CIMB Young ASEAN Leaders Panel Discussion
The Shared Challenges and Solutions of Heritage Conservation in ASEAN
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yahaya Ahmad Dean Faculty of Built Environment University of Malaya yahaya@um.edu.my 21 April 2015
1
SCOPE OF HERITAGE
Heritage
Cultural
Tangible
Immovable
Natural
Intangible
Movable
No
Reference
1
UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHL), 1972
2
UNESCO Memory of the World, 1993
3
UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), 2003
World Heritage Properties Inscribed by State Parties (South East Asia) ref. Oct 2014
STATE PARTIES
No
PROPERTIES INSCRIBED
CULTURAL PROPERTIES
NATURAL MIXED TENTATIVE PROPERTIES PROPERTIES LIST
1
Brunei Darulssalam
0
0
0
0
0
2
Cambodia
2
2
0
0
9
3
Indonesia
8
4
4
0
26
4
Lao People's Democratic Republic
2
2
0
0
2
5
Malaysia
4
2
2
0
2
6
Myanmar
0
0
0
0
8
7
Philippines
6
3
3
0
29
8
Singapore
0
0
0
0
1
9
Thailand
5
3
2
0
4
10
Viet Nam
8
5
2
1
7
State Parties
Inscribed Cultural Properties
Cambodia
Angkor Wat Temple of Preah Vihear
Indonesia
Borobudur Temple Compounds Prambanan Temple Compounds Sangiran Early Man Site Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy
Laos Malaysia Philippines
Komodo National Park Ujung Kulon National Park
Lorentz National Park Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra
Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca Archaeological Heritage of the Lenggong
Gunung Mulu National Park Kinabalu Park
Baroque Churches of the Philippines Rice Terraces of the Philippine Historic Town of Vigan
Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex
Ha Long Bay Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park Trang An Landscape Complex (Mixed)
Town of Luang Prabang Vat Phou
Thailand
Historic City of Ayutthaya Historic Town of Sukhothai Ban Chiang Archaeological Site
Viet Nam
Complex of Hué Monuments Hoi An Ancient Town My Son Sanctuary Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long Hanoi Citadel of the Ho Dynasty
Total
Inscribed Natural Propoerties
21
14
State Parties Cambodia (2) Indonesia (7) Laos (1) Malaysia (1) Philippines Viet Nam (9)
INSCRIBED INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE (ICH) Royal Ballet of Cambodia Khmer Shadow Theatre Woven bag and handicraft of Papua Saman dance Indonesian Angklung Indonesian Batik Batik Education and Training Indonesian Kris Wayang Puppet Theatre Arirang Folk Song Mak Yong dance Darangan Epic of Maranao People Hudhud chants of the Ifigao Vi and Giam Folk Song Art, Music and Song Southern Vietnam Worship of Hung Kings in Phu Tho Xoan Singing of Phu Tho Giong Festival and Soc Temples Ca Tru Singing Quan Ho Bac Ninh Folk Song Nha Nhac Court Music Space of Gong Culture
World Heritage Sites in South East Asia Countries (UNESCO Periodic Reporting 2012) FACTORS Management activities Physical resource extraction Biological resource use and modification Unfavourable human activities Invasive or hyper-abundant species Climate change Services infrastructure Infrastructure development
Pollution Tourism Interaction with society Natural disasters
Local conditions affecting physical fabric
Index
-10
-20
-30
Local conditions affecting physical fabric • Wind (erosion, vibration) • Relative humidity • Temperature • Radiation/light • Dust • Water • Erosion and siltation • Micro-organisms
Natural disasters
Annual Flooding in Hoi An, Viet Nam
• Earthquake • Storm (tornado, hurricane/cyclone, gale, hail damage, lightning strike, river/stream overflow, extreme tides) • Flooding • Tsunami/tidal waves • A valanche/landslide • V olcanic eruption • F ire (altered fire regimes, highimpact fire suppression activities, lightning strikes, accidental fires, e.g. dropped cigarettes, not ecological)
Unfavourable human activities
Collapsed of Capitol Theatre Melaka due to vandalism, 2008
Illegal activities (illegal extraction of biological resources, i.e. poaching), blast fishing, cyanide fishing, illegal extraction of geological resources (mining/fossils), illegal trade, illegal occupation of space, illegal excavations, illegal construction, looting, theft, treasure hunting, ghost nets (discarded fishing gear) Deliberate destruction of heritage (vandalism, graffiti, politically motivated acts, arson) Military training War Terrorism Civil unrest
Tourism
Melaka

