Commemorating a decade of excellence by Kalawa Group

ffu;%S ñ;=frda m<uq uqøKh 2017 ISBN : 978-955-7343-00-6

ixialrKh udOj ffjoHr;ak

f,aLl u`v, q , a wdpd¾h ;=i; s iq.;md, uydpd¾h ví,sõ' t,a' iqu;smd, wd¾' kqjka frdayK chr;ak tka' ví,sõ' wdkkao ú;dkf.a fuß,a .=K;s,l wdpd¾h isßu,a fmau % l=udr ik;a mkdjekak wdpd¾h c.;a uqKisxy iqfïO r;akdhl

udOj ffjoHr;ak chú,d,a m%kdkaÿ mdG,S pïmsl rKjl Ysydka pïml Èoafo‚h uydpd¾h fla' tï' k,ska o is,j a d uydpd¾h Oïñl ;ka;f S% .dv ksYY a xl jdi,nKavdr Y%u S ka; m%kdkaÿ

úfYaI iyh wcs;a ú;dk frdIdka .=Kj¾Ok OkqIl a rdukdhl

mß.Kl msgq ieliqu yd msgljrh l,dj uOqYxl r;akdhl ,d,a osidkdhl c.;a ,xld

uqøKh budYs m%ldYk

fm<.eiau ñys uj je<fmk y~ wkd.; udkj jxY l;djg ;srir fmruÕla ´fidaka úhk n¢kakg Y%S ,dxlsl iïudou li,ska fkdls<á s ksli, kqjrla yß; Whkl" y,d y, úfika f;dr yqiu a fmdola f;,a ojd úk lák wfma wkd.;h f;,a ke;s f,djlg t<sh fok yß; n, W,am;a w÷re mßir ¥Ilhdf.a fid÷re kj uqyK q j q r ysre t<sfha Ôjfhka msìfok kj f,djla cjh /f.k yuk iq<Õ kefkda ;dCIKfha uysuh n;a mf;a ji úi fidhd hEu kfjda;m a dok wd¾Ólhla yUd hk cd;sl m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok rduqj oekqu yd kj ;dCIKh u; f.dvkef.k kj wd¾Ólh wmkhk fjf<| fmd< ch.kak .eud m%úlsrKh fygg wjeis" iqieÈ iq/ls fid÷re k.r kS, yß; Y‍%S ,xldjl fid÷re mshis f.dv kÕuq ck yo y÷kk m%cd .Dy ks¾udK Ys,m a h

09 15 23 29 35 43 49 57 61 67 75 79 85 91 99 107 115 119

fmrjok ud ñ;% mdG,S pïmsl rKjl weu;s;=ud ms<sn| j ye¢kaùula ,shkakg ,eîu i;=gls' Tyq we;a; jYfhka u Y%S ,xld foaYmd,khg w¨‍;a udkhla" tkï fmdÿ uyck;djf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh by< kxjd,Su ms‚i jQ wp, wêIaGdkhla iuÕ uqiq jQ kùk úoHd;aul ÈYdk;shla" tla l< m%.;sYS,S kdhlhl= f,i ye¢kaúh yel' pïmslg úYsIag wOHdmksl miqìula ;sfí' Tyq iqm%isoaO fydrK ;CIs,d uOH úoHd,fha lS¾;su;a úoHd¾Ófhls' Tyq fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,hg we;=<;a jQfha w'fmd'i Wiia fm< úNd.fhka l¨‍;r Èia;%slalfha m<uqjk ;ek Èkd .ksñks' úÿ,s bxðfkare úoHdj ms<sn| m%:u mka;sfha f.!rj Wmdêhla Èkd .ksñka Tyq úYaj úoHd,fha jd¾;djla ;eî h' ;ud weoeyQ iudchSh jHdmdrj,g wod< j pïmsl yeuodu;a úma,jjdÈhl= úh' úYaj úoHd,fha § Tyq YsIH l%shdldßlhl= úh' ta w;r u Tyq cd;sl jHdmdrfha idudðlhl= úh' iu woyia oerE i.hka iu`. Tyq tod rg u ;¾ckhg ,la l< ;%ia;jd§ jHdmdrhg tfrys j igkaldó ia:djrhla .;af;a h' cd;sl jHdmdrhg we;=¿ ùfuka miq pïmsl ;ud wruqKq lr.;a mrud¾:" tkï iuDoaêu;a" kùk" tCI;a Y%S ,xldjla ìys lsÍu" uqÿkam;a lr .ekSug fhduq jqKq hdka;%Khla fiùfï fh§ isà' fkdfhla ndOl uOHfha jqj Tyq ;jÿrg;a tu wruqK ¨‍yq n¢ hs'

pïmsl ;udg l,ska l, Ndr jQ wud;HxYj, lghq;= b;d by<ska u bgq lf<a h' Tyqf.a by< wOHdmksl uÜgu ksid wfmaCId lrk ,o mßoafoka u" Tyq weu;sjrhl=f.a ld¾h mßmdáhg ;dCI‚l m%fõYhla /f.k wdfõ h' tfy;a th Y%S ,xldfõ iudc - wd¾Ól h:d¾:h ms<sno oekSula iy jrm%ido fkd,;a idudkH ck;dj flfrys jQ wdorhla iu`. uqiq jQ ;dCI‚l m%fõYhla úh' wo Tyq wkd.; fi!Nd.Hu;a kùk Y%S ,xldjla lrd msh ;nk .uklg uÕ i,ik ld¾h Ndrhla f,i ie,lsh yels uyd mqrjr wud;HxYfha j.lSu Wiq,hs' foaYmd,kfha wêl ld¾h nyq,;ajh uOHfha jqj o" iudch oekqj;a lsÍu iunkaOfhka nqoaêuf;l=g we;s j.lSu pïmsl fkdmsßfy,d bgq lr ;sfí' Tyq fmdÿ m%Yak úYaf,aIKh lrñka m< lr we;s fmd;a rdYsfhka fmdÿ ck;djf.a oekSu ms<sn| ksï j<¨‍ mq¿,a lr ;sfí' ud ñ;% mdG,S pïmsl rKjl weu;s;=udg Ñrd;a ld,hla cd;sfha fufyjfr ys fh§ isàug yels fõjd hehs uu b; is;ska m%d¾:kd lrñ'

wdpd¾h ir;a wuqKq.u ^md'u'& úfYaI ld¾h Ndr wud;H

ñys uj je<fmk y~ wdpd¾h ;=is; iq.;md,

mßirh hkq mDÓúh ieÿï,;a wkq moaO;Ska jk jdhq f.da,h ^jd;h&" c, f.da,h ^c,h iy whsia&" Ys,d f.da,h ^mi& iy ffcj f.da,h ^i;aj iy Ydl& w;r isÿ jk wka;¾ l%shdj,Ska iuQyhla f,i y÷kd.; yel' tu wka;¾ l%shdj,Ska b;d ixlS¾K jk w;r" ksr;=reju fjkia jk iq¨‍ h' jdhqf.da,h iïnkaOfhka isÿ jk t n÷ fjkia ùï uQ,sl jYfhka wm y÷kd .kafka ld,.=Kh f,i h' ld,.=Kh yd foaY.=Kh hk fhÿï w;r wfkHdkH iudk;djhla we;ehs yeÕ=‍K o tajd iu wre;a fok jpk fkd fõ' foaY.=Kh hkq mDÓú f.da,fhys tla l,dmhla ;=< ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohla w;r;=r n, meje;afjk ld,.=Kfha iuia; ftlHh hs' mßirfha wkq moaO;Ska w;r jdhqf.da,h yd c, f.da,h iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla .kafka tajd ish¨‍ i;aj iy Ydl m%cdjkaj, Ôjh mj;ajdf.k hEug w;HjYH ùu ksid muKla fkdj" Ôj wÔj

jia;+ka w;r wfkHdakH iy-iïnkaO;djhka mj;ajdf.k hEug o fya;=ldrl jk neúks' iajdNdúl jdhq f.da,fha wvx.= ix>gl w;r 78'1]la u we;af;a khsg%cka jdhqj hs' Bg wu;r j" Tlaiscka jdhqj 20'9]la o" wd.ka jdhqj 0'9]la o" b;sßh f,i w,am jYfhka mj;akd ldnkavfhdlaihsâ" ksfhdaka" ´fidaka" óf;aka jeks jdhQka o tys wvx.= fõ' c, f.da,fhys 97'5] la u we;af;a id.rfha ,jK ñY%s; c,h ^lrÈh& jk w;r b;sßh mj;skafka 2'5]la jQ ñßÈh f,i;a" 1'7] la whsia iy ia:djr ysu f,i;a" 0'8]la jQ N+ c,h iy fmdf<dj u;=msg c,dY" .x.d" jeõ wdÈh iy c, jdIam wdY%s;j;a h' ksr;=re j u fjkia jkiq¨‍ jqj o" mßir moaO;sh iuia;hla f,i iy tys wkq moaO;Ska fyda ix>glhka f,i .;a l, idfmaCI jYfhka iu;=,s;;djhla fmkakqï lrk w;r" tu fjkia ùï fláld,Sk iy §¾>ld,Sk mdßißl ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi i|yd úi÷ï fiùfïÈ f,djg u wdo¾Yu;a N+ñldjla iemhSfï uyÕ=‍ wjia:djla Y%S ,xldjg we;' tla w;lska iQ¾h" iq<x" c," Ôj mod¾:" N+.; ;dmh" uqyqÿ ;dmh iy uqyqÿ r< jeks mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s m%Njhkaj,ska imsß ùu iy wfkla w;ska n,Yla;s iy wfkl=;a iïm;a Ndú;h wju jQ ir, yd w,afmaÉP Ôjk rgdjkaj,g ñ;%YS,S iudc yd wd.ñl miqìula ;sîu foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi i|yd úi÷ï imhk w;r;=r u wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok b,lalhka o imqrd .ekSu i|yd wmg Wreu ù we;s b;d jeo.;a idOl fõ'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

pl%j,g iïnkaO l< yel' WodyrK f,i c, pl%h" ldnka pl%h iy khsg%cka pl%h f.k yer oelaúh yel' tu ,CIKh ;sridr;ajfha uQ,sl wx.hla jk w;r" f,dj jik ñ,shk 08 lg jvd jeä i;aj iy Ydl j¾.j, meje;aug b;d jeo.;a jQ idOlhla jkafka tu Ôùka mßir moaO;sfha ;;a;ajhkag ixfõ§ Ndjhla olajk w;r u tys wvx.= iajdNdúl iïm;a u; hefmk neúks'

mßir moaO;sh iy ñksia l%shdldrlï wE; w;S;fha isg u udkj j¾.hd wfkl=;a i;aj j¾.j,g jvd udkisl uÜgñka Wiia ;;a;ajhla fmkakqï lf<a h' óg wjqreÿ 30"000lg muK fmr isg Ôj;a jQ m%d:ñl udkjhdf.a isg ld¾ñl úma,jhg fmr úiQ lDIsld¾ñl hq.h olajd mßj¾;kh ùfï § udkj j¾.hd iuia;hla f,i .;a l, mßir moaO;sfha ;sridr Ndjhg n,mEula fkd ù jdih lf<a h' fï ld, jljdkqfjys isÿ jQ b;d u jeo.;a fmr<sldr isÿ ùula f,i ñksid úiska .skaor yd ta wdY%s; j isÿ jk oykh fidhd .ekSu i|yka l< yels h' oykh hkq .skaor md,kh lr ,nd .kakd ;dmh M,odhS lghq;a;lg fhdod .ekSu hs' .skaor iajdNdúl l%shdj,shl m%;sM,hla jqj o oykh ñksidf.a kj ksmehqula f,i ye¢kaúh yel' oyk l%shdj,sfha § bkaOkhla ^ldnka iy yhsv%cka mrudKq iys;& jd;fha wvx.= TCIscka jdhqj iuÕ m%;sl%shd lr ;dmh uqod yßk w;r" w;=reM, f,i ldnkavfhdCIhsâ jdhqj;a" c, jdIam;a" wu;r jdhqka iy wxY=uh >k øjHhka hkdÈh iq¨‍ jYfhkq;a úfudapkh fõ'

uq,a ld,fha § ñksid oykh i|yd bkaOkhla f,i or fhdod .;a w;r" fmdis, bkaOk fidhd .ekSu;a iuÕ ta i|yd jeä wjOdkhla fhduq jQfha tajdfhys .eíj we;s wêl Yla;s m%udKh ksid h' ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iuÕ fmdis, bkaOk Ndú;h b;d iS>% f,i j¾Okh úh' j¾;udkfhys wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha uQ,sl u idOlh n,Yla;sh jk w;r" ta i|yd 80]lg jvd jeä odhl;ajhla ,nd fokafka fmdis, bkaOk jk .,a wÕ=‍re Lksc f;,a iy iajdNdúl jdhqj hs' fuu bkaOk oykh lsÍfï § úfudapkh jk ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj iy wfkl=;a úúO mßir ¥IKldrl fya;= fldg f.k mdßißl w¾nqo iuQyhlg wo iudch uqyqK md we;' wjg jd;h ¥IKh ùu" wï, j¾Id" ´fidaka úhk CIh ùu iy foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi bka iuyrls' ta w;ßka foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi udkj ixy;sfha meje;aug n, mdk jvd;a wjodkï ;;a;ajh f,i ye¢kaúh yel'

yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkh iy foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< foaY.=Kh iy tys l%shdj,Ska ms<sn| j oekqu b;d mq¿,a f,i jeä ÈhqKq jQ w;r" tu foaY.=‚l úm¾hdihka ms<sn| j úoHd;aul ixl,amuh mokï ia:dmkh ù we;' WodyrKhla f,i yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkh" f.da,Sh WKqiqu by< hEu iy tuÕska isÿ jk foaY.=‚l úm¾hdihka i|yka l< yels h' mDÓú WIaK;ajh Ôùka f.a meje;aug wjYH m%Yia: uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSug yß;d.dr jdhqka wjYH fõ' tfy;a yß;d.dr jdhQka wjYH m%udKhg jvd

jeä jQ l, mßirfha WIaK;ajh muK blaujd by< hEug ;=vq foa' f.da,Sh WKqiqï ùu;a iuÕu isÿjk foaY.=‚l úm¾hdihka w;r whsia l÷ Èh ùu iy c,h m%idrKh ùu ksid isÿ jk uqyqÿ uÜgfï by< hEu" ld,.=‚l jHikhka ^kshÕ" ,eõ .sks" iq<s iq<x yd iqkdñ ;;a;ajhka&" ffcj úúO;ajhg iy lDIsl¾udka;hg isÿ jk ydks hkdÈh i|yka l< yelsh' ldnkavfhdlaihsâ o yß;d.dr jdhqjls' oyk l%shdj,sfha § úfudapkh jk ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj iajdNdúl jdhqf.da,fha yß;d.dr jdhq ixhq;sh fjkia ùug n,mdk w;r" ld¾ñl úma,jhg fmr 0'028] ^ñ,shkhl fldgia 280& muK jQ b;d iq¨‍ w.hl mej;s ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqfõ m%udKh uE; jljdkqj ;=< YS>% f,i by< hEu foaY.=‚l úm¾hdihkag ;=vq fok uq,sl idOlhla f,i m¾fhaIKj,ska fidhd f.k we;' ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj úfudapkhg fya;= ldrl jk uQ,sl l%shdj,sh fmdis, bkaOk oykh hs' j¾;udkh jk úg jdhqf.da,fha ldnkavfhdlaihsâ ixhq;sh ñ,shkhg fldgia 400la olajd j¾Okh ù we;s w;r" Bg iudkqmd;sl j mDÓúfha idudkH mßir WIaK;ajh ld¾ñl úma,jhg fmr ;snQ WIaK;ajhg idfmaCI j 0'8] lska muK jeä ù we;' fuys we;s wjodku úoHd{hka úiska wod< o;a; weiqßka ksudkh fldg we;af;a tuÕska udkj j¾.hd fj; we;s jk n,mEu wjOdrKhg ,la lrñks' mDÓúh ;=< WIaK;ajh jeä ùu Wmßu jYfhka 1'5] isg 2'0] w;r mj;ajd.; hq;= jqj o" j¾;udkfha l%shd;aul jk wêmßfNdack wd¾Ól fudv,h ta yd ine¢ n,Yla;s ckk l%ufõohka ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

tf,i u l%shd;aul jqjfyd;a ;j jir ishhla we;=<; mßir WIaK;ajh 3] isg 6] olajd jeä úh yels nj mejfia' ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqjg wu;r j ñksia l%shdldrlï yryd úfudapkh jk fjk;a yß;d.dr jdhQka 30la muK we;s w;r" bka óf;aka jdhqj iy khsg%cka Tlaihsâ jdhQj m%Odk fldg oelaúh yels h'

ixj¾Okh iy n,Yla;s ksIamdokh i|yd jeä jYfhka .,a wÕ=‍re we;=¿ fmfg%da,shï bkaOk Ndú;d lsÍu y÷kdf.k we;' tjka miqìula hgf;a foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi i|yd úi÷ï fohdldr fõ' tkï yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkh wju lsÍu iy foaY.=‚l úm¾hdihkag wkqj¾;kh ùu i|yd l%shdud¾. .ekSu hs'

foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi iy úi÷ï

yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkh wju lsÍu i|yd .; hq;= l%shdud¾. ;%súOdldr fõ' tkï"

foaY.=‚l úm¾hdihka iïnkaOfhka iemhsh yels úi÷ï ms<sn| miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< f,dal m%cdj iy foaYmd,k kdhlhska §¾> f,i idlÉPd lr ;SrK .;a; o" tajd l%shd;aul lsÍu i;=gqodhl ;;a;ajhl we;ehs fkd fmfka' úfYaIfhka u miq.sh jir 15 ;=< yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkh b;d YS>% f,i j¾Okh jQ w;r" Bg n, mE m%Odk idOlh f,i läkï wd¾Ól

² fmdis, bkaOk fjkqjg n,Yla;s m%Njhka Ndú;h

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

mqk¾ckkSh

n,Yla;s ld¾hCIu;dj jeä lsÍu iy l<ukdlrKh

n,Yla;s Ndú;h wju jkakd jQ wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok fudv,hla wkq.ukh lsÍu iy iïm;a" úfYaIfhkau n,Yla;sh wê

mßfydackh fkdlrk Ôjk rgdjka fj; ñksiqka fhduq ùu ld,.=‚l úm¾hdi iïnkaO m%;sm;a;s wfkl=;a iudcuh wNsu;d¾:hka iuÕ ióm f,i wka;¾fþokh jk neúka fujeks úpCIKYS,S iduQysl l%shdldrlï ;=<ska m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSu i|yd w.kd wjia:djka we;s nj jgyd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a h' foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi i|yd úi÷ï fiùfï§ f,djg u wdo¾Yu;a N+ñldjla iemhSfï uyÕ=‍

wjia:djla Y%S ,xldjg we;' tla w;lska iQ¾h" iq<x" c," Ôj mod¾:" N+.; ;dmh" uqyqÿ ;dmh iy uqyqÿ r< jeks mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s m%Njhkaj,ska imsß ùu iy wfkla w;ska n,Yla;s iy wfkl=;a iïm;a Ndú;h wju jQ ir, yd w,afmaÉP Ôjk rgdjkaj,g ñ;%YS,S iudc yd wd.ñl miqìula ;sîu foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi i|yd úi÷ï imhk w;r;=r u wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok b,lalhka o imqrd .ekSu i|yd wmg Wreu ù we;s b;d jeo.;a idOl fõ'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

wkd.; udkj jxY l;djg ;srir fmruÕla udOj ffjoHr;ak

mdßißl moaO;Skaf.a ì| jeàu ksid isÿ jk iajdNdúl úm;a m%uqL f,dal jHdma; ld,.=‚l yd foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi" c," jdhq yd fN!u ¥IKh ksid by< hñka mj;sk úúO jHdê jix.; we;=¿ udkj fi!LH .eg¨" fmfg%da,shï bkaOk mßfNdackh iuÕ wm lrd <Õdfjñka mj;sk W.% bkaOk w¾nqoh yd ta yd ine¢ wd¾Ól lvd jeàu" bÈßfha § ks¾udKh ùug kshñ; c, yd wdydr w¾nqoh wd§ úúO ud;Dld wo ck iudch ;=< mq¿,a l;sldjlg uÕ mdod ;sfí' wm wjg oDYHudk j mj;sk ,CIKhka f.ka m%lg jkafka udkj ixy;sh" W.% fjñka mj;skakd jQ Nhxlr w¾nqohlg Rcq j uqyqK md isák nj hs' ta w¾nqoh yuqfõ mj;akd ienE iy uQ,sl wNsfhda.h jkafka" wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh yd mdßißl ;srir Ndjh yd Ôjk ms,sfj;a ;=<s; j yd m%Yia: j ixfhdackh lrñka wm úiska u we;s lrk ,o w¾nqo yd wys;lr m%jK;d

wm úiska u md,kh lsÍu mokï lr.;a ;srir ixj¾Ok udj;g msúiSu hs' fndfyda wjia:dj, § ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh tal ÈYd.; oelaula ^Tunnel vision& uÕska md,kh jQ w;r jvd;a mq¿,a yd wkd.; m%;súmdlhka tys § ie,ls,a,g fkd .eksK' fu jeks m%fõYhla ;=<ska we;s úh yels wd§kjhka ys iajNdjh uE; ld,fha wúêu;a uQ,H md,kh ksid isÿ jQ w;s oejeka; f.da,Sh uQ,H w¾nqoh yd wêl f*dis, bkaOk oykh u; mokï jQ n,Yla;s ksIamdokh ksid we;s jQ foaY.=K úm¾hdi uÕska jgyd .; yels h' udkj j¾.hdf.a bÈß .uka uÕ fkdfyd;a ixj¾Ok udj; iïnkaOfhka tlsfklg m%;súreoaO jQ Ñka;k Odrdjka fyj;a .=rel=, folla f,dalh ;=< mej;=‚ ^mq¿,a w¾:fhka .;a l< ;ju;a mj;S&' hqfoõ o¾Ykh yd ngysr ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

;srir ixj¾Okh ixl,amfha uQ, îc m%:u jrg f,djg bÈßm;a jkafka" wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh úiska mßirh u; we;slrk n,mEu ms,sn| tlaodia kjish yeg.Kka j, § mßirfõ§ka úiska wdrïN lrk ,o mq¿,a ixjdoh;a iuÕ h'

OfkaYajr jdoh mokï lr .;a tla Odrdjlska wkqo;a m%fõYh jkafka wjg jQ .yfld< i;d iSmdjd we;=¿ ish,a, udkjhdf.a mßfNdackh i|yd my< ù we;s neúka ish¨‍ oE udkj wdêm;Hh hg;g meñKúh hq;= h hkak hs' Yla;sjka;hdf.a W;ajkh ^Survival of the fittest& hk vdúkajd§ oDIaá jdofha o há fm< wre; f,i ie,lsh yels fuh zudkj flakaø.; øjHjd§ fN!;sl ixj¾OkhZ ms<sno Ñka;k Odrdj f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' fuhg úl,am u;jdohla f,i ìys jQ" fmrÈ. o¾Ykh yd ióm j weiqre lrk" ;ud wjg mßirh wìNjkh fkdlrñka th ixrCIKh lrñka yd ta iuÕ ifudaOdkh fjñka .uka l< hq;=h hk fojk .=rel=, jdofhka ksrEmKh jkafka zffcj flakaø.; mßir ixrCIKjd§Z Ñka;k Odrdj hs' tlsfklg m%;súreoaO f,i mej;s fuu Ñka;k Odrd fol u.ska udkj ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh ms<sn| nrm;, úixjdohla we;s lrk ,È' tla mfilska fN!;sl ixj¾Okh fjkqfjka ish¨‍ mdßißl yd ffcj idOl fkd;ld l%shd l< hq;= h hk u;jdoh;a" wfkla miska mßir ixrCIKh fjkqfjka ish¨‍ fN!;sl ixj¾Okh lem l< hq;= h hk u;jdoh;a wka; folla f,i tlsfkldg tfrys j wú wfudard f.k isákq olakd ,È' fuh" ixrCIKjdoh hkq ixj¾Ok úfrdaOhla f,i o" ixj¾Okh hkq mßirfha mru i;=rl= f,i o i,lk wkaofï wka;.dó uqyqKqjrla f.k ;sìK' m%;súfrdaOd;aul jQ fuu Ñka;k Odrdjka fol talP;% fldg jvd;a ;=,s; m%fõYhlg t<öfï

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

wjYH;dj ;srir ixj¾Ok ixl,amfha uQ, îch we;s ùug ksñ;a; úh' wjYHfhka úh hq;= wd¾Ól j¾Okh;a" mßirh ;=< r|jd.; hq;= ;srir nj;a hk foflys ifudaOdkh ;srir ixj¾Ok ixl,amh ;=< .eUqßka u mj;skakls' fï wkqj" wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh yd mdßißl ixrCIKh tlsfklska fmdaIKh jk ;;a;ajhla we;s l< hq;= nj;a" ta i|yd wmf.a wdl,amj, úma,ùh fjkila isÿ l< hq;= nj;a wjOdrKh úh'

ixj¾Ok wdlD;sfha ì| jefgkiq¨‍ wúksYaÑ; wjidkh ms<sn| jgyd .ekSug ñksidg yels úh' iajdNdúl iïm;a iS>%fhka mßfNdackh lsÍu fya;=fjka wkd.; mrmqr i|yd iïm;a ysÕùu o mßfNdackfha w;=reM,hla jk wmøjH" mßirfha ord.ekSfï iSud blaujd by< hk wdldrhla o oel .; yels úh' fï ksid idïm%odhsl m%fõYh wìNjkh l< yels kj ixj¾Ok wdlD;shl wjYH;djh úoaj;=ka úiska fndfyda wjia:dj, § fmkajd fokq ,eî h'

ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk f,dalh ;=< w;S;fha § fndfyda úg l%shd;aul lrk ,oafoa ixj¾ê; rgj, l%shd;aul jQ ixj¾Ok fudv,h wkqlrKh l< yqfola wd¾Ól mrdñ;Ska muKla u mokï lr .;a tlla nj fmfka' tu ixj¾Ok wdlD;sh ;=< mßirh ms<sn| jeä wjOdkhla fhduq fkd lsÍu ksid ñksid úYd, jYfhka bka mSvdjg m;a jQ w;r" fuf;la wkq.ukh l<

;srir ixj¾Okh ixl,amfha uQ, îc m%:u jrg f,djg bÈßm;a jkafka" wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh úiska mßirh u; we;slrk n,mEu ms<sn| tlaodia kjish yeg.Kka j, § mßirfõ§ka úiska wdrïN lrk ,o mq¿,a ixjdoh;a iuÕ h' t;eka mgka ;srir Ndjh yd ;srir ixj¾Okh ms<sn| fndfyda l;sld" ixjdo" úixjdo we;s jqj o fndfyda úoaj;a uKavmhka ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

;=< mD:q, f,i ms<s.kq ,nk iïu;h ù we;af;a 1987 § f,dal mdßißl yd ixj¾Ok fldñiu uÕska bÈßm;a l< —wfma iduQysl wkd.;h˜ ^Our Common Future& fyj;a nDDkaÜ,kaâ jd¾;dj f,i m%lg m%ldYkh hs' tu m%ldYkfhys ;srir ixj¾Okh w¾: olajd we;af;a —wkd.; mrmqrg ;u wjYH;djhka imqrd.ekSug we;s yelshdj wNsfhda.hg ,la fkdlrñka j¾;udk mrmqf¾ wjYH;d imqrd .kakd ixj¾Okh˜ hkqfjks' tneúka" ;srir ixj¾Okh hkq udkj iudch yd wd¾Ólhg ;SrKd;aul n,mEula lrk iSñ; iajdNdúl iïm;a yd mßir moaO;Skaf.a meje;au ;yjqre lrk w;r;=r u udkj ixj¾Ok b,lalhka imqrd .kakd l%shdj,shla f,i ye¢kaúh yelsh' ;srir ixj¾Okh ms<sn| j¾;udk ixl,amhka fndfydaÿrg nDDkaÜ,kaâ jd¾;dfõ oelafjk lreKq u; mokï fj;;a tys uQ,drïNh ody;ajk yd oy wg jk ishjiaj, idlÉPdjg n÷ka jQ z;srir jkdka;r l<ukdlrKhZ iy úis jk ishjfia mdßißl wfmaCIdjka jeks uq,a wjêfha ixl,am olajd Èfjhs' tx.,ka;fha oej m%Njhka CIh ù hEfï m%jK;djhg m%;spdrhla f,i iajdNdúl iïm;aj, wê mßfNdackfha úkdYldÍ m%;sM, wju lrkq ms‚i —.yfld< j.d lsÍu iEu bvï ysñhl=f.au cd;sl j.lSule hsZZ úh;ayq t l, u; m< l< y' fuu ixl,amh jvd;a mßmdlhg h;a u th zwd¾Ól ixj¾OkhZ" ziudc ixj¾OkhZ yd zwkd.; mrmqr i|yd mßir ixj¾OkhZ hk ÈYdk;sh fj; fhduq ù ;sfí'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

