.grasshopper3d.com/photo/snowflaketower18-1
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A4. ALGORITHM EXPLORATION
Lofting and offset surface
In the first three weeks, I have learnt the basic parameters in Grasshopper, and I tried to write some simple definitions with these parameters. This is a very important stage that allow us exploring the ideas by using parametric modelling tools. In addition, this is the first time that I touched this design area, which the outcomes are controlled by the parameters in Grasshopper.
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A5. CONCLUSION By exploring the thinking of readings and precedents, I found that the computational design techniques are reasonably significant in defining the discourse of architecture. The computational design of architecture is a kind of innovative technology of architecture but it is currently widely used. It not only requires us to refine the design ideas, but also influences the ways of thinking during the design process. Through this exploration of precedents, I found that they adopted several computational design techniques and these techniques achieved different outcomes which will influence our exploration of the Gateway Project in Wyndham City.
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Our topic of the project is monument that should influence the site significantly. I would like to approach the project by exploring the relationship between the site and residents, and it is similar to the public discourse of Seattle Public Library, which focuses on the communication between the visitors and space. It influences us a lot about how to use design method to communicate between people and space, and it allows us to explore the relationship between materials and space in order to become more creative and innovative. In conclusion, I am required to design a project that is related to the site conditions. Additionally, it should provide a monumental influence to the site and enhance the attention to the suburb area with a strong and well thought.
A6. LEARNING OUTCOMES Initially, I was quite confused about the brief of the project in how I started and addressed the concept of the design and how it related to the practice of architecture. However, after I did the readings and attended to the lectures, I found that this subject is less about designing a building or a structure. It is more about the designing process that you undertake to achieve the certain design state. From the first part of the project, I have learnt the deeper meaning of architecture. Architecture is a discipline, which is more than the space and form.
Therefore, I am able to learn how to improve my design ideas during the design process. In my opinion, the Wyndham City project focuses on the design process that was undertaken and the exploration of thinking of the project. This subject provides an opportunity to us by thinking differently in architecture. In the next stage of the project, we are able to explore the advantages of computational design and parametric modelling for the Wyndham City Gateway Project, and how to realise and interpret the concept with computational design method.
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REFERENCES Dutton, T., ‘Reconstructing architecture: critical discourses and social practice’, 1996, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 1-2 Dobson, J., “A Framework for Architectural Discourse”, http://www.ncl.ac.uk/kite/assets/downloads/discourse1. htm Ana Martins, ‘ICD and ITKE learn from the lobster’, MARK, Aprial 2013, ISSUE 43, p.49 Brooker, G., ‘Basics Interior Architecture’, 2010, Switzerland: AVA Publishing, pp.56-57 Alstad, C., ‘Public Space, Public Discourse, and Public Libraries’, http://libres.curtin.edu.au/libres13n1/pub_space. htm ‘Seattle Public Library’, 29/03/2004, http://www.arcspace.com/features/oma/seattle-public-library/ ‘Ion Orchard: Singapore’s most Iconic Mall Opens’, http://agfacadesign.com/images/Layout-on-ION-Orchard. pdf ‘Ion Orchard’, 2013, http://www.ionorchard.com/en/about-ion-orchard ‘Benoy’s Ion Orchard, Singapore Recieves Quality Building Award’, June 2011, http://www.benoy.com/press/ benoy%E2%80%99s-ion-orchard-singapore-receives-quality-building-award Terzidis, K., ‘Algorithmic Architecture’, 2006, Boston: elsevier, p.xi ‘The National Stadium, a new kind of public space for Beijing’, 2002, http://www.herzogdemeuron.com/index/ projects/complete-works/226-250/226-national-stadium.html ‘Absolute World Towers, Mississauga’, February 2013, http://www.ctbuh.org/TallBuildings/FeaturedTallBuildings/ FeaturedTallBuildingArchive2012/AbsoluteWorldTowersMississauga/tabid/3840/language/en-US/Default.aspx ‘Parametricism and the Autopoiesis of Architecture’, 2010, http://www.patrikschumacher.com/Texts/Parametricism%20and%20the%20Autopoiesis%20of%20Architecture.html Brooker, G., ‘Basics Interior Architecture’, 2010, Switzerland: AVA Publishing, pp. 58-59 ‘LAVA- Snowflake Tower’, 12/04/2013, http://gbssmag.com/2013/04/lava-snowflake-tower/
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ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1: Brooker, G., ‘Basics Interior Architecture’, 2010, Switzerland: AVA Publishing, p.57 Figure 2: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seattle_Public_Library.jpg Figure 3: http://www.shkp.com/Pages/press-release-detail/1266 Figure 4: http://www.shkp.com/Pages/press-release-detail/1363 Figure 5: http://www.flickr.com/photos/naterobert/4008129237/ Figure 6: http://www.pixhd.net/wonders/View/1/preview4.html
Figure 7: http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?p=5951440 Figure 8: http://archweekpeopleandplaces.blogspot.com.au/2012/12/mad-architects-in-mississauga-ontario.html Figure 9: http://architecture.about.com/od/outdoorart/ss/London-Pavilions_7.htm Figure 10: http://www.flickr.com/photos/megapiksel/59985013/ Figure 11-13: http://www.grasshopper3d.com/photo/snowflaketower7-1?context=album&albumId=2985220%3AA lbum%3A22665 Figure 14: http://www.grasshopper3d.com/photo/snowflaketower18-1
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