Impacts of tourism/visitor/recreation (high levels of visitation, vendors, building community support, sustainable livelihoods)

Major accommodation and associated infrastructure (hotels, restaurants, golf courses, ski resorts, etc.), major/permanent high-cost tourist facilities (pontoons, jetties, observatories, cable cars, chalets, fully serviced camping areas, etc.)

Interpretative and visitor facilities (visitor interpretive facilities (visitor centres, site museums, etc.), signage, trail hardening (trail markers, etc.), information booths, picnic facilities, camping areas, moorings/marker buoys)
Infrastructure development
Luasng Prabang, Laos. Decision: 36 COM 7B.63 Regrets that the airport runway realignment and terminal extension was implemented despite the concerns expressed by the World Heritage Committee and request the State Party to clarify the current status of proposals for the development of the new town in Chompeth Valley
Housing (urban high-rise, encroachment) Commercial development (skyscrapers, large shopping malls, encroachment/changes to skyline, etc.) Industrial areas (individual factories, industrial areas/parks, encroachment/changes to skyline, etc.) Ground transport infrastructure (roads, car parks, railways, including easements, transport depots) Air transport infrastructure (airports, airstrips) Marine transport infrastructure (harbours) Underground transport infrastructure Effects arising from use of transportation infrastructure (vehicle traffic on roadways, shipping traffic in shipping routes, air traffic)
Management activities • Management activities • Low-impact research/monitoring activities (visitor surveys, water sampling, non-extractive surveys, In situ surveys) • High-impact research/monitoring activities (excavation, sampling using destructive techniques, research involving removal of features or species, i.e. extraction)
Temple of Preah Vihear (2008) Conflicts between countries
SITES,
2009 (33rd)
Ha Long Bay (1994)
Melaka and George Town (2008)
2010 (34th)
2011 (35th)
2012 (36th)
2013 (37th)
Threats : Tourism, fishing, development projects landfill activities
Hotels development
Management plan Inappropriate stone conservation Dispute between Cambodia and Thailand over states boundaries. Temple of Preah Vihear, Cambodia (2007) Borobudur Temple Compounds (1991)
Complex of Hué Monuments (1993) Prambanan Temple Compounds (1991)
Illegal buildings and Highway construction Earthquake (2006) destruction
Tropical Rainforest of Sumatra (2004)
In Danger List (2011). Threats : Poaching, illegal logging, agricultural encroachment, and plans to build roads through the site.
Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex , Thailand (2005) Lorentz National Park, Indonesia (1999)
Threats : Highway construction, Illegal logging, Huay Samong Dam site
Vat Phou , Laos(2001)
Rice Terraces of the Philippine (1995)
Mining, Security limitations, Development threats, Exploitation of marine resources, Absence of a co-ordinating agency, Absence of a finalized strategic management plan, Park boundaries not physically demarcated, Inadequate financing. Threats : New infrastructure construction including new proposed road, Lack of coordinated management mechanism, Parking lot and visitor centre, Lack of sufficient professional staff Was in danger List 2001-2012. Due to abandonment of site, people Removed from Danger moved out, weak mgmt. List
Roads construction forest die-back disease
FACTORS POSITIVELY & NEGATIVELY AFFECTING CULTURAL PROPERTIES IN SOUTH EAST ASIA
FACTORS
Index
10
20
30
Management activities Physical resource extraction Biological resource use and modification Unfavourable human activities
Invasive or hyper-abundant species Climate change Services infrastructure Infrastructure development Pollution Tourism Interaction with society Natural disasters Local conditions affecting physical fabric
-VE KEY
+VE KEY
40
50
60
70
THANK YOU
Assoc. Prof. Dr Yahaya Ahmad Dean Faculty of Built Environment University of Malaya yahaya@um.edu.my
Conservation of SULTAN SULEIMAN MOSQUE, KLANG (2011-2012) 16