;srir ixj¾Ok ixl,amh úúO wdldrj,ska w¾: oelaúh yels w;r" ta iEu woyil u idrh jkafka tlsfklg fjkia yd fndfydaúg wfkHdkH jYfhka ;r.ldÍ jQ wjYH;djhka /ila" iudchla f,i wm uqyqK fokakd jQ mdßißl" iudc yd wd¾Ól iSudjka we;=<; iu;=,kh lr .ekSu hs' t,shï fcks*¾g wkqj rgl ;srir ixj¾Okhla we;s lsÍfï § my; oelafjk uQ,sl wjYH;djhka imqrd .ekSu wjYH fõ' ²

wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shg ck;djf.a iyNd.S;ajh ,nd .ekSu

tu wd¾Ól moaO;sh rgg whym;a m%;sM, we;s fkd lrkakla ùu'

mßirh wdrCId lsÍfï moku u; ilia jQ ksIamdok l%ufõohla ;sîu'

² mßirh wdrCId moaO;shla ;sîu

whqf¾

² kuHYS,S ;SrK moaO;shla ;sîu

yels

;dCIK

mßmd,k

;srir ixj¾Okfha udk ;srir ixj¾Okfha b,lalh yqÿ mdßißl idOl j,ska Tíng .sh fndfyda mq¿,a tlls' bka wruqKq jkafka oekg mj;akd jQ o" wkd.;fhys mej;sh yels jQ o ñksia m%cdjka ys ish¨‍ jeiaikaf.a f.a úúOdldr jQ wjYH;d imqrd .; yels" fm!oa.,sl iqn idOkh" iudc ixila;sh ;yjqre flfrk"

t fuka u ish,a,kag u iudk wjia:d i,id fok jgmsgdjla ìys lsÍu hs'

mdrsirsl

foaYmd,k

wd¾Ól

ixialD;sl

z;srir ixj¾OkhZ" fkd t fia kï z;srir NdjhZ udk" fkdfyd;a ia:ïN ;=kla weiqßka úia;r fõ' tkï" mßirh" wd¾Ólh yd iudch jYfhks' fuu udk ;=k we;=<;a wdlD;sh 1979 jif¾ § m<uq jrg y÷kajd fok ,oafoa f¾fka mefia kue;s wd¾Ól úoHd{hd úisks' miqj fjk;a úoaj;=ka úiska fuu wdlD;sh ;=<g zixialD;shZ kï y;rjk udkh o we;=<;a lrñka th ;j ÿrg;a mq¿,a lrk ,È'

mdßißl udkh fuu udkh ;=< wjOdrKhg ,la jk mdßißl ia:dhS;djh hkqfjka wre;a .ekafjkafka ñksid

ish iajdNdúl" iudc iy ;ud úiska u f.dv keÕ+ jgmsgdj iuÕ olajk w;Hka; in|;djh hs' udkj mdßißl úoHdj kñka o ye¢kafjk fuh fi!LHdrCIdj hk biõj o tla lr .ksñka ;srir ixj¾Okfha ksï j<¨‍ mq¿,a lf<a h' ñksid f.a uQ,sl wjY;djhka jk jd;h" c,h" wdydr iy ksjdij, .=Kd;aul Ndjh ;yjqre lrñka o" uyck fi!LH wjodkï i|yd ms<shï fidhñka o ielfik mßir moaO;shla f.dv keÕSu yd ta i|yd wdfhdackh lsÍu ;srir ixj¾Okfha jeo.;a wx.hls' ;srir fkdjk ;;a;ajhla fndfyda úg ks¾udKh jkafka iajdNdúl m%d.aOkh ^iajNdj O¾ufha we;s iuia; iïm;a m%udKfha ftlHhh& kej; m%;sks¾udKh ùfï fõ.hg jvd jeä fõ.hlska Ndú;d fldg wjika lsÍu ;=< h' tneúka ;srir Ndjh ;=< wjYHfhka u wvx.= úh hq;af;a iajdNdúl f,i kej; m%;sks¾udKh úh yels uÜgfï fõ.hlska iajdNdúl iïm;a Ndú;d lsÍu hs' ffki¾.sl jYfhka .;a l, ;srir ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ixl,amh bis¨‍ï Odß;djh ^Carrying Capacity& hk ixl,amh iuÕ ióm f,i ne£ we;' isoaOdka;slj .;a l, È.= ld,Sk mdßißl ì| jeàula ;=< ñksidf.a meje;au h:d¾:hla fkdjkq we;' fuu ì| jeàu lsishï wjê ,CIHhla blaujd .uka l<fyd;a th ñksid mDÓúh u;ska ioyg u j| ù hEug jqj bv we;ehs úoaj;ayq fm/h;s' mdßißl udkh ;=< idlÉPd jk f;audjka w;r m%Odk jYfhka øjH yd n,Yla;sh" c,h yd jd;h" ;=re ,;d iy i;=ka" jdiia:dk yd wdydr" ia:dk yd wjldY" bÈlsÍï yd ckdjdi" úfudapk ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

yd wmøjH jvd;a m%Yia: f,i ifudaOdkh yd l<ukdlrKh lrkafka fl fia o hkak oelaúh yels h'

•

f*dis, bkaOk oykhg úl,am f,i" mßir ydkshlska f;dr j È.=ld,Sk j Ndú;d l< yels msßisÿ" yß;" mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s Ndú;h

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;srir nj iqrlsñka ñksidf.a ixj¾Ok wjYH;d imqrd .; yels ;dCIKfõohka Ndú;d lsÍu' fuh fndfyda úg ;kajeis ;dCIKh ^Appropriate Technology& kñka ye¢kafjk w;r B' t*a' IQudl¾ úiska ish oDIaá jdoh úia;r lsÍu i|yd ,shQ Small is Beautiful kï .%ka:fhys zw;rueÈ ;dCIKhZ f,i y÷kajd fokq ,eî h'

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yß;d.dr jdhq úfudapkfha m%Odk j.W;a;rlrejl= jk ^bka ;=fkka tlla ksmojk& m%jdyk udOH i|yd wjYH jk m%;sjHqy.; lsÍï

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iajdNdúl m%d.aOkh ld¾hCIu yd mßir ys;ldó f,i Ndú;d lrñka isÿ lrk jHdmdßl fhoùï' fïjd wdh;khla úiska isÿlrk wd¾Ól w.h tl;=lsÍï f,i ie,fla

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mdßißl mshigyk wju jk fia fhoefjk yß; jdia;= úoHd;aul l%ufõo Ndú;h

wd¾Ól udkh wê mßfNdackh yd .%dóh oßø;dj jeks lreKq ksid ziajdNdúl m%d.aOkhZ f,i kï flfrk mdßißl iïm;a jeo.;a wd¾Ól ix>glhka fia ie,lsh hq;= njg fhdackd ù ;sfí' idïm%odhsl jYfhka .;a l, wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha ñkqï oKav f,i i,lkq ,nkafka o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha j¾Okh hs' tfy;a kj ;srir fudv,h ;=< o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha ^GDP& wiSudka;sl j¾Okhla wfmaCId fkd flf¾' ;srir ixj¾Okh úiska ñksidf.a Ôjk ;;ajh Wiia lrk nj ienE uq;a iïm;a mßfNdackfha ie,lsh hq;= uÜgfï wju lsÍula o bka wfmaCId flf¾' mdßißl w¾: Ydia;%{hl= jk fuda,aÜ f*n¾ g wkqj kj ixl,amhla jk mdßißl wd¾Ól úoHdj wre;a .ekafjkafka tu.ska mßirh" hqla;sh yd ld,h u; ;efnk nr u; h' ;srir ixj¾Okfha wd¾Ól udkh ;=< m%Odk jYfhka ie,ls,a,g n÷ka jkafka ksIamdokh yd iïm;a fhoùï" yqjudre yd mejÍï" .sKqïlrKh yd kS;s Í;s" mßfNdackh yd Ndú;h" Y%uh yd iqn idOkh" ;dCIKh yd há;, myiqlï" Okh yd fn§ hEu jeks lreKq h'

foaYmd,ksl udkh ta fia u my; oelafjk m%dfhda.sl Ndú;hka flfrys o tys wjOdkh fhduq fõ'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

;srir ixj¾Ok o¾Yl fia ie,lsh yels wx. lsysmhla uyck m%;sm;a;s iïmdokfha § i,ld

ne,sh hq;= jeo.;a iudc o¾Ylhka fia ms<sf.k we;' tajd ih jeoEreï m%Odk Odrdjka jk wka;¾cd;sl fjf<| yd wdfhdack" wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s" ld,.=K úm¾hdi iy n,Yla;sh" ñkqï yd we.hqï" iajdNdúl iïm;a l<ukdlrKh yd ikaksfõok ;dCIKfha N+ñldj f,i hgf;a f.dkqfldg we;' óg wu;rj foaYmd,ksl udkh ;=< i,ld nef,k biõ w;r" wdh;k yd md,kh" kS;sh yd hqla;sh" ikaksfõokh yd ixprKh" ksfhdackh yd idlÉPdj" wdrCIdj yd iïuq;sh" ixjdoh yd iu.sh" wdpdrO¾u yd j.ùu wdÈh wvx.= fõ'

,enqKq odhl;ajh m%udKj;a fkd ùu lrK fldg f.k 2016 ckjdß ui m<uqjeks od isg n, meje;afjk mßÈ ;srir ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: 17la‌yd ta yd iïnkaO b,lal ‌ 169la‌y÷kajd § ;sfí' fïjd ;srir ixj¾Okh yd iïnkaO wxY /ila‌wdjrKh lrhs' jir myf<djl muK ld,hla ;=<" tkï 2030 j¾Ih jk úg fuu wNsu;d¾: idCId;a lr .ekSug wfmaCId flf¾' iyi% ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: fndfyda ÿrg ÈhqKq jk rgj,g wod< jqj;a ;srir ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: iuia; f,dalfha iEu rglg u tl fia wod< jk w;r" wkd.; f,dalfha ixj¾Ok lghq;= ish,a, u mdfya ie,iqï jkq we;af;a fï kj wNsu;d¾: u; mokï fjñks'

ixialD;sl udkh w;sYhska ixlS¾K jQ j¾;udk iudc ikao¾Nh ;=< ;srir ixj¾Ok ixl,am idlÉPd lsÍu i|yd iïm%odhsl ;=ka mdo wdlD;sh m%udKj;a fkdjQ fyhska 2010 jif¾ § Bg y;r jk udkh jQ ixialD;sh o tla lr .kakd ,È' fï hgf;a i,ld nef,k m%Odk ud;Dld w;rg kshe<Su yd wkkH;djh" úfkdaodhkh yd ks¾udKYS,S Ndjh" weoySï yd idrO¾u" mqñ;sß nj yd mrïmrd" úuiSu yd bf.kqu" fi!LHh yd iqjidOkh wdÈh we;=<;a fldg ;sfí'

;srir ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: ;srir ixj¾Ok udj; h:d¾:hla njg m;a lsÍfuys ,d iyY%l ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾:j,ska

fuh is;k ;rï myiq wNsfhda.hla‌fkdjk nj meyeÈ,s h' fï b,la‌l fndfyduhla w;am;a lr .ekSug kï ta i|yd ie,lsh hq;= wdfhdackhla‌ isÿ l< hq;= fõ' tfia u c,h" lDIsl¾uh" m%jdykh yd n,Yla; ‌ sh jeks há;, myiqlï jeäÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd jd¾Islj wjYH lrk uqo, w;s oejeka; jk w;r" iuia; ‌ hla‌f,i .;a l, fï b,lal ‌ imqrd .ekSug jd¾Isl j fvd,¾ á%,shk 3la‌wjYH nj .Kkh fldg ;sfí' flfia fj;;a fï wNsfhda. ch.ksñka f,dalfha ish¨‍ rgj,a ;srir ixj¾Ok wNsu;d¾: idCId;a lr.ekSug lghq;= lrkq we;s nj;a" tu.ska iuia; udkj jxY l;dj ;=< idOkSh j¾Okhla we;s fj;e hs hkak uq¨‍ uy;a f,dalfha u Woafhda.Sj;a wfmaCIdj fõ'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

´fidaka úhk n¢kakg Y%S ,dxlsl iïudou uydpd¾h ví,sõ' t,a' iqu;smd,

ye;a;Ej oYlfha § úoHd{hska úiska ´fidaka úhk úkdY ùu ms<sn| j yd tuÕska we;s úh yels Nhdkl Wjÿre ms<sn| j f,dal m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍfuka miq" 1985 § tCI;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk wkqj úhdkd kqjrg /ia jQ rdcH kdhlhka úiska ´fidaka úhk iq/lSu ms<sn| jQ úhdkd iïuq;sh ìys lrk ,È'

i|yd mßir ys;ldó øjH y÷kajd §u hs' fuu øjH ;=< jvd;a u lemS fmfkk øjH f,i YS;lrK hka;%" jdhq iuk hka;%j, YS;ldrlhka f,i mdúÉÑ lrkq ,nk laf,dafrda *af,dafrda ldnka ^CFC&" fyf,daka" fu;s,a laf,dafrdaf*daï" fu;s,a fn%dauhsâ" HCFC wd§ øjH y÷kd.kakd ,È' ²

fuu m%Yakh .ek we;s jQ oekqu" Wkkaÿj ksid u wjqreÿ foll ld,h ;=<" tkï 1987 iema;eïn¾ ui jvd;a m%n, kS;suh ne£ulska hq;= ´fidaka m%ySkldrl ridhksl øjH i|yd jQ fudkaá%h,a ikaOdkh iïu; lr .kakd ,È'

ridhk øjH fYa‚hls' fuu wKqj, ldnka mrudKqj,g wu;rj laf,daÍka yd *af,daÍka mrud‍Kq wka;¾.; h' ish,a, ix;Dma; wKq h' ²

fï uÕska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha úfYaIfhka u ´fidaka úhk úkdY lsÍfï l%h s dj,shg odhl jk ñksid úiska ksmojk ,o lD;Su % ridhksl øjH ksmoùu" fjf<|du" mdúÉÑh wÈhr.; j l%udkql+, j keje;aúu yd ta

CFC hkq ;ks ridhk øjHhla fkdj

CFC YS;ldrl jdhqjla f,i nyq,j Ndú;d

l< w;r th fndfyduhla YS;lrK" .Dy yd fudag¾ r: jdhq iólrK hka;%j, YS;ldrlh f,i fhdod.kakd ,È' fuu WmlrK ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha §"

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

w¨‍;ajeähd lsÍfï § yd Ndú;d lrk úg isÿ jk ldkaÿùïj,ska CFC mßirhg tla ùu isÿ úh' ²

iqj| ú,jqka" ;Ska;" m,sfndaOkdYlj, biskldrlh f,i o Ndú;d l< w;r" tu NdKav Ndú;d lrk jdrhla mdid CFC jdhqf.da,hg ksoyia úh'

f*daï j¾. ksIamdokfha§ iújr Ndjh ,nd.ekSug CFC Ndú;d úh'

weÿu jeks frda. i|yd m%;sldr lsÍfï § fhdod.kakd bkafya,r ^Inhaler& ksmoùfï § ;ju;a CFC Ndú;d jk w;r" tuÕska CFC mßirhg ksoyia fõ'

CFC b;d l%shdYS,s ødjlhla f,i l%shd

lrk ksid iuyr l¾udka;j, ldnksl øjH Èh lsÍug fhdod .eksKs' ²

CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, CFC-115 hkq CFC fY%a‚fha we;s ridhk øjHj,g WodyrKhka h' CFC j¾.fha ridhk øjH

YS;ldrl f,i ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha § Ndú;d lrk úg —CFC˜ fjkqjg —R˜ ^Refrigerant& f,i o ye¢kafõ' YS;ldrl lafIa;%fha§ nyq, f,i u Ndú;d lrk CFC-12 $ R-12 ys ridhk úoHd;aul kduh vhslaf,dafrda vhs*af,dafrda óf;aka ^CCl2F2&h'

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fyaf,daka (Halon) CFC fuka fyaf,daka o ;ks ridhk øjHhla fkdj ridhk j¾. fY%a‚hls' úfYaI;ajh jkafka fyaf,dakaj, ldnka" laf,daÍka yd *af,daÍkaj,g wu;r j fn%dañka o we;=<;a ùu hs' .sks ksjk WmlrKj, oyk fmdaIlh f,i fyaf,daka Ndú;d lrk ksid tu WmlrK ksmoùfï § yd Ndú;fha § fuu ´fidaka CIhldrl øjH mßirhg ksoyia fõ' Halon 1211, Halon 1301 yd Halon 2402

hkq f,dalfha jeäfhka u Ndú;d jk fyaf,dakaj,g WodyrKhka h' fuhska Halon 1211 hkq vhs *af,dafrda fudfkd laf,dafrda fudfkd fn%dafuda óf;aka ^CF2BrCl&h'

fu;s,a fn%dauhsâ (Methyl Bromide/MeBr/CH3Br)

fu;s,a fn%dauhsâ hkq ;ks ridhk øjHhls' fuh m%n, m,sfndaOkdYlhls' lDIsl¾u lafIa;%fha nyq, j Ndú;d l< ridhk øjHhls' Y%S ,xldfõ fuh f;a me, ;jdkaj, mi OQukhg nyq, f,i fhdod .eksKs' fu uÕska mfia we;s fkufgdavdjka úkdY lrhs' t fuka u m,;=re" t<j¿" OdkH j¾." oej yd u,aj,g ydks lrk m,sfndaOlhska úkdY lsÍug fu;s,a fn%dauhsâ Ndú;d lrhs' lDIs øjH wdkhkh yd wmkhkfha

§ ksfrdaOdhkh yd fmr keõ.; lsÍï lghq;=j, § fuka u mqia;ld, OQulrKfha § fuu ridhk øjH wêl j oekg;a Ndú;d flf¾' by; i|yka mßfNdack lghq;=j, § úYd, f,i fu;s,a fn%dauhsâ mßirhg ksoyia fõ'

ldnka fgg%d laf,darhsâ (Carbon Tetra Chloride/CTC/CCl4)

fu;s,a fn%dauhsâ fuka u ldnka fgg%d laf,darhsâ o ;ks ridhk øjHhls' m¾fhaIKd. drj, isÿ lrk úYaf,aIK lghq;= i|yd nyq, j Ndú;d lrhs' t fuka u .sks ksjk WmlrK ksIamdokhg o Ndú;d fõ' b;d fyd| ødjlhla ksid ldnksl øjH ÈhlsÍug fhdod .efka' frÈms<sj, we;s me,a,ï bj;a lsÍfï § msßisÿ ldrlhla f,i Ndú;d fõ' fmd,algq wdY%fhka il%Sh ldnka ksIamdokfha § tajdfha ;;a;ajh mÍCIdjg fuu øjH nyq, f,i Ndú;d fõ' by;

kï l< Ndú;hka ys È ldnka fgg%d laf,darhsâ mßirhg tla fõ'

fu;s,a laf,darf*daï (Methyl Chloroform/ C2H3Cl3)

fuh o ;ks ridhk øjHhla jk w;r frÈms<s l¾udka;fha § msßisÿ ldrlhla f,i Ndú;d lrk úg mßirhg tl;= fõ' by; i|yka l< iEu ridhk øjHhla u tl yd iudk j ´fidaka ia:rfha úkdYhg odhl jkafka ke;' hï ridhk øjHhla uÕska ´fidaka ia:rhg isÿ l< yels ydksh .Kkh lrkq ,nkafka —´fidaka CIhldrl úNjh˜ ^Ozone Depleting Potential - ODP& CFC-11 u`.sks' ridhk øjH uÕska ´fidaka ia:rhg lrkq ,nk ydksh tall 1la f,i i,ld thg idfmaCIj wfkl=;a ridhk øjHj,g ODP w.hhka ,nd§ we;'

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´fidaka CIhldrl øjH CFC - 11 CFC - 12 fyaf,daka - 1211 fyaf,daka - 1301 fyaf,daka - 2404 ldnka fgg%d laf,darhsâ fu;s,a laf,darf*daï fu;s,a fn%dauhsâ

´fidaka CIhldrl úNjh (ODP) 1.0 1.0 3.0 10.0 6.0 1.1 0.1 0.6

by; i|yka ridhk øjHj,g wu;r j" fmdis, bkaOk oykfha § iEfok khsg%ia TCIhsâ o by< jdhqf.da,h olajd .uka l<fyd;a ´fidaka úhkg ydkslr øjHhla f,i l%shd lrhs'

id¾:l j bÈßhg f.k hk ,È' úfYaIfhka u uQ,H fuka u jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lrùu i|yd úOdhl lñgqjla o Êxecutive Committee&" jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï m%.;s iudf,dapkh lsÍu ms‚i l%shd;aul lsÍfï lñgqjla o Împlementation Committee& msysgqjk ,È' úfYaIfhka u ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj, jHmD;s l%shd;aul lrùu i|yd iïmQ¾K jYfhka uq,HdOdr úfYaI wruqof,ka ,nd §u fuys id¾:l;ajhg fya;= ù we;' oekg fuu m%ySkldrl øjH fndfyda ÿrg bj;a lr we;s w;r" 95]g tyd .sh m%.;shla igyka lr we;' ,xldfõ fuu m%Yakhg uq, isg u iïnkaO jQ wfhla jYfhka 1992 § tCI;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha Ûnited Nations - UN& wdrdOkh wkqj isÿ lrk ,o" rfÜ uQ,sl f;dr;=re we;=<;a lr iemhQ jd¾;dj wkqj mßir wud;HxYh ;=< fï i|yd tallhla 1994 § we;s lsÍug yels úh'

óg wu;r j fuu kdudj,shg ;j;a fn%dauhsâ yd laf,daÍka wvx.= ridhksl øjH fndfyduhla tl;= jQ w;r" iïmQ¾K jYfhka ridhksl 100 g wdikak m%udKhla y÷kd .kakd ,È' fuu øjH fkdfhl=;a l¾udka; i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs' uq, § CFC i|yd úl,amhla f,i HCFC fhdod .kq ,enqj;a fuu øjH m%n, yß;d.dr jdhqjla neúka th o bj;a lsÍug lghq;= lrñka mj;S'

miqj cd;sl ´fidak tallh f,i kùlrKh lrk ,o fuu ld¾hd,h uÕska ´fidak m%ySk ldrl øjH bj;a lsÍu i|yd jHdmD;s bÈßm;a lr" uQ,H wdOdr ,ndf.k" b;d id¾:l j ,xldj ;=< fuu l¾;jHh isÿ lrk ,È' fï fya;=j ksid u Y%S ,xldj fudkaá%h,a ikaOdkh ;=< lemS fmfkk rdcHhla njg m;a úh'

fudkaá%h,a ikaOdkh l%shd;aul lsÍu ms<sn| tCI;a cd;Skaf.a mßir jevigyk ^United Nations Environmental Program-UNEP& ueÈy;a ùfuka nyqmd¾Yúl wruqo, ^Multi-lateral Fund& kñka úfYaI wruqo,la o msysgqjk ,o w;r" fkdfhl=;a lñgq msysgqjd tuÕska fuu f.da,Sh l¾;jHh

j¾I 2007 § .re mdG,S pïmsl rKjl weu;s;=ud mßir wud;HxYh Ndr .ekSfuka miq j wmf.a jev lghq;= w¨‍;a cjhlska hq;=j id¾:l j lrf.k hEug yels jQ nj i|yka lrkqfha i;=áks' cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r ;,fha;a Y%S ,xldfõ odhl;ajh lemS fmksKs' j¾I 2008 § ´fidak

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

úhk iq/lSu ms<sn| rgj,a 196 l m%n, úhdkd iïuq;sfha iNdm;s ;k;=rg j¾I 3la i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ mßir wud;H mdG,S pïmsl rKjl uy;d m;a ùu úfYaI‍fhka i|yka l< yels h' t fia u fudkaá%h,a ikaOdkh ;=< jQ fkdfhla lñgqj, Y%S ,xldjg idudðl;ajh ,eìK' j¾I 2007 § fudkaá%h,a ikaOdkfha 20 jk ixj;airh fudkaá%h,a k.rfha § mj;ajk ,o w;r" tys § fudkaá%h,a ikaOdkfha jevigyka l%shd;aul lsÍu fyd¢ka u isÿ lrk rgg ysñ jk fyd| u l%shd;aul lrùfï iïudkh ^Best Implementation Award& Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl ´fidaka tallh úiska Èkd .kakd ,È' t fia u 2009 § l%shd;aul lrùfï lñgq‍‍fõ ^Implementation Committee& iNdm;s ;k;=r;a Y%S ,xldjg ,enqKq w;r" cd;sl ´fidak tallfha wOHCI jYfhka tu l¾;jHh uúiska id¾:l j ksu lrk ,È' .re weu;s;=udf.a Èß .ekaùu yd uÕ fmkaùu ksid u cd;sl ´fidak tallfha jev lghq;= msßisÿ j yd iïmQ¾K f,i imqrd,Sug yels ùu b;d i;=gg lreKls' .re weu;s;=ud mßir wud;Hjrhd f,i lghq;= lrk ld,fha § foaY.=Kh fjkia ùu ms<sn| j o wjOdkh fhduq l< w;r" mßir wud;HxYh ;=< ta i|yd wxYhla fuka u foaY.=Kh fjkia ùu ms<sn| j f,alï ld¾hd,hla o ia:dms; lsÍug

W;aiql úh' tys m%:u wOHCI OQrhg o m;a ùug ud yg wjia:dj ,enq‚' fuu úIh ms<n s | j Y%S ,xldj ;=< o" wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka o weu;s;u = df.a ueÈy;a ùfuka isÿ lrk ,o foaYh S fuka u l,dmSh jYfhka o /iaùïj,g iyNd.S ù fuu f.da,Sh m%Yakh ms<sn| oekqj;a lsÍug;a wjYH ueÈy;a ùula isÿlrk ,È' fuu ld,h ;=< § mßir m%Yak fuka u foaY.=Kh fjkia ùu ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka l;d lsÍfï § ÈhqKq yd ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj,a hk fn§u ms<sn| weu;s;=udf.a wjOdkh fhduq jQ w;r" úfYaIfhka tCI;a cd;Skaf.a udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh ^Human Development Index HDI& ksjerÈ fkdjk nj;a" th .Kkh lsÍfï § wkq.ukh lrk mrdñ;Ska iqÿiq ke;s nj;a t;=ud úiska fmkajd fok ,È' tu o¾Ylh ;=< ;sridr ixl,amh fkdue;s nj;a" tu ksid u wo ;sfnk wys;lr ;;a;ajhka Wod ù we;s nj;a i|yka l< t;=ud oekg ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk Y%S ,xldj jeks rgj, mdrïmßl jYfhka u ;sridr nj we;s nj;a" th tl;= lr ;srir udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh ^Sustainable Human Development Index- SHDI& bÈßm;a lrk ,È' ta wkqj ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj, fuu o¾Ylh by< w.hla .kakd nj o fmkajd fok ,È' fuh tCI;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha ^UN& wjOdkhg o fhduq jQ nj ie,lsh hq;= h'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

li,ska fkdls<á s ksli, kqjrla chú,d,a m%kdkaÿ

wm rfÜ W;a;Í;r kS;sh jk 1978 wdKavql%u jHjia:dfjkau mßir l<ukdlrKh ms<sno j.lSu mqrjeis wm ieug mjrd we;' ta wkqj" mßirh iq/lSu" wdrCId lsÍu" m%j¾Okh lsÍu yd tys jákdlï ixrCIKh lsÍu rcfha fuka u iuia; uyck;djf.a o j.lSula fõ' Y%S ,xldj" iajNdj O¾ufhka odhdo ,;a iqúfYaI jQ mdßißl moaO;sj,ska imsß rgla jqjo" úúO jQ udkj l%shdldrlï fya;=fjka fuu mßir moaO;sj, hymeje;au ;¾ckhg ,la ù we;' ta wkqj 2007 j¾Ifha § mßir l<ukdlrKh yd ixrCIKh iïnkaOfhka bÈß.dó m%dfhda.sl jevigyka .Kkdjla l%shd;aul lsÍu ;=<ska fï i|yd ;rula ÿrg fyda wjYH m%;sl¾u .ekSug yels úh' úfYaIfhka" ksIamdok yd mßfNdack l%shdj,sfha wjika m%;sM,hla f,i bj; ,k le,s li, wúêu;a f,i mßirhg uqod yeÍu

fya;=fldg f.k m%dfoaYSh j u;= jQ mdßißl yd iudc - wd¾Ól .eg¨‍ rdYshla ksrdlrKh lr .ekSug wjYH mqfrda.dó jevigyka .Kkdjla id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul lsÍug yels úh' wm rfÜ j,x.= wKmk;a wkqj le,s li, l<ukdlrKh m<d;a md,k wdh;k i;= j.lSula jqj o" úúO jQ iSudldÍ idOl fya;=fjka ish ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍfï § tu wdh;kj,g o .eg¨‍ldÍ ;;a;ajhkg uqyqK §ug isÿ úh' fuys § úfYaIfhka u úêu;a le,s li, l<ukdlrKhla ia:dmkh lsÍug rdcH m%;sm;a;shl wjYH;djh uQ,sl j u;= jQ fyhska" 2007 j¾Ifha § mßir yd iajdNdúl iïm;a wud;HxYh úiska Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u jrg >k wmøjH l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| m%;sm;a;sh m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,È'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

li, wjika neyer,Su i,lk l," iajdNdúl j Èrdm;a jk yd Èrdm;a fkdjk li, ish,a, u ñY% j tl;= lr wl%uj;a f,i neyer,Su fndfyda m<d;a md,k wdh;k úiska isÿ lrk l%ufõoh hs' fuuÕska isÿ jk fi!LHuh yd mßir ydksh j<lajd .ekSug ms<shula f,i Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól yd foaY.=‚l ;;a;ajhkg .e<fmk ir, l%ufõohla Tiafia Èrdm;a jk li, fldïfmdaiaÜ njg m;a lr .ekSug wjYH ;dCIKh yd mqyqKqj fuka u ish¨‍ há;, myiqlï o ms<sire jHdmD;sh uÕska m<d;a md,k wdh;k fj; ,nd fok ,È'

;jo" m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g b;d ne?reï f,i mej;s ;dCI‚l" uQ,H iy fjk;a fN!;sl iïm;a ms<sn| .eg¨‍ iïnkaOfhka b;du;a úpCIKYS,S j fidhd n,d ta i|yd wjYH ms<shï ,nd §fï wruq‚ka wud;H uKav, wkque;sh iys; j 2008 j¾Ifha § cd;sl ms<sire >k wmøjH l<ukdlrK jHdmD;sh uOHu mßir wêldßh ;=< msysgqjk ,È' ms<sire jHdmD;sh uÕska li, fjka lsÍu" fjka lr tl;= lsÍu" m%jdykh lsÍu" w;rueÈ m%;sl¾u lsÍu yd wjika neyer,Sfï lghq;= i|yd wjYH ;dCI‚l yd uQ,H iïm;a fuka u ta i|yd iqÿiq bvï imhd §u o" >k wmøjH l<ukdlrKhg wjYH WmlrK yd wfkl=;a fN!;sl iïm;a ,nd§u o isÿ lrk ,È' lïlre fiajlhdf.a mgka by< ks,OdÍka yd m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh olajdu >k wmøjH l<ukdlrKh iïnkaOfhka wjYH mqyqKqj yd Odß;d j¾Okh i|yd fkajdisl mqyqKq jevigyka .Kkdjla o meje;aùug lghq;= lrk ,È' fuuÕska úêu;a >k wmøjH l<ukdlrKh ms<sn|j m<d;a md,k wdh;k m%OdkSka we;=¿ fiajl uvq,af,a u úIhh oekqu mq¿,a lsÍu" l=i,;djhka by< kexùu yd wdl,am j¾Okh isÿ l< w;r" m<d;a md,k wdh;k n, m%foaY ;=< li, l<ukdlrKh úêu;a lsÍug mshjr .kq ,eî h' le,sli, ckkh jk ia:dkfha § u j¾.SlrKh lr tl;= lsÍug wjYH j¾K iys; li, n÷ka m<d;a md,k wdh;k" mdi,a" wd.ñl isoaOia:dk"

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rdcH wdh;k yd fjk;a fmdÿ ia:dk i|yd ,nd §u o isÿ lrk ,o w;r Bg iu.dó j li, fjka lr neyer lsÍu ms<sn| wOHdmk yd oekqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka rdYshla o mdi,a orejka yd úúO md¾Yjlrejka i|yd mj;ajk ,È' li, wjika neyer,Su i,lk l," iajdNdúl j Èrdm;a jk yd Èrdm;a fkdjk li, ish,a, u ñY% j tl;= lr wl%uj;a f,i neyer,Su fndfyda m<d;a md,k wdh;k úiska isÿ lrk l%ufõoh hs' fuuÕska isÿ jk fi!LHuh yd mßir ydksh j<lajd .ekSug ms<shula f,i Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól yd foaY.=‚l ;;a;ajhkg .e<fmk ir, l%ufõohla Tiafia Èrdm;a jk li, fldïfmdaiaÜ njg m;a lr .ekSug wjYH ;dCIKh yd mqyqKqj fuka u ish¨‍ há;, myiqlï o ms<sire jHdmD;sh uÕska m<d;a md,k wdh;k fj; ,nd fok ,È'

tu wdh;k úiska ffoksl j tla /ia lrk le,s li, m%udKh wkqj l=vd" uOHu yd úYd, mßudKfha fldïfmdaiaÜ wx.k Èjhsk mqrdu m<d;a md,k wdh;k úYd, ixLHdjlg bÈ lr § we;' tu fldïfmdaiaÜ wx.khl" li, fjka lsÍu" l%udkql+, j li, wÜá .eiSu yd fldïfmdaiaÜ lsÍu" m%;spl%Sh l< yels li, .nvd lsÍu" fldïfmdaiaÜ ye,Su yd .nvdlrKh lsÍug wjYH ish¨‍ myiqlï m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g ,nd fok ,È' >k wmøjH l<ukdlrKfha § wm rfÜ jvd;a wNsfhda.d;aul yd .eg¨‍ldÍ wjia:dj f,i li, wjika neyer lsÍfï l%shdj,sh y÷kajd Èh yels h' ta ioyd ;srir yd úoHd;aul úi÷ï ‍fiùfï W;aidyhla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ li, l<ukdlrK lafIa;%fha ikaêia:dkhla iksgqyka lrñka fldßhdkq cd;Hka;r

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

iyfhda.S;d wdh;kfha ^KOICA& ;dCI‚l wdOdr yd fvd,¾ ñ,shk 4'5 l uQ,Huh m%odkhla ,nd .ksñka fodïfma m%dfoaYSh iNdj iuÕ taldnoaO j m%:u jrg ikSmdrCIK li, ìï msrjqula fodïfma ud<s.dj;a; m%foaYfha rchg wh;a N+ñhl kshuq jHdmD;shla f,i ia:dmkh lsÍug wjYH mqfrda.dó mshjr .kakd ,È' ta wkqj" fndfyda m<d;a md,k wdh;k i|yd idOkSh le,s li, l<ukdlrKhla isÿ lsÍug wjYH myiqlï iemhSug ms<sire jHdmD;shg yels jQ w;r" wo olajd u tu myiqlï iemhSfï lghq;= ms<sire jHdmD;sh uÕska bgq lrhs' ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § W;amdokh jk fkdfhl=;a j¾.j,g wh;a wmøjH w;r" mßirhg yd úfYaIfhka ukqIH fi!LHhg wys;lr WmøjldÍ wmøjH úêu;a f,i l<ukdlrKh lsÍu i|yd fr.=,dis 1996 j¾Ifha § m%ldYhg m;a l< o m%dfhda.sl .eg¨‍ fya;=fjka tu fr.=,dis n,d;aul lsÍug uOHu mßir wêldßhg wmyiq úh' ta wkqj" ffk;sluh jYfhka ;snQ m%dfhda.sl .eg¨‍ y÷kdf.k Bg wod< ixfYdaOk isÿ lr" 2008'02'01 Èk WmøjldÍ ^,ehsia;=.;& wmøjH l<ukdlrKh i|yd kj fr.=,dis m%ldYhg m;a lr n,d;aul lsÍu u.ska n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍfï l%shdj,sh wdrïN lrk ,È' ta wkqj" bj; ouk cx.u ÿrl:k" mß.Kl yd mß.Kl Wmdx. jeks úoHq;a yd bf,lafg%dksl wmøjH iy frday,a yd fi!LH fiajd wdh;kj,ska ckkh jk idhksl wmøjH jeks WmøjldÍ

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

wmøjH uÕska we;s úh yels fi!LH yd mßir ydksh j<lajd .ekSu fuu ksfhda. n,d;aul lsÍu ;=<ska isÿ lr.; yels h' ;j o" mßirhg ydksodhl ;;a;ajhka we;s lr,Sug yelshdj we;s úfYaIs; NdKav" tu NdKav wdkhkfha § fyda Y%S ,xldj ;=< ksIamdokh lsÍfï § mßir ixrCIK whnÿ l%uhla we;s lr,Sug yels jk mßÈ 2008 wxl 26 ork mßir ixrCIK nÿ mk; y÷kajd fok ,È' fuu mk;ska mejfrk ks;Suh m%;smdok l%shd;aul lsÍug 2008 wxl 3 ork mßir ixrCIK nÿ wh lsÍfï ksfhda. o ilia lrk ,È' tu ksfhda. 2008'07'22 Èke;s 1559$10 ork .eiÜ m;%fhka m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' tu ksfhda. n,d;aul lsÍu yryd rch fj; ,enqKq wruqo,ska mßir ixrCIK yd m%j¾Ok jevigyka fukau jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍug wjYH wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSu fuys wruqK úh' tneúka" wmf.a uq;=ka ñ;a;ka úiska ish ffoksl wjYH;djka imqrd.kakd w;ru u;= mrmqrg o tys m%;sM, N=la;s ú|sh yels whqßka ;;ald,Sk iudchg odhdo lrk ,o iajNdj O¾uhd úiska ks¾ñ; fuu wisßu;a mßirh j¾;udk yd wkd.; iudc wjYH;djka imqrd .ekSu i|yd ;srir ixj¾Okhla lrd fufyhjñka fï rfÜ iudc - wd¾Ól m%.ukh <Õd lr .ekSug W;aiql jk w;r" mßirh iq/lSug wejeis ffk;sl fukau m%dfhda.sl" l%shd;aul ;,fha jevigyka .Kkdjla id¾:l f,i bgq lr .ekSug yels úh'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

yß; Whkl" y,d y, úfika f;dr yqiu a fmdola wd¾' kqjka frdayK chr;ak

tl=ka úiaila" ishla jila mru wdhq j<|d mrf,da iem;a msxj;a wd;a;ïful=" wdf;l= .ek lk.dgqfjka oekqï fok wjux., oelaùula f¾äfhdajl" mqj;am;l wm fkdolsk ;rï h' fkdwik ;rï h' wm o wfma ore mrïmrdj o w;aolskqfha" yeg ye;a;E úfha § u ms<sldjla" fyda y!ohdndOhla je<| úfhda ùu fya;=fjka m<jk ksjka olsk;=re Tng fujka wl,a urKhla w;a fkd fõjd hk ixfõ.ckl jels h' kj;u m¾fhaIK jd¾;d fy<s lrkqfha wm wdYajdi lrk jd;dY%h ¥Il ldrhkaf.ka iukaú; ùu fujka wl,a ñheÿï i|yd tla fya;=ldrlhla nj h' —wfma ldf,a wms ldmq w, cd;s" fld< cd;s oeka bkak Wkag lkag ;shd olskakj;a msk kE' lkafku úi' fndkafku úi' b;sx rfÜ ke;s f,v˜ me/kafkda o mji;s' th ienE h' wfma wdÈ uq;=ka ñ;a;kag fuka ks,a, msreKq forKla"

ksoyfia yqiaula lgla .; yels ksli, jd;dY%hla" Ôú;h ú¢kakg yels l=re¨‍ msydgqjl ieye,a¨‍jla j¾;udk mrmqrg Wreu ù fkdue;' ta fydafuda fiamshka hq.fhys § YsIagdpdrfha i¿ .; ord úoHdfõ kdufhka .,a wúfhka Tíng ld¾hh úêu;a lr .ekSu i|yd iajdNdúl;ajh" fidndoyu hk jok wu;l lr oeóu ksid h' tfyhska fï id ld,hla ,eõ .skaklska" .sks l÷ mqmqrd hEulska" ¥ú,s l=Kdgqjlska muKla ÿIH jQ jdhq f.da,h 18jk ishjfia ld¾ñl úma,jh uÕska w;a lr .;a ch.%yK fuka u bka isÿ jQ uÈ mqxÑlï fya;=fjka ldnka fudfkdCIhsâ" ldnka vfhdCIhsâ" Bhï" ner f,day wka;rdodhl jdhq ¥IHldrl" ´fidaka wE ¥Il jdhQkaf.ka foord .sfha h' bÈka ñksid .skaor fidhd .ekSfuka wk;=re j isÿ jQ l¾udka; wdY%S; l%shdldrlï" r: jdyk Ndú;h" lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=" oyk l%shd wdÈh

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

zzwfma ldf,a wms ldmq w, cd;s" fld< cd;s oeka bkak Wkag lkag ;shd olskakj;a msk kE' lkafku úi' fndkafku úi' b;sx rfÜ ke;s f,v˜ me/kafkda o mji;s' th ienE h' wfma wdÈ uq;=ka ñ;a;kag fuka ks,a, msreKq forKla" ksoyfia yqiaula lgla .; yels ksli, jd;dY%hla" Ôú;h ú¢kakg yels l=re¨‍ msydgqjl ieye,a¨‍jla j¾;udk mrmqrg Wreu ù fkdue;'ZZ

fya;=fjka jd ;,hg tla jQ jdhq ¥IHldrl wxY=ka Yajik ud¾.fhka YÍr.; ùu fya;= fldg f.k udkj fi!LHh yd mßir wxYhka ys wys;lr n,mEï t,a, ùug mgka .;af;a h' fï ksid ñksidf.a Ñr meje;au ;SrKh lrk uq,a .,a n÷ hym;a ldhsl" udkisl fi!LHh yd ndysr mßirh hk wxYhka flfrys t,a, jQ whym;a n,mEu iq¨‍ mgq fkd fõ' tu jdhq ¥IHldrl wxY+ka Yajik ud¾.fhka YÍr.; ùu ;=< iajik frda. we;s ùfï

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

wjodku muKla fkdj isref¾ wfkl=;a wjhj lrd ixirKh ùu ;=<ska yDohdndO" wêl reêr mSvkh jeks Ôú; wjodkï iys; frda. .Khg jefgk frda.hka fuka u isysfkkqÿ wfmaCId fkdlrk ixl+, ;;ajhka jk wvq nr ore Wm;a we;sùï" orejkaf.a nqoaê j¾Okh wvqùï" wid;añl ;;a;ajhka" wd>d;h" ms<sld" fud<fha j¾Okh ÿn, ùï jeks ;;a;ajhka we;s ùfï m%jK;dj fï jk úg y÷kdf.k ;sfí' jdhq ¥IKh uÕska r;= t<s oe,a jQ ;j;a wx.hla jdhq ¥IHldrl uÕska iajdNdúl mßirh fj; t,a, jQ iqúYd, n,mEu hs' l=rd l=yqUqjdf.a isg ish¨‍ wdldrfha m%dŒyq Èfkka Èk jd ;,hg talrdYS jk ¥Is; jdhQka ksid isÿ jk ñysu~f,a WIaK;ajh by< hEu fya;=fjka O%ej m%foaYj, whsia l÷ Èh ùu" wêl WKqiqñka id.r c, uÜgu by< hEu iy Bg idfmaCI N+ñ m%udKhla c,fhka hgùu fuka u ld,.=‚l úm¾hdi yryd mßirhg isÿjk wys;lr n,mEï iïNdrh u; w;sYh mSvdjg m;a j isá;s' bka o fkdkej;S r:jdyk Ndú;fhka we;s jk ÿïl÷ f,dalh mqrd foaY foaYdka;rj, lïy,a fldaá m%fldaá .Kklska kef.k ÿï l÷ wdÈfhka jdhqf.da,h ;=< le,fUk jdhq ¥Il wxY+kaf.ka ksu jk wï," jeis Èh f,i fmdf<da ;,h u; weo jeàfuka jkdka;r ms<siaiS hEu" mfia iy c,fha wdï,sl;djh jeä ùu" mfia ridhksl whksl iu;=,s;Ndjh ì| jeàu yryd mi ksire ùu" c,c Ôùka úkdY ùu" mdxY= Ôúka úkdY ùu wd§ ;;a;aj we;s ùu olajd Rcq j n,mEï we;s lrhs' ñksia w;ska tod fuod;=r ìys jQ w.%.KH ks¾udKhlehs ie,flk W;a;Í;r wdorfha ixfla;h jk gÊ uyf,a lsß.re~

leghï mjd úlD;s lsÍug wï, jeis iu;a j ;sfí' ñys;,h u ldka;drhla fldg tla mf;dla YdLhla fyda .eínr fkdlsÍug ;rï ieyeis yelshdjla ´fidaka idkaøKfha ishqï CIqø wxY+kaf.a idkaøKh by< hEu u; isÿ úh yels nj jdhq f.da,h iïnkaO j m¾fhaIKhka ys kshef<k úoaj;=kaf.a ks.ukh hs' jdikdjlg fuka f;jk fm< rgla jYfhka" Y%S ,xldj zksy~ udrhdZ fyj;a jdhq ¥IH ldrlhka yd flfrk .kqfokqj, iajrEmh wfkl=;a uydoaùmhka yd iei£fïÈ" t;rï wjodkï wählg m;a ù ke;' Y%S ,xldj ;=< jdhQ ¥IKh isÿ jkqfha nyq, j r:jdyk uÕska jk w;r ta o" .=jkska yd c,h uÕska isÿ jk m%jdyk udOHj,g jvd f.dvìï m%jdyk udOH m%Odk fldg nj mÍCIK jd¾;d fmkajd fohs' tfia jqj o j¾;udkh jk úg fmdis, bkaOk Ndú;d fldg úÿ,sh ksmoùug fhduq ùu ;=< Y%S ,xldj jdhQ ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka j. lsj hq;= m%udKh m%udKd;aul j by< f.dia ;sfí' Y%S ,xldj ;=< niakdysr m<d; jdhQ ¥IKh by< u l,dmj,ska tlla jk w;r uykqjr" l=reKE., yd mq;a;,u k.r jdhQ ¥IKh jvd;a isÿ jk wfkl=;a k.r njg m;a j ;sfí' t fia isÿ ùug fya;= lsysmhls' m<uq j Y%S ,xldj ;=< ;ju;a l%shd;aul we;eï Ôjfkdamdhhka i|yd Ndú;d jk iïm%odhsl l¾udka; yd ine¢ ;dCIK l%ufõohka fjkqjg wvq mßir ydkshla isÿ jk kùk ;dCI‚l l%fudamdhka fj; keUqre fkdùu tla fya;=jls' ta fia u jdhq ¥Illdrl idkaøKhka ks;r wOHhkh lsÍu i|yd ñkqï yd úYaf,aIK myiqlï fuka u

úIh úfYaI{ oekqu ,xldj ;=< jdhq ;;a;aj l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSu iïnkaOfhka wju ùu jeks lreKq o óg n,mdk nj fmfka' t fia fyhska Èfkka Èk by< hk f.da,Sh WKqiqu yd wjfYaI n,mEï mokï lrf.k jdhq ¥IKh iïnkaOfhka ,xldfõ md¾YùhlrKh wju lsÍu i|yd úúO kS;s fr.=,dis iy m%ñ;Ska mkjd ;sfí' ta wkqj" 1980 wxl 47 ork cd;sl mdßißl mkf;a 23jk fþofha" jdhq ¥IHldrl jdhq f.da,hg tla lsÍu o~qjï ,eìh yels jrola nj olajd ;sfí' t fuka u fï jk úg uOHu mßir wêldßh yd mßirh úIh Ndr wud;HxYh iuÕ wfkl=;a wkqfhdack wdh;k jdhq ;;a;aj l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSu i|yd bkaOkj, m%ñ;sh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu iy jdykj,ska ksl=;a jk jd; ¥IHldrl ksid isÿ jk jdhqf.da,Sh ¥IKh md,kh lsÍu i|yd tlÕ jQ m%ñ;Ska m%ldYhg m;a fldg ;sfí' bÈka" ÿIs; ÿudrfhka wmú;% jQ yqiaula fjkqjg mDÓú forKu yß; Whkla fldg bka ksl=;ajk iqmsßisÿ jdhqfjka is; lh mqrjd .ekSug ,eî §>dhqu;a Èú fmfj;la .; lsÍug ,efnk ukqi;a Whkla fï forK u; ìys lr .ekSug yels jdikdj;a Èkla m%d¾:kd lrkq fjkqjg ta l¾;jH bgq lr .ekSug j.lsjhq;= md¾Yj fm< .eish hq;= ld,h jy jyd t<U ;sfí' ^oekg ld¾ñl m¾fhaIK wdh;kfha fcHIaG m¾fhaIK ;dCIK{hl= ^jdhq ;;a;aj& jk l;=jrhd jir .Kkdjla uOHu mßir wêldßfha jdhq iïm;a l<ukdlrKhg wod< wxYfha fiajh lf<a h' Tyq jdhq ;;a;aj l<ukdlrKh i|yd jk mßir úIh Ndr wud;HxYfha cd;sl WmfoaYl lñgqfõ fcHIaG idudðlhl= f,i o lghq;= lrhs'&

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wêl ñ, iys; f;,a n,d.dr fjkqjg yß; n,Yla;shg uq,a ;ek fok m%;sm;a;shlg úÿ,s lafIa;%h f.k hEug ug yels úh' rg ;=< 100] la úÿ,sh ,nd fok w;r jeä jk úÿ,s b,a¨u md,kh lsÍu i|yd ixrCIKh y÷kajd § kùk l<ukdlrK l%uYs,am Ndú;d lrk flakaøhla njg th m;a lsÍug wmg yels úh'

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f;,a ojd úk lák wfma wkd.;h udOj ffjoHr;ak

fmfg%da,shï fyj;a fmdis, bkaOk oykhg we;af;a flá b;sydihls' 1800 .Kkaj, w.Nd.fhka werfUk ld¾ñl úma,jh kï oejeka; hka;%h ÿjjk hdka;%Kh jQfha fmfg%da,shï fyj;a fmdis, bkaOk oykh hs' ieneúka u udkj YsIagdpdrfha uQ,sl moku jQfha .skaor mdol lr .;a oyk l%shdj,sh hs' Bg fya;=j jQfha 17,CIhla muK jQ Ôj úfYaI w;ßka .skaorg ìh fkdjQ" th oukh lr.;a tl u ffcj úfYaIh jQfha ñksid neúks' flfia fj;;a jir ì,shk .Kkdjla mqrd uyfmdf<dj ;=< fmdis, njg yerjqK fmfg%da,shï bkaOk fyj;a f;,a" .,a wÕ=‍re yd iajdNdúl .Eia j¾.j,ska jeä m%udKhla wms jir tlish .Kkla jeks flá ld,hla ;=< fõ.fhka ojd wjika fldg we;af;uq' fuys nrm;, nj we;af;a fmfg%da,shï bkaOkj, we;s zNdú;h;a iuÕ CIh ù hkZ iajNdjh ;=< h' l,lg

by; § m¾fhaIlhka úiska bÈßm;a l< yn¾Ü f;,a YsLrh ^Hubert Oil Peak& ixl,amhg wkqj ljr fyda fmfg%da,shï ksêhl f;,a ksIamdokh ld,h;a iuÕ Wmßu uqÿk;lg ^peak& <Õd jk w;r bka wk;=re j th flfuka my< niskakg mgka .kS' fuu wdlD;sh yqfol,d ksêhlg muKla fkdj iuia; f,dal ksIamdokhg o tl fia j,x.= h' t fia u f;,aj,g muKla fkdj .,a wÕ=‍re yd iajdNdúl jdhq jeks wfkl=;a bkaOk m%fNaohkag o wod< h' iqnjd§ wdl,am iys; fndfyda úoHd{hka mjikafka f,dal f;,a ksIamdokfha uqÿk; 2013-2020 w;r ld,h ;=< § <Õd jk nj hs' fï w;r wiqnjd§kaf.a u;h kï th fï jk úg;a wm fj; <Õd ù wjika nj hs' f,dalfha we;s ish¨‍ f;,a ksê fï jk úg;a .fõIKh fldg wjika j we;s w;r" oeka mßyrKhg yd mßfNdackhg ,la jkafka tajd h' w¨‍;ska fidhd .ekSug ;rï

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

wm Ndú;hg .kakd weuqKqï lgqfõ isg iqfLdamfNda.S r: jdyk" .=jkahdkd" kd kd úO mß.Kl fuj,ï" iqyqre ÿrl:k ^Smartphones&" M,l mß.Kl ^Tablet& wd§ fuj,ï wdÈfhka ikakoaO jQ kQ;k udkjhdf.a tal mqoa., Yla;s mßfNdackh lsf,dale,ß 234 oyils' fuh" m%d.a ft;sydisl udkjhdf.a ir, Yla;s wjYH;djh jQ lsf,dale,ß fooyi fuka 117 .=Khls'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

ie,lsh hq;= wu;r ksê f,dj ;=< fkdue;s nj ms<s.;a u;h hs' fï wkqj f,dalfha ish¨‍ f;,a ixÑ; ;j;a wjqreÿ 50 l muK iSudj ;=< iïmQ¾Kfhkau CIh ù hEug kshñ; j ;sfí' ir, wd¾Ól kHdhla jQ b,a¨‍ï-iemhqï kHdh wkqj n,k l, b,a¨‍u YS>%fhka jeä fjñka mj;akd fmfg%da,shïj, iemhqu my< nis;a u tys ñ, .Kka wyi Wig <Õd ùu k;r l< yels lsisu c.;l= f,dj ;=< fkdisákq we;' f,dj lsisÿ foaYmd,k{hl=g" mCIhlg fyda rchlg fï wNsfhda.h ch.; yelalla fkdjkq we;' fï ksid kqÿre wkd.;fha u wm fj; t<fUk f;,a ke;s f,djl Ôj;a jkafka flfia o hk .eg¨‍j wo udkjhd wìuqfjys mj;sk m%Odk;u wNsfhda.h hs' tys nrm;,lu W.% jkafka udkjhdf.a m%jdyk" ksIamdok" .Dyia: úÿ,s yd ;dm Yla;s wjYH;djkaf.ka 80-90] m%udKhla msßuefikafka fmdis, bkaOk uÕska ùu hs' fmdis, bkaOk oykh uÕska ks¾udKh flfrk wfkla w¾nqoh jkafka mdßißl yd ld,.=‚l w¾nqoh hs' fuu.ska úfudapkh jk yß;d.dr jdhq (Greenhouse gas) ksid we;sjk yß;d.dr wdprKh (Greenhouse effect) udkj ixy;sfhys meje;au nrm;, f,i wNsfhda.hg ,la fldg ;sfí' wmf.a .a,eishr ^whsia l÷& Èh ùu yd ì| jeàu oekgu;a wdrïN ù ;sfí' f.da,Sh WKqiqu by< hEu ksid l÷lr fmfoia j,g jisk jeis ;j ÿrg;a ysu njg mßj¾;kh fkd fõ' tys wre; jkafka jika;fha § yd .sïydkfha § l%ñlj Èh ù hEug kshñ; ysu ;Ügq fjkqjg YS; iufha § .,d hk c, oyrd we;s ùu hs' tys m%;sM,hla f,i j.d ìï md¨‍ ù hEfuka f,dal wdydr w¾nqohlg uÕ mEfokq we;' fï

w;r f.da,Sh WKqiqu by< hEu ;=<ska úmÍ; ld,.=K ;;a;ajhka tkï kshx" .xj;=r" jeis" l=Kdgq kdh hEï wdÈh we;s ùu;a wfkla miska .a,eishr Èh ùu ksid we;s jk id.r c, uÜgu by< hEu yd tuÕska we;sjk iuqø Ldok n,mEu;a" .a,eishr nr wvq ùu ksid mDÓúfha uydoaùmsl ;eá ^Tectonic Plates& j, l%shdldß;ajh by< hEu ksid" N+ p,k" .sksl÷ msmsÍï" iqkdñ wd§ iajdNdúl jHikhka we;sùu;a by< hkq we;' tla mfilska f,dalfha ck.yKh YS>% f,i by< hñka mj;S' 1980 j¾Ifha mej;s f,dal ck.yK

w.h 2030 § fo.=K jkq we;ehs wfmaCId flf¾' wfkla miska oelafjkafka ck;djf.a Ôjk uÜgu by< hEu f,i wm y÷kd.kakd l%shdj,sh ;=< tal mqoa., Yla;s yd iïm;a mßfNdackh YS>% f,i by< hEuhs' wm Ndú;hg .kakd weuqKqï lgqfõ isg iqfLdamfNda.S r: jdyk" .=jkahdkd" kd kd úO mß.Kl fuj,ï" iqyqre ÿrl:k ^Smartphones&" M,l mß.Kl ^Tablet& wd§ fuj,ï wdÈfhka ikakoaO jQ kQ;k udkjhdf.a tal mqoa., Yla;s mßfNdackh lsf,dale,ß 234 oyils' fuh" m%d.a ft;sydisl udkjhdf.a ir, Yla;s wjYH;djh jQ lsf,dale,ß fooyi fuka 117 .=Khls' fï Yla;sh bmoùu i|yd wm iQrd ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

ms<sn| j wm ;ju;a yß yeá fkdokakd neúks' ì,shk 6'8la jQ mDÓú ck.yKfha m%udKh;a" weußlka fvd,¾ 10"000 la muK jQ tal mqoa., ksIamdokh ;=<ska u;= jk f,dal wd¾Ól l%shd oduhkaf.a mßudKh;a fl;rï oejeka; jkafkao h;a tuÕska mDÓúfha iajdNdúl moaO;Ska u; we;s l< oejeka; wekaf;%dfmdfcksl ^ñksid úiska we;s l<& n,mEu ;ju;a jgyd .ekSug yelshdjla ,eî fkdue;'

.kafka uyfmdf<dj i;= iajdNdúl iïm;a nj wuq;=fjka lsjhq;= ke;' fï iïm;a ,hsia;=fõ by<skau we;af;a f,dalfha ksIamdok yd wd¾Ól l%shdj,Skaf.ka 80-90] w;r m%udKhla n,.kajkakd jQ fmfg%da,shï fyj;a fmdis, bkaOk oykh hs' fmdis, bkaOk Ndú;h uÕska wmf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajhka Wiia jQjd fia u bka mßirh u; we;s l< wkfmaCIs; fuka u wkjYH w;=re m%;sM, rdYshls' fkdfn,a ;Hd. iïudks; úoHd{hl= jQ fmda,a l%eÜika" mDÓú b;sydih ;=< j¾;udk hq.h ye¢kaùu i|yd zwekaf;%dfmdiSkZ hk fhÿu Ndú;d lf<a h' zñksid ;ekQ hq.hZ hk wre;a we;s fï .%Sl fhÿfuka l%eÜika woyia lf<a ;SrKd;aul mDÓú moaO;Ska fndfyduhla udkj j¾.hd úiska nrm;, f,i wjq,a fldg oud we;s nj hs' bÈßfha § fujeks fjk;a wkfmaCIs; úiauhka wkdjrKh lr .ekSug fyda lgql whqßka bf.k .ekSug wmg isÿ jk nj ielhlska f;dr j lsj yelafla" udkj ixy;sh úiska mDÓúhg isÿ lrk we;eï nrm;, ydks

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

tfy;a w¾nqofha .eUqfrys ;sfnk háfm< w¾:h jgyd fkd.kakd we;eful= ;¾l lrkqfha Okjd§ rgj,a fï jk úg w;a lrf.k isák fN!;sl ÈhqKqj lrd hEug ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akdjQ wm jeks rgj,g o iodpdrd;aul whs;shla we;s nj hs' tfy;a fï ;¾lh miqìfuys we;s lgql h:d¾:h myod fokafka fï iïnkaOj isÿ lrk ,o úoHd;aul .fõIKhls' f,dal foll fikdßh ^Two world scenario& hkqfjka oelafjk ñka lshefjkafka bkaÈhdj yd Ökh hk rgj,a fol ngysr f,dalfha mj;sk fN!;sl ixj¾Ok uÜgu lrd f.k taug muKla mDÓúh fuka fo.=Khl iïm;a wjeis nj hs' fuh lsis od w;a lr .; fkdyels ufkdardðl isyskhla nj ñka meyeÈ,s jkq we;' fï w¾nqofhka .e,eù.kafka fl fia o hkak oeka oeka f,dj úoaj;=ka w;r l;sldjg ,la jk uQ,sl lreKls' fï i|yd wka;¾ cd;sl uÜgñka idlÉPdjg Ndckh jk lreKq lsysmhls' m<uq úi÷u f,i bÈßm;a jkafka fmdis, bkaOk oykh fjkqjg úl,am jYfhka" mqk¾ckkh jkakdjQ ^tkï Ndú;h iuÕ CIh ù fkdhk&

wys;lr úfudapkhka wju jQ ;srir fyj;a yß; Yla;s m%Njhka Ndú; lsÍuhs' iQ¾h" iq<x" N+ ;dm" id.r r< yd Woï jeks ;srir iajdNdúl m%Njhka fukau Ydluh ffcj ialkaO" lDIsld¾ñl yd .Dyia: wmøjH mokï lr.;a oyk jdhq ckkh" ffcjóf;aklrKh" fmg%,a i|yd wdfoaYl jQ ffcj t;fkda,a yd fu;fkda,a ksIamdokh" YdL f;,a j¾. wdY%fhka ksmefhk ffcj ãi,a" yhsv%cka ksIamdokh wd§ úúO ;dCIKhka jd‚c uÜgñka fukau m¾fhaIK uÜgñkao l%shd;aul fõ' tfy;a mj;sk ;dCIKh wkqj f,dalfha uq¿ Yla;s wjYH;dj imqrd,Sug fuh m%udKj;a fõ o hkak újdohg n÷ka jQ ldrKhls' fojk úi÷u jkafka n,Yla;s Ndú; lrk WmlrKhkays ld¾hCIu;dj by< kxjñka jeh jk uq¨‍Yla;s m%udKh b;sß lr .ksñka CIh ù hk iïm;aj, wdhq ld,h ;rula fyda È.=ler .ekSu hs' n,Yla;s ld¾hCIu úÿ,smyka" f.a fodr WmlrK" ixrCIK l%ufõo" keKj;a n,Yla;s Ndú;h" fouqyqka jdyk" úÿ,s jdyk jeks bkaOk ld¾hCIu;djfhka by< yd l=vd jdyk Ndú;h" ksis ud¾. YsCIKh wd§ l%fudamdhhka fhdod .ekSu hs' f;jkqj bÈßm;a jk jvd;a jeo.;a úi÷u jkafka wmf.a Ôjk rgdjka fuka u n,Yla;s Ndú;h ms<n s | wm ;=< we;s wdl,am Wvq hál=re lrjk iq¨‍ a , Yla;s iqiudo¾Yuh ^paradigm& fjkils' tal mqo. yd iïm;a mßfNdackh YS>% f,i by< hEu .ek

uq,§ i|yka lf<uq' fuys ,d meyeÈ,sj fmkS hk iroïldÍ ,CIKhls' tkï Ôjk ;;a;ajfhka by<g md ;nñka wfma Ôú;fha lghq;= myiq lr .ekSu i|yd <x lr.kakd fuj,ï uÕska w;a jk l=iS;lu;a" ta ksidu md,khg ,lajk iajdNdúl ffcj l%shdj,S;a ksid YÍrh ;=< by< hk iSks yd fldf,iagfrda, ojd .ekSug jHdhdï Yd,djlg hk wms" wfma f.or fuj,ï yd jHdhdï WmlrK hk foj¾.fha u l%shdldß;ajh i|yd n,Yla;sh jeh lrkafkuq' j¾;udk iudc ikao¾Nh ;=< wm w;a lr .ekSug fjr orkafka wêmßfNdackh mokï lr.;a" w¾nqohla lrd .uka lrñka ;sfnk Ôjk rgdjls' ir, wjYH;d imsfrk nyq NdKaäl yd ixlS¾K núka ñÿKq ir, Èúfmfj;l /÷kq iqjodhl nj wd.u oyu úiskao ikd: fldg ;sfí' md.ukska fyda ir, jdykhlska hd yels .uklg wkjYH n,Yla;s kdia;shla isÿlsÍu wmrdOhla fukau w¾nqohg w; jekSuls' ysref.ka t<sh jk" iq<.ska isis,a jk mßirhla fldgqlr th t<sh lsÍug yd isis,a lsÍug Yla;sh jehlsÍu mdmhls' Ôú;fha yeu wjia:djlu ir, yd iajdNdúl whqßka imhd.; yels wjYH;djhlg wkjYH f,i n,Yla;sh kdia;s fkdlrk Ôjk rgdjla yd iú{dksl;ajhla wmg j¾Okh lr .; yels kï wmf.a oEia bÈßfha u ks¾udKh fjñka mj;sk fï iqúi,a w¾nqoh ch .; yels tl u uÕ o th u jkq we;'

f;,a ke;s f,djlg t<sh fok yß; n, W,am;a mdG,S pïmsl rKjl ^zfyg uq¿ rg t<shhsZ lD;sfhka Wmqgd .eksK&

f;,a ke;s f,dalh flfia fjhs o@ kej;;a wmg yq¿ t<s yd mkaoï hq.hla" nrlr;a; hq.hla yd ó .j kÕ=‍,a hq.hla Wodfjhs o@ fmdis, bkaOk fhdod .ksñka wm f.dvkÕdf.k we;s oejeka; k.r" keõ" .=jka hdkd" hdk jdykj,g túg l=ula fõú o@ fldákau ñksia YsIagdpdrh túg wjika o@ f,dalh me;af;ka fï ms<sn|j is;d" 2030 jk úg f,dfõ n,Yla;s wjYH;dj c,h" iq<x yd iQ¾h n,fhka ;kslru iemhsh yels l%ufõohla tCI;a ckmo úoaj;=ka fofofkl= jk ud¾la cefldìhka yd ud¾la fv,sõ hk fofokd bÈßm;a lr we;' Tjqkaf.a u jokaj,ska th fu fia h' —wo ^2009& Wmßu úÿ,s n,Yla;s mßfNdackh igyka jkafka fgrdfjdÜ 12'5 ^á‍%,shk fjdÜ&

f,ih' wkd.; mqfrdal:k wkqj fuh 2030 § 16.9 TW o" 2050 § 30 TW o fõ' wm fï w;sf¾l

Yla;sh fmdis, bkaOkj,ska <Õd lr.ekSug .shfyd;a th ;j;a fkdúi÷Kq m‍%Yak .Kkla we;s lrhs' kuq;a wm ;sridr n,Yla;sh jk c,h" iq<`." iQ¾hhd ^WWS& Ndú;d l<fyd;a m<uq j fï b,a¨‍u 11.5 TW olajd wvq lr .; yel' ukao úÿ,slrKh úiska ld¾hCIu;dj by< kxjk ksid h' WodyrKhla f,i ãi,a fhdod.;a jdykhl ld¾hh lsÍu i|yd jehjkafka 20]l muK Yla;shls' wfklajd ;dmh f,i ydks fõ' kuq;a fuh úÿ,s n,fhka ÿjhs kï tys ld¾hh m‍%udKh 75-80] ;rï by< w.hlg .; yel' fl fia fj;;a" wmf.a;a fjk;a whf.a;a ióCIK wkqj f,dalh mqrd iq<x Yla;sh 1,700 TW muK o" iQ¾h Yla;sh 6,500 TW olajd o we;' th jqjukd m‍%udKh fuka fo;=ka ish .=Khls'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

wkd.; f,dalfha b;du n,j;a fuka u jeo.;a u n,h jkafka —Yla;shhs˜' flfkla Yla;sh ksmojkafka flfia o@" tys whs;sh we;af;a ldg o@" tys ñ, .Kka ljrla o@" th ish¨‍ fokdg myiqfjka ,nd.; yels o@" th mßirhg lrkd n,mEu l=ula o@ hk m‍%Yak u; n,Yla;sfhys w.h ;SrKh fõ'

újD; ihqr" mßir wdrCIK m‍%foaY" l÷lr m‍%foaY wd§ ish,af,a .eíj we;s iq<x" iQ¾h Yla;sh bj;a l< o" 40-85 TW olajd iq<x Yla;shla o" 580 TW olajd jQ iQ¾h Yla;shla o Wlyd .; yels nj ióCIK fmkajd fohs' kuq;a fï jkúg ^2009& wm Wlydf.k we;af;a 0.02 TW jQ iq<x n,hla yd 0.008 TW jQ iQ¾h n,hla mu‚' wfma ie,iqu ;j jir 10lska" 20lska isÿjk ;dCIK ÈhqKqj ms<sn| j fkd;lñka wo mj;sk ;dCIK ÈhqKqj u; mokï j c,h" iq<x yd iQ¾h n,fhka jev lrkd f,dalhla ;ekSu hs' wmf.a ie,iqug wkqj Yla;sh wjYH fõ,djg ld,dkqrEmj ksl=;a lsÍfï yelshdjg o hg;a c,h" iq<x yd iQ¾h n,fha b;du ld¾hCIu iïñY‍%Khla we;s lr.kakd ,È' t wkqj 2030 wjYH;djfhka ^11.5 TW& 9]l c,h ^c, úNjh" uqyqÿ r< yd N+ ;dmh& weiqre lr f.k ksmojk nj;a" 51]la iq<x n,fhka ksmojk nj;a" 40]la mS'ù' iQ¾h yd iS'tia'à' iQ¾h n,fhka ksmojk nj;a wfmdayKh lrkd ,È' wjYH Yla;sfhka 51]la ^5.86 TW& iemhSu i|yd 5 MW j¾.fha iq<x g¾nhsk ñ,shk 3'8la ^30] m‍%dfhda.sl Odß;dj iys;j& wjYH fõ' fuh neÆ ne,aug úYd, ld¾hhla f,i fmkqk o iEu jirlu ld¾ yd r:jdyk ñ,shk 71la f,dalh ksmojk nj isyshg .; hq;=h' wjYH Yla;sfhka 40]la ^4.6 TW& ksmoùu iQ¾h Yla;shg Ndr fõ' fuhska 30]la muK oekg mj;sk ksjdi yd jdKsc f.dvkeÕs,sj, jy,j,a ì,shk 1'7 ^0.003 TW& iQ¾h fldaI ^mS'ù& njg mßj¾;kfhka ,nd .; yel' b;sßh i|yd

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

^300 MW& m‍%udKfha uyd iQ¾h n,d.dr 89"000la muK wjYH flf¾ ^17]l m‍%dfhda.sl Odß;dj iys;j&' tfukau" c,h .ek i,ld n,oa§ ;j;a by< .Kfha ^1300 MW j,ska by<& n,d.dr 900la fyda thg iß,k Odß;djla wjYH w;r" oekgu;a thska 70]la muK f,dfõ we;' fuhg wu;r j jvÈh - ndÈh u; l%shd lrkd n,d.dr 490"000 ^1 MW ne.ska& iy N+ ;dm n,d.dr 5"350 ^100 MW ne.ska& we;s l< hq;= h' by; lS ñ,shk 3'8la jQ iq<x n,d.dr i|yd j¾. ls'ó' 50la muK ^f,dfõ bvïj,ska 1]la muK& wjYH flf¾' jy,j,a u; fkdjk iQ¾h fldaI 89"000 i|yd j¾. ls'ó' 16'5la muK wjYH flf¾' fuh úYd, bvï m‍%udKhla jQj;a iq<x g¾nhska i|yd Ndú; jk bvïj, hg fldgi fjk;a lghq;= i|yd o Ndú; l< yel' tfukau by; lS n,h .,a wÕ=‍re n,d.drj,ska imhkafka kï ta i|yd by< .Kfha n,d.dr ^1500 MW&

13"000la muK wjYH fõ' .,a wÕ=‍re n,d.drhg" wÕ=‍re wx.khg" .,a wÕ=‍re m;,g hk bvï i,ld n,kd úg fuh o b;d úYd, w.hla nj lsj hq;=h' tfukau .,a wÕ=‍re n,d.drhl mú;‍% lghq;= i|yd jirlg Èk 46la ^12'5]& jid ou;a § iq<x n,d.drhla jid oukafka Èk 07la ^2]& yd iQ¾h n,d.drhla Èk 07la ^2]& f,i nj o ie,lsh hq;= h' fï i|yd b;d jákd Lksc jk ,s;shï" bkaÈhï" ma,eákï" is,aj¾" ksfhdachsñhï" fg,sßhï jeks uQ,øjH wjYH lrhs' ta i|yd ;dCI‚l ueÈy;a ùula yd wuqøjH fnod yod .ekSula wjYH h' fï i|yd jQ uQ,sl uqo, fvd,¾ á‍%,shk 100la f,i ie,fla' f,dalfha jd¾Isl o< foaYSh ksIamdokh fvd,¾ á‍%,shk 60la f,i .;a úg fuh t;rï iqúYd, wdfhdackhla fkd fõ' fojk f,dal hqo iufha tCI;a ckmofha" reishdfõ yd hqfrdamfha ish¨‍ lïy,a wú ksmoùug" .=jka

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

hdkd ksmoùug fhduq l<d fia kj foaYmd,k wêIaGdkhla f,djg wjYH lrhs' t;ek § oekg mj;sk fmdis, bkaOk jHdmdrfha Okh Wmhk msßiaj, n,mEu fkd;ld yeßh yels foaYmd,k wêIaGdkh b;d m‍%uqL h' m‍%jdyk lafIa;‍%fha o fouqyqka jdyk fukau wjidk jYfhka iQ¾h fyda iq<x n,h úiska ksmojk yhsv‍%cka fhdod.;a jdyk negß n,fhka ÿjk jdyk" iQ¾h n,fhka ÿjk keõ fyda .=jka hdkd bÈß ld,fha m‍%jdyk lafIa;‍%fha úma,jhla isÿ lrkq we;' bÈß oYlh ;=< fujeks fjkia u`.l hEu l<fyd;a f,dalhg kj wkd.;hla we;s jkq we;˜' f,dalfha ;;a;ajh th hs' ,xldfõ ;;a;ajh ljrla o@ ,xldfõ oekg Wmßu úÿ,s wjYH;djh 2000 MW muK fõ' thska 1200 MW muKu c, úNjfhka imsf¾' kuq;a Yla;sh f,i .;a l< iemefhkafka 30-45] w;r m‍%udKhls' l=vd uOHu c, jHdmD;s o i,ld neÆ l, ;j;a

^oekg mj;sk 170 MW wu;rj& 400 MW muK ks¾udKh l< yel' fï wkqj c, Yla;sh 18002000 MW ;;a;ajhg Wmßu f,i f.k wd yel' úÿ,s b,a¨‍u iS>‍%fhka jeäjk fyhska 2030 jkúg ,xldfõ by<u úÿ,s b,a¨‍u 7000 MW muK jkq we;' fï ksid w;sf¾l 5000 MW iq<x" iQ¾h" bkaOk yd N+ ;dmfhka iemhsh hq;=h' Ôj bkaOk uÕska ,nd.; yels Wmßu cjh 1000 MW jk w;r" ta i|yd fojeks j.djla" há j.djla fyda mQ¾K j.djla f,i fylaghdr 800"000la muK ixúOdkd;aulj j.d l< hq;=h' c,h fuka u Ôj bkaOk o mokï n,hla fõ' Y‍%S ,xldfõ iq<x n,fha úNjh 25,000 MW f,i i,ld we;' fuhska wvqu ;rñka 4,000 MW j;a Wlyd .; hq;= h' ta i|yd 1 MW cjd.dr 4"000la wjYH fõ' tfuka u iQ¾h n,h uÕska ksjdi yd f.dvkeÕs,sj, wvq u ;rñka ñ,shkhla jy,j,a iQ¾h n,hg ^1 KW& fhduq l<fyd;a t;ek 1000 MW n,hla we;s l< yel' iQ¾h WoHdk yryd ;j;a 1000 MW n,hla we;s l< yel' fï i|yd fvd,¾ ì,shk 10la muK jeh fõ' flfia fj;;a" fï i|yd wmf.a fnod yeÍï moaO;sh yd iïfma‍%IK moaO;sh iajhxl%Sh iqmsß ^Smart Grid& ;;a;ajhg m;a l< hq;= h'

wkd.; f,dalh wkd.; f,dalfha b;du n,j;a fuka u jeo.;a u n,h jkafka —Yla;shhs˜' flfkla Yla;sh ksmojkafka flfia o@" tys whs;sh we;af;a ldg o@" tys ñ, .Kka ljrla o@" th ish¨‍ fokdg

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

myiqfjka ,nd.; yels o@" th mßirhg lrkd n,mEu l=ula o@ hk m‍%Yak u; n,Yla;sfhys w.h ;SrKh fõ' wksjd¾hfhkau mj;sk ;dCIKhg úi÷ï ke;s jqjfyd;a b;=rej we;s n,Yla;s m‍%Nj i|yd udrl ;r.hla weú<S hkq fkd wkqudk h' th oekgu;a fmdis, bkaOk yd Y,al i|yd we;s ù ;sfí' bÈßfha § iQ¾h n,h iemhsh yels ldka;dr" iq<x n,h iemhsh yels m‍%foaY fuka u tlS cjd.dr ks¾udKh i|yd fhdod .kakd wuqøjH i|yd udrl fmdrhla we;s úh yel' tCI;a cd;Ska we;=¿ wdh;k úiska jvd;a m‍%cd;ka;‍%jd§ f,i úi¢h hq;= m‍%Yakh n,Yla;sh i|yd jk fmdrh" hqoaOh yd ;‍%ia;jdoh njg yerùu je<elaùu h' t fuka u mdßißl jHik ksid w;=reoyka jk YsIagdpdr yd irKd.;hka jk ck;dj w;r" ;‍%ia;jdoh jHdma; ùu je<elaùu h' tCI;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh kHIaÀl n,j;=kaf.a .‍%yKfhka ñÿKq m‍%cd;ka;‍%jd§ wdh;khla úh hq;= h' cd;Hka;r uQ,H wdh;k jeä jeäfhka mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;sh i|yd wdfhdackh lrkd" mdßißl jHikj,g jkaÈ f.jkd wdh;k úh hq;= h' kej; fkd,efnk bkaOk yd mßirh u; jHikh mgjk bkaOk i|yd f,dal mßudkfhka hï nÿ mekùula o n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh hq;= h' tfy;a th oekgu;a n,j;a cd;Skaf.a ;j;a wúhla ùu je<elaúh hq;= h' f.da,Sh WKqiqu ms<sn| idlÉPdj, wjidk tlÕ;djh tjeks ;srir ixj¾Okhla i|yd mdr lmkakla úh hq;= h' wkd.; f,dalfha ;dCIKh iS>‍%fhka fjkia fõ' ;dCIK úma,j 04la wm bÈßmsg oekg u;= ù we;' tajd kï"

01' lajkagï mß.Klh iuÕ tk f;dr;=re ;dCIKfha kj úma,jh yd thska we;s jk wiSñ; ihsn¾ wjldYh 02' b;d CIqø úoHdjla jQ kefkda ;dCIKfhka we;s lrk n,mEu' idudkH f,dalfha § isÿ l< fkdyels oE kefkda f,dalfha § isÿ ùu ksid tuÕska n,Yla;s yd wuq øjH lafIa;‍%fha we;s úh yels wiSñ; úma,jh' 03' Ôj cdk úoHdfõ fmr<sh' fuuÕska udkjhdf.a wdhq ld,h" Ôj yeisÍu" fi!LHh yd wkkH;djhg we;s lrk n,mEu' th u Tyqf.a n,Yla;s mßfNdackhg yd iudc Ôú;hg we;s lrkd wiSñ; n,mEu' 04' CIqø iakdhq ;ka;= úoHdfõ we;s jk úma,jh' tuÕska udkj p¾hd rgdjka" udkisl rgdjka i|yd we;s lrk n,mEu yd l<ukdlrKfha § tlS isoaOdka; fhdod .ekSu ksid udkj iudc jHqyfhka isÿjk fmr<sh' fuh wOHdmkh" jHdmdr fuka u foaYmd,k jHqyhka nrm;, fjkia lulg ,la lrkq we;' ;dCIKfha isÿ jk fï p;=¾ úma,jhkaf.a m‍%dfhda.sl wruqKla jkjd we;af;a" -

fmdis, bkaOk oykh ksid we;s ù we;s jdhQ ¥IKh je<elaúh yels o hkakg ;dCI‚l úi÷ula ,nd §u

mßirhg ydkslr fkdjk f,i Yla;sh ksmoùug mj;sk ;dCIKhka jvd;a ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

M,odhS yd ld¾hCIu lsÍu' kj úÿ,s WmlrK" cjd.drj, ld¾hCIu;dj by< oeóu" f;dr;=re cd, uÕska" Yla;s cd,hka ld¾hCIu lsÍu" mdßfNda.slhd Yla;s b;=rej i|yd oekqj;a lsÍu wdÈh'

;dCIKh" úoHdj tlS m‍%Yak ld,hdf.a wejEfuka úi|k nj h' j;auk jvd;a u ÈhqKq nj úYajdi lrkd ,È' wkd.;h thg;a jvd ÈhqKq úh hq;= nj m‍%ldY lrk ,È' j¾Okh f;audj jQ w;r" th wd¾Ól j¾Okh úh'

;srir kj Yla;s m‍%fNao ks¾udKh yd m‍%p,s; lsÍu wdÈh hs

wms udkjhdf.a nqoaêhg yd yelshdjg ks.d Èh hq;= fkdfjuq' kuq;a Tyqf.a yelshdjg iSud we;' Tyq ;j;a Ôúfhls' mßirfha u ;j;a fjka l< fkdyels fldgils' udkjhd ;uka fkdjk f,dalh ch.ekSug .shfyd;a th ñysl; u; fyf;u ms<s,hla lrkq we;' ñksia ;Kaydj ch.ekSug ljr ;dCIKhlg fyda fkdyel' úkdYfhka .e,ùug udkj Ñka;kh wfkld flf¾;a" mßirh flf¾;a" u;= mrmqr flf¾;a iudkd;au;djfhka fufyhúh hq;=h' tla úoHdjla fkdj" oyia úoHdjka mokï úh hq;af;a fï iudkd;au;d o¾Ykh u;h'

ngysr f,dalfha hqfrdamh mokï lrf.k u;= jQ —udkj jdofha˜ yrh jQfha udkjhd ish,a,g uQ,sl h" Tyqg ish,a, ch .; yels h hk wfmaCId iy.; wdl,amh hs' udkj jdoh iu`. kQ;k jdoh o" úoHd;aul úma,jh o" ld¾ñl úma,jh o .,d wdfõ h' ld¾ñl úma,jh ckhd fld,a,lk wêrdcHjdohla úh' miqj mßirh fld,a,lk ixj¾Ok udÈ,shla úh' túg mek keÕ=‍Kq iEu m‍%Yakhlg u ms<s;=r f,i lSfõ

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

w÷re mßir ¥Ilhdf.a fid÷re kj uqyK q j q r tka' ví,sõ' wdkkao ú;dkf.a

iajdNdúl mßirfhka Wlyd.;a fmdis, bkaOk iqúfYaI jQ wuqøjHhls' Y;j¾I .Kkdjla ;=< tl;= jQ ldnksl ixfhda. mq`t,a iajdNdúl l%shdoduhlska miq iEÿkq fmdis, bkaOkj,ska ,nd .kakd øj bkaOkj, Wmfhda.S;djh u.ska úúO l¾udka; ,enQ m%.;sh w;s uy;a h' kj ixl,amhka uqÿka muqkqjd .ekSï jia wkjr; ks¾udKlrKfha fhfok ñksid th idCId;a lr.ekSfï§ noaO jk ish¨u r`t yd lgql l%shdoduhka mD:sú ix>glh flfrys ñ;%;ajhla kï fkd.kS' fmd,s;ska yd ma,diaála ys kQ;k úldYkh ks¾udKYS,S jqjo" th mßirhg uqodÆ miq iajdNdúl mßirh yd ffcj úúO;ajh fjkia lsÍfuys ,d lgql ld¾hNdrhl kshef<ñka mj;S' tfiau" fuu fÄojdplh ks¾ñ; mßirfha meje;au o" ;sriaÖkNdjh o wNsfhda.hg ,la

lrk idOlhla njg m;aù we;s nj h<s h<s;a ;yjqre l< hq;= fkdfõ' È.=odu yhsfv%dldnk f,i we;s >k ma,diaála kej; øj iy jdhq bkaOk f,i mßj¾;kh l< yels jQ ;dCIKh" iajdNdúl mßirfha ì| jegqkq Ndjhka h<s mqnqÿ l< yels jkq fkdfõo@ th ienEjgu wm Èjhsfka isÿfjñka mj;S' jdKsc k.rj, isg uyd jeis jkdka;r olajd jHdma; jk fmd,s;Ska ma,diaála mßir uqiqj ksud lrñka bkaOk uQ,dY%hla f,i m;aùu tu ks¾udKlrejkaf.a m%;sNdj fudkjg fmkakqï lrhs' bj;,k fmd,s;Ska ma,diaála fkdue;s Y%S ,xldj tajd bkaOk wdfoaYlhla f,i ks¾udKh lrk úg wmf.a ì| jegqkq wd¾:slh o Okd;aulj W;af;ackh lrkq we;'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

fydrK wdfhdack m%j¾Ok l,dmfha bÈù we;s fmd,smafgda ,xld mqoa.,sl iud.u by; ld¾hh ±kgu;a isÿlrk w;r" tu bkaOk Ndú;fhka cd;sl úÿ,sn, moaO;shg n,h iemhSfï fuu mßir ys;ldó l%shdj,sfhka fyg Èk il%sh f,i odhl jkq we;'

kj ksmehqu ( fmagkaÜ n,m;% wxlh - 14725 ksmehqïlre ( tka' ví,sõ' wdkkao ú;dkf.a

jdKsc k.rj, isg uyd jeis jkdka;r olajd jHdma; jk fmd,s;ska ma,diaála mßir uqiqj ksud lrñka bkaOk uQ,dY%hla f,i m;aùu tu ks¾udKlrejkaf.a m%;sNdj fudkjg fmkakqï lrhs'

cd;Hka;r fmagkaÜ j¾.SlrKh ( COILI/00.1/16 ;dCIKsl we.hSï ( fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,h rch iuÕ .súiqï .;ùu ( ksmehqïlre" fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,h" uOHu mßir wêldßh m¾fhaIK jHdmD;s ( m<uq kshuq jHdmD;sh háhkaf;dg Odß;dj ( Èklg ,Sg¾ 250 w¾O jdKsc jHdmD;sh ( fydrK wdfhdack m%j¾Ok l,dmh Odß;dj ( Èklg ,Sg¾ 2"000 ;dCIKh ( ma,diaála hkq yhsfv%dldnka È.=odu f,i msysgd ;sîuhs' tu yhsfv%dldnka È.=odu W;afm%arl Ndú;d lr" LkaOkh lr Èhr njg m;a lr" tu Èhrh WIaK;ajh Ndú;d lr wdijk l%shdj,sh uÕska øj bkaOk iy .Eia bkaOk njg mßj¾;kh flfrhs'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

jHdmD;sfhka ,efnk mdßißl" iudchSh iy wd¾Ól jdis fmd,s;Ska mßirhg uqodyeÍu ksid wo jk úg mdßißl jYfhka isÿ ù ;sfnk jHikh iq¨ mgq fkdfõ' i;d isõmdjd mjd fmd,s;Ska wdydrhg .eksu ksid tu i;=ka urKhg m;aùu Èfkka Èk by< hhs' tfiau ma,diaála" fmd,s;Ska k.r w,xlrKhg fukau mdßißl w,xlrKhg o iDcqju ndOlhla ù we;' by; jHdmD;sh uÕska fuu ish¨ mdßißl úkdYhkag ;s; ;eìh yel' bÈßfha § bj;,k ma,diaála iy fmd,s;Skaj,ska f;dr › ,xldjl isyskh fuu jHdmD;sh ksid ienElr .ekSu jeä wE;l fkdfõ' fuu jHdmD;sh yryd lrk ksIamdokh 100] foaYsh ksIamdokhla jk w;r" bÈßfha § úfoaY rgj, o › ,dxlSh jHdmdrhla jYfhka ia:dmkh lsßu iy tuÕska úfoaYSh úksuh › ,xldjg úYd, jYfhka ,nd.ekSug yels ùu' fuu jHdmD;sh hgf;a niakdysr m<df;a l¿;r Èia;s%lalfha kdf.dv frday," fydrK frday," mdkÿr ÿïßh ia:dkh" fydrK ;CIs,d úÿy, wd§ ia:dkj, ñ,shk .Kka Wig ;snq li, l÷j,g fyd| úi÷ula ,nd §ug yels jQfha fuu jHdmD;sh ksidh'

jHdmD;sh i|yd rdcH wdfhdackh ( ñ,shk 300 odhl;ajh ,ndfok rdcH wdh;k - mßir wud;HxYh - úoHd iy ;dCIK wud;HxYh - úÿ,sn, yd n,Yla;s wud;HxYh

- jdKsc f;,a iïm;a ixj¾Ok wud;HxYh - fudrgq úYaj úoHd,h - rcfha l¾udka; Yd,dj

2016 jdKsc jHdmD;sfha m%.;sh Èklg f;,a ,Sg¾ 2"000 la ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd bj;,k ma,diaála iy fmd,s;Ska fukau bj;,k ±úf;,a o Ndú;d lrkq ,efí'

2017 j¾Ifha n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk b,lalh kshuq jHdmD;sh ;=<ska mehlg lsf,dafjdÜ 150la ksIamdokh lsÍu id¾:l neúka bÈß j¾Ih ;=< lsf,dafjdÜ 1"200 l úÿ,s n,hla ksIamdokh lsÍu'

ks¾udKlref.a ia;+;sh kuq;a › ,xldj ;=< m<uq j;djg rdcH wkq.y % h ,eîu iy kj ksmehqïlrejkag kejqï n,dfmdfrd;a;= o,ajñka fuu jHdmD;sfha fkdfhl=;a ndOl iy .eryqï ueo wd .uk wud;H .re mdG,Ss pïmsl rKjl uy;df.a ¥ro¾YS ;SrK iy {dkdkaú; Ndjh ukdj meyeÈ,s lrhs' kj › ,xldjl isyk s h u,at, .kajñka wdrïN jQ fuu jHdmD;sh ksid › ,xldj h<s;a f,dalh ;=< nn<jk Èkh jeä wE;l fkdfõ¡ udf.a fuu jHdmD;sh id¾:l lr .ekSug iydh jQ .re wud;H;=ud yg udf.a fukau ,lajdiS ck;djf.a m%Kduh ysñ jkq fkdwkqudkh'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

ysre t<sfha Ôjfhka msìfok kj f,djla Ysydka pïml Èoafo‚h

ñksid we;=¿ wm .%y f,dalfha isák Ydl we;=¿ ish¨‍ u Ôùka i|yd wjYH Yla;sh ,efnkafka iQ¾hhdf.ks' ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu. kQ;k ñksia iudcfha iS>% ÈhqKqj i|yd wjYH jk n,Yla;sh yqjudre jQfha úÿ,s n,h yryd h' fï ksid úúO n,Yla;s m%Njhka w;ßka iQ¾h n,Yla;sh ñksia iudcfha ÈhqKqj iy meje;au i|yd m%Odk n,Yla;shla njg mßj¾;kh ù we;' fndfyda fofkl= úYajdi lrkafka iQ¾h n,Yla;s ckkh uE; hq.fha jQ ÈhqKqjla f,i kuq;a m%ldY úoHq;a wdprKh ^Photovoltaic effect& m%:ufhka fidhd .kakd ,oafoa m%xY úoHd{hl= jk tâjâ fnlr,a ^Edmond Becquerel& úiska 1839 jif¾ § h' bka miqj 1873 jif¾ § bx.%Sis cd;sl bxðfkarejl= jk ú,af,dì iañ;a ^Willoughby Smith& úiska fi,skshï ^Selenium& u;g ysre

t<sh m;s; jQ úg th úoHq;a ikakdhlhla njg mßj¾;kh jk njg;a bka miqj ú,shï .%s,aia wevïia ^William Grylls Adams& iy ßpâ bjkaia fâ ^Richard Evans Day& úiska fi,skshï øjH u; ysre t<sh m;s; jQ úg tuÕska úÿ,s Yla;sh ckkh jk njg;a fidhd .kakd ,È' ksõfhda¾la k.rfha isá kj ksmehqïlrejl= jk pd¾,ia keue;a;d úiska m%:u iQ¾h n, fldaIh 1883 jif¾È r;%ka m;%sldjl ;jrk ,o fi,skshï wdY%fhka idok ,È' bka miqj ysre t<sfha we;s mdrcïnq, lsrK f,dayuh mDIaGhka u; m;s; jQ úg bf,lafg%dak uqod yeÍu uÕska jeä úoHq;a n,hla ksIamdokh jk nj c¾udk cd;sl fN!;sl úoHd{fhl= jk yhskaßÉ y¾íia ^Henrich Herbs& úiska fidhd .kakd ,È'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

fujeks kj fidhd .ekSfï ud¾. uÕska wo mj;sk ;dCI‚l f,i ÈhqKq úoHq;a fldaIh ksmojd we;'

jir 1956 § muK jd‚c jYfhka iQ¾h fldaI ksIamdokh wdrïN lrkq ,enqj;a tajdfha msßjeh b;d wêl úh' fuu ld, jljdkqfõ iQ¾h fldaI ;dCIKh wNHjldYhg hjk pkaøsld i|yd fhdod .;a w;r idudkH Ndú;h i|yd fhdod .ekSu i|yd ;j ÿrg;a m¾fhaIK lrf.k hk ,È'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

fn,a m¾fhaIKd.drh uÕska is,slka uÕska fi,skshï j,g jvd jeä ld¾hCIu;djhlska hqla; j úoHq;h ksmojk nj fidhd .kakd ,È' jir 1956 § muK jd‚c jYfhka iQ¾h fldaI ksIamdokh wdrïN lrkq ,enqj;a tajdfha msßjeh b;d wêl úh' fuu ld, jljdkqfõ iQ¾h fldaI ;dCIKh wNHjldYhg hjk pkaøsld i|yd fhdod .;a w;r idudkH Ndú;h i|yd fhdod .ekSu i|yd ;j ÿrg;a m¾fhaIK lrf.k hk ,È' 70 oYlfha we;s jQ Lksc f;,a w¾nqohh ksid mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s ckkh i|yd Wkkaÿj jeä jQ w;r 1977 jif¾§ cd;sl mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s mÍCIKd.drh ^NREL& msysgqjk ,È' fuu m¾fhaIKj, m%;sM,hla f,i fjdÜ tll m%udKhl ksIamdok úhou fvd,¾ 100 isg 25 olajd wvq fjk ,È' ta wkqj m%:u iQ¾h n, WoHdkh 1982 jif¾È 1MW Odß;djlska hqla;j le,sf*dakshd m%foaYfha § wdrïN lrk ,È' uE; hq.fha § lrk ,o m¾fhaIK j, m%;sM,hla f,i iQ¾h fldaIj, ksIamdok ld¾hCIu;dj 1] isg 52] olajd jeä ù we;' t fia kuq;a jd‚c uÜgfï iQ¾h fldaI i|yd ld¾hCIu;djh 13] isg 16] olajd úp,H jk w;r tla fjdÜ tallhla i|yd jeh jk msßjeh fvd,rhlg jvd wvq ù we;'

iQ¾h fldaI iú lsÍfï § jeh jk msßjeh fvd,¾ 1'5 isg 4 olajd úp,kh jk w;r thg fya;=j jkafka úúO ksIamdokj, we;s jk ld¾hCIu;djh iy §¾> ld,Sk meje;afï oelafjk fjkialï h' iQ¾h fldaI ksIamdokh hq. ;=kla f,i j¾.SlrKh l< yel'

m%:u hq.h fïjd idok ,oafoa l%siag,hska is,sfldka ^Crystalline Silicon& keue;s øjH Ndú;d lrñks' fï i|yd fmd,sis,sfldka ^Polysilicon& iy fudfkd l%siag,hska is,sfldka ^Mono crystalline Silicon& fhdod .kakd ,È' jd‚c uÜgfï nyq, j fuu ;dCIKh olakg we;'

fojk hq.h fuu hq.hg wh;a jkafka b;d ;=kS ia:rhla iys; iQ¾h fldaI jk w;r fï i|yd fhdod .kq ,enqfõ wefjdfmdia is,slka ^Amorphous Silicon& CDTE iy CLGS fldaI h' fïjd Ndú;d lrkafka úYd, m%udKfha iQ¾h fldaI n,d.dr iy moaO;sj,g iïnkaO fkdjQ yqfol,d ia:dk i|yd h'

;=kajk hq.h oekg m¾fhaIK uÜgfï we;s w;r bÈß wkd.;fha § óg jvd ÈhqKq jd‚c uÜgfï iQ¾h n, fldaI fj<| fmd<g <Õd ùug kshñ; h' Lksc f;,a w¾nqoh yuqfõ f,dalh úúO mshjr .ksoa§ ,xldfõ úÿ,s n, uKav,h úiska fï yd úúO whqßka fyd| odhl;ajhla ,nd fok ,È'

ta wkqj 80 oYlfha ueo Nd.fha § mÜáfmd, m%foaYfha n,Yla;sfhka iajhxfmdaIs; .ula we;s lrk ,o w;r 3 MW Odß;djhlska hq;= iq<x úÿ,s n,d.drhla yïnkaf;dg m%foaYfha § 1999 jif¾ we;s lrk ,È' mÜáfmd< .%dufha Ôj jdhq n,d.drhla" iq<x n,d.drhla" iQ¾h fldaI" fvkaâfrda ^Dendro& n,d.drhla jeks úúO mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s m%Nj taldnoaO lsÍfï l%ufõohla uÕska úÿ,s n, ckkh lrkq ,efí' fuhg iu.dó j ,xld úÿ,s n, uKav,h úiska cd;sl úÿ,s n, moaO;shg <Õd ùug wmyiq mqoa.,hkag yd .ïudkj,g iQ¾h fldaI ,nd §fï m%;sm;a;sh Èßu;a lrk ,È' t fia kuq;a iQ¾h fldaI uÕska n,Yla;sh m;s; lsÍu wfmaCId lrk ,o whqßka ÈhqKq fkdjQj;a iQ¾h n,h uÕska WKq j;=r ksmoùfï l¾udka;h ,xldfõ b;d iq,N f,i jHma; úh' 1955 jif¾§ Y%S ,xldfõ n,Yla;s ckkh i|yd L‚c f;,aj, odhl;ajh 37] la ^2586 TOE& jQ w;r 2010 jif¾§ fuu w.h 41] ^4419 TOE& olajd j¾Okh úh' 1955 jirg fmr Y%S ,xldfõ úÿ,s n, ckkh uQ,sl jYfhka c, úÿ,sh wdY%fhka isÿ jQ w;r ta ksid rfgys wd¾Ól ÈhqKqjg úYd, f,i odhl;ajhla ,nd fok ,È' kuq;a jeä jk úÿ,s b,a¨‍u imqrd,Su i|yd bka miq j Lksc f;,a j,ska úÿ,s n,h ckkh lrk ;dm n,d.dr we;s lSÍug isÿ ùu ksid 1995 § th 00 TOE j, úh' fuu ksid jeä jk ;dm n, úoHq;a ckkh rgg úYd, nrla úh' fï ksid msßjeh wvq bkaOk j¾. fhdod .ekSu fuka u §¾> ld,Sk f,i ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;sh fhdod .ekSu i|yd o ;SrK .ekSug isÿ úh' fï wkqj úYd, m%udKfha iQ¾h n, WoHdk msysgqùu wdrïN úh' úÿ,sn, wud;HxYh iy iqks;H n,Yla;s wêldßh uÕska m%:u mshjr f,i iQ¾h n, Yla;s WoHdk folla 500KV f,i fldßhdkq wdOdr hgf;a o 737KV f,i cmka wdOdr hgf;a o yïnkaf;dg m%foaYfha § 2011 bÈ lrk ,È' Èjd ld,fha § fuu n,d.dr fol úiska ksIamdokh lrk úÿ,s n,h cd;sl úÿ,sn, moaO;shg tla jk w;r fuu wdo¾Y n,d.dr uÕska fmkakqï lrkafka úYd, m%udKfha iQ¾h n,d.dr id¾:l f,i cd;sl úÿ,sn, moaO;shg tla l< yels nj h' bka miqj fujeks n,d.dr bÈ lsÍu i|yd fm!oa.,sl wxYh o Wkkaÿ jQ w;r oeka iQ¾h n,Yla;s l¾udka;h ,xldfõ IOHV n,d.dr f,i cd;sl moaO;shg tla fjñka we;' úYd, iQ¾h n,d.dr fuf,i fm!oa.,sl wxYh uÕska we;s lrf.k hk w;r úÿ,sn, yd n,Yla;s wud;HxYfha uÕ fmkaùu hgf;a ,xld úÿ,sn, uKav,h yd ,xld fm!oa.,sl úÿ,s iud.u ^LECO& úiska Y=oaO ukq l%uh uÕska iQ¾h n,fhka úÿ,sh ksmoùu .Dyia: mdßfNda.slhska i|yd y÷kajd fok ,È' fuu l%uh hgf;a ;u

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

jy, u; iQ¾h fldaI iú lsÍu uÕska úÿ,sn, ksIamdokh i|yd .Dyia: mdßfNda.sl ck;dj odhl lr.kakd ,È' fu uÕska ckkh jk úÿ,s n,h ,efnkafka Èjd ld,fha ùu;a ksjdi i|yd jeäfhka úÿ,sn,h wjYH jkafka rd;%S ld,fha ksid;a tu úÿ,s Yla;sh .nvd lsÍu i|yd úÿ,s fldaI Ndú;d lsÍu wjYH fõ' tu ksid cd;sl úÿ,sn, moaO;sh yqjudrejla f,i l%shd fldg Èjd ld,fha ,nd .kakd úÿ,sn,h rd;%S ld,fha .Dyhka yg ,nd §ug l%shd lrhs' fuu l%shdj,sh wdrïNùu;a iu. Y%S ,xldj mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s l%shdj,sfha bÈßfhka u bkakd rgla njg m;a ù we;' fuu l%shdj,sh ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh ù .Dyia: mdßfNda.slhka thska jeäfhka ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk úÿ,s tall m%udKhla ,xld úÿ,sn, uKav,h iy ,xld úÿ,s mqoa.,sl iud.u úiska ñ, § .ekSug o lghq;= fhdod we;'

^jD;a;sfhka fcHIaG úÿ,s bxðfkarejl= jQ l;=jrhd ,xld úÿ,sn, uKav,fha ksfhdacH idudkHdêldÍ jrfhls' oekg Tyq uyd k.r yd niakdysr ixj¾Ok wud;HxYfha fcHIaG jHdmD;s iïnkaëldrl f,i fiajh lrhs&

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

cjh /f.k yuk iq<Õ fuß,a .=K;s,l

mDÓúh jgd we;s jdhqf.da,h ksYap, j fkd mj;S' iQ¾h Yla;sh fmdf<dj lrd <Õd jQ úg tu Yla;sh jdhqfõ pd,l Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh ùu ksid th p,kh jk w;r iq<x yeóu isÿ jkafka ta ksid h' fuu ixisoaêh m%Odk jYfhka wdldr y;rla uÕska isÿ úh yels h' 1'

mDÓúh ;u wCIh jgd N%uKh ùu ksid jdhqf.da,h ;=< we;s jk le<öï iys; ;;a;ajh'

2' mDÓú mDIaGh u;=msg we;s N+ úIu;d" úfYaIfhka u l÷" fy,a" úYd, ;eks;,d" f.dvìu iy uqyqo" lDIsld¾ñl ìï ksid we;s jk p,k' 3'

iQ¾h lsrK ksid r;a jQ jdhq Odrd isis,a m%foaY fj; we§ hEu ksid we;s jk le<öï'

c, jdIam iQ¾h lsrK uÕska we;s jk ;dm Yla;sh Wlydf.k jdIamSlrKh ùu uÕska ksl=;a jk .=ma; ;dmh jdhqf.da,hg uqod yeÍfï § we;s jk le<öï'

fï wkqj wm wjg jdhqf.da,h ;=< we;s jk le<öï iq<Õ f,i ye¢kaúh yels w;r" tu p,khka ksid we;s jk pd,l Yla;sh iq<x n,h f,i úúO m%foaY ;=< olakg we;s úúO N+ úIu;djka wkqj úúOdldr f,i me;sÍ hkq we;' fï ksid lsishï rgl iEu m%foaYhl u tl u wdldrfhka iq<Õ yud fkdhk w;r" bxðfkarejka úiska ukd úoHdkql+, wOHkhlska wk;=re j iq<x n,h Wmßu wdldrfhka Wlyd.; yels m%foaY j¾. lr y÷kd .kq ,efí' b;d wE; w;S;fha isg ñksid úiska ;u úúO wjYH;djka i|yd iq<x n,h Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,eî h' úfYaIfhka jdIam hka;%h ksmoùug iy ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

ld¾ñl úma,jhg fmr f,dalh mqrd .ukdukhg m%Odk;u odhl;ajh imhkq ,enqfõ iq<x n,fhka cj .ekajQ keõ iy Tre h'

2010 jirg miqj ,xldfõ iq<x úÿ,s n, l¾udka;fha m%fndaOhla we;s jQ w;r" 2010 jif¾ § fu.d fjdÜ 10'2 l Odß;djhlska hq;a m%:u iq<x úÿ,s n,d.drh fm!oa.,sl wdfhdackhla f,i mq;a;,u m%foaYfha ia:dms; lrk ,È' fï wkqj fu.d fjdÜ 10 l Odß;djhlska hq;= iq<x n,d.dr lsysmhla oekg ia:dms; lr we;s w;r" iuia; iq<x úÿ,s n, Odß;dj fu.d fjdÜ 140 ls'

ld¾ñl úma,jfhka miq .; jQ jir foiShlg wêl ld, iSudj ;=< fmdis, bkaOk oykh Wmfhda.S lrf.k f,dalh YS>%fhka ÈhqKq jqj;a" tu ÈhqKqj ksid we;s jQ Nhdkl mdßißl m%;sM, oekgu;a ñksid úiska w;a ú¢ñka isà' bÈßhg;a f,dalfha ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh fï f,i u isÿ jqjfyd;a we;s jk mdßißl ydksh Nhdkl jk w;r" tuÕska we;s jk mdßißl wiu;=,s;;djh uÕska f,dalh kej; Ôùkag ys;lr fkdjk mßirhla njg m;a lrkq we;' fï ksid uE; hq.fha ish¨‍ fokd úiska iaÒridr ixj¾Okhla i|yd jk ;dCI‚l Wml%u i|yd ;u wjOdkh kej; fhduq lrkq ,en we;s w;r" iq<x n,fhka úÿ,s Yla; ‌ sh ckkh lsÍu fï w;r m%uqL Wmdh ud¾.hla ù we;' úfYaIfhka 1973 jif¾ § we;s jQ f,dal Lksc f;,a w¾nqoh;a" 1997 jif¾ § w;aika lrk ,o ld,.=K úm¾hdi i|yd jQ lsfhdaf;da iïuq;sh;a uÕska wfkl=;a iaÒridr ;CI‚l l%ufõohkag iu.dó j iq<x n,fhka úÿ,s Yla; ‌ sh ckkh lsÍfï ;dCIKh YS>%fhka ÈhqKq úh' úfYaIfhka 2005 j¾Ifha isg YS>%fhka ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk Ökh jeks rgj,a uÕska lrk ,o uyd mßudK wdfhdack ksid wdrïNfha § b;d wêl jQ msßjeh iys; iq<x n,d.dr ;dCIKh oeka b;du;a ;r.ldÍ ñ,la olajd my< nei we;' b;du;a ir, f,i úia;r l<fyd;a iq<x úÿ,s n, g¾nhskhla hkqfjka wm y÷kajkqfha iq<f`.a we;s pd,l Yla; ‌ sh Wmfhda.S lrf.k

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

iq<x n, g¾nhskhl we;s iq<x fm;s lrleùu uÕska iq<f.a we;s pd,l Yla; ‌ sh g¾nhskfhys lrleùfuka we;s jk hdka;%sl Yla‌;sh njg m;a lr" tu hdka;%sl Yla;sh úÿ,s fckf¾grhla uÕska úÿ,s Yla; ‌sh njg m;a lsÍu h' fuu l%shdj,sh isÿ lrkq ,nkafka iq<x g¾nhskfha weCI,h úÿ,s fckf¾grfha weCI,hg iïnkaO lsÍu u`.sks' fuhg ir, WodyrKhla f,i wmg .; yelafla úÿ,s mxldfjys l%shdldÍ;ajh hs' iq<x úÿ,s ckk hka;%h ;=< isÿjkafka úÿ,s mxldfõ m%;súreoaO l%shdj,sh hs' foaYSh jYfhka .;fyd;a wm rg i;= j fu.d fjdÜ ^MW& 25"000 l muK iq<x n,Yla‌ ;s úNjhla mj;sk njg .Kka n,d we;' fï wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ jhU È." W;=re iy kef.kysr m%foaYj, we;s iq<x n, úNjh úúO wOHhkhka uÕska y÷kdf.k we;s w;r" fuu cd;sl jYfhka jeo.;a iajdNdúl iïm;ska Wmßu n,Yla;sh Wlydf.k m%fhdack .ekSu i|yd ie,iqï ilia lr we;' fuys m%:u mshjr f,i wkQj oYlfha uq,a ld,fha ,xld úÿ,s n, uKav ‌ ,h úiska m¾fhaIK uÜgfï fu.d fjdÜ 3 l Odß;djhlska hq;a iq<x úÿ,s n,d.drhla yïnkaf;dg m%foaYfha wdrïN lrkq ,enQ w;r" bka miqj fuu ;dCIKh i|yd t;rï Wkkaÿjla olakg fkd,eì‚' tkuq;a 2010 jirg miqj ,xldfõ iq<x úÿ,s n, l¾udka;fha m%fndaOhla we;s jQ w;r" 2010 jif¾ § fu.d fjdÜ 10'2 l Odß;djhlska hq;a m%:u iq<x úÿ,s n,d.drh fm!oa.,sl wdfhdackhla f,i mq;a;,u m%foaYfha ia:dms; lrk ,È' fï

wkqj fu.d fjdÜ 10 l Odß;djhlska hq;= iq<x n,d.dr lsysmhla oekg ia:dms; lr we;s w;r" iuia; iq<x úÿ,s n, Odß;dj fu.d fjdÜ 140 ls' wm rg l=vd Èjhskla ùu fya;= fldgf.k cd;sl úÿ,s n, moaO;sh lsisÿ rgla iu. iïnkaO lr ke;s ksid moaO;shg ;dCI‚l jYfhka iïnkaO l< yels iq<x úÿ,s n, Odß;dj iSud ù we;' fuhg fya;=j jkqfha iq<x yeófï we;s jk úIu;d ksid tuÕska ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk úÿ,s n,fhys we;s jk WÉPdjpkhka uÕska moaO;shg we;s jk n,mEï h' fï ksid ;dm n,d.drhlska ,nd.kakd jQ taldldÍ úÿ,s n,h iu`. iq<x úÿ,s n,h iu l< fkd yel' fuu ÿIalr;d uÕ yrjd .ekSu i|yd úúOdldr ;dCI‚l Wml%u Ndú;d lrkq ,efí' úfYaIfhka iq<x g¾nhsk úÿ,s fckf¾grhlg iú lsÍfï § Ndú;d lrkq ,nk kùk ;dCIKfhka hq;= .sh¾ lÜg, uÕska iy ksYaÑ; m%foaYhl iq<x n,d.dr jeä m%udKhla iú lsÍu;a" t uÕska iq<x n, WoHdk we;s lsÍu;a ;=<ska fuu wiu;=,s; ;;a;ajhka fndfyda ÿrg uÕ yrjd .; yels h' 2010 j¾Ifha § fï i|yd uQ,sl ie,iqï ilia lrk ,È' ta wkqj" 2019 j¾Ifha § fu.d fjdÜ 100l Odß;djhlska hq;= Èjhsfka m%:u iq<x úÿ,s n, WoHdkh ,xld úÿ,s n, uKav,h úiska wdrïN lsÍug ie,iqï lr we;' ^jD;a;sfhka bxðfkarejl= jk l;=jrhd oekg úÿ,s n, yd n,Yla;s wud;HxYfha w;sf¾l f,alïjrhl= f,i fiajh lrhs& ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

;dCIK yd m¾fhaIK fCIa;%h m%dfhda.sl flakaøhla lf<uq' iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr /ila rg mqrd we;s lsÍug mshjr ;enqfjuq' uq¿ rfÜ u úoaj;=kaf.a iydh tys § wmg fkdu| j ysñ úh' fï ish,a, ud lf<a ¥IKhg jeg n¢ñka kùk l<ukdlrK l%u wud;HxYj,g y÷kajd foñka rgg nrla ke;s wdh;k njg tajd m;a lr,ñks' - mdG,S pïmsl rKjl

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

kefkda ;dCIKfha uysuh uydpd¾h fla' tï' k,ska o is,ajd

rgla ixj¾Okh ùug kï tu rfÜ kj ksmehqï yryd cd;sl wdodhu by< hd hq;= h' Y%S ,xldj .;a úg wm ;ju;a wdodhï Wmojkafka idïm%odhsl l%uhg h' kj ksmehqï i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ jeä keUqrejla ke;s w;r" kj ksmehqï ìysjkafka b;d iaj,am m%udKhla mu‚' kj ksmehqï iq¿ m%udKhla ìys jqj o thskq;a fjf<| fmd<g m%úYag jkafka b;du;a u iSñ; m%udKhla mu‚' wfma wOHdmk rgdfõ fï i|yd bvlv wvq w;r" b;d ÈhqKq rgj,a jk cmdkh" weußldj" jeks rgj,a fï i|yd iqúfYaI ;ekla ,nd § we;' kj ksmehqï wdrCId lr .ekSug wjYH fmagkaÜ n,m;% ,nd .ekSu myiq ld¾hhla fkd fõ' rfÜ ÈhqKqj .ek is;kafka kï rfÜ ixj¾Okh i|yd úoHd yd ;dCIKh iDcq j u ueÈy;a ùu hq.fha wjYH;djh ù we;' úis jk ishjfia w. Nd.fha § f,dalfha jßka jr yud .sh ld¾ñl ;dCIK /<s fndfyduhlska u

myiqfjka w;a lr .; yels j ;snQ jdisodhl ;;a;ajhka Y%S ,xldfjka .s,syS .sfha h' ta w;r jQ f;dr;=re ;dCIKh ^Information Technology&" ffcj ;dCIKh ^Biotechnology&" cdk ;dCIKh ^Gene Technology& wdÈh fjka fjka jYfhka úYd, j¾Okhla fmkajQ w;r" flfia fj;;a wmg tajdfha m%;s,dN w;a m;a lr .ekSug fkd yels úh' Y%S ,xldfõ fjfik ñ,shk 21la jk ck;dj ñ,shk 22la cx.u ÿrl:k mdúÑÑ l< o bka l=vd Wmdx.hla fyda fuys ksmoùug wm Wkkaÿ jQfha ke;' fu jeks fndfyda WodyrK wfkla ;dCIK /<sj, o olakg we;' wm oeka msúi isákafka iqúfYaI wjêhlg h' f,dalfha w¨‍;a u ;dCI‚l /,a, kefkda ;dCIKh hs' óg fmr wd ;dCIK /<sj,ska isÿ jQ fidhd.ekSïj,ska jQfha ta ta ;dCIK fjka fjka j ixj¾Okh ùu hs' kuq;a kefkda ;dCIKh uÕska úoHdj hk ;dCIKfha ish¨‍ u lafIa;%j, ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

wm oeka msúi isákafka iqúfYaI wjêhlg h' f,dalfha w¨‍;a u ;dCI‚l /,a, kefkda ;dCIKh hs' óg fmr wd ;dCIK /<sj,ska isÿ jQ fidhd .ekSïj,ska jQfha ta ta ;dCIK fjka fjka j ixj¾Okh ùu hs' kuq;a kefkda ;dCIKh uÕska úoHdj hk ;dCIKfha ish¨‍ u lafIa;%j, j¾Okhla n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yels h' b;d iqúfYaI ,CIKhla jkafka óg fmr meñ‚ ish¨‍ u ;dCIK ngysr rgj, muKla j¾Okh jQ w;r" kefkda ;dCIKh i|yd wdishdfõ úYd, msì§ula we;s ù ;sîu hs'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

j¾Okhla n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yels h' b;d iqúfYaI ,CIKhla jkafka óg fmr meñ‚ ish¨‍ u ;dCIK ngysr rgj, muKla j¾Okh jQ w;r" kefkda ;dCIKh i|yd wdishdfõ úYd, msì§ula we;s ù ;sîu hs' kefkda ;dCIKh hkq kefkda ógr m%udKfhka mod¾:h yiqrejd wmg wjYH wê ;dCI‚l øjH ksmojd .ekSu hs' fuys § úfYaI jeo.;alula w;a lr .kafka wKq iy mrudKq wjia:djg b;d ióm j mod¾:h yeisrùug yels ùu hs' kefkda ógrhla hkq ógrhlska ì,shkhlska fldgils' kefkda ;dCIK jmißhg whs;s jkafka ish¨‍ u mod¾: w;ßka kefkda ógr 1-100 w;r msysgd we;s øjH mu‚' fuu øjH kefkda wxY= f,i o y÷kajkq ,efí' lsishï mod¾:hla kefkda uÜgug l=vd l< úg tys ish¨‍u .=K" tkï m%ldY ^Optical&" ridhksl ^Chemical&" pqïNl ^Magnetic&" úoHq;a ^Electrical&" iy hdka;%sl .=K fjkia fõ' ksoiqka f,i r;%ka ^Gold& È,sfik iq¨‍ f,dayhla jqj o" tu r;%ka u kefkda wxY= njg m;a l< úg tu wxY=fõ m%udKh wkqj foaÿkafka ish¨‍ u mdg iys; r;%ka wxY= ,nd .; yels h' fuhska fmkS hkafka kefkda wjia:dfõ § r;%ka wxY=j, m%ldY .=K iïmQ¾Kfhka u fjkia jk nj hs' 1959 § fuu ;dCIKh .ek uq,ska u i|yka lf<a le,afgla ^Caltech& úYaj úoHd,fha ßpâ f*hskauka ^Richard Feynman& kue;s úoHd{hd hs' ßpâ f*hskaukaf.a u;h ikd: jQfha 1981 § IBM wdh;kh mrudKq yd wKq oel .ekSug yels wkaùCIhla ks¾udKh lsÍfuka miqj hs' wfma iïm;a iSñ; ksid fuh mdßißl jYfhka

b;d jeo.;a ixl,amhls' kefkda ;dCIKfha § iïm;a wju jYfhka Ndú;d lrk ksid iïm;a wmf;a hEula isÿ fkd fõ' tu ksid fuu ;dCIKh mßirh iqrCIs; lsÍug buy;a odhl;ajhla olajhs' fï fudfydf;a f,dalfha we;s n,j;a u m%Yak jk msßisÿ Yla;s úfYaI ysÕh" msßisÿ c,h ysÕ nj" mßir ¥IKh" wdydr ¥IKh" iy ms<sld i|yd wjYH T!IO ksmoùu wdÈhg fuu ;dCIKfhka ms<s;=re ,nd §ug yelshdj we;' n,Yla;s w¾nqofha § kefkda wxY= iys; iQ¾h fldaI ksmoùfuka tys ld¾hCIu;dj jeä lsÍfï yelshdj mj;S' oekg isÿ fldg we;s m¾fhaIKj,g wkqj kefkda ;dCIKh Ndú;fhka ksmojk ,o ;Ska; jyf,a wdf,am lsÍfuka iQ¾hhdf.ka ,efnk Yla;sh úoHq;h njg m;a lsÍug yelshdj ;sfí' óg wu;r j c, w¾nqofha § kefkda fmrK Ndú; lr j;=r fmÍfuka tys we;s nelaàßhd yd ffjria ldur WIaK;ajfha § u bj;a lsÍug yelshdj we;' Bg wu;r j fia§ulska f;dr j wõfõ oeófuka muKla msßisÿ lr .; yels weÕ¨‍ï fuu ;dCIKh Ndú;fhka ksIamdokh lsÍug yelshdj ;sfí'

§ kefkda ;dCIKh wka;¾.; ù we;s nj oeka mÍCIKj,ska ;yjqre ù ;sfí'

t fia u bxðfkare ;dCIKhg yd mß.Kl ;dCIKfha ÈhqKqjg o fuu ;dCIKh Ndú;d l< yels h' iajNdj O¾ufha iuyr l%shdldrlïj,

^fld<U úYaj úoHd,fha ridhk úoHdj ms<sn| uydpd¾hjrhl= jk l;=jrhd oekg Y%S ,xld kefkda ;dCIK wdh;kfha úoHd lKavdhï kdhl f,i lghq;= lrhs'&

fu jeks mÍCIK foaYSh j isÿ jkafka kï Y%S ,xldjg kj ks¾udKlrejkag w; ys; §ug yelshdj ,efnkq we;' kefkda ;dCIK wdh;kh ia:dms; lr we;af;a ta fjkqfjks' úoHd yd ;dCIK wud;HxYfha iy fm!oa.,sl wxYfha iyNd.S;ajfhka fuu wdh;kh i|yd uqo,a m%;smdok ,nd fok w;r fuh fm!oa.,sl wdh;khla f,i mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nhs'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

n;a mf;a ji úi fidhd hEu wdpd¾h isßu,a fma%ul=udr

ffoksl j wm .kakd wdydr mdk yd mßyrKh lrkq ,nk wfkl=;a mdßfNda.sl øjH yryd úúO jQ OQ,l YÍr.; ùu ;=<ska iuia; f,dal jdiSka u kdkdúO Nhdkl frda.S ;;a;ajhkag f.dÿre fjñka mj;sk nj wo jk úg úoHd;aul j ;yjqre ù we;s" fkd mud j ms<s;=re fiúh hq;= m%n, u m%Yakhla njg m;a ù yudr h' ixfõ§ ck;dj;a" úúO ck;d ixúOdk;a" f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh jeks wka;¾ cd;sl ixúOdk;a" foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh;a iuia; m%cdjkaf.a meje;au fjkqfjka fuu Nhdkl Wjÿfrka ;u rg;a cd;sh;a fírd .ekSug úúO jQ Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,iqï iliñka" l%shd;aul lrñka isà' fuu ;;a;ajhka uQ,sl wjia:djka ys § y÷kd .ksñka" fuu ;;a;ajhkag fya;= ldrl uq,dY% yd m%Njhka uekúka wjfndaO lr f.k úúO jQ Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,iqï l%shd;aul lr m%cdjf.a wdrCIdj ;yjqre lsÍug lghq;= l< hq;= j we;'

fuu frda.S ;;a;ajhkag fya;= ldrl jk OQ,l fyj;a úI ridhkhka ms<sn|j;a" fuu OQ,l YÍr.; jk wdldrh ms<sn|j;a" tuÕska we;s jk frda.S ;;a;ajhka ms<sn|j;a m%cdj oekqj;a ùu Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,iqï l%shd;aul lsÍfï § b;d jeo.;a wx.hla fldg i,lkq ,nk w;r" Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,iqfuys id¾:l;ajhg iDcqj;a jl%j;a n,mdkq ,nhs oy wg jk ishjfia ueo Nd.fha muK isg uyd ì%;dkHh m%uqL j werô ld¾ñl úma,jh;a" ta wkqidrfhka we;s jQ ridhksl úoHdfõ m%.ukh;a Wmfhda.s;ajfhka úúO l¾udka; f,dalh mqrd ìys ùu ;=<ska hqfrdamh m%uqLj OfkaIajr wd¾Ólhka 19 jk ishji jk úg ia:dms; ùu isÿ úh' úfYaIfhkau ixYaf,aIK ridhk úoHdfõ isÿ jQ oejeka; fidhd .ekSï ksid u ixYaf,aIs; ridhk ixfhda. wdY%s; l¾udka;lrKh YS>% f,i isÿ úh' fuu YS>% ld¾ñllrKfha wksgq ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

wm mßfNdackh lrk c,h" wdydr mdk yd wfkl=;a øjH fujka úúO isrerg wys;lr ix>glhkaf.ka yd fkdfhla ner f,day hkdÈfhka ¥Is; ùu iuia; f,dalh mqrd isÿ fjñka mj;S' tneúka fï jk úg wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka ms<s.kakd c,h" wdydr mdk yd wfkl=;a øjH ;=< mej;sh yels wju OQ,l m%udKhka m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' t fuka u" c,h" wdydr mdk yd wfkl=;a øjH ;=< lsis fia;a fkdmej;sh hq;= OQ,l fudkjd o hkak;a m%ldYhg m;a lr" kS;s.; lr we;'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

m%;súmdl f,i fkdfhl=;a ridhksl OQ,l mßirhg tl;= ùu yd tys m%;sm, f,i mßirh ¥IKh ùu 19 jk ishjfia ueo jk úg u ngysrg oefkkakg úh' 1950-60 jljdkqfjka werô" yß; úma,jh f,i y÷kajk lDIsl¾udka;fha oejeka; fjkia ùug úúO jQ ridhksl fmdfydr" lDñkdYl" j,akdYl hkdÈh ksIamdokh lrñka ixYaf,aIs; ridhk ixfhda. wdY%s; l¾udka;lrKh b;d il%sh f,i odhl úh' ld¾ñl úma,jh;a" yß; úma,jh;a" f.da,ShlrKh;a ;=<ska ks¾ud‚;" úúO jQ mdßißl OQ,l w;s úYd, ixLHdjla c,dYj, ;ekam;a ùu;a" c, uq,dY%j,g tl;= ùu;a" fmd<j ;=< ;ekam;a ùu;a" jdhqf.da,hg tl;= ùu;a hk ldrKd;a" wdydr ;dCIKfha yd ksIamdok l¾udka;fha § Wmfhda.S lr.;a fkdfhl=;a ixYaf,aIs; ridhk ixfhda.;a fya;= fldg f.k iuia; wdydr oduhka ;=< u úúO idkaøKhka f.ka fu f,i úI iys; ixfhda. wka;¾.; ùu isÿ ù we;' yß; úma,jfha uq,a ld, mrdih ;=< ksIamdÈ; ã'ã'à" ue,;sfhdka" laf,da¾fâka" ,skafâka jeks W.% úI iys; lDñkdYl ksid iuia; ffcj moaO;shg isÿ jQ ydksh wm%udK jQ w;r" fuhska we;s jQ mdßißl ydksh ksid u ksIamdokh" fnodyeÍu yd mßyrKh iïmQ¾Kfhkau ;ykï úh' ;;a;ajh tfia jqj o" fï jk úg;a lDIsl¾udka;fha Ndú;h i|yd úúO lDIs ridhk ixfhda. yd m,sfndaO kdYl oyia .Kkla mßyrKfha mj;sk w;r" mdßißl ñ;% lDIsridhk yd m,sfndaO kdYl ksIamdokh i|yd m¾fhaIK isÿ fjñka mj;S'

flfia fyda kdkd úO l%u ud¾.fhka fu f,i YÍr .; jk OQ,l YÍrh ;=< isÿ jk wfkal úO ffcj ridhksl yd mßjD;a;Sh l%shdj,Ska ;=<g we;=¿ ù tu jeo.;a ffcùh l%shdj,s wvmK fyda wl¾ukH lsÍu ;=<ska Ôúhd úúO jQ frda.dndO ;;a;ajhkag m;a lrhs' úfYaIfhka u lDIsl¾udka;fha § Ndú;d jk lDñ kdYl" j,a kdYl yd ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;h ksid wdydr ;=<ska YÍr.; jk úI ridhk fya;=fldg f.k ms<sld jeks udrdka;sl frda. we;s ùu;a" iakdhq wndO yd jl=.vq wl¾ukH ùï jeks ;;a;ajhka we;s ùu;a m¾fhaIKd;aul j Tmamq ù we;s w;r" wfkl=;a kd kd úO frda.S ;;a;ajhka" udkisl jHdl=, ;;a;ajhka yd uq¿ f,dj u fj,d .ksñka mj;sk udrdka;sl fnda fkdjk

frda. ;;a;ajhka we;s ùu fuu mdßißl úI ridhkhka ksid isÿ jk njg idCIs" idOl f.dkqfjñka mj;S' §¾> ld,Sk j mßirh ;=< r|d mj;sk mS'´'mS' kï ridhk ldKavhg wh;a úúO jQ ixfhda.hka wdydr oduhka ;=< ffcj flakaø.; ùu úfYaIfhka u Ôùkaf.a meje;aug úYd, ;¾ckhla j we;' ;jo" fuu ldKavhg wh;a ixfhda. mßirh ;=< § úkdY fkd ù b;d ÿr m%foaY lrd .uka lsÍfï yelshdj ksid fujeks ixfhda. lsis Èk Ndú;d fkd l< wdlaála" wekagdlaála jeks m%foaYj,ska mjd tu ixfhda. jd¾;d ù we;' fuu ldKavhg wh;a mS'iS'î' kue;s ixfhda. YÍr.; ùu ;=<k s a m%ckk ÿn,;d we;s ùu;a" uj ;=< ;ekam;a ù"

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

miq j uõ l=i ;=< § jefvk l<,hg o ydks lrñka orejkaf.a j¾Ok W!k;d we;s lr miqld,Sk j p¾hd;aul fjkialï o we;s lsÍu;a isÿfjhs' ;jo" wdydr oduh yryd fuu ixfhda. YÍr.; jQ úg jir 7 l muK ld,hla YÍrh ;=< mej;Sfï yelshdj mj;sk w;r" m%;sYla;sh wvmK lrñka fnda fkdjk frda. fuka u fnda jk frda.j,g f.dÿre ùfï m%jK;djh we;s lrhs' wm mßfNdackh lrk c,h" wdydr mdk yd wfkl=;a øjH fujka úúO isrerg wys;lr ix>glhkaf.ka yd fkdfhla ner f,day hkdÈfhka ¥Is; ùu iuia; f,dalh mqrd isÿ fjñka mj;S' tneúka fï jk úg wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka ms<s.kakd c,h" wdydr mdk yd wfkl=;a øjH ;=< mej;sh yels wju OQ,l m%udKhka m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' t fuka u" c,h" wdydr mdk yd wfkl=;a øjH ;=< lsis fia;a fkdmej;sh hq;= OQ,l fudkjd o hkak;a m%ldYhg m;a lr" kS;s.; lr we;'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

iuia; f,dal m%cdjf.a wdrCIdj fjkqfjka úúO rchhka yd wka;¾cd;sl ixúOdk fï ms<sn|j lghq;= lroa§ ;j;a fldgila yqfola ;u ,dN m%fhdack yd wd¾Ól jdis fjkqfjka fujeks úI ldrl wvx.= øjH ñksia mßfNdackh wruqKq lrf.k fjf<| fmd<g uqod yÍ' yqfola wd¾Ól jdis ;ld uE; ld,fha § Ök lsßmsá iud.ula ys;d u;d isÿ l< fu,uhska kue;s ridhkh <ore lsß msáj,g lj,ï lsÍu;a" ã'iS'ã' kue;s ridhkh wvx.= lsß msá fjf<| fmd<g ksl=;a lsÍu;a" úi mßmamq wdkhkh;a WodyrK f,i fmkajd Èh yel' ;j o úúO ixYaf,aIs; úI vhs j¾. wdydrj,g fh§u" uia i|yd i;=ka we;s lsÍfï § úúO fyda¾fudak j¾. yd m%;sÔjl wksis f,i fh§u wdÈh wdydr ksIamdokfha § isÿ lrkq ,nk fkdukd l%shd f,i fmkajd Èh yel' fujeks jgmsgdjla ;=< ish¨‍ m%cdjkaf.a wdrCIdj ;yjqre l< yelafla mßfNdackhg iqÿiq yd kqiqÿiq øjH ms<sn| ksrka;r j úYaf,aIKh lr tys ;;a;ajh ms<sn|j ck;djg iy;sl ùu isÿ lsÍu yd ksrka;rfhka ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu ;=<ska mu‚' fujeks l¾;jHhla rgla yeáhg l< yelafla wxY=ud;% m%udKfhka jqj;a ;sìh yels úI fldgia y÷kd.; yels kùk úoHd;aul WmlrKj,ska iukaú; úoHd.dr ia:dms; lsÍu yd mj;sk ridhkd.dr kùk WmlrK fhdod Yla;su;a lsÍu ;=<ska mu‚'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

kfjda;m a dok wd¾Ólhla yUd hk cd;sl m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok rduqj uydpd¾h Oïñl ;ka;%Sf.dv

f,dalfha fndfyda rgj,a úoHdj iy ;dCIKh fhdod .ksñka ish ixj¾Ok b,lal ukd fia idCId;a lr .kakd nj fkdryils' wmrÈ. f,dalfha wefußld tlai;a ckmoh" tlai;a rdcOdksh iy c¾uksh o fmrÈ. f,dalfha bkaÈhdj" Ökh" reishdj iy fldßhdj o fufia úoHdj iy ;dCIKh cd;sl ixj¾Okhg fhdod .;a rgj,a w;r fmruqfKys isà' kuq;a wjdikdjg fuka fuu ;;a;ajh Y%S ,xldj ;=< t f,i olakg fkd ,efí' fuhg fya;= jk lreKq folla m%Odk jYfhka olakg ,efí'

iy ;dCIKh fhdod .; yels wdldrh úoyd oelafjk ksis ie,iaula fyda rduqjla rfgys ia:dmkh lr fkd ;sîu h'

tla lreKla jkafka úoHdj iy ;dCIKh iïnkaO lghq;=j,g wod< m¾fhaIK i|yd m%udKj;a uqo,a m%udKhla rg ;=< fjka lr fkd ;sîu h'

;dCIK yd m¾fhaIK wud;HxYfha wkq.%yh hgf;a cd;sl úoHd yd ;dCIK fldñIka iNdj uÕska ilia lrk ,o —cd;sl m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok rduqj˜ fuu wvqj msßueiSu i|yd ork ,o uyÕ=‍ m%h;akhls' fuu rduqfjka Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl ixj¾Okhg wod< j l< hq;= m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok lghq;= fudkjdoehs

fojk lreK jkafka cd;sl ixj¾Ok b,lal úYaf,aIKh lrñka tajd <Õd lr .ekSug úoHdj

fu jka ie,iaula fyda rduqjla ilia lsÍu úoHd{hskag fyda ;dCIKfõ§kag ;ks ;ks j fm!oa.,sl j l< fkd yelalls' t jekakla ilia lsÍu m%ùK úoHd{hska" ;dCIKfõ§ka iy wfkl=;a úoaj;=ka úYd, ixLHdjlf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka rdcH wkq.%yh hgf;a isÿ úh hq;a;ls'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

úoyd oelaùug;a" tu`.ska Y%S ,dxlsl úoHd{hskag iy ;dCIKfõ§kag wjYH uÕ fmkaùu o isÿ lsÍug;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

§¾> ld,Sk b,lal( cd;sl m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok ie,eiafï §¾> ld,Sk b,lal ;=kla we;' tajd kï" 1'

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wdydr" fmdaIKh iy lDIsl¾udka;h ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

m%Odk ueÈy;aùï 10 jkafka" 1'

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8' m%ñ;slrKh" m%;S;kh iy nqoaêuh foam,j, iqrCIs;Ndjh ;yjqre lsÍu'

yelshdjka j¾Okh lsÍu

10' ckm%shlrKh fuu rduqfjka ;j o tla tla lafIa;%hg wh;a jk wkq lafIa;% o" tu wkq lafIa;%j,g wod< .eg¨" tu .eg¨ ksrdlrKhg wod< m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok wjYH;d o tajdg wod< úoHd iy ;dCIK jeo.;a ùï o fjka fjka jYfhka y÷kdf.k we;' fu f,i wkq lafIa;% 74 la o" tajdg wod< m%Odk;u .eg¨ 212la o" úoHd yd ;dCIK ueÈy;a ùï 460la o y÷kdf.k we;' fuu rduqjg wkql+, j lghq;= lsÍfuka oekg Y%S ,xldj uqyqK fok .eg¨ fndfyduhlg ms<s;=re o ixj¾Ok b,lal <Õd lr .ekSu i|yd .; hq;= Wmdhud¾. fndfyduhla o fy<s oela fõ' tuÕska Y%S ,dxlsl úoHd{hskag iy ;dCIKfõ§kag ish m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok lghq;= cd;sl ixj¾Ok b,lalj,g wkq.; lsÍug wjYH jk uÕ fmkaùu o ukd j isÿ flf¾ hkak wmf.a úYajdihhs' ^‍fuys l;=jrhd Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,fha fN!;sl úoHdj ms<n s | iïudks; uydpd¾hjrhl= fuka u cd;sl úoHd iy ;dCIK fldñIka iNdfõ ysgmq iNdm;sjrhd o fjhs' cd;sl m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok rduqj ilia lsÍfï l%h s dj,sh ;=< m%Odk N+ñldj ysñ jQfha o Tyqg h'&

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

oekqu yd kj ;dCIKh u; f.dvkef.k kj wd¾Ólh ik;a mkdjekak

1987 jif¾ wd¾Ólh ms<sn| fkdfn,a ;Hd.h ysñ jQfha frdnÜ fidaf,da kï wefußldkqjl=g h' ta jQ l,S wefußld tlai;a ckmo wd¾Ólh f,dj m%n,;u wd¾Ólh njg m;a ùug n,mE m%uqL idOlh ms<sn| fidaf,da úiska bÈßm;a flreKq ú.%yh /.;a ksnkaOkhla Wfoid h' fidaf,daf.a ksnkaOkh fl;rï .eUqre jqj o wjik tuÕska ikd: flreKq m%jdoh w;sYh ir, h' tkï wefußldkq wd¾Ól wdêm;Hh jQ l,S wefußldkq ;dCI‚l wdêm;Hfha Rcq m%;sM,h nj h' oYl ;=klg by; § fkdfn,a ;Hd.h i|yd iqÿiqlï ,enQ fidaf,daf.a fuu kj m%jdoh w;sYhska idudkH l;kaorhla f,i wo wmg oefkkafka fidaf,daf.a l;djg wkqmQrl jQ l;d lsysmhla wo f,dj mqrd ixj¾Ok l;sldjka ys moku njg m;a j we;s ksid h' f,dalfha rgj,a

w;r mj;sk ixj¾Ok mr;rh tu rgj,a w;r ;dCI‚l YlH;djkaf.a mr;rhla nj bka tla l;djls" ke;fyd;a m%jdohls' tfiau" kQ;k wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh jQ l,S m%uqL jYfhkau oekqu yd kfjda;amdok mokï lr .ksñka w;am;a lr .; hq;a;lah hkak ;j;a tn÷ fmdÿfõ ms<s.efkk m%jdohls' ixj¾Okh;a" oekqu yd kfjda;amdokh mokï lr .;a wd¾Ólh;a w;r jQ fuu w;Hka; in|;dj ms<sn| .eUqßka úuiSug fmr fuu ixl,amj, fmdÿ w¾: ksrEmKhka ms<sn|j úuid ne,Su jeo.;a h' ld¾ñl úma,jh werUqkq oy wgjk Y; j¾Ifha w. Nd.fha isg mqrd ishjia foll ld,hla uq¿,af,a f,dj mqrd ixj¾Ok l;sldjka ;=< zixj¾OkhZ hkak yqÿ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh hkakg W!kkh jQ ixl,amhla jqj o" miq.sh oYl lsysmhl ld,h

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

;=< § th flfuka —OrŒh ixj¾Okh˜ kï jQ jvd;a mßmQ¾K jQ;a" w¾:dkaú; jQ;a ixl,amh njg úldYkh ù we;' —OrŒh ixj¾Okh˜ jQ l,S yqÿ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfhka Tíng .sh" tla w;lska ixj¾Okfha m%;s,dN ish¨ iudc ia:r u; ;=<kd;aul f,i .,d hEu ;yjqre flfrk wdldrfha iudc idOdrK;ajhla mj;akd jQ o" wfkla w;g iajdNdúl mßir moaO;Skaf.a È.= ld,Sk iu;=,s;;dj ;yjqre flfrk mßir wdrCIK iSudjkag wkq.; f,i isÿ flfrkakd jQ o ixj¾Okhls' fuys § meyeÈ,s l< hq;= wfkla ixl,amh kï kfjda;amdokh hs' zkfjda;m a dokhZ hkafkka fndfyda úg kj ;dCI‚l fuj,ula fyda l%h s dj,shla hkak .uH jqj o" ixj¾Ok wOHhk lafIa;h % ;=< th jvd;a mq¿,a w¾:hlska fhfoa' ld¾hCIu;djh fyda iM,odhs nj w;ska mj;akd iïu; iSudjkaf.ka Tíng jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,o ;dCI‚l fuj,ula fyda ;dCI‚l l%h s dj,shla fuka u kj wdh;ksl" l<ukdlrK" wd¾Ól fyda jd‚c jHQyhla kj ie,eiaula kj ixl,amhla hk ish,a, kfjda;m a dok f,i ie,fla' tfia jqj o kfjda;m a dok fyda kj ksuejqï ìys lsÍfï § wê ;dCI‚l yd úoHd;aul úIhh lafIa;%hkaf.ka wfmaCIs; uqLH odhl;ajh fuuÕska lsisfia;a wjm%udK fkd flf¾' oekqu yd kj ksuejqï mokï lr .;a wd¾Ólhla ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍfï §" wd¾Ólh" jHdmdr uQf,damdh" yd iudc m%.ukh hk úIh lafIa;%hka ys f,dj w.%.KH úoaj;l= f,i ie,flk uhsl,a fmdag¾ úiska fï w,,d olajd we;s ú.%yh w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól

;r.ldß;ajh ;=< ta ta rgj,a i;= jdisodhl ;;a;ajhka ú.%y lrñka fmdag¾ úiska 1990 § t<s olajk ,o The Competitive Advantage of Nations kï lD;sh ;=<ska" hï rgl wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha uQf,damdhsl jYfhka tlsfklska fjkia jQ wjê ;=kla ms<sn| j fmdag¾ i|yka lrhs' bka m<uq wjêh jkafka ksIamdok idOl u.ska fufyhfjk ixj¾Ok wjêh hs ^Factor - driven stage&' fuu wjêfhys wd¾Ól ;r.ldß;aj jdish mokï jkafka uq¿ukska u iq,n yd tfyhskau ,dN Y%uh yd iajdNdúl iïm;a u;h' fojeks wjêh wdfhdack uÕska fufyhfjk ^Investment - driven stage& wjêh hs' idudkH NdKav yd fiajdjka jvd;a by< wd¾Ól ld¾hCIu;djhlska hq;= j ksIamdokh lsÍug fhduq ùu fuys ixj¾Ok uQf,damdh hs' idudkH NdKav ksIamdok l¾udka;hka fuka u fiajd wmkhkh o fuys § jeo.;a ;ekla .kS' fuys § jegqma ;, by< ;,hl mj;S' fuu wjêfhys we;s uQf,damdhsl wjodku kï

úfoaYSh uQ,H w¾nqohkag yd tla tla ksIamdok lafIa;% fj; we;s úfoaYSh b,a¨‍fuys we;s úh yels WÉPdjpkhkag iDcq f,i f.dÿre ùfï wjodku hs' f;jk wjêh jQ l,S kfjda;amdok u; mokï jk ^Innovation - driven stage& wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok wjêh hs' meyeÈ,s f,i u fuu wjêfhys uQf,damdh jkafka f.da,Sh jYfhka .;a l, by< u ;,hl mj;sk kj ;dCIKh mokï lr .;a kfjda;amdok wx.hkaf.ka msßmqka NdKav yd fiajdjka" kfjda;amdok ;=<ska f.dvk.k ,o kj ;dCI‚l l%ufõohka yd ksIamdok l%shdj,Ska yryd ksIamdokh lsÍu hs' fuu wjêfha § oelsh yels m%uqL ,CIK lsysmhla fjhs' hï lsis NdKav fyda fiajd ksIamdok lafIa;%hlg wod< jkakd jQ by< wd¾Ól" ;dCI‚l yd kfjda;amdok YlH;djhkaf.ka hq;= úúO l¾udka;" tlsfklg ukdj iïnkaO jQ wdh;k m¾Iohka ^Clusters& f,i talrdYS j ixúOdkh ùu bka tlls' t fuka u fuu wjêfha

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

§ iud.ï úiska fhdod .kakd uQf,damdhhka ielfikafka iuia; f.da,Sh fjf<| fmd< b,lal lr .ksñks' t fuka u Tjqkaf.a kj wdfhdackhkaf.ka úYd, m%udKhla Wiia ;dCIKh" Wiia l=i,;d yd úfYaI{ l=i,;d fukau kfjda;amdok YlH;d ixj¾Okh i|yd fhduq flf¾' ;j;a uqLH ,CIKhla jkafka kfjda;amdok Èßu;a lsÍfï wdh;k jHQyhla yd mßirhla rg ;=< m%n, f,i ia:dmkh ùu hs' 1980 oYlfha isg ta jk úg by< wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla <Õd lr f.k ;snQ rgj, wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok mßKduh foi n,k l, by; ixj¾Ok wjëka fjka fjka jYfhka meje;s §¾> ld, m%dka;r f,i y÷kd.; yels jqj o" miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< isÿ jQ fõ.j;a f.da,ShlrK l%shdj,sh;a" Bg iu.dó j isÿ j

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

we;s w;sYhska fõ.j;a ;dCI‚l ixj¾Okh;a fya;=fjka wo f,dalh t<U we;s zkj ld¾ñl úma,jZ wjêh ;=< ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,g kfjda;amdok u; mokï j YS>% wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla lrd t<öfï jeä bv m%ia:djla újr ù we;' wju jYfhka lreKq ;=kla ksid Y%S ,xldj iïnkaOfhka fuu bv m%ia:dj jvd;a iqúfYaIS fjhs' tkï wd¾Ól jYfhka by< ueÈ wdodhï ia:rh fj; wdikak fjñka mj;akd rgla f,i mej;Su;a" udkj ixj¾Okh wxYfhka cd;shla f,i ,nd we;s m%.;sh;a" Y; j¾I follg miq f,dj w;sYhska ;SrKd;aul wd¾Ól l,dmh f,i kej; keÕS tk bka§h id.rh wdY%s; wdishd;sl l,dmfha w;sYhska jeo.;a uQf,damdhsl ia:dkhl msysgd ;sîu;a ksid h'

fulS uQf,damdhsl úNjhka Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka kfjda;amdok wd¾Ólhla lrd rg fufyhùfï § ch .; hq;= lvbï lsysmhla fõ' tn÷ wd¾Ólhl jeo.;a ks¾Kdhl f,i .efkk o¾Yl lsysmhla ;=< Y%S ,xldj ia:dk.; j we;s wdldrh úuid ne,Su fuys § jeo.;a fõ' kfjda;amdok wd¾Ólhl m%Odk ñkqï oKavla jkqfha iuia; wmkhkhka ;=< Wiia ;dCIKh fhdod .ksñka wd¾Ól w.h jeä lr we;s wmkhk NdKav fyda fiajdjka ys jákdlfï m%;sY;h hs' ol=Kq fldßhdkq iy ;dhsjdk wd¾Ólhkays 90] blaujk" uef,aishdfõ iy ;dhs,ka;fha ms<sfj,ska 50] iy 20] blaujk fuu m%;sY;h Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólh ;=< 2]lg o wvq h' wfkla w;g wê ;dCI‚l ksIamdok jeä ùu flf¾ iDcq j u n,mdk o¾Ylh jk m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok lghq;= i|yd jeh jk o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha m%;sY;h Y%S ,xldfõ 0'13] la jeks w;sYhska w,am w.hla .kS' fuh ol=Kq fldßhdfõ iy BY%dh,fha 4] blaujk w;r fndfyda ixj¾Okh jQ iy ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj, 2 - 3] uÜgfï mj;S' m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok ld¾hhka i|yd isÿ flfrk wdfhdackh 1] lska jeä jk úg iuia; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h 0'3] lska by< hk nj Y%S ,dxlsl úoaj;l= ^uydpd¾h tia' tia' fld<Uf.a& úiska .Kkh lr fmkajd § we;' kfjda;amdok wd¾Ólhla f.dv kÕd .ekSug kï oekg f,dal kfjda;amdok o¾Ylfhys ^Global Innovation Index& iy oekqï wd¾Ól o¾Ylfhys ^Knowledge Economy Index& hk foflys u 100 jeks ;ekg wdikak j miq jk wm" m<uq rgj,a 40 w;rg m;a ùug lghq;= l< hq;= h'

fu rg kfjda;amdok wd¾Ólhla fj; /f.k hEfï § ixj¾Okh l< hq;= Wiia ;dCI‚l úIh lafIa;% ljf¾oehs fuys § fidhd ne,sh hq;= h' kefkda ;dCIKh" ffcj ;dCIKh" bf,lafg%dksl ;dCIKh" f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dCIKh" frdfnda ;dCIKh" wNHjldY ;dCIKh yd tys fhojqï fuys § w;sYhska jeo.;a jkqfha wfkl=;a fndfyda wê ;dCI‚l úIh lafIa;%hka by; lS m%Odk ;dCIK Odrdjka u; mokï j we;s ksid h' f,da mqrd iudc wd¾Ól rgdjka flfrys w;sYh m%n, n,mEula t,a, l< yels ;dCIKhla f,i j¾;udkfha § y÷kd .efkk ;dCIKhka ^Disruptive Technologies& ish,a, by; lS ;dCIK Odrdjka u; mokï j we;' wê ;dCI‚l wmkhkhka ixj¾Okfha ,d kefkda ;dCIKfhys úNjh ms<sn| fndfyda lreKq wmf.a Lksc wmkhk lafIa;%h ;=<ska oelaúh yels h' WodyrKhla f,i fuá%la fgdka 1 la wefußldkq fvd,¾ 250lg muK wuqøjH f,i wmkhkh lrk b,aukhsÜ" fuá%la fgdka 1la fvd,¾ 13"000 la jákd ghsfÜkshï njg m;a lsÍug kefkda ;dCIKh iu;a h' wfkla w;g ffcj ;dCIKh Tiafia cdk ;dCIKh mokï lr.;a T!IO yd m%;sldr úê" mgl bxðfkare úoHdj mokï lr.;a ksIamdok" tkaihsu ksIamdokh wd§ lafIa;% rdYshl úYd, m%Njhla mj;S' wNHjldY ;dCIK yd tys fhojqïj, YlH;djh o t fia u h' mDÓú ksÍCIK pkaøsld Tiafia ,nd .kakd o;a;" lDIsl¾uh" iajdNdúl iïm;a l<ukdlrKh" kd.ßl ixj¾Okh" ld,.=Kh yd foaY.=‚l úm¾hdi" iuqøSh iïm;a yd wdmod l<ukdlrKh wd§ jQ lafIa;% /il ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

ld¾hCIu;dj yd M,odhS;dj j¾Okh i|yd fhdod .; yelsh' tfukau l=vd mßudkfha pkaøsld ks¾udKh i|yd furg bxðfkarejkaf.a yd úoHd{hskaf.a iy wod< wdh;khka ys YlH;djh ixj¾Okh lsÍu ;=<ska bÈßfha § f.da,Sh wNHjldY ;dCIK wd¾Ólh ;=< we;s ùug kshñ; oejeka; j¾Okh yuqfõ ie,lsh hq;= wd¾Ól jdishla <Õd lr .ekSfï úNjh o Y%S ,xldj i;= j mj;S' oekqu yd kfjda;amdok mokï lr .;a wd¾Ólhla yd ta ;=<ska OrŒh ixj¾Okhla w;a lr .ekSfï cd;sl wNs,dIhka idCId;a lr .ekSï jia by; lS úNjhka id¾:l j Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= w;sYhska jeo.;a wjYH;d lsysmhla ms<sn|j o wjika jYfhka i|yka l< hq;= h' uQ,sl wjYH;djh kï Wiia ;dCI‚l ixj¾Okhka yd kfjda;amdokhka Èßu;a flfrk

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

wdh;ksl mßir jHQyhla ^National Innovation Eco-System& ks¾udKh lsÍu hs' kfjda;amdok wd¾Ól l%shdj,sh M,odhS f,i ixj¾Okh lsÍu fuka u mj;ajd f.k hEu i|yd ixLHd;aul j fuka u .=Kd;aul j o m%udKj;a bxðfkarejka" úoHd{hska yd ;dCIK{hska m%udKhla rg ;=< ks¾udKh lsÍu;a" Tjqka tu kfjda;amdok l%shdj,sh ;=< r|jd ;nd .ekSu;a ñka m%Odk fõ' tfuka u m%;sm;a;s yd ie,iqï iïmdokh;a" wod< lafIa;%hka ys by< mßmd,kh yd l<ukdldß;ajh;a i|yd iïm%odhsl mßmd,k l%ufõofhka neyer j" úoHd;aul yd ;dCI‚l lafIa;%hka ys úfYaI{ oekqu iy jD;a;Sh l<ukdlrK l=i,;d hk fo wxYfhka u by< YlH;d we;s úoaj;=ka fhoùu w;HjYH jk w;r cd;Hka;r w;aoelSï ;=<ska o th uekúka meyeÈ,s fõ'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

100

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

wmkhk fjf<| fmd, ch.kak .eud m%úlsrKh ksYaYxl jdi,nKavdr

ffjoH ksIamdok ÔjdKqyrKfha § iy wdydr mßrCIKfha § .eud m%úlsrK ;dCIKh f,dalh mqrd nyq, j Ndú;d jk w;r th úfYaIfhka u cd;Hka;r fjf<|dfï § w;sYhska m%fhdackj;a ;dCIK w;=ßka tlla njg m;a j ;sfí' mrudKq n,Yla;sh weiqfrka ksmefhk .eud lsrK fhdod .ksñka ÔjdkqyrKh isÿ lrk fuu ;dCIKh jeo.;a jkafka tuÕska m%;s¥IKhla isÿ fkdùu" úI rys; ùu" ridhksl wmøjH wvx.= fkd ùu" úYajdi lghq;= iy wdrCIs; nj" msßhï l< ksIamdok jyd u Ndú;hg .; yels ùu" iïmQ¾K ksIamdokh úksúo hEu" .eud m%úlsrKh u.ska ;dmh fkd bm§u ^tu ksid m%úlsrKhg ,la jk øjHfha .=Kdx. iy ,CIK wdrCId fõ&" ksYaÑ; iy m%;sksIamdok msßhï lsÍfï l%shdj,sh jeks hym;a .=Kdx. ksid h' jir 30 la mqrd m%;HCI Ndú;h iy mßir ys;ldó nj jeks úúO m%;s,dN úlsrK ÔjdKqyrKh u.ska ,efnk

neúka wmkhklrejka úiska th nyq, f,i Ndú;d lrkq ,efí' .eud m%úlsrK ;dCIKh Ndú;d lrk whqre meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd idudkH wdlD;shla my; olajd ;sfí' my; rEmigyfkka ksrEmKh jkafka nyqld¾h .eud m%úlsrK myiqlul idudkH wdlD;shls' úlsrK ksjdrlh ^Radiation shield& hkq fldkal%SÜ ljphls' ìï uÜgug by<ska ;sfnk fldkal%SÜ ;Ügqfõ >klu ógr 2 lg wdikak h' ksIamdok .eud úlsrKhg wkdjrKh lsÍu i|yd N+.; c, ;gdlhl c,h ;=< .s,ajk ,o m%Njh" m%Nj rduqj uÕska tiùu isÿlrk w;r th hdka;%SlrKh lr ;sfí' ksIamdok m%úlsrKh i|yd ;ekam;a lsÍu w;ska lrkq ,efí' bka miq NdKav bj;a lrk f;la l%shdj,sh iïmQ¾Kfhka iajhxl%ShlrKh lr ;sfí'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

101

ìh.u msysgd ;sfnk Y%S ,xld .eud uOHia:dkhg ^SLGC& we;af;a fï yd iudk m%úlsrKd.dr myiqluls' ffjoH úoHdfõ § ÔjdKqyrKh" wdydr ksIamdok iy l=¿nvqj, CIqøÔù kdYkh" wdydr úlsrK u.ska mßrCIKh lsÍu iy kj ld¾ñl øjH ixj¾Okh jeks úúO jeo.;a Ndú;hka i|yd .eud úlsrK fhojqï fhdod .ekSu jeks fiajdjka t uÕska iemfha' rg ;=< nyqld¾h .eud m%úlsrK myiqlula ;sîfï jdis jkafka( 1'

m%úlsrK myiqlu uÕska CIqøÔù kdYkh ie,lsh hq;= uÜgulska imqrd,Su isÿ jk w;r wxl=r ksfIaOkh fuka u lDñ j¾Okh je,elaùu isÿ lrñka .=Kd;aul ksIamdok ìys lsÍug myiqlï i,ihs'

.eud ÔjdKqyrKh wjYH jkakd jQ kj l¾udka; ia:dmkh lsÍug yels ùu'

2' ÔjdKqyrKh fkdlrk ,o ksIamdok jYfhka oekg wmkhkh lrkq ,nk ksIamdokj,g tuÕska w.h tl;= lsÍug yels ùu' 3' l=¿nvq iy uqyqÿ wdydr jeks foaYSh ksIamdok i|yd jvd fyd| fjf<| fmd<la imhd .ekSug yels ùu' 4'

fi!LH fiajd wxYfha Ndú;d jk ffjoH Wmdx.j, ÔjdKqyrK uÜgu jeä lsÍug yels ùu'

ridhksl ÔjdkqyrKh i|yd Ndú;d jk ridhkslhka l%ufhka bj;a lsÍu i|yd foaYSh l¾udka;h iQodkï lsÍug yels ùu'

6' úlsrK uÕska j,alkhsia lrk ,o iajdNdúl rn¾ lsß jeks kj ld¾ñl wuqøjH ixj¾Okh lsÍug yels ùu'

102

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.eud ÔjdKqyrKh i|yd wjYH l¾udka; wdrïN lsÍu i|yd l=vd yd uOH mßudK jHjidhkag Wmldr lsÍug yels ùu'

nyqld¾h .eud m%úlsrK myiqlu fiajd Ndú;d lrñka rfÜ wdfhdack lghq;= isÿ lsÍu i|yd úfoaY wdfhdaclhka wdl¾YKh lr .ekSug yels ùu'

fndfyda foaYSh iud.ïj,g isßxcr" le;Sgr" ÔjdKqyß; we÷ï iy fia,hska jeks ffjoH iemhqï wmkhkh lsÍfï úNjhla we;' foaYSh Ndú;h i|yd o fuu NdKav oekg wdkhkh flfrk nj i|yka fõ' ta wkqj" m%úlsrK n,d.drhla msysgqùfuka foaYSh j ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk ksIamdokhka i|yd w.h tl;= lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd §u muKla fkdj" tjeks ksIamdokj, wjYH;djka foaYSh j imqrd,ñka úfoaY úksuh b;sß lsÍu fuka u ;j;a /lshd wjia:d we;s lsÍu i|yd o wjia:dj ,efí' flfia fj;;a" tjeks ksIamdok foaYSh j ksIamdokh i|yd m%Odk ndOlh jQfha ÔjdKqyrKh ioyd myiqlï fkdue;s ùu hs' oeka" ìh.u wmkhk ieliqï l,dmfha msysá Y%S ,xld .eud uOHia:dkh ^SLGC& uÕska tlS l¾udka; i|yd m%úlsrK fiajd imhkq ,nhs' .eud m%úlsrK n,d.dr wdydr mßrCIKh i|yd o Ndú;d fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ l=¿nvq jeks we;eï wmkhk ksIamdok wmkhkh lsÍfï § hqfrdamd rgl m%úlsrKh fldg m%;swmkhkh lsÍug isÿ fõ' l=¿nvq we;=¿ wmkhk NdKav OQulrKh i|yd j¾;udkfha § nyq, j Ndú;d jk fu;s,a

fn%dauhsâ ksIamdokh iy Ndú;h l%ufhka wNdjhg hñka mj;sk w;r tlS ksIamdokj, úIîc kdYkh i|yd iqÿiq úl,amhla y÷kd fkd.;fyd;a wmkhk fjf<|dug bka nrm;, n,mEï we;s úh yels h' lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdok ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï §" ,dN ,nd .ekSu i|yd;a foaYSh fjf<| fmd< mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd;a wmkhk fjf<| fmd<g m%úIag ùug;a foaYSh f.dùkag we;s ud¾. jeiS hñka mj;S' óg m%Odk fya;=j jkafka f,dl= `MEkq" w¾;dm,a yd m,;=re jeks ksIamdokhka ys w.h my< fy<ñka tajdg isÿ jk CIqøÔù yd lDñ ydks nj fmkS hhs' m%úlsrK myiqlu uÕska CIqøÔù kdYkh ie,lsh hq;= uÜgulska imqrd,Su isÿ jk w;r wxl=r ksfIaOkh fuka u lDñ j¾Okh je<elaùu isÿ lrñka .=Kd;aul ksIamdok ìys lsÍug myiqlï i,ihs' nyqld¾h .eud m%lsrK myiqlu ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd" Y%S ,xld rch úiska remsh,a ñ,shk 760 la muK wdfhdackh lr we;' m%n,;dj 250 kCi uÜgfï uQ,sl fldfnda,aÜ-60 m%;sldrlh iys; .eud m%úlsrK myiqlu ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd ;dCIK iy m¾fhaIK wud;HxYh úiska mshjr .kakd ,È' .eud m%úlsrK myiqlfï ie,iqï lrk ,o Wmßu m%n,;dj 3"000 kCi jQ w;r fuu jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul lrk wjia:dfõ § ie,eiau jQfha jir myla ;=< Wmßu m%n,;djh f;la jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu hs' fuu myiqlu 2014 fmnrjdß 17 Èk újD; lrk ,È' ksis mshjr .;fyd;a 2019 jk úg m%úlsrK myiqlu tys Wmßu m%n,;dj fj; <Õd ùfï b,lalh ch .; yels jkq we;'

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

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wfma b,lalh oekqu mokï lr.;a wd¾Ólhla ìys lr iefjdu i;=áka isák" ieugu yelshdjg /lshdjla we;s iqyqre" iqug" iqmsß rgla f.dv kexùu h' tys § kùk ;dCIKh" iïm%odhsl oekqu yd w;aje,a ne|.;a uyd úma,jhla l%shd;aul l< hq;=h' hdplhska ke;s" me,am;a ke;s" udkj ika;=Iaáh ;yjqre l< iqyqre k.r wms ks¾udKh lrkafkuq' - mdG,S pïmsl rKjl

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;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

105

106

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

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108

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

fygg wjeis" iqieÈ iq/ls fid÷re k.r wdpd¾h c.;a uqKisxy

iuia;hla f,i k.rhl ðj;a jk fyda fkdfhla lghq;= i|yd k.rhlg msúfik wm iEu fokdg u k.rh .ek we;af;a fyd| m%;r s Emhla fkd fõ' miq.h s oYl lsym s h mqrdjg u wmf.a l;d ny" l;kaor" lú" iskÿa wdÈh mjd yqjd olajkq ,enqfõ —k.rh˜ kqyr q e" kmqre" l¾lY m%foaYhla f,ig h' fuu lú l:d ks¾udKlrejka fndfydauhla .eñ mßirhkaf.ka ìys ù miqj kd.ßl m%foaYhkag ixl%uKh jQjka ùu fuhg fya;= jkakg we;' Tjqka úiska .ïno j mj;sk ir, Èú fmfj;" iajdNdúl mßir ;;a;ajhka yd iïm%odhsl jákdlï yd úYajdihka iuÕ ieliqK iudc wd¾Ól l%ufõohka w.h lrñka lrk ,o ks¾udK ksid fndfyda úg —k.rh˜ m%fõYfuka msúish hq;= jgmsgdjla njg woyila iudc .; ù ;sfí'

tfia jQj o wm yeu fokd u —kd.ßl˜ myiqlï w;a ú£ug yd tajd iuÕ Ôú;h myiq lr .ekSug oeä leue;a;la olajkafkda fjuq' mq¿,a msúiqï ud¾." myiq m%jdyk myiqlï" k, c,h" úÿ,sh" ckSckhd nyq, j .ejfik lv ùÈ" nvq NdKav myiqj ,nd .; yels fjf<o ixlS¾K wdÈh ´keu mD:.ack ñksia ukila wdl¾YKh lrk nj fkdryils' t fia u idïm%odhsl j yqre ù ;snqK;a .eñ wd¾Ól ld¾hhka jk f.dú;ek" ¨‍yq l¾udka; wdÈhg jvd kd.ßl mßirh yd noaO jq l¾udka; yd fiajd wxYhkays Ôjfkdamdh i,id .ekSug wms fndfyda fokd jeä leue;a;la olajuq' ck yd ixLHdf,aLK fomd¾;fïka;= jd¾;djka wkqj wo Y%S ,xldfõ —kd.ßl˜ hehs tu fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska y÷kd .kakd ,o

;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

109

k.rhl ie,iqï iy.; nj tu k.rfha wdlD;sh l<ukdlrKh uÕska yiqrejd .; hq;= fjhs' k.rhl fN!;sl mßirh tu k.rfha wNHka;r jHqyh" tys wd¾Ólh" iudc jgmsgdj" ck Ôú;h" ixialD;sh wdÈ ish¨‍ wx. úoyd mdk levm;la n÷ h' t neúka —jvd fyd|˜ k.r ks¾udKfha § fyda úfYaIfhka u wm i;= k.r jvd fyd| k.r njg m%;sks¾udKh lsßfï § tys jHqyd;aul wdlD;sh ukd j f.dv kexùu k.r ks¾udK Ys,amSka wNshi we;s ienE wNsfhda.h hs'

m%foaYj, fjfik msßi uq¿ ck.ykfhka 20] lg wvq jqj o" ienE jYfhka kd.ßl myiqlï w;a ú¢k" kd.ßl ðjfkdamdhka yd ta yd ne÷Kq Ôjk rgdjla .; lrk" tfuka u kd.ßl wNs,dIhka we;s ck;dj wju jYfhka 50] blaujd we;s nj fkdryils' tkhska neÆ úg fmkS hkafka" wm ieu —uqúka fkdlSj;a is;ska ne÷Kq˜ kd.ßlhka nj hs' t fia fkdue;s jQj;a fï nj wmf.a fN!;sl mßirfha isÿ jk fjkialï j,ska ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ' óg jir lSmhlg fmr fld<U isg Y%S ,xldfõ ljr foilg jqj o uyd ud¾.hlska .uka lrk úg nyq, j oelsh yels jQ uyd fj,a hdh" f;a j;=" fmd,a j;=" jk fmfoia jg fldg msysá l=vd —lv ukaä˜ fï jk úg b;d is>%fhka k.r njg mßj¾;kh fjñka mj;sk w;r" fmr lS iajdNdúl mßir wx." l%u l%ufhka wmf.a oiqfkka wE;a fjñka mj;S' fl fia jqj o fï ms<sn| j iel ixld we;s lr .ekSug jvd fuu ;;a;ajh jgyd f.k fu fia Wod jk —kd.ßl˜ mßirh ukd j l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSu h jvd;a WÑ; jkafka' ta i|yd wmg iqÿiq fyd|ska ie,iqï lrk ,o" mdßißl iudc yd wd¾Ól jYfhka iqrCIs; t fuka u ÿgqjka" ú¢hjqka yd weiqjka is;a mskjk k.r ìys lr .kakd l%ufõohla wjYH fjhs' tjeks l%ufõohl § nyqúO wx.hka ie,lsh hq;= jqj;a fuu úuiqfï § wmf.a wjOdkh fN!;sl wdlD;sh ^Physical form& fj; fhduq lruq' k.rhl ie,iqï iy.; nj tu k.rfha wdlD;sh l<ukdlrKh uÕska yiqrejd .; hq;=

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fjhs' k.rhl fN!;sl mßirh tu k.rfha wNHka;r jHqyh" tys wd¾Ólh" iudc jgmsgdj" ck Ôú;h" ixialD;sh wdÈ ish¨‍ wx. úoyd mdk levm;la n÷ h' t neúka —jvd fyd|˜ k.r ks¾udKfha § fyda úfYaIfhka u wm i;= k.r jvd fyd| k.r njg m%;sks¾udKh lsßfï § tys jHqyd;aul wdlD;sh ukd j f.dv kexùu k.r ks¾udK Ys,amSka wNshi we;s ienE wNsfhda.h hs' lsisjla ke;s N=ñhl ixúê; k.rhla ks¾udKh lsÍu m%Yia: lghq;a;la jqj;a ienE wNsfhda.h jkafka oekg mj;sk k.r jvd;a fyd|" ld¾hCIu ;srir yd wdl¾IŒh k.r njg m;a lr .ekSu hs' fuys § m<uq j wm wu;l fkd l< hq;= jkafka" Y%S ,xldfõ wm by; ioyka l< kd.ßl ck;djf.ka ishhg ye;a;E mylg ^75]& jvd

Ôj;a jkafka yd ne£ mj;skafka l=vd yd uOH mßudK k.r iuÕ nj hs' rfÜ wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsßfï Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i uyd k.r bÈlsÍu ld,Sk wjYH;djhla jqj;a" ñka bÈßhg t<fUk oYl lsysmh mqrdjg Y%S ,dxlslhkaf. ka w;suy;a nyq;rhla" iuia; ck.yk talrdYS ùu 100"000 fyda Bg wvq uOH mßudK k.r" fuka u Bg;a jvd talrdYS ùu 10"000 blau fkd .sh l=vd k.r yd ne£ isákq we;' rfÜ iuia; ck.ykh ,nk jir 25 ;=< È ñ,shk 25 la fkdblaujk nj fmfkk wjÈfhl fuu ;;a;ajh hgf;a uOHu yd l=vd m%udKfha k.r ish .Kkla Y%S ,xldj mqrd úldYkh jk nj meyeÈ,s h' tfia fyhska wmf.a wjOdkh jvd fhduq fkdjqK" fuu l=vd k.r jvd fyd¢ka l<ukdlrKh yd ks¾udKh lr .kafka flfia o hkak ld,Sk úuiqula fjhs' ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

111

fyd¢ka úuid ne¨‍ úg" wmf.a ieu k.rhla u tlsfklg fjkia" iajlSh wkkH;djla we;s mßir moaO;Ska jqj;a ta iEu tlla u jHqyd;aul jYfhka wvq jeä jYfhka hï hï iudk;djka fmkakqï lrhs' tjdfhys fN!;sl ie,eiau wkqj tajd m%Odk j¾. y;rlg fnod fjka l< yels h' 1'

tal flakaøSh k.r ^Mono La‍entric Towns&

nyq flakaøSh k.r ^Multi La‍entric Towns&

f¾Çh k.r ^Liner Towns&

ÿria: ixúê; k.r ^Satellite Towns&

úysÿùu wfkl=;a kd.ßl lghq;= j,g ndOd iy.; fjhs' flfia jqj;a nia kej;=ï fmd<" ÿïßh fmd< jeks .ukd.uk myiqlï" nexl= yd fjf<| lghq;=" mßmd,k ld¾hd, jeks foa k.r uOHfha tlsfklg flá ÿrlska msysàu k.rh Ndú;d lrkakg buy;a myiqjls' t fuka u k.rh tal flakaøSh j flá ìul talrdYs ùu fya;=fjka wjg iajdNdúl mßir moaO;skag yd ldIsld¾ñl ìïj,g we;s lrk n,mEu idfmaCI j wvq nj fmfka' Y%S ,xldfõ l=reKE.," oUq,a," nÿ,a, wdÈ k.r óg wdikak;u WodyrK fõ'

tal flakaøSh k.r fuu k.r fndfyda úg m%Odk ud¾.hka tlsfkl fþokh jk uxikaêhla flakaø fldg f.k úldYkh ù fyda fjñka mj;shs' k.r uOHfha m%Odk fjf<|" mßmd,k yd fiajd uOHia:dk ia:dk .; j mj;S' k.rh úldYkh jk úg kj bÈlsÍï" jd‚c lghq;= k.r uOHfhka wE;g m%Odk msúiqï ud¾. Tiafia úys§ hhs' jvd;a u wdl¾IKh we;af;a k.r uOHfha ksid" N=ñh yd wjldYh i|yd jk ;rÕldÍ;ajh o k.r uOHhg jk úg jeä fjhs' tneúka ck yd jdyk ;onoh k.r uOHhg jkakg l%u l%ufhka jeä ùu yd ta ksid m%Odk ud¾. Tiafia k.rh miq lr fjk;a m%foaYj,g .uka lrk jdykj,g isÿ jk wmyiq;dj fuu k.rj, nyq,j mj;sk ;;a;ajhls' t fia u ish¨‍ wmrjHqy myiqlï fM;sydisl j u k.r uOH flakaøSh fldg f.k úys§ we;s ksid tajdfha kv;a;=j" úYd,kh yd

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;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

nyq flakaøSh k.r by; oela jQ tal flakaøSh kd.ßl wx. tlsfklg flá ÿrlska mj;sk uxikaê folla fyda jeä .Kkla wdY%s; j ìys ù j¾Okh jk fu jeks

k.r idfmaCI j jeä ìï m%foaYhl me;sr mj;S' tal flakaøSh k.rhl mj;sk tl u uOHh i|yd jq ;r.ldÍ nj yd ta wdY%s; j ìys jk jdyk ;onoh" wmrjHqy myiqlï kv;a;=jg we;s wmyiqj wdÈh fuys § oelsh fkdyels jqj;a" jeä m%foaYhla mqrd ud¾. yd wfkl=;a wmrjHqy myiqlï me;srùug yd kv;a;=j isÿ lsÍug wjYH jk msßjeh i,ld neÆ úg fuu wdlD;sh we;eï wx.hkaf.ka M,odhs;dj wvq njla fmkakqï lrhs' t fia u k.rh úldYkh jkafka úYd, m%foaYhlg neúka jgmsgdfõ we;s iajdNdúl mßirhg flfrk n,mEï jeä úh yels h' t fuka u úúO myiqlï uOHia:dk lSmhlg úisr mej;Su ksid fmdÿ m%jdyk miqlï Ndú;d lrk ckS ckhdg jeä wdhdihlska ;u lghq;= isÿ lr .ekSug isÿ fjhs' uykqjr" .d,a," .ïmy" fmdf<dkakrej wdÈ k.r lsmhla u fuu .;s ,CIK fmkakqï lrhs'

f¾Çh k.r kfuys w¾:fhka lshfjk mßÈ u kd.ßl wx. m%Odk ud¾.hla Èf.a msysgd we;s fujka k.r Y%S ,xldfõ nyq, j u oelsh yels h' idudkH óg¾ ishhl muK l=vd ÿrla we;=<; fuka u lsf,da óg¾ .Kkdjla wE;g m%Odk uyd ud¾. Èf.a fm< .eiqKq fkdfhla m%udKfha k.r wmg ´kE u m<d;l § oel .; yels h' k.rfha ish¨‍ wx.hka m%Odk tla ud¾.hla wdY%s; j u msysgk neúka tajd fidhd .ekSu yd <Õd ùu t;rï m%YakldÍ fkd jk w;r u ta yeu tllg u iudk ksrdjrKhla fuu k.r ;=< § ,efí' tfy;a k.rfha úYd,;ajh jeäj;a u tla fiajd ia:dkhl isg wfkla fiajd myiqlï ,nd .ekSug hEug isÿ jk ÿr jeä fjhs' tneúka k.rh Ndú;d lrkakkag k.rfha m%udKh wkqj wvq jeä jYfhka .eg¨ we;s úh yel' ish¨‍ wmrjHqy myiqlï f¾Çh j me;sÍ we;s neúka tajd ia:dmkh" kv;a;=j yd úYd,kh jvd wvq úhoulska l< yels jqj;a tu lghq;=j, § wfkl=;a lghq;=j,g úfYaIfhka u k.rh yryd th miq lr hkakkag isÿ jk ndOdj oelaúh yels h' wjg iajdNdúl mßir moaO;Skag we;s lrk n,mEu w;ska neÆ úg fuu k.r fomig .eUqre w;g wvq m%idrKhla isÿ jk neúka ys;ldó njl=;a" È.= w;g ud¾.h Tiafia jk úys§fuka oeä wys;lr njl=;a olajhs' fld<ôka ol=Kq foig Èfjk m%Odk uyd ud¾.fha msysgd we;s fudrgqj" mdkÿr" l¿;r" ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

113

w¿;a.u" wïn,kaf.dv yd W;=re foig Èfjk ud¾.j, msysá lvj;" lE.,a," udjke,a, wd§ jYfhka uy;a k.r ixLHdjla fuys § ksoiqka fldg oelaúh yels h' W;=re m<df;a ls,sfkdÉÑ k.rh o úYd, ÿrla mqrd úysÿKq f¾Çh k.rhla jYfhka m%isoaO h'

ÿria: ixúê; k.r m%Odk k.rhla yd ta wdY%s; j hï ÿrlska msysá Wm k.r tllska fyda lsysmhlska ieÿï,;a k.r fï .Khg jefÜ' Wm k.rh m%Odk k.rhg ;r.ldÍ jkjdg jvd m%Odk k.rfha lghq;= myiq lrk" tys iuyr wx. ord isák ,CIK fuu k.r ixlS¾Khl oelsh yel' fuu wdlD;shg ksoiqka fia jvd;a ie,iqï iy.; wjia:djka jk r;akmqr iy wkqrdOmqr k.r oelaúh yels w;r fírej," ;siaiuydrduh" l%sl=Kdu,h wd§ k.r" ie,iqulska f;dr j u ìys ù fuu .;s ,CIK fmkakqï lrhs' flfia fj;;a fuu wdlD;s wOHhkh fldg jvd fyd| k.r ìys lr .ekSug wm ork jEhfï § wm wu;l fkd l< hq;= lreKq 03 la fõ'

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m<uqjekak kï fuu tl u wdlD;shlaj;a tllg jvd wfkl fyd| fyda krl tajd fkdjk nj hs' iEu j¾.hl wdlD;shl u k.rh Ndú;d lrkakkag" fiajd imhkakkag yd l<ukdlrKh lrkakkag jdis odhl fuka u wjdis odhl ,CIK fjhs' k.r m%;sks¾udKh lsßfï § wjdis odhl ;;a;ajhka uÕ yßñka jvd jdis odhl ;;a;ajhka b,lal lr .ksñka ie,iqï ilia lsÍuh wm úiska l< hq;af;a' fojekak kï wm by; WodyrK f,i .;a tl u k.rhlaj;a" fuys § olajk ,o jHqyd;aul wdlD;Sskag ishhg ishhla u fkdieif|k nj hs' WodyrKhla f,i Tn Ôj;a jk k.rh ie,ls,a,g .;fyd;a tys § wm idlÉPd l< tal flakaøSh ,CIK fuka u f¾Çh ,CIK o /£ mj;sk nj Tng fmfkkq we;' tneúka ish¨‍ k.rhka u iïmq¾K jYfhka tla tla ldrKd Tiafia j¾.SlrKhg ;e;a lsÍu wkqÑ; h' tfy;a k.rfha mj;sk m%Odk .;s ,CIK

mokï fldg f.k tys wdlD;sh yeoEÍug fuu j¾.SlrKh Ndú;d lsÍu tys ie,iqï lrKhg myiqjla fjhs'

we;' t neúka jvd fyd| k.rhla m%;sks¾udKh lsÍfï § th Ôjudk j ;ju;a jefvñka mj;sk i;ajhl= f,iska ie,lSu jvd iqÿiq fjhs'

Y%S ,xldjg WÑ; iqieÈ" iq/ls yd fid÷re k.r ìys lr .ekSug fuu tla tla k.rj, mj;sk tlsfklg iei¢h yels fyd|$ jdis odhl fuka u krl$ wjdis odhl ,CIK i,ld ne,Su u jeo.;a fjhs'

fujka oelaula ;=<ska jvd;a fyd| k.r njg wmf.a k.r m;a lr .ekSu wruqKq fldg f.k uydk.r yd niakdysr ixj¾Ok wud;HxYfha cd;sl fN!;sl ie,iqï m%;sm;a;sh yd kd.ßl ie,iqï m%;sm;a;sh fu l,a ys ieliS we;'

f;jekak kï k.r hkq ks;s m;d úldYkh jk iaÓ;sl fkd jk mßirhka nj hs' fu l,ays tal flakaøSh ,CIK fmkajk k.rhla ld,hdf.a wejEfuka úldYkh ù f¾Çh k.rhl fyda nyq flakaøSh k.rhl ,CIK fmkakqï lrkq

^fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,fha k.r ks¾udK wxYfha wpd¾hjrhl= fuka u wxYdêm;sjrhd o f,i fiajh l< l;=jrhd" kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßfha j¾;udk iNdm;sjrhd fuka u cd;sl fN!;sl ie,iqï fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wOHCI ckrd,ajrhd o fõ'&

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kS, yß; Y‍%S ,xldjl fid÷re mshis f.dv kÕuq Y‍%Suka; m‍%kdkaÿ

hq. .Kkl úúO ke.Sï" jeàï yd iajdNdúl /ljrKfha mßKduhkag ,la jQ ñksid kQ;k ÈhqKq hq.hlg meñ‚h;a" ÈhqKq ;dCI‚l WmlrK yd tajdfha wksis Ndú;h ksid fkdfhla úg ;u YsIagdpdrj, tu ;dCIKhka iu`.u wNdjhg f.dia we;s nj udhd yd Bðma;= YsIagdpdr wmg fudkjg idCIs imhhs' tkï" udkj YsIagdpdrfha .uka uÕ ms<sìUqj ;=< ñksid iy mßirh w;r ;snQ wkHkH in|;dj .s,syS hEu ksid ñksidg Ôj;a ùug ys;ldó mßirh ñksia l%shdldrlï ksid kqiqÿiq ;;a;ajhg m;a úh' tneúka ;sridr ixj¾Okhla i|yd iEu lafIa;‍%hl u Ñka;k úma,jhla isÿ úh hq;= w;r" ta Wfoid ñksid úiska kj fidhd .ekSï Tiafia iajlSh mqoa., wruqKq mrhd fmdÿ wruqKq Wfoid lghq;= l< hq;= ld,h t<eö we;' túg ixlS¾K

iudc wjYH;d o" iajdNdúl iïm;a ydksh o" .skshï ù we;s wd¾Ól yd iudc mSvkhka o ÿre jkq we;' ta wkqj ñksid Ôj;a ùu yd Tyqf.a wjYH;d i|yd bÈ lrkq ,nk iEu f.dvke.s,a,la u jvd;a mßir ys;ldó f,i bÈlsÍug fhda.H nj ms<s.;a u;hla njg m;a ù wjika h' z;sridr ixj¾OkhZ bÈ lsÍfï lafIa;‍%h ;=< fldmuK .‍%yKh ù we;aoehs tys jD;a;slhska jgydf.k we;s nj bÈfjñka mj;sk fk;g mSvdldÍ rgdjka yd wkHhka mrhd f.fkk uy,a ksjdi idCIs imhhs' tod ish wjYH;djhka i|yd ñksid úiska bÈlrk ,o f.dvke.s,s ish,a, u .;a l, tu f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu yd kv;a;=j i|yd f,dal n,Yla;sfhka ishhg 40la jeh lrk nj ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

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cd;Hka;r n,Yla;s tackaisfha lreKq wkqj fmkS hhs' tfiau tu f.dvke.s,s ksid mßirhg uqod yßk ldnka iuia; m‍%udKh ishhg 24ls' fuu lreKq i,ld n,k úg tu f.dvke.s,s w¾nqohlg uxfm;a újr lrhs'

;sridr ixj¾Okhla i|yd iEu lafIa;‍%hl u Ñka;k úma,jhla isÿ úh hq;= w;r" ta Wfoid ñksid úiska kj fidhd .ekSï Tiafia iajlSh mqoa., wruqKq mrhd fmdÿ wruqKq Wfoid lghq;= l< hq;= ld,h t<eö we;' túg ixlS¾K iudc wjYH;d o" iajdNdúl iïm;a ydksh o" .skshï ù we;s wd¾Ól yd iudc mSvkhka o ÿre jkq we;'

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fuu lreKq f.da,Sh m‍%Yakhla olajd j¾Okh ù we;s w;r f.dvke.s,s lafIa;‍%fha isÿjk wys;lr ;;a;ajhka wju lsÍu iqúfYaI lreKla j mj;S' fuu wjYH;dj imqrd,Su i|yd yß; f.dvke.s,s ixl,amh wka;¾cd;sl uÜgñka y÷kajd § we;' fuu f.dvke.s,s ks¾udK ixl,amh ksid th ;srir ixj¾Okhg uyÕ=‍ w;aje,la fõ'

yß; f.dvke.s,s ixl,amh hkq" wkd.; mrmqf¾ wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug wjia:dj i,iñka j¾;udk wjYH;d imsfrk mßÈ iajdNdúl iïm;a Ndú;fhka f.dvke.s,s ks¾udKh hs' tu yß; f.dvke.s,s ixl,amh l=ula Wfoid o hkak i,ld n,k l," yß; f.dvke.s,s by< n,Yla;s ld¾hCIu;djhlska iukaú; jk w;r kv;a;= ld¾hh i|yd jk msßjeh my< w.hla .kS' fu uÕska Ndú;d lrkakg ysff;IS fuka u mßir ydhkh wju lsÍug o odhl;ajh i,ihs' yß; f.dvke.s,s ixl,amh Y‍%S ,xldj ;=< fm!oa.,sl yd rdcH wdh;khka ys m‍%p,s; lsÍug kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh u.ska yß; f.dvke.s,s ud¾f.damfoaY ix.‍%yhla fï jk úg y÷kajd § we;s w;r tys Ôjk pl%h ;=< ish¨ wjia:djka i|yd mj;ajd .; hq;= m‍%ñ;s uÜgï fuu yß; uÜgï uek ne,Sfï l%ufõofha we;=<;a fõ'

fï wkqj my; oelafjk iïm;a úIh m:hka 07la Tiafia f.dvke.s,s ks¾udKfha § m‍%Yia; yd ld¾hCIu Ndú;h we.hSug ,la flf¾' ²

n,Yla;s ld¾hCIu;djh

;sridr N+ñ ie,iqïlrKh yd l<ukdlrKh

wuqøjH yd iïm;a l<ukdlrKh

f.dvke.s,s we;=<; mßirfha .=Kd;aul nj

c, ld¾hCIu;djh

yß;uh kjHlrKh

iudÔh yd ixialD;sluh wkql+,;djh'

fuu ixl,amh fmroeß lr f.k Y‍%S ,xldj ;=< mßir ys;ldó yß; f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍfï ixl,amh oekg l%shd;aul fõ' WodyrKhla f,i msgfldaÜfÜ msysá Y‍%S ,xld N+ úoHd ióCIK yd m;,a ld¾hxYfha m‍%Odk ld¾hd,Sh f.dvke.s,a, fmkajd Èh yel' kuq;a fuu f.dvke.s,a, 2007 j¾Ifha wdrïN lr tys bÈlsÍï lghq;= 2010 j¾Ifha wjika l< w;r" tys bÈlsÍï ixl,amh ;=< mej;s wfkla lreKq mrud¾: ;ju;a wjika wÈhrlg meñK fkdue;' tneúka wms iajdNdúl Ndjh o fkdflf<id" wdf,dalh yd jd;dY‍%h ksis f,i ,ndf.k ;=rem;a w;r bÈjk" Ôj jdhq yd mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;f s hka wkQk ;sridr wdfhdaclhkaf.ka hqla; ;sridr yß; f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍfï udj;g msúfiuq'

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ck yo y÷kk m%cd .Dy ks¾udK Ys,m a h iqfïO r;akdhl

fld<U k.rh úêu;a wdldrhg ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd uyd k.r yd niakdysr ixj¾Ok wud;HxYh hgf;a ilia lrk ,o uyd k.r ixj¾Ok ie,eiaug wkqj kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh u.ska úúO jHdmD;s .Kkdjla l%shd;aul flfrñka mj;S' fuu ie,iqï l%shd;aul lsÍfï § fld<U k.rfha úisÍ mj;sk wvq myiqlï ckdjdi m%Odk .eg¨jla j mj;sk nj y÷kd .kakd ,§' tneúka fuu ck;djf.a Ôjk uÜgu by< kexùfï wruq‚ka yd m%Yia: Ndú;fha fkdmj;sk fuu bvï ksoyia lr .ekSu i|yd kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh u.ska kd.ßl mqk¾Ôjk jHdmD;sh y÷kajd fok ,È' ta hgf;a y÷kd.kakd ,o j;= ckdjdi 1"500 la muK m%udKhla ;=< wvq myiqlï iys; mjq,a 68"000 lg wêl m%udKhla Ôj;a jk nj 2010 jif¾ § kd.ßl ixj¾Ok wêldßh u.ska isÿ lrk ,o ióCIK ;=<ska fy<s ù we;' tys § ,nd

.;a f;dr;=re wkqj Tjqkaf.a ksjdi nyq;rhla j¾. wä 150-500 w;r muK jQ w;r Tjqka tys Ôú;h .; lrk wdldrh ms<sno meyeÈ,s woyila ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj ie,iq‚' tu f;dr;=re u; mokï j fuu ckdjdi mqkia:dmkh i|yd wx. iïmQ¾K uy,a ksjdi bÈ lr wfkl=;a há;, myiqlï o iys; j fuu ck;djg ,nd §ug kd.ßl mqk¾Ôjk jHdmD;sh u.ska lghq;= flf¾' fuu jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ m%cd odhl;ajh fkdfyd;a m%cd .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh ^Community Architecture& jHdmD;sfha iEu wÈhrla i|yd u Ndú;d lsÍu úfYaI lreKls' m%cd .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh ^Community Architecture& hkq —m%;s,dN ,nkakdf.a l%shdYS,S iyNd.S;ajh ;=<ska Tjqkaf.a Ôjfkdamdh" ks¾ñ; mßirh yd iajdNdúl mßirhg ukdj iïnkaëlrKh lsÍu u.ska wod< ld¾hh fyj;a jHdmD;sh $ jev igyk ;srir fmru`. | iqyqre iqÅ; iqmyka foaYhla lrd

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fuu m%cd .Dy ks¾udK Ys,am l%u mqkia:dmk jHdmD;sh i|yd Ndú; lsÍu ;=<ska m%cdjg Tjqkag ysñ jQ ksjdi ms<sn| j.lSula yd ysñ lula ,efnk w;r" wkshï wdldrfhka rfgys wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shg w;aje,la ùu" kd.ßl N=ñ ie,iqïlrKh" ks¾udKlrKh" m%jdyk myiqlï ixj¾Okh wd§ jQ ld¾hhkag odhl;ajh ,nd §u" iajdNdúl mßirh yd f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu w;r ukd ie,eiaulska hq;= j lghq;= lsÍug bv ,efí'

i|yd ld¾hCIu whqfrka ,nd f.k tuÕska m%;s,dN ,nkakd yd jevigyk l%shd;aul lrk wdh;k w;r ukd iqyo;djfhka yd leue;af;ka wod< ld¾hh fyj;a jHdmD;sh úêu;a yd id¾:l whqfrka ksu lsÍuhs˜' fuu l%uh fndfyda rgj, id¾:l wkaoñka fhdod .kakd w;r t;=<ska ck;d woyia ,nd f.k ck;djg .e,fmk wdldrfha m%;sm;a;Ska yd ie,iqï ilia lsÍug wjldY ie,fia' kd.ßl mqk¾Ôjk jHdmD;sh hgf;a mqkia:dmkh i|yd f;dardf.k we;s wvq myiqlï ckdjdi rcfha bvï ;=< yd ud¾. rCIs;" ÿïßh rCIs;" c, rCIs; wd§ jQ rCIs;hka ;=< wkjirfhka mÈxÑ j isák ckdjdihka fõ' fudjqka fld<U k.rfha ks;H mÈxÑlrejka jk w;r fld<U k.rfha mj;sk fndfyda wúêu;a /lshd lghq;=j, kshef<ñka rgg ksy~ fiajhla ,nd fok msßils' fudjqkaf.a l%shdYS,s odhl;ajh rfgys ixj¾Ok jevigyka i|yd fhdod .ekSu ;=<ska tu ksoyia lr .kakd bvï wvq myiqlï iys; ck;djg ksjdi iE§ug" rCIs;hka ksoyia lr .ekSug fuka u fmdÿ myiqlï" l%Svd msÜgks iy újD; N=ñ i|yd Ndú;d lsÍug yd jd‚c yd ñY% ixj¾Ok lghq;= i|yd fhdod .ekSug wjia:dj ie,fia'

kj uy,a ksjdi ixlS¾K fuu jHdmD;sh hgf;a ckdjdi f;dard .ekSfï uQ,sl wÈhf¾ isg Tjqka kj uy,a ksjdij, mÈxÑ lsÍu olajd jQ ish¨‍ mshjrhka i|yd m%cd iyNd.S;ajh ,nd .ekSu isÿ flf¾' úfYaIfhka

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fuu jHdmD;sh uyd k.r yd niakdysr ixj¾Ok wud;HxYh hg;g m;a ùfuka miq .re uyd k.r yd niakdysr ixj¾Ok wud;H;=udf.a Wmfoia mßÈ Tjqkaf.a mer‚ ckdjdi wi, u uy,a ksjdi ,nd §u ;=<ska Tjqkaf.a mer‚ Ôjfkdamdh ud¾.hka" mdi,a yd wfkl=;a ffoksl lghq;= wvd< fkdfjk mßÈ kj ksjdi ,nd §u isÿ lrk fyhska jHdmD;sh id¾:l j lrf.k hEug uy;a msájy,la ,efí' m%cdj oekqj;a lsÍfï jevigyka" ksjdi ixlS¾Khkag fjka jQ l<ukdlrK lñgq m;a lsÍï" Tjqkaf.a wjYH;djhg .e,fmk mßÈ my; fyda by< uy,a ;=<ska ksjdi fjka lsÍu" orejka i|yd wOHdmk jevigyka" l%Svd yd kdhl;aj mqyqKq jevigyka" m%ix. l,d yd fi!kao¾hd;aul jevigyka" fiajd úhqla;slhka i|yd jQ iajhx /lshd yd jD;a;Sh mqyqKq jevigyka" ksjdi ixlS¾K wi, l%Svd msá yd wfkl=;a há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍfï jevigyka wd§ jQ fndfyda jevigyka m%cdjf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka isÿ lsÍu ;=<ska wo jk úg fuu

uy,a ksjdi jHdmD;sh wdo¾Y jHdmD;shla f,i ms<s.ekSug ,la j we;'

m%cd iyNd.s;ajfhka úúO jev igyka isÿ l< wjia:djka fuu m%cd .Dy ks¾udK Ys,am l%u mqkia:dmk jHdmD;sh i|yd Ndú; lsÍu ;=<ska m%cdjg Tjqkag ysñ jQ ksjdi ms<sn| j.lSula yd ysñ lula ,efnk w;r" wkshï wdldrfhka rfgys wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shg w;aje,la ùu" kd.ßl N=ñ ie,iqïlrKh" ks¾udKlrKh" m%jdyk myiqlï ixj¾Okh wd§ jQ ld¾hhkag odhl;ajh ,nd §u" iajdNdúl mßirh yd f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu w;r ukd ie,eiaulska hq;= j lghq;= lsÍug bv ,eîu" flá ld,Sk yd §¾> ld,Sk ixj¾Ok ie,iqï i|yd m%cd odhl;ajh ,nd .ekSug yels ùu jeks m%;s,dN rdYshla ,nd .ekSu ;=<ska rfgys bÈß ie,iqï id¾:lj isÿ lr .ekSug uy;a msgqjy,la jk nj fmkajd Èh yel'

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mßirh iq/ls uyd fufyhqfï msh igyka

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